General

OLR (1986) 33 (1) 79

the largest deviation. The author assesses the likelihood of an oceanic genesis occurring early in the Earth's history at a time prior to the time when the oceans reached their present compositions. The results favor an origin of life on Earth in a 'warm little pond' of evaporated river water. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O.B. 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (jst)

E400. Books, collections (general) 86:0568

Holland, A.F. and Bj6rn Kjerfve (eds.), 1985. Long-term estuarine and coastal data sets. [Sev- enth biennial conference, Estuarine Research Federation, October 22-26, 1983.] Special issue. Estuaries, 8(2A):81-180; 8 papers.

The advantages of long-term data sets vs. short-term data are set forth in these papers representing diverse approaches and disciplines. Some of the major uses of long-term data sets are in the generation of testable hypotheses of the mechanisms controlling long-term patterns, the increased understanding of the relative magnitude of natural variation, and measurement of estuarine and coastal environmental responses to the activities of man. The problems of quantification and partitioning of measurement variations, and of obtaining data over a sufficient time period to measure responses to a range of conditions were discussed; a unique approach to the

latter problem uses statistical techniques to recon- strnct long-term data sets of climatic variation, pollution loading, environmental alterations and fisheries harvest in order to assess fish stocks. It was concluded that knowledge of the direction and magnitude of yearly variation is essential for deter- mination of the consequences of estuarine and coastal development. Martin Marietta Environ. Systems, 9200 Rumsey gd., Columbia, MD 21045, USA. (lit)

86:0569 Jarvinen, OUi (ed.), 1984. Proceedings of the Third

International Theriological Congress, Helsinki, 15-20 August 1982. IV. Ecology. Management and protection of mammal populations. Acta zoo/. fenn., 172:1-266; 78 papers.

This fifth in a series of seven issues devoted to the Theriological Congress Proceedings focuses on the ecology of mammals. One section is devoted to marine mammals and man. Some of the topics covered there are: (1) population declines and disappearances, (2) population dynamics of three species of Antarctic seals, (3) breeding habitats and lair structure of the Saimaa ringed seal, Phoca hispida saimensis in Finland, (4) diving behavior of the Hawaiian monk seal, (5) geographical variation in small cetaceans, (6) brain sizes and cortical surface areas in odontocetes, (7) taste reception in bottle- nosed dolphins, (8) sonar target detection in clutter by Tursiops truncatus, and (9) studies of manatee populations in Florida and Africa. (lit)

F. GENERAL

FIO. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

86:0570 Anonymous, 1985. Rapid and efficient geological

mapping. Report. Mar, Policy, 9(3):23%241.

Emergence of the long-range sidescan sonar GLO- RIA as the optimum tool for reconnaissance surveying of the deep seafloor has been assisted by increasing interest of coastal states in their exclusive economic zones and the concern of some nations

with strategic minerals. These reconnaissance surveys are likely to be the necessary first step toward exploiting minerals of the deep seabed.

86:0571 Arvidson, R.E., D.M. Butler and R.E. Hartle, 1985.

Eos: the Earth Observing System of the 1990s. Proc. IEEE, 73(6): 1025-1030.

This paper describes NASA's Earth Observing System that will provide the data collection capabilities and an information system environment

80 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (I)

necessary for an initial understanding of how the Earth works as a system. Three instrument packages were selected: (1) a surface-imaging and sounding package, (2) an active microwave package, and (3) an atmospheric physical and chemical monitoring package. The proposed system would allow marked improvements in our understanding of the global processes which operate at, above, and below the Earth's surface. McDonnel Center for the Space Sci., Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. (wbg)

86:0572 Blaha, Georges, George Hadgigeorge and Thomas

Rooney, 1985. Inclusion of tidal pm'ameters in satelHte altimetry adjustment model. Mar. Geod., 9(3):263-289. Nova Univ. Oceanogr. Center, Dania, FL, USA.

86:0573 Bretherton, F.P., 1985. Earth system science and

remote sensing. Proc. IEEE, 73(6):1118-1127.

While an 'earth system science' has yet to be fully defined, it is clear that modelling the effects of atmospheric CO 2 increases, or any other anthro- pogenic or natural perturbation to the Earth's surface, requires a comprehensive model of the global environment that incorporates all relevant physical and biogeochemical interactions. A conceptual model of such a system and a research program to quantify it for global changes on short time scales are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the role remote sensing would play. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA. (fcs)

86:0574 Carver, K.R., Charles Elachi and F.T. Ulaby, 1985.

Microwave remote sensing from space. Proc. IEEE, 73(6):970-996.

A brief review of the historical development and principles of active and passive microwave remote sensing is presented, with emphasis on the unique characteristics of the information obtainable in the microwave spectrum and the value of this information to global geoscientific studies. Various spaceborne microwave remote sensors are described, with applications to geology, planetology, oceanography, glaciology, land biology, meteorology, and hydrology. A discussion of future microwave remote sensor teehnologleal developments and challenges is presented, along with a summary of future missions being planned by several countries. Dept. of Electr. and Comp. Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, MA 01003, USA,

86:0575 Davies, T.A. et al., 1984/85. Deep ocean drilling.

[Scientific and technical advances from the DSDP.] Special issue. Ocean Sci. Engng, 9(4): 381-479; 5 papers.

This special monograph issue is devoted to the advances realized from almost two decades of deep ocean drilling. The lead article traces the history of the Deep Sea Drilling Project from its beginning in the 1960s to its conclusion in 1983, by which time the Glomar Challenger had drilled 1092 holes at 624 sites between latitudes 76°N and 77°S, and the new Ocean Drilling Program (with its new ship, the Joides Resolution) was established. DSDP operations, the drilling platform, drilling and coring techniques, reentry technology, etc. are described. Particular attention is paid to scientific findings pertaining to global tectonics, the stratigraphic record and the evolution of the oceanic environment. Other papers in the monograph examine technical achievements emanating from deep ocean drilling: fiber optics at sea and their applications, artificial islands for Arctic offshore drilling and production, and a unique system for raising or lowering objects between the seabed and the surface. Inst. for Geophys., Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX, USA. (msg)

86:0576 Goetz, A.F.H., J.B. Wellman and W.L. Barnes, 1985.

Optical remote sensing of the Earth. Proc. IEEE, 73(6):950-969.

In recent years the focus of optical remote sensing has shifted from practical applications (crop inven- tories, land-use classification, etc.) to more fundamental questions concerning ocean productivity and global climate. Here optical remote sensing (0.4-15 /tin) principles and applications to Earth science, including ocean color radiometry and ocean temperature studies, are overviewed. Sensors launched or flown in the past three years and new developments in spectral remote sensing are discussed. Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. (msg)

86:0577 Kall, C.H., 1984/85. Technical note: unique system

[for lifting or lowering obJuets between the seafloor and the surface] puts Sweden on to the off-shore map. Ocean Sci. Engng, 9(4):477-479.

86:0578 Landgrebe, D.A. (guest editor), 1985. Perceiving

Earth's resources from space. Special issue. Proc. IEEE, 73(6):947-1133; 15 papers.

The truly interdisciplinary nature of the development of remote sensing, which has involved earth

OLR (1986) 33 (1) F. General 81

science research as well as engineering and applications research, underscores its potential as a way to study the Earth as a unified, integrated system. This special issue samples present techniques and future prospects. A section on sensors includes two extensive overviews on sensor activities in the optical and microwave region and a paper on EOS, the Earth Observing System of the 1990s. The data processing and information extraction section overviews data analysis and interpretation techniques and the potential use of artificial intelligence and expert systems. A final section on utilization mainly discusses land applications; however the final paper presents a conceptual model of the Earth System which is used as a foundation to discuss the role of remote sensing in studies of the climate system and biogeochemical cycles. (msg)

86:0579 Moon, Wooil and Roger Tang, 1985. On the

hydrodynamde correction of Seasat altimeter data (Hudson Bay area of Canada). Mar. Geod., 90):291-333. Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

86:0580 Smutz, Morton, 1984/85. Fiber optics at sea. Ocean

Sci. Engng, 9(4):447-456.

The nature of optical fibers (their operating principles, etc.) and related devices that can be used in place of metallic wires for rapid, low cost, accurate data transmission or sensing at sea are discussed. Sensors developed by the military Fiber Optic Sensor Systems program will have direct applications to NOAA's monitoring activities. Laser-Raman spectroscopy has promise of being applicable for real-time in-situ analyses of seawater. The major advantages of optical fibers are their small size, large band width, low attenuation, freedom from elec- tromagnetic interference and cross talk, and low cost. NOAA, 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. (wbg)

86:0581 Smutz, Morton, 1984/85. Appfications of optical

fibers at sea. Ocean Sci. Engng, 9(4):457-465.

Glass optical fiber cable systems have several advantages relative to metallic wires that make them ideally suited to a number of marine applications. They are smaller and lighter, totally dielectric, can carry a heavy information load longer distances without repeater stations, and are cheaper. This paper reviews literature relevant to the use (both actual and potential) of optical fibers for transo- ceanic communications, undersea viewing, tethered weapons (providing simultaneously for control and

feedback), a submarine advanced combat system, a submarine detection and tracking system, and more. Shipboard uses include a signal distribution network and chemical sensors. The author also discusses Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry which has promise as a sensing system. NOAA, RockviUe, MD, USA. (wbg)

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisciplinary)

86:0582 Lacroix, G., E. Bourget and J.-C. Therriault (eds.),

1985. St. Lawrence Estuary: oceanographic and ecological processes. 2nd Symposium on the Oceanography of the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, 14-17 May 1984. Naturaliste can, 112(1):3-161; 15 papers. (French, some in Eng- lish.)

Included are papers on auxiliary energy, ergoclines and production; modelling physical, chemical and biological processes in estuaries; phytoplankton biomass and tidal mixing; influence of glaciers on mineral distribution in littoral zone sands; heter- otrophic potential in the estuary; control of phytoplankton production; zooplankton abundance, energy and diversity; and rocky subtidal community organization. (msg)

86:0583 Schleyer, M.H., 1985. Cbeetognaths as indicators of

water masses in the Agulhas Current system. Investl Rept, oceanogr. Res. Inst., Durban, 61:20pp.

Chaetognaths in the upper 200 m were poor indicators of water mass movement when analyzed by similarity indices. The only variation seen was in species abundance in different regions of the current. Oceanogr. Research Inst., P.O. Box 10712, Marine Parade, Durban, 4056 South Africa. (row 0

86:0584 Shi, Maochong et al., 1985. Symposium on the

Huanghe Paver Estuary. J. Shandong Coll. Oceanol~ 15(1):113-187; 7 papers. (In Chinese, English abstracts.)

Symposium papers discuss suspended matter transport in the Huanghe River Estuary, hydrography in the nontidal deltaic region, heavy metal speciation in sediments, nutrients in the SW Bo Hal Sea and Huanghe Estuary in summer, multivariate analysis of microelements in sediments, factors controlling mineral distributions in estuarine sediments, and the

82 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (1)

use of grain size material to analyze the tidal flat sedimentary environment. Coll. of Oceanot., Shan- dong, People's Republic of China. (msg)

F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

86:0585 Ocean Drilling Program, Leg 100 Scientific Party,

1985. Ocean Drilling Program launches first cruise. Geotimes, 30(7): 12-14.

The Ocean Drilling Program, successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project, got underway with the deployment of JOIDES Resolution, a converted offshore drilling vessel, on a shakedown cruise off Florida's Atlantic coast. The Resolution is 470 ft long with a 202-ft derrick. It is equipped with 30,000 ft of drill string, and can drill in 6000 ft of water. Two main drives and 12 auxiliary thrusters permit excellent dynamic positioning; Resolution also pos- sesses a 400-ton heave compensator. Aside from the ten U.S. institutions which make up JOl (Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., project directors), France, West Germany and Canada participate through JOIDES (an advisory body). Japan and the U.K. are expected to sign up too. Texas A&M currently operates the program. Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (fcs)

86:0586 Wadhams, Peter, 1985. The marginal Ice Zone

Experiment (MIZEX) 1984: Scott Polar Re- search Institute participation. Polar Rec., 22(140):505-510.

MIZEX is an international project which is inves- tigating the physical processes involved where the Arctic ice pack meets the open ocean. This article details the nature and extent of the participation by the Sea Ice Group of the Scott Polar Research Institute (Univ. of Cambridge) in MIZEX-84 in the Greenland Sea. Measurements of ice edge kinetics, wave-ice interactions and upper ocean structure and processes are discussed. Scott Polar Res. Inst., Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK. (wbg)

F160. Applied oceanography 86:0587

Aranha, J.A.P. and M. Sugaya, 1985. A note on head-sea diffraction by a slender body. J. Fluid Mech., 155:131-139. Dept. of Civil Engrg., IF-F, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

86:0588 Brouwers, J.J.H. and T.E.M. Meijssen, 1985. Viscous

damping forces on oscillating cylinders. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(3):118-123. Shell UK Explor. and Prod., London, UK.

86:0589 Fenton, J.D., 1985. Wave forces on vertical walls. J.

WatWay Port coast. Ocean Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 111(4):693-718. Sch. of Math., Univ. of New South Wales, Kensington, N.S.W. 2033, Australia.

86:0590 Godoy, L.A., 1985. Displacements induced by break-

ing waves on axially loaded cylindrical shells. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(3):152-157. Natl. Univ. of Cordoba, Structures Dept., Cordoba, Argentina.

86:0591 Hulme, Andrew, 1985. The heave added-mass and

damping coefficients of a submerged toms. J. Fluid Mech., 155:511-530. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M I3 9PL, UK.

86:0592 Liao, Wen-Gen, 1985. Hydrodynamic interaction of

flexible structures. J. WatWay Port coast. Ocean Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 111(4):719-731. S.S.D., Inc., Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.

86:0593 Sawaragi, Toru and Masao Nochino, 1985. Two

dimensional responses of fixed offshore platform in waves. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(3):140-151. Dept. of Civil Engrg., Osaka Univ., Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.

86:0594 Taylor, R.E. and S.M. Hung, 1985. Wave drift

enhancement effects in multi column structures. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(3):128-136. London Centre for Mar. Tech., Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Univ. Coll., London, UK.

86:0595 Williamson, C.H.K., 1985. Fluid forces on a small

cylinder in the presence of a large cylinder in relative o~[llatory flow. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(3): 124-127. Guggenheim Aeronautical Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

86:0596 Williamson, C.H.K., 1985. Sinnsoldui flow relative to

circular cylinders. J. Fluid Mech., 155:141-174. Guggenheim Aeronautical Lab., Caltech, Pas- adena, CA 91125, USA.

OLR(1986)33(1) F. General 83

FI70. Engineering and industry

86:0597 Borah, D.K. and Armando Balloffet, 1985. Beach

evolution caused by littoral drift barrier. J. WatWay Port coast. Ocean Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 111(4):645-660.

A numerical model is developed to predict the shoreline changes at Nome, Alaska, due to causeway construction. The model can be applied to other similar situations provided the parameters are calibrated by simulating existing conditions. Tip- petts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton, TAMS Bldg., 655 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017, USA.

86:0598 Gerges, M.A. and D.J. Stanley, 1985. Assessing

hydrography and man's influence on sediments in the northern Suez Canal. Mar. Geol., 65(3- 4):325-331. UNESCO SC-IOC, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France.

86:0599 Gerwick, B.C. Jr., 1984/85• Artificial islands for

Arctic offshore exploratory drilling and production islands. Ocean Sci. Engng, 9(4):467-476.

Arctic petroleum exploration has been underway for almost a decade, and innovative, even 'daring,' designs for exploration and production platforms are beginning to emerge. Steel and concrete caisson- retained islands have particular promise for depths up to 100 m. Specific consideration is given in this paper to the problems of ice forces on structures, weak soil strata, deployment through shallow ice- laden waters, and materials properties suited to the Arctic• Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA, USA. (fcs)

86:0600 Knapp, A.E. and Bernhard Stahl, 1985• Offshore

platform fatigue cracking probability. J. struct. Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 111(8):1647-1660. Amoco Prod•, P.O. Box 3385, Tulsa, OK 74102, USA.

86:0601 Shankar, N.J., H. Raman and V. Sundar, 1985. Wave

forces on large offshore pipelines. Ocean Engng, 12(2):99-115. Natl. Univ. of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore.

86:0602 Williams, A.N., 1985. Wave diffraction by elliptical

breakwaters in shallow water. Ocean Engng, 12(1):25.43. Dept. of Math., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

FI90. Navigation, cartography, etc.

86:0603 Seeber, GQnter, 1985. Point positioning in marine

geodesy (1979-1983). Mar. Geod, 9(3):365-380. Special Study Gr. 1.52, Univ. of Hannover, FRG.

F220. Medicine and public health

86:0604 Ellis, Sydney (chairman), 1985. Brevetoxins: chem-

istry and pharmacology of red tide toxins from Ptycho~scus breds (formerly Gymnod/nium breve). Symposium, American Society for Phar- macology and Experimental Therapeutics, Chi- cago, IL, 11 April 1983. Toxicon, 23(3):469-537; 11 papers.

Extraordinary advances in scientific understanding of the chemistry and respiratory-cardiovascular effects of brevetoxins prompted a symposium devoted solely to their chemistry and pharmacology. Eleven papers and short communications were presented that discussed extraction and purification, cellular mechanism of action, and pharmacological- neurophysiological analyses of effects on intact animals. It is hoped that this consolidation of information on brevetoxins can be used to alleviate the economic and public health problems caused by red tides. Dept. of Pharmacol. and Toxicol., Univ. of Texas Med. Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA. (bwt)

86:0605 Ruggeri, Bruce and C.A• Thoroughgood, 1985.

Prostaglandins in aquatic fauna: a comprehensive review. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 23(3):301-306. Coll. of Mar. Stud., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospheric pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

86:0606 Brown, M.P., M.B. Werner, R.J. Sloan and K.W.

Simpson, 1985. Polychlorinated biphenyis in the Hudson River. Environ. Sci. Technol., 19(8):656- 661.

Data on the extent of PCB contamination following 30 years of discharge of 14 kg/d from capacitor- manufacturing plants into the upper Hudson River

84 F. General OLR (I 986) 33 ( 1 )

are reviewed. Initial measurements (1970-74) showed that most fish species contained more PCBs than the established tolerance level (5.0 ppm), but later monitoring indicated a general decline in concentrations, with the greatest contamination occurring in upper river species. In addition to fish, monitoring has included macroinvertebrate, zooplankton, water, and sediment samples. New York State Dept. of Environ. Conserv., Albany, NY 12233, USA. (gsb)

86:0607 Chin, D.A., 1985. Outfail dilution: the role of a

far-field model. J. environ. Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 111(4):473-486. Dept. of Civ. and Arch. Engrg., Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.

86:0608 Hamilton, E.I., 1985. The disposal of radioactive

wastes into the marine environment: the presence of hot particles containing Pu and Am in the source term. Mineralog. Mug., 49(2):17%194.

Chemical and physical forms of particulate matter in the discharge effluent, the distribution of radionu- elides on these particles and the transport of radioactive particles from the point of discharge are poorly understood and are discussed here. It is noted that the relative abundance of Pu and Am in sediment and mussel tissue changes with increasing distance from the coast, indicating changes due to biogeochemical processes. In order to better estimate the flux of radionuclides to the environment, the nature of the effluent under normal discharge conditions needs to be adequately characterized. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, UK. (bwt)

86:0609 Hoffman, E.J., 1985. Oil spills in Narragansett Bay:

comparison between federal and state records. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(6):240-243.

Due to separate and overlapping legislative and regulatory authority, Rhode Island data concerning oil spill incidents are kept by two agencies of the federal government and by one agency of the state government. Because each agency has differing expertise and equipment, the types of spill incidents reported by each, if considered separately, present an entirely different picture of the nature of oil spills in this region. Assessment of oil spills as a source of pollution to coastal waters requires examination of all data. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

86:0610 Laughlin, R.B. Jr. and Olof Linden, 1985. Fate and

effects of organotin compounds. Ambio, 14(2):88- 94.

This review suggests that despite recent progress significant gaps exist in organotin research that require improved analytical procedures and quan- titative structure-activity relationship determinations for amelioration. Areas of environmental concern include release of triorganotin with high bioaccumulation potential from antifouling paints, and the presence of acutely toxic impurities and redistribution products in organotin effluents. Univ. of Calif., Naval Biosci. Lab., Oakland, CA 94625, USA. (gsb)

86:0611 Lewis, R.E., 1985. The dilution of waste in the wake

of a ship. Wat. Res., 19(8):941-945.

A theoretical model relates dispersion of the effluent field to intensity of the turbulence created by vessel movement. Dependence of the dilution on the speed, dimensions and specific resistance coefficient of the ship are described. The model indicates that the rate of dilution decreases with time after discharge and that dilution is more sensitive to ship speed than to rate of discharge. Brixham Lab., ICI plc, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, South Devon, UK.

86:0612 Norman, Colin, 1985. Low-level waste deadline

looms. Science, 229(4712):448-449.

Access to existing sites for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes may end January l, 1986. Despite 1980 legislation by Congress, no new sites have opened since the last crisis in 1979 and the three states where dump sites are now located (Nevada, South Carolina, Washington) refuse to go on accepting others' radioactive wastes indefinitely. This article provides background information and a discussion of the Morris K. Udall-sponsored legislation which would (1) set a strict timetable for creating new dump sites and (2) penalize states that fail to deal with their own nuclear wastes. (wbg)

86:0613 Simpson, P.R. and M. lvanovich (eds.), 1985.

Mineralogical aspects of the disposal of radioactive waste. Mineralog. Mag., 49(2):151-299; 24 papers.

The Mineralogical Society meeting began with an overview of radioactive wastes followed by a geological perspective on radioactive waste disposal. Although most papers focused on methods and mechanisms, one paper on disposal in the marine

OLR (1986) 33 (I) F. General 85

environment discussed the presence of hot particles containing Pu and Am in the source term. (msg)

86:0614 Young, R.A., D.J.P. Swift, T.L. Clarke, G.R. Harvey

and P.R. Betzer, 1985. Disper-~.l pathways for partide-asseeiated pollutants. Science, 229(4712):431-435.

The fates of particle-associated pollutants in the New York Bight are assessed by a combination of fine particle transport modelling, particle dispersal budget determinations, tracing of specific particle- associated pollutants and observations of productivity relationships. It was determined that a highly distributive shoreward diffusion occurred, with particles traversing several transport cycles before deposition at preferred intracoastal sites. Exxon Prod. Res. Co., P.O. Box 2189, Houston, TX 77001, USA. (gsb)

F260. Resources, management, economics

86:0615 Barrett, G.W., 1985. A problem--solving approach to

resource management. Bioscience, 35(7):423-427.

It is proposed that the basic unit of environmental research should not be the ecosystem, but the more holistic noosystem, which accommodates human social inputs. A 19-step problem-solving algorithm is introduced which begins with identifying the problem and ends with a summary report of an inspec- tion subsequent to the implementation of an action plan. Dept. of Zool., Miami Univ., Oxford, OH 45056, USA. (fcs)

86:0616 Cattle, Howard, 1985. Diverting Soviet rivers: some

possible repercussions for the Arctic Ocean. Polar Rec., 22(140):485-498.

Water shortages in central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine have led to plans to increase water supplies by diverting water from some northward flowing rivers. One plan, expected to be operational by the end of this century, calls for an annual diversion of 25-50 km 3 (<2% of the freshwater input to the Arctic Basin), and is not likely to affect Arctic sea ice. More complicated schemes call for annual diversions of 60 km 3, a volume comparable to the magnitude of natural variations; these plans could affect ice cover in shelf regions of the Kara and Barents seas. Present models suggest that large-scale changes in ice cover that could affect climate are

unlikely; however more sophisticated models are needed to fully evaluate possible consequences. Dynamical Climatol. Br., Meteorol. Off., London Rd., Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2SZ, UK. (msg)

86:0617 Condrey, R.E., 1984. Density--dependent searching

time: Implications in surplus--production models. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S~ 82(3): 449-453.

An initial theoretical consideration shows how density-dependent searching time can be incorpo- rated into surplus-production models of fisheries. The management implications associated with fail- ure to account for this parameter in fisheries where handling time reduces the total time initially available for searching are demonstrated. Center for Wetland Resources, Coastal Ecol. and Fish. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803- 7503, USA.

86:0618 Cort6s N., Jorge and M.J. Risk, 1985. A reef under

siltation stress: Cahuita, Costa Rica. Bull. mar. Sci., 36(2):339-356.

Low live coral coverage and species diversity and large average colony diameters are evident; amounts of particulate matter are very high, and a large amount of terrigenous material is trapped inside massive corals. Coral growth rates are low, and inversely correlated with sediment resuspension. Deforestation, which increased about 15 years ago, has likely increased the siltation stress on the reef. The presence and degree of siltation stress may be quickly evaluated by determining the acid-insoluble residues of coral heads, and comparing these with growth rates through time. CIMAR, Univ. de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.

86:0619 Finch, Roland, 1985. IU.S.] Fishery mRmooement

under the Magnnson Act. Mar. Policy, 9(3):170- 179.

Management mechanisms are working reasonably well, but the Act has succeeded only partially in conserving and restoring stocks so far; it has been more successful in developing U.S. fisheries. Full effects of the Act are yet to be seen. Box 344, Route 2, Strasburg, VA 22657, USA.

86:0620 Gross, Amnon and Jacob Zahavi, 1985. Evalwali~

alternative investment programs for the Medi- terranea~Deml Sea project. Wat. Resour. Res~ 21(7):905-916. Mediterranean-Dead Sea Co., Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel,

,q6 F. Genera l OI .R (1986) 33 (I)

86:0621 Holt, Sidney, 1985. Whale mining, whale saving. Mar.

Policy, 9(3): 192-213.

The article considers the problems involved in implementing a moratorium on commercial whaling and discusses the difficulties encountered by the International Whaling Commission in obtaining agreement among member states. 2 Meryon Court, Rye, East Sussex TN31 7LY, UK.

86:0622 Johnson, M.L. and A.V. Yablokov, 1984. Marine

mammals: losses and hopes. Acta zool. fenn., 172:117-119.

The decline and/or disappearance of marine mammals throughout history has largely been a result of human action or inaction. The IUCN in 1980 established a World Conservation Strategy with three objectives: (1) to maintain essential life- support systems and ecological processes, (2) pre- serve genetic diversity, and (3) to ensure a sus- tainable utilization of species and ecosystems. A review of documented losses and various conservation activities which offer hope for the future is presented. Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA. (llt)

86:0623 Lee, Jehu, 1984. Study on fisheries management from

the population dynamics standpoint in the North Pacific Ocean. Bull, Fish. Res. Dev. Ag., Busan, 33:185-206.

The establishment of Exclusive Economic Zones has added new dimensions to the concept and practice of fisheries management, particularly with respect to economic and social implications. The need for international collaboration is emphasized as many commercial species are highly migratory and are fished by several nations. The proposed Pacific International Council for Exploration of the Seas may be a useful vehicle to facilitate international fisheries management. Fish. Res. Dev. Agency, Busan, Korea. (msg)

86:0624 Lee, Virginia and Stephen Olsen, 1985. Eutrophi-

cation and management initiatives for the control of nutrient inputs to Rhode Island coastal lagoons. Estuaries, 8(2B):191-202. Coastal Resources Center, Grad. Sch, of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

86:0625 Moreira da Silva, P. de C., D.B. Netto, A.C. Muniz

and Y.N. Barros, 1982. [Marine maerophytes as a possible substrate for biogas generation: the use

of biodigesters.l Publf6es lnst. Pesq. marin., Brasil, 146:1-8. (In Portuguese, English abstract.) Inst. de Pesq. da Matin., Min. da Mar.. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

86:0626 Thomson, Michael and Charles Swithinbank, 1985.

The prospects for Antarctic minerals. New Scient., 107(1467):31-35.

Antarctica is a big continent, containing a craton and several mountain ranges. Its western side may comprise diverse, sutured terranes. It is surrounded by sedimentary basins. There is little question that it contains vast mineral resources. Unfortunately less than 1% of its surface is ice-free (not that being ice-free makes it hospitable). Still, now is the time to seek international agreements on exploration and development. First, they will encourage such activity; more important, reaching agreement only after an exploitable find is made would be much more difficult. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK. (fcs)

86:0627 Zweig, R.D., 1985. Freshwater aquaculture in China:

ecosystem management for survival. Ambio, 14(2):66-74. New Alchemy Inst., 237 Hatchville Rd., East Falmouth, MA 02536, USA.

F280. Policy, law, treaties

86:0628 Bergin, Anthony, 1985. Recent developments in

Australia's Antarctic policy. Mar. Policy, 9(3): 180-191.

Australia claims sovereignty of 42% of Antarctica. With increased international interest in Antarctica due to the possibilities of exploitation of the region's resources, Australian policy makers have had to attempt to formulate a national strategy with respect to Antarctic territory. While Australia has been a prominent player in Antarctic councils, no such strategy has yet emerged. Some recent policy developments are considered here. Royal Australian Naval Coll., Jervis Bay, 2540 Australia.

86:0629 Cherfas, Jeremy, 1985. More whales harpooned 'for

science'. New Scient., 107(1465):p.18.

Though the international moratorium on whaling is set to begin late in 1985, Article VIII of the International Whaling Commission convention allows governments to grant themselves permits to take any number of whales 'for purposes of scientific

OLR (1986) 33 (1) F. General 87

research.' Iceland and South Korea have already declared they will use this clause to circumvent the moratorium and Japan may join them. The meat byproduct of 'research' will be worth tens of millions of dollars to South Korea (which plans to take 200 minke a year); scientists who advise the IWC are in general agreement that Iceland's proposed research will yield little information of value. (wbg)

86:0630 Cherfas, Jeremy, 1985. 'Subterfuge' may undermine

whaling ban. New Scient., 107(1466):p.16.

When the International Whaling Commission ended its 37th annual meeting in July, 1985, it had not yet found a way of preventing whaling for purposes of scientific research, a use permitted under the convention behind IWC and one that essentially circumvents the moratorium on whaling which is to go into effect late in 1985. Instead of adopting the proposal that the products of scientific whaling be banned from international trade, the meeting concluded by merely asking all countries to examine any decision to issue special permits for scientific whaling. Another action more likely to reduce the level of whaling was giving more whale species (such as the northeastern Atlantic minke) 'protection status.' (wbg)

86:0631 Platt, R.H., 1985. Congress [U.S.] and the coast.

Environment, 27(6): 12-40.

Coastal zone management involves a diverse geographic area (coastal waters, shorelines, islands, salt marshes, wetlands, beaches) and a host of regulators (federal, state, local, private property owners, organ- izations). This first of two articles on flood-prone areas of the U.S. focuses on coastal barriers. The interrelationships of four federal programs affecting the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards: National Sea- shores, Coastal Zone Management, National Flood Insurance, and the Coastal Barrier Resources System are discussed. Three suggestions for improvement are offered: (1) active participation by the National Park Service in the planning and zoning process, (2) reauthorization of the CZM program with emphasis on planning assistance, and (3) amendment of the National Flood Insurance Act to eliminate new coverage in high-hazard zones and develop setback standards for new construction along retreating shorelines. Dept. of Geogr. and Planning Law, Land and Water Policy Center, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. 0It)

86:0632 Robinson, D.R., D.A. Colson and B.C. Rashkow,

1985. Some perspectives on adjudicating before

the World Court: the Gulf of Maine case. Am. J. int. Law, 79(3):578-597.

This article focuses on a number of the procedural, tactical, and administrative issues involved in ini- tiating, preparing and presenting the case to a five-member Chamber of the International Court of Justice. Practical matters not dealt with in judicial opinions are stressed: the decision to submit the matter to the Chamber (instead of the full Court or a tribunal) in the first place, choice of counsel, order of argument, even problems in the choice and use of audio-visual aids, etc. Robinson served as the United States Agent in the Gulf of Maine case. (wbg)

86:0633 Schneider, Jan, 1985. The Gulf of Maine case: the

nature of an equitable result. Am. J. int. Law, 79(3):539-577.

The author seeks to foster understanding of the decision by (1) describing the nature of the proceedings and the issues involved, (2) identifying and comparing the major points of the U.S. and Cana- dian positions, and (3) reviewing the Judgment in light of this background information. Implications of the case for other unresolved maritime boundaries and for bilateral cooperation in general are discussed. Schneider served as a legal adviser to Canada during the Gulf of Maine proceedings. (wbg)

86:0634 Vrijhof, H., 1985. Orgenotin compounds and inter-

national treaties on the pollution of water by dangerous substances: black or grey list substances? Sci. total Environment, 43(3):221-231.

Although pollution by organotin compounds was not mentioned in the Oslo (1972) or London (1972) conventions, they are included on the 'black list' in more recent international agreements. The Rhine Chemical Convention (1976) and the EEC Dan- gerous Substances Directive are briefly reviewed.

Apparently, organotin compounds were placed on the prohibited list based solely on production figures; this designation is not supported by environmental data. Natl. Inst. of Public Health and Environ. Hygiene, Leidschendam, Netherlands. (bwt)

F290. International concerns and or- ganizations

86:0635 Lonardi, A.G., 1985. Strategies for development: a

multinational marine sciences and marine re-

88 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (I)

sources program for the Americas. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 19(1):53-56.

The research activities carried out by the Marine Science and Resources Program of the Organization of American States are described and its role in the establishment of new institutions and creation of a sense of common destiny for the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean is discussed. The program's goals are to promote basic and applied research, educate and train scientists, and foster technology and information exchange. Projects include studies of estuarine dynamics, coastal sedimentation and currents, primary and secondary productivity, circulation, mariculture and freshwater aquaculture, marine pollution, oil spill contingency planning and the ecology and resources of estuarine and mangrove environments. Dept. of Sci. and Tech. Affairs, Organization of American States, Wash- ington, DC, USA. (llt)

86:0636 Neuman, L.D., 1985. The United Nations Regional

Seas Program. Mar. TechnoL Soc. J., 19(1):46-52.

Environmentally sound planning and development must keep pace with the growing interest in ocean resources. The Regional Seas Program, initiated by the UN Environment Program in 1974, provides a framework through which governments can coop- erate to protect the heritage of the seas. Its influence on the control of pollution and the management of marine and coastal resources is exerted through a series of regional action plans (now involving eleven regions and more than 120 coastal states) which are reviewed and discussed here on a region by region basis. In general, emphasis about threats to the marine environment has shifted from a concern with open ocean pollution to a focus on enclosed and semi-enclosed seas. Dept. of Intl. Econ. and Social Affairs, Ocean Econ. and Tech. Br., United Nations. (wbg)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)

86:0637 Anonymous, 1985. British geophysics: Royal Society

backs protest. Nature, Lond., 315(6022):p.709.

This article discusses the recently published report, 'Support of Geophysics in the United Kingdom,' which has the endorsement of the Royal Society council. The report excoriates the system of man- aging and supporting geophysics research in Britain.

Beginning with a perceived disparity between funding for economic prospecting and basic geophysics research, it reflects on lost opportunities in British geophysics research including the fact that the next phase of deep-sea drilling (the Ocean Drilling Program) will proceed without British participation. There is also a discussion of the report's analysis of what has gone so wrong as to cause 'a pervasive pessimism and loss of morale' among British re- searchers. (wbg)

86:0638 Avaria, Sergio and Adolfo Alvial, 1985. Ecological

research on marine phytolgnkton in Chile. gevta Biol. mar., Univ. Chile, 21(1):61-106. (In Spanish, English abstract.)

Chilean phytoplankton ecology is discussed with regard to geographical distribution, seasonality and community structural controls. Studies conducted off northern Chile during the 1982-83 E1 Nifio are emphasized, along with the fairly complete data resulting from ongoing studies of Valparaiso Bay. (sir)

86:0639 Beardsley, Tim, 1985. Deep-sea drilling. Britain

squeezed onto margins. Nature, Lond., 316(6023):p.6.

Still unable to raise the $2.5 million membership fee needed to join the Ocean Drilling Program, Britain has managed to (1) annoy Canada (which has paid despite having a smaller gross national product), (2) perplex planners at ODP who want the expertise particular British scientists can bring to the project but who don't want to give signals indicating that participation is independent of membership, and (3) risk its participation in the planning of a cruise in the Weddell Sea thereby presumably weakening its negotiating position when the Antarctic Treaty is renegotiated at the end of the decade. Loss of such leverage (or the threat of it) may yet permit Britain's Natural Environment Research Council to come up with the necessary funds in time. (wbg)

86:0640 Graffman, John, 1985. A few current marine tech-

nology developments in Sweden. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 19(1):32-37.

This article describes the ways in which Sweden's ship-building industry is capitalizing on the possibilities created by the offshore market. Goetaverken Arendal has successfully developed multipurpose semi-submersibles of five different sizes which are in full compliance with the new Norwegian require- ments for such drilling rigs and which can be

OLR (1986) 33 (1) F. General 89

designed for a variety of purposes (drilling, pipeline service, etc.). Other developments discussed include offshore diving support and workover vessels which are described in some detail (propulsion, diving system, lifting capacity, etc.), development of a tension leg platform, and underwater applications of the Stifling engine. Nail. Swedish Bd. for Tech. Develop., Havsteknik, Sweden. (wbg)

86:0641 Hyacinthe, J.-L., 1985. Recent advances in French

nmrine technology. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 19(1): 13-19.

The SAGA (Sous-marin d'Assistance A Grande Autonomic) Project will produce a submarine with a hydrostatic pressure compartment for 6 divers and an atmospheric pressure compartment for 6 pilots to be operational by 1986. Other advances in underwater, offshore, and ocean-associated space technology are described. Marine mining, OTEC, coastal management, marine pollution, and high-speed surface ships are also discussed. Embassy of France, Washington, DC, USA. (mwf)

86:0642 Jeffrey, N.E., 1985. Recent advances in marine

technology in Cnnda~ Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 19(1):5-9.

Traditional maritime activities such as coastal trading and fishing have recently been augmented by exploration and development of oil and gas resources in northern waters. New projects include technologies for this work as well as new underwater vehicles, integrated naval electronic systems, and advanced ship configurations. A new laboratory facility, the Institute for Marine Dynamics, is directed toward safety, performance, and efficiency of all types of marine vessels, systems, and equipment. Nail. Res. Council of Canada, St. John's, NF, Canada. (mwf)

86:0643 Lermard, Don, 1985. The United Kingdom's progress

in marine tedmology. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 19(1):38-45.

Responsibility for marine research and development in the United Kingdom is distributed among several agencies. This paper discusses how the U.K., long a maritime nation, is preparing to recover its capacity to explore, measure, and exploit the oceans through better coordination between government bodies (Depts. of Energy, Industry, Ministry of Defense, etc.), British industry, and academia. After reviewing some examples of the complex organization involved in recent UK marine developments, some examples

of typical projects are chosen to indicate the diversity present as well as the focal points that are emerging. D.E. Lennard & Assoc., Ltd., Orpington, Kent, UK. (wbg)

86:0644 Marinov, T., V.J. Petrova-Karadjova and A. Kon-

soulov, 1984. Actual state of Black Sea hydro- biological studies in Bulgaria. Izv. nauchno-issled. Inst. Okeanogr. Ribno Stopan, Varna, 21:55-68. (In Bulgarian, English abstract.)

86:0645 Mathewson, J., 1985. More controversy over peer

review. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 128(5):p.71.

Reductions in funding for academic research since the 1960s have led to unorthodox behavior, such as direct appeals to Congress by 15 universities which netted them $100 million in special appropriations. This spring the National Science Board concluded that such behavior undermines the system of peer review which in turn 'could well threaten the integrity of the U,S. scientific enterprise that is the basis of the...competitive position of the U.S. in the world [by substituting] the skills of lobbyists for the merits of scientists.' The issue surfaced at a meeting of government, industry, and academic represen- tatives in Washington to discuss new funding strategies. (wbg)

86:0646 Peterson, I., 1985. Controlling access to supercom-

puters. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 128(3):p.36.

NSF's plans to fund four supercomputer centers have partially stalled because the host institutions are alarmed at a clause in the contracts barring access by visiting Soviet-bloc and Chinese scientists. The clause, requested by the departments of Defense and State, is somewhat embarrassing to NSF and very embarrassing to the universities. Temporarily the question is being held open pending a high-level government review, but bemused critics point out that 17 other supercomputers are available to universities without such restrictions and that any- one with the money can rent time on any number of privately owned machines. (fcs)

86:0647 Saeki, Muneharu, 1985. Current research and devel-

opmeat at the Japan Marine Science and Tech- nology Center (JAMSTEC). Mar. TechnoL Soc. J., 19(1):20-24.

Marine resources are vital to a country with limited natural resources and land area. Current JAMSTEC projects discussed here are: (1) the technology of

90 F. General OLR(1986)33(1)

deep-sea exploration (manned submersibles, ROVs), (2) underwater survey systems (towed systems, acoustic navigation), (3) wave power generation, and (4) observation systems (air-launched expendable CT profiler, underwater sliding vehicle). Japan Mar. Sci. and Tech. Center, Natusuhima-cho, Yokosuka 237, Japan. (llt)

86:0648 Sellar, Jeffrey and Vimala Sarma et al,, 1985. Science

in Australasia. Nature, Lond., 316(6025): 185-208; 22 reports.

This 'necessarily incomplete' survey overviews the politics and economics of science in Australia and New Zealand, examines the role of industry in technology development, and highlights several universities, research centers, and research programs. The Australian Institute of Marine Science's inves- tigation of the crown-of-thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef is the topic of one section; marine biology in the Antarctic is the subject of another. (msg).

86:0649 Song, Jian, 1985. Reforms and open policy in China.

Science, 229(4713):525-527.

While China developed a splendid culture in pre- industrial times, it has lagged behind other comparable nations over the past two centuries. One factor responsible for this is the rigid economic and research and development system which has existed there. Now reforms of these systems are underway and spreading throughout China, in part, because the creative and pragmatic thinking of the reforms has broad support from the Chinese people. Many regard the smooth settlement of the Hong Kong situation through the principle of 'one country, two systems [as] the most courageous and fascinating creation of the 20th century.' Song is Chairman of the State Sci. and Tech. Comm., People's Republic of China. (wbg)

86:0650 Van Oortmerssen, Gerard, 1985. Recent advances in

marine technology in the Netherlands. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 19(1):25-31.

A general overview of Dutch marine and maritime research is presented, along with a discussion of future trends. A breakdown of government de- partmental responsibilities and expenditures is given and representative programs are described. Areas for future development include computerized theoretical

modelling and whole system studies. Netherlands Mar. Res. Inst., Wageningen, Netherlands. (gsb)

86:0651 Wu, Yikang, 1985. Ocean technology in China. Mar.

Technol. Soc. J , 19(1):10-12.

With an 18,000 km coastline and an immense continental shelf harboring substantial resources, including oil and gas, China's interest in ocean technology has focused on ocean engineering for resource development since the 1970s. Recent advances in shipbuilding (including the geological and geophysical research vessel, Haiyang 1), marine instruments, meteorology, buoy technology, remote sensing, aquaculture, offshore technology and resource development are briefly noted. Inst. of Ocean Tech., Natl. Bur. of Oceanogr., People's Republic of China. (msg)

F330. History of science (especially oceanography)

86:0652 Clark, R.D. and E.A. Robinson, 1985. Descartes as

geophysicist. Leading Edge, 4(8):32-35.

'If Descartes' work had been limited solely to his geophysical investigations and speculations, he would today be viewed as one of the field's greatest pioneers.' Of course, Descartes' interests were not so confined. The disciplines of physics, astronomy and medicine, along with the mathematics and philos- ophy for which he is best known, can all claim him. Something of his work, particularly as it bears on geophysics, is described here. (fcs)

F360. Science education

86:0653 Silverman, M.P., 1985. Science as a human endeavor:

a freshman seminar. Am. J. Phys., 53(8):715-719.

In response to the 'alarming deterioration' in pre-college education and 'deficient command' of scientific fact, method, and process, the author developed a freshman seminar meant to show science as a human activity rather than as a cold body of abstract fact. Topics selected for discussion are described, as are the reading materials, drawn largely from personal essays of contemporary scientists. Dept. of Phys., Trinity Coll., Hartford, CT 06106, USA. (fcs)

OLR (1986) 33 (1) F. General 91

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

86:0684 Descolas-Gros, C. and M.R. Fontugne, 1985. Carbon

fixation in marine phytoplankton: carboxylase activities and stable carbon--isotope ratios; phys- iological and paleoclimatologicai aspects. Mar. Biol., 87(1): 1-6.

Simultaneous determinations of phytoplankton carboxylase activities (RUBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, and PEP carboxykinase) and stable carbon isotope ratios were made for natural coastal phytoplankton communities and cultured species to assess the importance of/3 carboxylation to carbon fixation and its effect on 8C-13 ratios. RuBP activity dominated in all cases, and the 8C-13 values were indicative of the level of/3 carboxylation. Observed increases in/3 carboxylation with exponential growth (culture) or increased biomass (natural samples) were attributed to adaptation to prevailing conditions, such as low light intensity. Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab. Arago, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. (gsb)

86:0655 Katsaros, K.B., L.A. McMurdie, R.J. Lind and J.E.

DeVault, 1985. Alhedo of a water surface, spectral variation, effects of atmospheric transmittance, sun angle and wind speed. J. geophys. Res., 90(CA):7313-7321.

For short solar wavelengths, 0.28-0.53 pro, surface albedo shows little dependence on transmittance; for longer solar wavelengths, 0.53-2.8 pm, albedo increases with decreasing transmittance. (Short wavelengths are mostly diffuse for all degrees of cloudiness, whereas longer wavelengths become more diffuse with increasing cloudiness.) Measurements over Lake Washington (Seattle) and the north and tropical Atlantic of the variation of albedo with solar altitude and transmittance gave results in general agreement with those of Payne (1972), with some deviations at high solar altitudes with low trans- mittances and for solar altitudes below 20 °. The effects of wind speed on normalized albedo agree with previous findings. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

86:0656 Lockwood, Peter (rapporteur) and M.V. Angel

(report editor), 1985. MABAHISS/Jolm Mm-ray ,¢~0th anniversary: ~ ~ience of the northwest Indian Ocean and adjacent waters. Report of a symposium on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the MABAHISS/John Murray Ex- pedition (1933/34), University of Alexandria,

Egypt, 3-7 September 1983. UNESCO Repts mar. Sci, 31:1-145.

This report describes the symposium, synthesizes the scientific presentations, and discusses the recom- mendations made for future research. The complete texts of the papers were published in Deep-Sea Research 31(6-8):571-1036. (msg)

86:0657 Peterson, P.J. and M.J. Minski, 1985. Precious

metals and living organisms. InterdiscipL Sci. Rev., 10(2): 159-169.

Organisms that accumulate metals such as gold, silver, platinum, and iridium are described, and examples illustrating their role in biogeocbemical cycling and deposition are presented. Potential therapeutic applications and prospects for recovery from sea- and freshwater organisms are also assessed. Chelsea College, Univ. of London, UK. (row f)

86:0658 Sepkoski, J.J. Jr. and P.R. Crane (co-editors), 1985.

[Advances in paleobiology.] Tenth anniversary issue. Paleobiology, 11(1): 1-138; 10 papers.

Ten invited essays commemorate Paleobiology's tenth anniversary with reviews of recent advances in the general concepts and problems in evolutionary and ecological paleobiology. The first essay proposes that the problem of transpecific evolution requires the examination of interactions among distinct tiers of time (ecological moments, normal geological time and periodic mass extinctions). Other papers con- sider evolution at the species level; concepts, trends and transitions of species in the fossil record; mathematical models of cladogenesis; Arehean and Proterozoic patterns of evolution; the relationship of systematics to paleobiology; major biogeographic themes that relate to paleobiology; contributions of paleoecology to evolutionary theory and of tapho- nomy to paleobiology; and an analysis of adaptation and its relationship to other aspects of evolutionary biology. (msg)

86:06d59 Vadus, J.R. and Jack Boiler et al., 1985. International

programs and developments in marine technology. Mar. Technol. Soc. J~ 19(1):3-56; 9 papers.

Based largely on presentations delivered at the Oceans 84 conference, seven papers explore developments in marine technology in Canada, Japan, Sweden, The Netherlands, China, France and the U.K. Some of the topics are: progress in capabilities in arctic waters, monitoring systems for the ocean environment, a newly launched French submersible

92 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (1)

(Nautile) capable of diving 6000 m, deep-sea exploration technology, and renewable ocean energies. Two additional papers, not presented at the conference, discuss the UNEP Regional Seas Pro- gramme and marine sciences/marine resources programs of the Organization of American States. NOAA, Rockville, MD, USA. (msg)

F380. Advances in science, reviews (general interest)

86:0660 Anonymous, 1985. Ocean eddies: mighty maelstroms.

Economist, 296(7403):p.74.

Ocean eddies, first discovered in the 1960s by satellite surveying, are large, energetic episodes with life spans of months or even years. Somewhat analogous to atmospheric storms, an understanding of eddies is thought to be central to answering important questions about the way(s) oceans affect climate. This article briefly explains ocean eddies: their driving forces (pressure differences in the water and Coriolis forces), how satellites spot them, their characteristics and the way they form, etc. (wbg)

86:0661 Cacchione, D.A. (and the EEZ-Scan Group), 1985.

GLORIA II sonograph mosaic of the western U.S, Excluslve Eomomic Zone. Eos, 66(30):553, 555.

Following the establishment of an Exclusive Eco- nomic Zone, the U.S. Geological Survey began a program (EEZ-Scan) to map the zone using the GLORIA II long-range side-scan sonar system. This article describes the system and reports on the results of the west coast survey completed in 1984. A sonograph mosaic showing the Mendocino Fracture Zone is presented and discussed as are discoveries of new seamounts. An atlas providing a complete view of the morphology of the deep-sea floor off the U.S. Pacific coast is being prepared. USGS, Menlo Park, CA, USA. (wbg)

86:0662 Cousins, Steve, 1985. Ecologists build [trophle level]

pyramids again. New Scient., 106(1463):50-54.

Certain historical, conceptual, and theoretical aspects of ecology as a science, in particular the trophic dynamic perspective of Lindemann and the older Eltonian concepts involving pyramids of numbers, are discussed and contrasted. Marine biologists, and a very few terrestrial biologists, are beginning to make Eltonian pyramids again, having realized that fundamental problems are associated

with the trophic level concept. Energy Res. Gr., Open Univ., UK. 0st)

86:0663 Diamond, J.M., 1985. Mass mortality in Padfle

seabirds. Nature, Lond., 315(6022):712-713.

Tropical seabirds have some unusual characteristics. They may not mature for l0 years, tend to mate for life, and lay just a few eggs, with the hatchlings requiring intensive care for a year or two; some species live up to 75 years. They return to breed in their birthplaces, but may spend a decade at sea (some in continuous flight) beforehand. The eight million seabirds (18 species) of Christmas Island have been little affected by the seven ENSO events occurring between 1940 and 1981. But the last one (1982-83) was devastating. Extensive flooding of the island (rainfall 156 inches, up from a norm of 30) and the absence of fish and squid may have resulted in the death of up to 90% of the population. The mechanisms and rates of recovery should throw much light on the evolution of species and ecosystems. Physiol. Dept., Univ. of Calif. Med. Sch., Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. (fcs)

86:0664 Oribbin, John, 1985. A see-saw climatic system...with

humans tipping the balance. New Scient., 107(1465):p.28.

The idea that there could be stable, extreme climatic states on Earth (frozen/desert-like) is not new. But now there is evidence in the geological record that there have been shifts from one state to another (albeit on a smaller scale than the extremes cited above) due to changes in deep ocean circulation. The evidence comes from air trapped in ice cores drilled from the Greenland ice cap. Just as important is the suggestion of the way in which these changes may be linked through a climatic system involving water distilled off the warm Atlantic and dropped on the cold Pacific. In a related development, ice core samples show that atmospheric CO2 in 1750 was 280 ppmv compared with 345 ppmv in 1984. This figure is lower than expected. (wbg)

86:066a Gribbin, John, 1985, lofl~rl~ linger through summer

months. New Scient., 107(t467):p.19.

For the fourth time since 1970, the presence of sea ice late in the season affected the Newfound- land/Labrador region and delayed oil exploration on the Grand Banks in 1985. This incidence compares with a rate of no more than once a decade between 1920 and 1970. Unless this trend reverses, floating off figs which extract much less oil, will have

OLR (1986) 33 (1) F. General 93

to be used as fixed rigs are vulnerable to icebergs. Hence, sea ice may play a role in determining the cost of extraction. At least one researcher believes the evidence points to a climate change. (wbg)

86:0666 Khain, V.Y., 1985. Plate tectonics: achievements and

unsolved problems. Int. Geol. Rev., 27(1):1-15. (Russian original.)

In the USSR, plate tectonics 'has not achieved a monopoly' on tectonic thinking. The main predic- tions, difficulties, and evolution of plate tectonic theory are outlined with the conclusion that the theory 'explains more geologic factors' than any other theory, but ultimately will become part of a more 'capacious' tectogenetic model of the whole Earth. Fac. of Geol., Moscow State Univ., USSR. (fcs)

86:0667 Maddox, John, 1985. Observational plate tectonics.

Nature, Lond., 315(6022):p.711.

Ever since radio telescopes, separated by large distances on Earth, were used to measure the angular size of distant radio sources such as quasars, it was realized that very long baseline radio interferometry (VLBI) could be used to examine plate tectonics. This article reports the conclusion of U.S. National Geodetic Survey scientists Carter et al. (1985) that the trans-Atlantic baseline is lengthening by 14 mm a year and the baseline between Massachusetts and Texas is shrinking by 8 mm a year. Both of these effects are consistent with plate tectonics predic- tions. The problem is that the measurement errors are still too great for comfort. Another year's data should resolve this problem. (wbg)

86:0668 Nicolaysen, L.O., 1985. Renewed ferment in the earth

sden¢~ ~peclaily about power supplies for the core, for the mantle and for crises in the faunal record. S. Aft. J. Sci. 81(3):120-132.

The 'crisis' in earth science subsequent to the revolution marked by plate tectonics is reviewed. Mainly the crisis has to do with the attempt to understand the overall chemistry and dynamics of the Earth, an ambition far beyond that of simply elucidating plate structure and kinematics. Much reference is made to the advances in geodynamics documented in AGU's ten-volume publication resulting from the decade-long International Geo- dynamics Program. A model is outlined in which a deep mantle poroelastic shell mediates, in a 2-phase (inflation-deflation) cycle, the flow of energy up- ward and the physical and chemical character of the

outer core downward, providing a generally cyclic framework for interpreting geomagnetic polarity reversals as well as the episodic geological and paleontological events at the surface. Bernard Price Inst. of Geophys. Research, Univ. of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa. (fcs)

86:0669 North, G.R., 1985. The climate as natural oscillator.

Nature, Lond~ 316(6025):p.218.

The insensitivity of steady-state atmospheric climate models to orbital changes (eccentricity, obliquity and perihelion at summer solstice) created a crisis in climate theory over the past decade. Now Saltzman and colleagues are avoiding the sensitivity issue by suggesting that the climate system is a natural nonlinear oscillator with a period of ~100 kyr. This model and others are discussed briefly here. A better understanding of snowfall over the ice sheets, especially near the poles (likely to develop in the next decade), will help eliminate this pitfall of ice volume estimates in climate models. NASA, God- dard Space Center, MD 20771, USA. (wbg)

86:0670 Pain, Stephanie, 1985. Rockall: a controversy in deep

water. New Scient~ 107(1464):50-54.

Suggestions that the Rockall Trough be considered as a disposal site for radioactive wastes prompted the scientific community to take advantage of the trough's attributes (favorable location, complex sedimentation, simple topography, and a long history of research) to address some fundamental questions about deep-sea processes, including material fluxes, sediment transport, and ecosystem dynamics. Some recent findings: the floor of the trough appears to be oceanic, not continental, crust; and some abyssal invertebrates apparently undergo seasonal breeding cycles. (msg)

86:0671 Radok, Uwe, 1985. The Antarctic ice. Scient. Am.,

253(2):98-105.

An overview is given of the results of the Antarctic Glaciological Project from its inception in 1969. Since then the ice sheet (averaging over 2 km thick) has been subjected to numerous mapping and thermal regime studies designed ultimately to model the sheet's past and future behavior. At the same time core samples, analyzed for chemical and isotopic constituents and those of ancient air trapped in-situ, are yielding an even greater abundance of data on Pleistocene climates and environments and the recent effects of human activities. A Russian borehole, now 2000 m deep, has yielded an unbroken

94 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (1)

record for the past 160,000 yr--well into the last interglacial. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA. (fcs)

86:0672 Raloff, Janet, 1985. The bugs of rust. Sci. News,

Washington, D.C., 128(3):42-44.

A recent conference sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers covered several aspects of microbially-induced corrosion, which has been demonstrated for both single strains and natural assemblages. The importance of stratified biofilm formation, with damaging sulfate-reducing bacteria present at the anaerobic metal-biofilm surface, O2-depleting aerobes at the water-biofilm interface, and another layer of nutrient-producing anaerobes in between was stressed. Developments such as rapid diagnostic field tests, biofilm removal methods, and electrochemical analysis techniques were also discussed. (gsb)

86:0673 Sofia, Sabatino, Pierre Demarque and Andrew

Endal, 1985. From solar dynamo to terrestrial climate. Am. Scient., 73(4):326-333.

Insofar as solar energy drives the Earth's climate there has long been curiosity about the degree to which variations in solar output may be responsible for changes in climate. Unfortunately little is known about solar variability particularly over meaningful time scales and, at the same time, it is known that factors other than solar output strongly affect climate. At time scales of 10,000 years or so, e.g., orbital variations seem to be the primary correlate of climate. In any event, better understanding of the link will rest more on a better understanding of solar physics than on interpreting noisy statistical data; advances in this area are overviewed. Dept. of Astronomy, Yale Univ., Box 6666, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. (fcs)

86:0674 Sun, Shen-su, 1985. Ocean islands--plums or plumes?

Nature, Lond., 316(6024):103-104.

Support for the mantle plume model for ocean islands, as opposed to the plum pudding model and others, is forthcoming in two recent papers by Schilling and colleagues (1985). They believe that plumes originate from 'fertile' regions of the mantle at depths much greater than the depleted sources of MORB. As basalts from mid-ocean ridges located near hotspots are intermediate between the depleted MORB at 'normal' ridge segments and the unde- pleted basalts found at hotspots, it is hypothesized that excess plume material ascending beneath the

island is channeled along the ridge where it en- counters 'normal' MORB. The theory was tested in the South Atlantic where the islands of St. Helena, Gough and Tristan da Cunha lie 400-800 km east of the mid-ocean ridge axis. Div. of Petrol. and Geochem., Bur. of Min. Res., Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. (msg)

86:0675 White, Bob, 1985. Frozen energy in the depths of the

oceans. New Scient., 106(1463):p.29.

This article describes the formation of gas hydrates (three dimensional lattices of water molecules with entrapped methane molecules) beneath the deep oceans of the world (i.e., where water depth exceeds 1000 meters). Little was known about these poten- tially huge reserves of natural gas until the Deep Sea Drilling Project started bringing up some lumps of methane hydrate over the past few years. A Soviet estimate places the amount of gas locked up in sea sediments at 1000 million cubic km. It is not feasible to recover this gas at present because the hydrate formations occur at such great depth. (wbg)

F390. Educational literature

86:0676 Amos, J.L. (photographs) and David Jeffrey (text),

1985. Fossils: ann , s of life written in rock. Natn. geogr., 168(2): 182-191.

86:0677 Anonymous, 1985. The vanishing krill mystery. New

Scient., 107(1467):p.23.

Based on evidence collected during a winter 1983 cruise to the Scotia Sea, British Antarctic Survey scientists have concluded that krill are subject to periodic drastic reductions in abundance. Krill biomass was depleted even though most other zooplankton species were at expected winter levels. The phytoplankton crop on which krill graze was higher than expected and thus not responsible. The effect may be due to the developing fishery for krill but further research is needed to solve this mystery. (wbg)

86:0678 Buitrago, Joaqutn, 1985. Will the Caribbean hawks-

bill turtle survive? Sea Front., 31(4):219-220.

86:0679 Gore, Rick and J.A. Sugar (photographer), 1985.

Oar restless planet Earth. Earth's dynamic crust

OLR (1986) 33 (1) F. General 95

and the shaping of a continent. Natn. geogr., 168(2):142-191.

In a narrative, first-person style, the global journeys of this National Geographic team are documented as they witness, photograph, and have explained to them manifestations of a 'restless Earth': colliding and subducting plates, volcanoes, fault lines, hotspots and suspect terranes. The Earth's and Life's histories are briefly depicted in text, sidebars and computer graphics. A double map supplement documents plate movements and profiles western North America. (fcs)

86:0680 Green, David, 1985. Northern elephant seals return

[to Californiai. Sea Front., 31(4):205-213.

86:0681 Jannasch, H.W., 1985. [Life in the deep sea based on

chemosynthesis.I Naturwissenschaften, 72(6): 285-290. (In German, English abstract.)

The microbial biomass produced by the chemoau- totrophic oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds released from hydrothermal vents forms the base of a food chain involving a new type of symbiosis between chemosynthetie bacteria and marine invertebrates. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (lit)

86:0682 Laubier, Lucien and Daniel Desbruy6res, 1985.

Oases at the bottom of the ocean. Endeavour, (N.S.)9(2):67-76.

In the early 1980s biologists were amazed, and sometimes skeptical, to be told of the existence of luxuriant fauna thriving at depths of between two and three thousand metres close to hot water springs. Frequently consisting of hitherto unknown species, these colonies are nothing less than oases, contrast- ing starkly with the deserts usually to be found at great depths. One of their features is a very short life cycle. But, most strikingly, they are the first

discovery on our planet of living systems which survive without solar energy or photosynthesis. Laubier is a senior scientific adviser for the Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer.

86:0683 Moring, John, 1985. New [environmental] trouble in

the tide pools. Sea Front., 31(4):196-203.

86:0684 Schreiber, R.W. and E.A. Schreiber, 1985. E! Nifio

and Christmas Island: where did all the birds go? TERRA, 23(6):3-7. Nat. Hist. Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.

86:0685 Sollen, Robert, 1985. Natural seeps: unwanted oil and

gas production. Sea Front~ 31(4):226-236.

While oil spills make headlines, offshore oil and gas seeps, such as those which foul the California coast by Coal Oil Point near Santa Barbara, attract little attention elsewhere. The problem is caused by underwater oil-beating geologic formations covered only by sand and mud, not caprock. The author reviews the extent of the problem and gives a vivid, eyewitness account of the situation as viewed from the 16-foot submersible Nekton Gamma during an hour-long, 220-foot dive off Coal Oil Point. The goal of surveying there is to use large, inverted funnels to remove enough air pollution to permit the Atlantic Richfield Co. to engage in exploratory drilling. (wbg)

86:0686 Stetter, K.O., 1985. [Extremely thermophllic bacte-

r i l l Naturwissenschaflerg 72(6):291-301. (In Ger- man, English abstract.)

Discussed here are various sulfur-dependent, methanogenic archaebacteria which attain optimal growth in both continental and submarine extremely high-temperature environments (>80°C). Lehrstuhl fur Mikrobiol. der Univ., D-8400 Regensburg, FRG. (lit)

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