188

F. GENERAL

FlO. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

84:1x3 Krigman, Alan, 1983. Advances in instrumentation:

where we are, where we’re going. Instrumn Technol., 30(9): I 13- 140.

The topics covered are based on ideas presented at the Instrument Society of America183 conference and published in Advances in Instrumentation. Vol- ume 38. Among the subjects discussed are micro- computers, electro-optics, holography, optical data processing, telemetry. heat flux and temperature measurements, and flow meters. (msg)

84:1364 Lamb, J.L., 198 1. Marine environmental terminology

and depth-related environments. Trans. GuIf Cst Ass. geol. Sots, (1981)31:329-337,

This paper reviews the classification of marine environments used widely by oil company micro- paleontologists in the Gulf of Mexico and tabulates the more commonly used terms for clarification. Uniform usage of environmental terms, especially those terms relating to depth-related environments identified by fossils, is desirable for clear commu- nication. Exxon Prod. Res. Co., P.O. Box 2189, Houston, Tex. 77001, USA.

84: 1365 Payne, P.A. et al., 1983. [Conference on sensors and

their applications: invited papers, 2*22 Sep- tember 1983, UMIST, Manchester.] J. Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 16(10):919-996: 7 papers.

Developments in many fields (e.g., fiber optics, materials science, acoustics, microprocessors, sem- iconductors, optoelectronics, ferroelectrics) have benefited sensor technology tremendously in the past few years, as discussed in these 7 invited papers. Specific topics include microprocessor-based appli- cations; sensors for mechanical properties; ultra- sonic, optical and gas sensors; and medical appli- cations of silicon sensors. (ihz)

84:1366 Payne, P.A., 1983. Sensors and their apslwns.

(Review.) J. Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 16(10): 947-95 1.

Market surveys are used to provide guidance on growth rates within various sectors of the sensor market. Several economic factors are considered

which will have a serious bearing on the devel- opment of this market. Finally. how research and development organizations, and also educational institutions, will need to adapt in order to respond to these changes is discussed. Inst. of Sci. and Tech.. Univ. of Manchester, M60 IQD. UK.

F40. Area studies, surveys (mui ttdisci-

plinary)

M:1367 Ahlnaes, K. et al., 1982. [The Antarctic area:

multidisciplinary studies during l!Bl.] Anrarct. J.. 17(5):92- 189; 52 reports.

The reports (all l-3 pages in length) are divided into broad subject categories: sea ice: Weddell Polynya expedition; Ross Sea, physical, chemical and bio- logical oceanography: marine biology (epontic com- munities, krill ecology, seabirds, icefishes, seals): and ocean sciences (fronts, bioerosion, heat flow, diatom biostratigraphy, petrology, sediments). (ihz)

84: 1368 Anderson, Alun and John Maddox, 1983. Science in

Japan. Nature, Lond., 305(5933):355-382: I7 reports.

Some Western myths concerning Japan’s enormous economic success are rather easily dispelled. The success, for example, is not piggybacked on cheap labor or simply due to imitations of Western innovations. What role does science play in Japan’s story? Separate articles examine Japanese science budgets, bureaucracies, universities, institutes and programs. Examined as well are the public attitude toward science, and the role of women and corpo- rations in Japan’s scientific endeavors. (fcs)

84:1369 Beer, Tom, 1983. Australian estuaries and estuarine

mode&g. Searrh, 14(5/6): 136-140.

This state-of-the-art presentation was spurred by the appearance of the final reports on Peel Inlet (Western Australia) and Port Hacking (New South Wales). Considered are the history of estuarine research, the importance of estuaries, their types and definitions (‘hard to define exactly, but we know one when we see one’). Modelling is deemed essential to afford predictive capabilities. Natural Sys. Res. Pty. Ltd., Hawthorn Vie., Australia. (ihz)

OLR (19X4)31 (3) F. General

84: 1370 Boyd, J.M. and D.R. Bowes (eds.), 1981/83. The

natural environment of the Inner Hebrides. Proc. R. Sot. Edinb., (B)83:648pp; 35 papers.

This symposium is a sequel to a similar one on the Outer Hebrides (October, 1977). The massive col- lection emanating from the conference documents recorded knowledge of the Inner Hebrides and describes the traditional exploitation of its resources, as well as suggesting strategies for long term environmental management. Following the 22-page introduction, there are 8 papers on the physical environment (mostly geological); 7 on marine and freshwater environments (hydrography, ecosystems, fish, seals); 7 on vegetation and flora; 6 on animals, birds and plants; and 6 on land use and natural resources. (SW

Ml371 Hammer, U.T. (ed.), 1982/83. Theme issue. Saline

lakes. Symposium on athalassic (inland) saline lakes, Saskatchewan, Canada, June 1982. Hy- drobiologia, 105:263pp; 20 papers.

84: 1372 Holdgate, M.W. et al., 1983. [High latitudes.]

Symposium, Dunedin, New Zealand, February 1983. N.Z. Antarct. Rec., 5(1):1-60; 10 papers.

Representative of the symposium’s scope, papers discuss Ross Sea sedimentary basins and petroleum potential, high-latitude climate, polar region offshore oil development, conservation of Antarctic marine mammals, environmental safeguards, and response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to COz-induced climate warming. (ihz)

84: 1373 Montgomery, J.R. and N.P. Smith (eds.). 1981183.

Future of the Indian River system [Florida]. Symposium, Melbourne, Florida, 20 November 1981. Flu Scient., 46(3/4): 129-431; 28 papers.

The importance of the Indian River Lagoon system as a natural resource is discussed. The 28 papers cover chemistry, biology and general ecology, and point out the lack of studies considering the lagoon as a whole. Topics include toxic dinoflagellates, ichthyofauna, pore water chemistry, physical and hydraulic analyses, marine turtles, toxic substance monitoring, phytoplankton, and trace metals. Sev- eral papers address seagrass bed ecology; one paper reviews fouling organisms. Includes an index. (ahm)

F 170. Engineering and industry

Arockiasamy, M., D.V. Reddy, 84: 1374

P.S. Cheema and H.

189

El-Tahan, 1983. Stochastic response of compliant platforms to irregular waves. Ocean Engng, 10(5):303-312. Faculty of Engng. & Appl. Sci., Memorial Univ., St. John’s, Nfld., Canada.

84: 1375 Demirbilek, Zeki, 1983. Energy dissipation in slosh-

ing waves in a rolling rectangular tank. I. Mathematical theory. II. Solution method and analysis of numerical technique. III. Results and applications. Ocean Engng, 10(5):347-382; 3 papers. Res. and Develop. Dept., Conoco Inc., Ponca City, Okla. 74603, USA.

84: 1376 Scher. R.M., A.W. Troesch and Guojun Zhou, 1983.

The experimental and theoretical evaluation of a twin-flap wave-energy absorbing device. Ocean Engng, 10(5):325-345. Dept. of Naval Archi- tecture, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, USA.

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospheric pollution, C2 1 O-

Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

84: 1377 Cole, H.A., 1983. Monitoring the marine environ-

ment. Editorial. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 14(8):277-278.

As most of the utilized resources are in coastal and continental shelf waters and as most contaminants are land-based, it is suggested that monitoring should begin at the shore and work outward. Possible beginning areas include fishing grounds, industrialized estuaries and recognized dumping sites. Monitoring frequency and techniques are discussed as are the components of an effective monitoring scheme. The terms ‘surveillance’ and ‘monitoring’ are clearly distinguished. (ahm)

84: 1378 Harrison, R.M. (ed.), 1982/83. Pollution: causes,

effects and control. (Overviews from lectures at the University of Lancaster, 13-15 September, 1982.) Spec. Pub& them. Sot,, Lond., 44:322pp; 16 papers.

Lecture notes provide the basis for these 16 over- views which cover such topics as industrial pollution control, sewage sludge, wastewater treatment, water

190 I’. (ieneral 01 K f !‘).+Ll II (.?I

quality and health, motor vehicle emissions, and non-infectious disease epidemics, There are 5 papers on air pollution and 4 on water pollution. (ihz)

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

84: 1379 Beanlands, G.E., 1983. Land use pressures on coastal

estuaries in Atlantic Canada. Coast. Zone Mgmr J., 11(1/2):117-132.

While Canadian estuaries along the Atlantic coast have received little study, this article stresses their importance and encourages proper management of those not yet polluted. There is evidence that human activity increases estuarine pollution which has led to closure of shellfish harvesting areas. .4 ‘profile’ is presented for ‘an imaginary average coastal estuary in the Maritime Provinces.’ Inst. for Res. and Environ. Studies. Dalhousie IJniv.. Halifax. NS. Canada. (ahm)

84:1380 Colwell, R.R., 1983. Biotechnology in the marine

sciences. Science, 222(46 19): 19-24.

Genetic engineering applied in the marine sciences holds great promise for increasing food production and for discovering and producing commercially important chemicals, drugs and metamorphosis- stimulating substances. Some examples are dis- cussed. Sea Grant College, Univ. of Maryland. College Park, Md. 20742, USA. (mjj)

84:1381 Devaraj, M., 1983. Government policies concerning

the discovery and development of new offshore oil provinces, with focus on India and the North Sea. Ocean Mgmt, 8(3):25 l-273.

‘Ensuring major benefits’ for themselves while ‘sustaining the interest’ of foreign oil companies is discussed re various governments’ national policies, licensing programs, control, taxation regimes, mar- keting considerations, ‘production sharing,’ service risk contracts, investment climate, and ‘building national offshore capabilities.’ Central Inst. of Fish. Education, Versova, Bombay-400 061, India. (ihz)

84: 1382 Dobbin, J.A., M.H. Lemay and N.E. Dobbin, 1983.

Lancaster Sound Regional shtdy: coastal and marine resource planning in the Canadian High Arctic. Coast. Zone Mgmt J.. 11(1/2):71-89.

James Dobbin Assoc. Ltd.. Toronro Out.. Canada.

84:1383 Dorcey, A.H.J., 1983. Coastal management as a

bargaining process. Cons/. Zone Mpu J.. Il(1/2):13-40.

Coastal zone management in western (‘anada has evolved piecemeal out of existing legislation with no overall legislative policy or coastal zone management act. Management has been a bargaining process within and between public and private interests. This approach has worked well, hut some low-cost opportunities for improvement are suggested. A shift from inventorying and monitoring to ‘development of functional knowledge and sectoral planning’ would provide the information necessary for im- proving the bargaining process. Res Centre. Lnib. of British Columbia, Vancouver. British Ct>lumhra. Canada. (m.j.j)

84: 1384 Edgell, M.C.R. and W.M. Ross, 1983. Marine log

transportation and handling systems in British Columbia: impacts on coastal management. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 11(1./2):41-69. Dept. of Geog., Univ. of Victoria. BC. Canada.

84: 1385 Harrison, Peter and J.G.M. Parkes, 1983. Coastal

zone management in Canada. Coast. Zone Mpr J., 11(1/2):1-l 1.

This introductory article to a special issue outlines principles of coastal zone management arising from the management of Canada’s extensive fresh- and salt-water shorelines. Roles and mandates of the numerous federal and provincial agencies involved are considered, and key policy questions arc posed. Dept. of Finance, Ottawa, Canada. (mj.j)

84: 1386 Harrison, Peter and J.G.M. Parkes teds.). 1983.

Coastal management in Canada. Theme Issue. Coast. Zone Mgmt J., 11(1/2):1-148; 7 papers.

The first paper overviews Canadian CZM and the second considers ‘coastal management as a bargain- ing process.’ The remaining 5 contributions are site-specific: impacts of marine log transport in British Columbia, High Arctic (Lancaster Sound) resource planning, coastal wetlands land-use regu- lations (Lake Erie), public policy and offshore oil development in Newfoundland, and land use pres- sures on eastern Canadian estuaries. (ihz)

OLR (1984) 31 (3) F. General 191

84:1387 Hills, Peter, 1983. China’s offshore oil boom. New

Scient., 99( 1374):675-679.

For China to reap the maximum benefit from the estimated 70-100 billion barrels of oil buried beneath the South China and Yellow seas, the Chinese must establish an effective working rela- tionship with foreign oil companies that have the technological know-how. Contracts with BP Devel- opment Ltd. (U.K.) and Occidental Petroleum (U.S.) seem promising for future agreements. This overview covers China’s onshore oil depletion; relations with Hong Kong; maritime boundary issues; and looming economic, political and administrative problems. The situation is contrasted with the North Sea oil boom. Centre of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, Univ. of Hong Kong. (ihz)

Scarlet& M.J., 1983. Coastal land use impact of offshore oil development in

84: 1388 under the Newfound-

land: some implications of public policy. Coast. Zone Mgmf J., 11(1/2): 133-148.

While offshore explorations on Canada’s east coast shelf have been occurring since 1964, recent finds of possibly large reserves at Hibernia have focused attention on the development of the area. Consid- eration is given to its location, position within Canadian waters, and proximity to already devel- oped cities. Also discussed are industry growth, need for data bases, and government objectives in plan- ning. Dept. of Geog., Memorial Univ., St. John’s, Nfld., Canada. (ahm)

84: 1389 Westermeyer, W.E., 1983. Alternative regimes for

future mineral resource development in Antarc- tica. Ocean Mgmt, 8(3): 197-232.

The Antarctic Treaty is subject to review beginning in 1991, having functioned as a model of inter- national cooperation for 22 years. The treaty does not address resource allocation issues. Efforts are underway to devise a minerals regime for Antarctica, but if negotiations do not produce a new regime by the review date, some countries may withdraw from the treaty. This paper reviews and evaluates some of the major options for a minerals regime. The most likely alternatives are those joint jurisdiction options which sidestep the contentious issue of sovereignty; difficult problems remain. WHOI, Mar. Policy and Ocean Mgmt. Program, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

F280. Policy, law, treaties

84: 1390 U.S. Department of State, 1983. International law.

U.S. submits pleading to ICJ [International Court of Justice] concerning Canadian maritime bound- ary. Press release 236. U.S. Dep. St. Bull., 83(2077):p.58.

On June 28, 1983, the U.S. and Canada filed their second written pleadings with the ICJ. The Court will delineate a single maritime boundary that will divide their continental shelf jurisdictions and 200 n.mi. fishery zones in the Gulf of Maine. For the U.S., the boundary also will establish the 200 n.mi. Exclusive Economic Zone. The U.S. proposal claims jurisdiction over all of Georges Bank. (msg)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)

s&1391 Bruer, J.T., 1983. Women in science: lack of full

participation. Editorial. Science, 22 I(46 18): p.1339.

Although women have made great progress in science careers, their salaries, promotions and ter?nre still are not equal with those of men, and more subtle inequalities exist. Participants in a symposium on women in science (Stanford, January 1983) con- cluded that before any effective changes can be made, it is necessary to understand ‘why people choose science as a career, how science functions as a social system, and how science rewards partic- ipation.’ Josiah Macy, Jr. Fd., 44 East 64 St., New York, N.Y. 10021, USA. (dgs)

84: 1392 Lepkowski, Wil, 1983. Science policy. U.S. National

Academy of Sciences’ Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy hopes to revive the Academy’s role in national science policy debates. Chem. Engng News, 61(40): 15-16.

The moribund Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP) was revitalized two years ago and renamed the Committee for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP). Direction of the committee is decided by the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and National Institute of Medicine. COSEPUP members are listed, past studies are summarized, and studies planned for the future are reviewed. Despite ‘the usual criticism[s] that scientific panels’ receive, the

committee draws ‘from a broad range of experts’ and has ‘worked quickly.’ Both criticisms and programs are discussed. (mji)

F320. Literature of science

84: 1393 American Chemical Society, 1983. ACS guidelines

for publishing research proposed. Chem. Engng News, 61(39):39-43.

Editors of ACS journals have drafted a set of guidelines for research publication practices. They are presented here for comment and criticism before their possible adoption. They outline the respon- sibilities and ethical obligations of journal editors. authors and referees; and cover such matters as conflict of interest, multiple submissions, fragmen- tation of research, ascriptions of authorship, proper credit and acknowledgements, circumstances re- quiring permissions, etc. C.R. Bertsch: Journals Dept., American Chem. Sot., 11%16th St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA. (fcs)

F330. History of science (especially ocean-

ography)

&1: 1394 Bailey, A.E., 1983. Historical review. Sixty years of

scientific inhruments. J. Phys., scient. Instrums, E, 16(10):937-944.

The Journal of Scientific Instruments (the predecessor of Journal of Physics E) was founded sixty years ago because ‘much of the essential information regarding the design and performance [of instruments] is unobtainable from textbooks.’ The ways ‘in which the journal has responded to, and indeed led,’ the development of scientific instruments are recapped in this commemorative article. Foxgloves, New Valley Rd., Milford-on-Sea, Lymington, Hampshire SO4 OSA, UK. (fcs)

84:1395 Stoddart, D.R., 1983. Grandeur in this view of life:

Darwin aud the ocean world. Bull. mar. Sci., 33(3):521-527.

Darwin’s experience during the Beagle voyage was aesthetic and emotional as well as analytical and

conceptual and shaped both the form and content of his scientific work. Contrary to what he wrote. his theories, derived intuitively. had primacy over facts. The coral reef theory, for example, could not be proved by factual observation. The criterion for acceptance of such theories is not truth but useful- ness; Darwin thus viewed theories as rools for understanding rather than as factual generalizations. His achievement was not to provide answers to problems but rather to show how to seek them. Dept. of Geog.. Cambridge Univ., CBZ 3EN. UK.

F360. Science education

Ml396 Hanson, D.J.. 1983. NSF group devises plan for

improving lU.S.1 science education. Chem. Engng News, 61(39): 16-17.

Emphasizing that sweeping improvements 111 math- ematics and science education in the U.S. are needed at all levels, the National Science Board presented an analysis of mathematics and science education; a strong leadership role by federal government and increased state and local participation are recom- mended. Model schools should be established to act as ‘catalysts.’ Increased pay and more stringent certification and training in mathematics and science are recommended for teachers. The cost IS high: $1.5 1 billion the first year. Copies of the report may be obtained from the NSB Commission on Pre- college Education in Mathematics. Science, and Technology, 1800 G St. NW, Washington. D.C. 20550, USA. (dgs)

84: 1397 Harding, Jan, 1983. How the work! attracts girls to

science. New Scient., 99( 1375): 754-755.

‘Concern that so few women work within science and technology...has spread through most of the Western world.’ This concern has given rise to programs in many countries (France being a notable exception) ranging from conferences to counseling networks to specific science teaching strategies. Despite advances that have been made, women are still sometimes regarded as auxiliaries whose services are dispensable if unemployment rises. ‘Genuine support for women entering technically-based ca- reers will develop only when it is accepted that women’s right (and need) to work is as great as is men’s.’ Centre for Sci. and Math. Education, Chelsea College, London, UK. (ecs)

OLR(l984)31 (3) F. General 193

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

84: 1398 Canuto, V.M., J.S. Levine, T.R. Augustsson, C.L.

Imhoff and M.S. Giampapa, 1983. The young Sun and the atmosphere and photochemistry of the early Earth. Nature, Land., 305(5932):281- 286.

The origin and evolution of the Earth’s early atmosphere depend crucially on the dissipation time of the primitive solar nebula, estimated at 2.5-8.3 Myr. Because accretion times are usually much longer, most planetary accretion must have occurred in a gas-free environment. A wavelength-dependent UV flux is constructed for the young Sun which is then used to study the photochemistry and concen- trations of 0, 02, O,, OH, H, HCO and formal- dehyde H&O in the Earth’s prebiological atmos- phere. NASA, Goddard Inst. for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA.

84: 1399 Lowman, P.D. Jr., 1983. Faulting continental drift. A

skeptic’s view of an entrenched theory. Sciences, N. Y., 23(4):34-39.

In the canonical conception of neotectonics, the continents are thought to be rafted along as passive passengers of the spreading plates. Similarly, the theory of continental drift has been carried along as a passive corollary to the theory of seafloor spread- ing. Yet the evidence for seafloor spreading is strong, while that for drifting continents is only problem- atical. An expanding Earth theory satisfies certain of these difficulties, but introduces greater ones. In this essay, it is argued that the continents have remained fixed while seafloor plunges or eddies around them. Whichever, modern geodesy will solve the problem after another decade’s worth of measurements. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., USA. (fcs)

B&1400 Rhodes, F.H.T., 1983. Gradualism, punctuated equi-

lihrlum and the Origin of Species. Nature, Land., 305(5932):269-272.

Darwin’s views on the ‘tempo and mode’ of evolu- tion are examined in 6 successive editions of the Origin of Species and unpublished manuscript ma- terial. Although Darwin was a gradualist, there was a significant overlap between his views and those of the proponents of the current theory of punctuated equilibrium. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA.

84:1401 Schwartz, A.W., 1983. Chemical evolution: the first

stages. Natutwissenschaften, 70(8):373-377.

The syntheses of critically important precursor molecules for chemical evolution are reviewed: problems of rates of production versus rates of destruction in the primitive ocean are discussed. Many global chemical syntheses would have been improbable in the Earth’s oceans; more attention should be paid to specific environments which would have favored such syntheses. The recent discovery of an accelerating effect of formaldehyde on the oligomerization of HCN as well as the eutectic- concentration mechanism are discussed in relation to a new scenario for chemical evolution on the primitive Earth. Lab. for Exobiol., Univ. of Nij- megen, Netherlands.

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen-

eral interest)

84: 1402 Blundell, D.J., 1983. The European Geotraverse.

(Report.) Nature, Land., 305(5933):p.387.

The European Geotraverse Project was initiated to study a swath of ground - 100 km x 4000 km across a series of tectonic provinces ranging in age from the Scandinavian Precambrian to the currently active Mediterranean. Specific investigations will include a study of the Tornquist-Teissyre Line between the Precambrian and Hercynian; gravity, magnetic, and geoelectrical mapping of the traverse; multidisci- plinary surveys of specific areas; and 2 seismological experiments outside the Geotraverse area. Geol. Dept., Univ. of London, 552 King’s Rd., London SW10 OUA, UK. (hbf)

84: 1403 Bougault, H., S.C. Cande, J.-G. Schilling, D.L.

Turcotte and P. Olson, 1983. Mantle hetero- geneity and convection. (Report.) Nature, Land., 305(5932):278-279.

The nature and geodynamic significance of mantle heterogeneity, and thus the constraints on mantle convective processes, were the topics pursued at AGU’s 1983 spring meeting, ‘catalyzed’ by Glomar Challenger IPOD data from the seafloor around the Azores. Geochemical tracers have provided much new information; e.g., MORB and OIB isotopic ratio anomalies vary enormously in spatial scale and length of duration, constituting the first problem of resolution for any unified mode1 of mantle sources.

194 f-. General OLR (1984) 31 (3)

Reservoir origin, distribution and interactions re- main open questions; ‘what was achieved was a better sense of where the ambiguities lie and what the important questions will be in the future.’ Cande: Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA. (slr)

W1404 Cann, J.R., 1983. Magnetic reversals from a sub-

mersible. (Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5930): p.100.

Direct measurement of the polarity of basalt out- crops on several transects across the predicted location of the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary on the EPR revealed a sharp delineation, with basalts on the side closest to the ridge normally magnetized, those on the other side of the boundary reversely magnetized. Aside from rather elegantly supporting the Vine-Matthews hypothesis, the survey’s results suggest that the actual fissure (eruption zone), at least in fast-spreading ridges, is very narrow, perhaps less than 50 m. Dept. of Geol., The University. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. (ecs)

Ml405 Carlson, R.W., 1983. Magma oceanography and the

early evolution of the Earth. (Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5933):p.390.

Hofmeister’s 1983 model for the evolution of a terrestrial ‘magma ocean created by heat from the impact of accreting planetesimals’ fails to match the geological evidence of crustal composition. Nev- ertheless, the ‘physical reality of a very hot early Earth is difficult to avoid.’ Other possible scenarios for the early evolution of the solid Earth are mentioned including ‘erasure of the magma ocean episode evidence by crust-mantle convective mixing.’ Carnegie Inst., Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism, 5241 Broad Br. Rd., NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, USA. (ihz)

a1406 Gordon, A.L., 1983. A clever answer to a simple

question. ‘Why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific?’ (Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5933):385-386.

The question of why no deep water is formed in the North Pacific is answered by Warren (1983) in a way that shows the important role of salinity in the ocean’s climate. North Pacific salinity remains fairly low despite low precipitation because there is little evaporation. This is a consequence of low SST, which in turn may be linked to the southerly position

of maximum westerly winds and consequent isola- tion of the subtropical gyre. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA. (‘jfp)

84: 1407 Harvey, Paul and Jonathan Silvertown, 1983. Can

theoretical ecology keep a competitive edge? New Scient., 99(1375):760-763.

Competition seemed firmly established as an impor- tant evolutionary force following Hutchinson’s 1959 paper “Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals?’ but recent analyses by investigators such as Connor and Simberloff have attributed to random events many of the examples that were once thought to be due to competition. Although apparently defensible as a force influ- encing the distribution of species, competition may not be important as an evolutionary force. A clear and concise example is given of the numerous different ways null models may be created when testing data for evidence of competition among species. Sch. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Sussex, UK. (mjj)

841408 Kerr, R.A., 1983. Suspect terranes and continental

growth. The dissection of western North Amer- ica is forcing geologists to decide exactly what they know about the travels of continental rocks. (Report.) Science, 222(4619):36-38.

Much of the discussion at the Circum-Pacific Terrane Conference (August 28-September 2, 1983, Stanford University) centered on a Pacific border- lands map showing more than 300 terranes (46 in the western U.S. alone), and an example, the Salinian terrane of central California. The terrane concept, not yet fully accepted, certainly results in smaller- scaled, more complex interpretations of continental history, and appears to begin to address some of the larger problems in continental geology left unsolved by plate tectonics theory. (hbf)

t&4:1409 Lewin, Roger, 1983. No dinosaurs this time: calcu-

lations indicate that the loss of species through felffng of trqkal forests will reach mass extinc- tion propm%ns by the next century. (Report.) Science, 221(4616):1168-l 169.

84: 1410 Simon, C., 1983. Pattern in m+s extinctions. Sci.

News, Washington, D.C., 124(4):p.212.

Sepkoski and Raup (U. of Chicago) have compiled data suggesting that mass extinctions occur roughly every 26 m.y. rather than randomly through geo- logical time. No explanation has been offered yet for

OLR. (1984) 31 (3) F. General 195

the 26-m.y. cycle in the fossil record (covering the that are linking cosmology and particle physics. past 250 m.y.), although a solar or galactic agent is Am. Scient., 71(5):473-480. Dept. of Physics, favored. (mjj) MIT. Cambridge, Mass. 02139. USA.

84:1411 Turner, Suzanne and Peter Liss, 1983. The oceans

and the global sulphur budget. (Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5932):p.277.

F390. Educational literature

84:1415 Seawater is an important source of volatile S. Annually, -40 x IO’? g of dimethyl sulfide and -0.46 x 1012g of carbonyl sulphide are emitted to the atmosphere. Implications for climate, the radi- ation balance and acid rain are considered briefly. Sch. of Environl. Sci., Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. (ihz)

84:1412 van Andel, T.H., 1983. States of past oceans.

(Report.) Nature, Land, 305(5931): 178-179.

The field of paleoceanography has grown with remarkable rapidity over the past quarter century. The transition from warm, sluggish Mesozoic seas (to seas with a large Equator-to-Pole temperature gradient, glaciated poles, stable density stratification, and vigorous deep circulation) began about 4@50 mya. Keller and Barron (1983) detail the changes 25-5 mya that led from the equable Miocene ocean to the development of the Antarctic ice cap. Within the next decade we may gain better understanding of the Mesozoic circulation, as well as factors influ- encing the chemical history of the ocean. Geol. and Geophys. Dept., Stanford Univ., Calif. 94305, USA. (hbfj

Anonymous. 1983. Fish farming. Free-range salmon. Economist. 289(7309):82-84.

Salmon ranching involves hatching and raising the young, releasing them to the open sea. and capturing them when they return to breed. Researchers are trying to improve on nature by ‘fiddling’ with warmer water, better food, artificial lighting and better breeding stock. Russia and Japan have ranched quite successfully thus far, and the Russians and French have introduced a Pacific species into the Atlantic. The southern oceans have no native salmon; several countries are investigating the viability of raising salmon there and taking advan- tage of the huge krill populations for food. (dgs)

&I:1413 Van Hinte, J. and S. Wise Jr. (co-chief scientists),

1983. Deep-Sea Drilling Project Leg 93. The continental rise off leastem) North America. (Report.) Nature, Lond., 305(5933):p.386.

Drilling east of Cape Hatteras on the lower rise yielded 1025.26 m of recovered sediment (a DSDP record), including an ‘Upper Hauterivian-Barremian passive margin deep-sea fan complex.’ Age and geomorphology of this complex support a USGS seismic study suggesting a contemporaneous ‘out- pouring of terrestrial elastics,’ and consequent turbidity and reef suppression. A site on the upper rise southeast of Atlantic City yielded an expanded C-T boundary sequence. (slr)

84:1414 Weisskopf, V.F., 1983. The origin of the Universe. An

introduction to recent theoretical developments

84:1416 Hardisty, M.W., 1983. The significance of lampreys

for biological research. (Overview.) Endeavour. (N.S.)7(3): 110-l 15.

Lampreys, survivors of the diverse group of Pale- ozoic agnathan vertebrates, possess a microphagous larval stage which has been given prominence in theories of early vertebrate evolution; their complete metamorphosis presents many fascinating devel- opmental problems. The control of major life cycle events has been a preoccupation of physiologists and endocrinologists who have uncovered a number of unique and probably primitive characteristics.

84:1417 Hawkins, Nyoka and Frans Lanting (photographer),

1983. Peter Myers migrates with the seasons: in his ceaseless studies of sanderlings, he travels the length of the Americas. Natn. Wild/., 21(6):46-53.

84:1418 Martin, Marlene, 1983. The California sea otter:

endangered, threatened, or thriving? Environment, 25(7):28-32.

In a controversy destined to put the snail darter in the shadows, a revised protection status for the California sea otter is being debated by many interest groups. Threats to the diminishing otter population have resulted in a number of proposed management strategies-each accompanied by a host of problems.

84: I419 Newsome, D.H. and G.A. Clift, 1983. Real-time

measuremeat of predpitation using weather radar. (Overview.) Endeuvour, (N.S.)7(3): 123- 132.

The advent of weather radar opens up very impor- tant new prospects for meteorological forecasting. Under the aegis of the European Community, the world’s first international weather radar system is being planned, primarily to serve the needs of western Europe: it is expected that the techniques and equipment will be widely adopted elsewhere.

84: 1420 Silk, Joseph, A.S. Szalay and Y.B. Zel’dovich, 1983.

The Iarge-se& structure of the Universe. Scienf. Am., 249(4):72-80.

Across billions of light-years space is a honeycomb of galactic superclusters and huge voids. The structure may result from perturbations in the density of matter early in the big bang.

84:1421 Taubes, Gary, 1983. The curious case of the tektites.

Investigators finally explain how strange glass objects came to be strewn by the billions across the globe. Discover, 4(6):75-77.

84: 1422 Ward, Peter, 1983. The extinction of the ammonites.

Scient. Am., 249(4):136-147.

Changes in the shells of nautilus-like marine ammals at the end of their long history suggest they were fighting a losing battle against more mobile. shell- crushing predators.

F420. Miscellaneous

84: 1423 Merriam, J.B., 1983. Variations in the Earth’s

rotation. (Review.) Sci. Prog., 68(271):387-401.

‘The recurring theme of this review has been that there seldom seems to be quite enough data, or accurate enough observations, to settle questions raised by the data.’ Ever smaller irregularities have been detected with the steady improvement of independent time standards; astrometric technolo- gies such as very long baseline interferometry promise the detection of very short-period fluctu- ations. But even in the case of the much-studied Chandler wobble, geophysicists still are trying to ‘untangle the damping rate...from its still poorly understood excitation.’ Dept. of Earth Sci., Memo- rial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Nfld. Al B 3X7, Canada. (fcs)