OLR (1988) 35 (I 1) 1043

conditions which can moderate metal toxicity. Water gional, and state associations, educational institu- Quality Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Box tions, and extension and Sea Grant programs), a 697, Peoria, IL 61652, USA. product and service directory, and a list of suppliers

are also provided. (gsb) 88:6660

Wu, Yuduan, Cimei Chen and Longfa Wang, 1987. Relationship between heavy metal pollution and E 4 0 0 . Books, collections (general) water productivity in Xiamen estuarine harbor. Chinese J. Oceanol. Limnol., 5(3):205-216. 88:6663 Xiamen Univ., People's Republic of China. Varmus, H. et al., 1988. Biological systems. Special

issue. Science, 240(4858):1427-1488; 10 papers.

Some of the most commonly studied experimental E340. Aquaculture (commercial) systems are reviewed in terms of recent advances,

88:6661 applications, advantages, and disadvantages of the Rhodes, R.J., 1988. Mariculture in Maine: the future system. There are separate papers on retroviruses (a

more in-depth review than the others, with 96 is now. Aquacult. Mag., 14(3):42-48. references), bacteria, yeast, the frog (Xenopus laevis),

The state of Maine has a long history of commercial the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), the fruitfly fisheries, but recent years have brought major (Drosophila melanogaster,), plants, transgenic ani- increases in mariculture operations. The Maine coast reals (especially transgenic mice), primates, and (especially mid- and east-coast regions) is well suited humans. The latter addresses issues arising from to mariculture because it provides many protected transplantation of fetal tissues. (gsb) leasing sites in small bays and coves, a large freshwater influx which stimulates productivity, and coastal upweUing which provides nutrients and E 4 1 0 . Miscellaneous mitigates the effects of low winter water tempera- 88:6664 tures associated with tidal mixing. The current status and recent history of the Maine mariculture industry Williams, R.J. et al., 1988. Cargo vessel ballast water are outlined in terms of major products (wild blue as a vector for the transport of non-indigenons

marine species. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 26(4): mussel, European oyster, and Atlantic salmon), 409-420. culture methods, marketing, production, and regu- lation, including environmental impacts. (gsb) The fauna in ballast water tanks of bulk cargo

vessels sailing between Japan and Australia was 88:6662 investigated over two years. The number of plank-

Staff, 1988. Buyers' Guide '88 and [aquaculture] tonic species and taxa arriving in Australia tended to industry directory. Aquacult. Mag., Buyers' guide decrease with increased voyage time. Mid-ocean '88:170pp; 14 papers, exchange of ballast water greatly reduced the

number of species. These and other results suggest The annual buyers' guide begins with a status report that water and sediment carried in ballast tanks of on world aquaculture which touches upon industry bulk cargo ships can act as an important intercon- growth, profitability, marketing, and aquaculture tinental vector for planktonic and benthic species. activities in different parts of the world. Sources of Fish. Res. Inst., Dept. of Agric., P.O. Box 21, information (including international, national, re- Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics scbem~ for the shallow water equations. Mon. (multidisciplinary) Weath. Rev., 116(3):650-662.

88:6665 The conditions under which finite difference Abramopoulos, Frank, 1988. Generalized energy and schemes for the shallow water equations can con-

potential enstrophy conserving finite difference serve both total energy and potential enstrophy are

1044 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (1 I)

considered, A method of deriving such schemes 88:6669 using operator formalisms results in several schemes Morrissey, M.L., M.A. Lander and J.A. Maliekal, for the A-, B- and C-grids, including second-order 1988. A preliminary evaluation of ship data in the schemes and pseudo-fourth-order schemes. The equatorial western Pacific. J. atmos, ocean. simplest B-grid pseudo-fourth-order schemes are Technol., 5(2):251-258. presented. Sigma Data Serv. Corp., Goddard Inst. The quality of ship data is investigated using for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY statistical analyses, and by comparison with data 10025, USA. from neighboring island stations extracted from

National Weather Service analyses. Results indicate 88:6666 that ship-measured SST has an inherently small

Browning, K.A,, B.J. Conway, J.-P.A.L. Muller and spatial scale. Surface pressure, however, has an D.J. Stanley (eds.), 1988. Towards improved inherently large spatial scale, allowing sparse meas-

urements to record large-scale variations precisely. methods of exploiting remo[ely sensed imagery. Phil. Trans, R. Soc., (A)324(1579):295-472. 13 Ship-measured wind, spatially averaged within a papers, lane located near 150°E, is as good a measure of the

large-scale wind flow as are winds recorded at sparse In the words of Verner Suomi, 'handling the flow of island stations. Inaccuracies in spatially averaged data associated with satellite imagery is like trying to ship elements indicate that further smoothing of the drink from a fire hydrant.' Some of the problems data is required. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of associated with the full exploitation of remotely- Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. sensed data include (1) the large disparity in funding, with a far larger share of money spent on data 88:6670 generation than on its reduction and interpretation, Peacock, G.R. et al., 1988. Temperature measure- (2) the voluminous data flow, (3) and the commu- ment. A S T M Standard. News, 16(5):32-55; 6 nications gulf between image generating specialists papers. and end-users. This conference addresses some of

State-of-the-art temperature measurement technique these problems. More than half the papers are concerned with knowledge-based and interactive is the theme of this collection which covers radiation systems which permit human judgment to play a and resistance thermometry, thermocouples, liquid- part. (fcs) in-glass thermometers, industrial temperature sen-

sors, and international temperature scales. (gsb)

88:6667 88:6671 Cornillon, Peter etal., 1988. Processing, compression Rock, N.M.S., 1988. Summary statistics in geo-

and transmission of satellite IR data for near- chemistry: a study of the performance of robust real-time use at sea. J. atmos, ocean. Technol., estimates. Mathl Geol., 20(3):243-275.

5(2):320-327. Grad. School of Oeeanogr., Univ. The performance of 19 'robust' estimates of location of Rhode Island, Kingston, R] 02881, USA. are compared to commonly used arithmetic and

geometric means using real geochemical data sets 88:6668 varying in sources of error, modality, size, and

Grant, S.T., 1988. Simplified tidal analysis and continuity. In all instances considered, the robust prediction. Lighthouse, 37:1-17. estimates prove superior in accuracy and sensitivity.

Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Western Australia, Ned- Tidal analysis and prediction is a complicated lands, WA 6009, Australia. (emm) process involving the apparent motions of the moon, sun, and planets, and the rotation of the earth. However, if one is prepared to accept a number of 88:6672 pre-calculated constants, satisfactory analysis and Sansone, F.J. et al., 1988. Well-point sampling of reef prediction can be done on a small personal computer interstitial water. Coral Reefs, 7(1): 19-22. or pocket calculator. In this tutorial a very simplified A new sampling method utilizes commercially- description of tidal analysis and prediction is given available manually-driven stainless steel well points, along with three BASIC computer programs. The eliminating problems associated with hydraulic programs will give results that are accurate to a few drills. Samples may be collected (using a peristaltic decimetres in height and a few tens of minutes in pump) from discrete depths within the reef without time for most stations in Canada. Includes appen- introducing seawater or atmospheric components. dices with tables and routines. Canadian Hydro- Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Rd., graphic Service, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. (sir)

OLR (1988) 35 (I I) F. General 1045

88:6673 natural environment of the estuary and Firth of Swets, J.A., 1988. Measuring the accuracy of diag- Forth. Symposium, Royal Society of Edinburgh,

nostic systems. Science, 240(4857):1285-1293. 7-8 May 1987. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 93B(3- 4):567pp; 25 papers plus poster abstracts.

Diagnostic systems of several kinds are used to distinguish between two classes of events, essentially The introductory remarks describe the Firth of 'signals' and 'noise.' For them, analysis in terms of Forth as an environment that paradoxically boasts a the 'relative operating characteristic' of signal diverse and abundant fauna in a highly industri- detection theory provides a precise and valid alized and densely populated catchment. The papers, measure of diagnostic accuracy. Representative which include reviews and original research, em- values of this measure are reported here for systems phasize low level and sublethal effects, with the in medical imaging, materials testing, weather general consensus being that the firth's ecosystem is forecasting, information retrieval, polygraph lie just holding the line against pollution, and additional detection, and aptitude testing. Though the measure pollution would have a serious impact. Topics itself is sound, the values obtained from tests of include the physical geography, geology, climate, diagnostic systems often require qualification be- water quality and circulation; pollutants (radioac- cause the test data on which they are based are o f tivity, trace metals, organohalogens, hydrocarbons, unsure quality. A common set of problems in testing sludge); the vegetation; zooplankton; intertidal and is faced in all fields. How well these problems are benthic fauna; and the fisheries, birds, and seals of handled, or can be handled in a given field, the Firth. Conservation site selection and manage- determines the degree of confidence that can be ment are also discussed. (gsb) placed in a measured value of accuracy. ©1988 by AAAS. BBN Lab. Inc., Cambridge, MA 02238, 88:6676 USA. Miller, D.G.M., 1987. The South African SIBEX II

cruise to the Prydz Bay region, 1985: cruise description and preliminary review of results. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res., 17(2):105-111. Sea Fish.

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, 8012, p l inary) South Africa.

88:6674 McClanahan, T.R., 1988. Review. Seasonality in

East Africa's coastal waters. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, Ser., 44(2)" 191-199. etc.

A review of existing literature and data indicates distinct seasonality in physical, chemical, and bio- 88:6677 logical oceanographic parameters, dictated by the Lutjeharms, J.R.E., 1987. The physical oceanology of

the southeast Atlantic Ocean. A bibliography for Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone which creates two the period 1980 to 1985. CSIR Rept, T/Sea, distinct seasons--the northeast and southeast mon- soons. Nitrogen availability and planktonic primary S.Afr., 8714:102pp.

productivity are high along the Somali coast and 88:6678 estuarine/river discharge areas during the SE mon- soons due to nutrient upwelling and terrestrial MacDougall, J.R., 1988. A hydrographic information runoff. Near shore off Tanzania, nitrogen fixation is system. Lighthouse, 37:51-62. the major N source and is highest during NE Databases will form the infrastructure of the infor- monsoons. Coral reef benthic algal biomass and mation age and as such, existing databases must be diversity are greatest during SE monsoons. Fish restructured and interfaced to permit external access catch and reproduction are highest during NE in the context of information systems. This paper monsoons in Kenya and Tanzania. Transition sets out the Canadian Hydrographic Service concept periods between monsoons may also be important in of a hydrographic information system and examines determining productivity and reproduction. Friends the issues that must be addressed. Canadian Hydro- World Coll., East African Centre, P.O. Box 526, graphic Serv., Ottawa, ON, Canada. Machakos, Kenya.

88:6679 88:6675 Stammer, D. and J.D. Woods, 1987. Isopyenie

McLusky, D.S., C. Brown, J. Sargent, I.M. Davies, potential vortieity atlas of the North Atlantic M. EIliott and M. Wilkinson (eds.), 1987. The Ocean--monthly mean maps. Ber. Inst. Meeresk.

1046 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (I I)

Christian-Albrechts-Univ, 165:24pp. text, 82pp. FI70. Engineering and industry maps. 88:6682

This atlas describes the annual cycle of the isopycnic Griggs, G.B. and Kim Fulton-Bennett, 1988. Rip rap potential vorticity in the permanent thermocline and revetments and seawalis and their effectiveness the seasonal boundary layer as computed from the along the central California coast. Shore Beach, Robinson, Bauer and Schroeder numerical atlas 56(2):3-11. (1979), which comprises monthly mean temperature and annual mean salinity values on standard depth At present 80% of California's population live within levels on a one-degree longitude and latitude grid. 30 miles of the ocean. Coastal storm damage ($18 The distribution of pressure, temperature and salin- million during the winter of 1978 and $100 million ity on isopycnal surfaces is given in the atlas of during 1983) has led to an awareness of the risks in Bauer and Woods (1984), based on the same data building on active beaches and dunes and ocean set. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Abt. bluffs, as well as the need for protective structures to Regionale Ozeanogr., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D- reduce storm damage and limit shoreline erosion. A 2300 Kiel !, FRG. study of such structures and their effectiveness

reveals the pros and cons of using engineered rip rap, and concludes that concrete walls offer the most durable effective protection within the study area, despite the costs, which are beyond the means of the

F130. Institutions and services average home owner. Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz, CA, USA. (hbf)

88:6680 88:6683 Kahn, Ralph, 1988. Coping with all the earth science Vallejo, L.E., 1988. Evaluation of tes(methods

data. Eos, 69(21):609, 612. designed to obtain the undrained shear strength of muds. Mar. Geotechnol., 7(3):173-188. Dept. of

Insights expected from Earth-observing spacecraft Cir. Engng, Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, 'can only be achieved if there are data-handling tools USA. adequate for coping with the volume.' NASA's 'Earth Science and Applications Data Systems' initiative and workshop are described. Additional information, and the first workshop report, can be FIB0. Ships, submersibles, e tc . obtained through the ESADS Ombudsman, Carolyn Robinson, SAR, 400 Forbes Blvd., Lanham, MD 88:6684 20706. (fcs) Ellis, Derek, 1988. Editorial. ROVs. Mar. Pollut.

Bull., 19(4): 145-146.

The advantages of the unmanned Remotely Oper- 88:6681 ated Vehicle (ROV) with respect to cost, safety,

Shreeve, James, 1988. [The Marine Biological Lab. utility, etc., in comparison with diving and sub- oratory] A world center of basic biology celebrates mersibles, are discussed. One suggestion: 'the biggest a first century by the sea. Smithsonian, 19(3):90- step forward in the use of this new tool will be when 103. the observer is also the pilot.' (fcs)

Few MBL scientists 'go down to the sea in ships...they are content to navigate the world circumscribed by a ceil membrane.' It is simply that FI90. Navigation, cartography, e t c . the cells of marine organisms seem to so often offer a 'serendipitous simplicity' when it comes to revealing 88:6685 the processes common to all life. A day in the life at Hartman, R.G., 1988. An integrated GPS/IRS MBL (a place where each does what he pleases, a design apprmeb. Navigation, Washington D.C., place with no tenure, no dean, no promotion, no 35(1):121-134. Honeywell Air Transport Div., hierarchy) is recounted as a means of describing this St. Louis Park., MN, USA. peculiar 'National Biological Laboratory' and of celebrating the centennial of its forum. 'Talk is the 88:6686 essence of the MBL; its whole illustrious history Higgins, Michael and D.M. Harrell, 1988. Integrated might be seen as one long inspired conversation.' navigation for deep ocean positionln~. Navigation, (fcs) Washington D.C., 35(1): 1-13.

OLR (1988) 35 (1 I) F. General 1047

The search and recovery operation following the administrative practices, insurance, terms of era- crash of an Air India jetliner off the coast of Ireland ployment, medical and training standards, dive (June 21, 1985) is used as a case study to address the planning, safety with different breathing gases and requirement of, and equipment and techniques used breathing systems, expedition planning, and gui- for, subsea integrated navigation. Eastport lnternatl., dance for a wide range of different diving envi- Inc., Upper Marlboro, MD, USA. (emm) ronments including polar, cave, night, open ocean,

surf, and high altitude diving. Recommendations are 88:6687 also given for the use of various potentially haz-

Lachapelle, G. et al., 1988. Shipborne GPS kinematic ardous types of equipment. Detailed references and positioning for hydrographic applications [in addresses of experts are provided. Canada I. Navigation, Washington D.C., 35(1):73- 88. Nortech Surveys (Canada, Inc.), Calgary, Canada.

F220. Medicine and public health 88:6688

Pietraszewski, D. et al., 1988. U.S, Coast Guard 88:6691 differential GPS navigation field test findings. Muza, S.R. et al., 1988. Respiratory and card~ovas- Navigation, Washington D.C., 35(1):55-72. cular responses to cold stress following repeated

cold water immersinn. Undersea biomed. Res, The U.S. Coast Guard has a research program to 15(3):165-178. investigate the capability of C/A-code GPS and methods to improve its accuracy and integrity. A Cardiorespiratory responses (temperature, 02 con- differential GPS demonstration system is being sumption, CO2 production, ventilation, heart rate, assembled and tested in Groton, Connecticut. cardiac output, and blood pressure) were measured Analysis of static and dynamic testing is discussed, periodically during 90 rain exposures to cold air Details of instrumentation supporting the test pro- (5"C) or water (18"C) over a five-week period. Cold grams are also presented. U.S. Coast Guard R&D acclimation affected the onset of metabolic heat Center, Groton, CT, USA. production and the control of blood pressure during

cold stress. U.S. Army Res. Inst. of Environ. 88:6689 Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. (gsb)

Tazartes, D.A. and J.G. Mark, 1988. Integration of GPS receivers into existing inertial navigation 88:6692 systems. Navigation, Washington D.C., 35(1 ) : Palafox, N.A. et al., 1988. Succegslui treatment of 105-119. eiguatera f'tsh poisoning with intravenous man-

nitol. J. Am. med. Ass., 259(18):2740-2741. Box The possibility of incorporating a small GPS receiver 1047, Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960, USA. into currently employed Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) is discussed. This could be achieved by replacing existing INS electronics in smaller volume and utilizing the excess space. The advantages of such a coupled system are described and while the F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see discussion focuses on military systems, proposed also B350--Atmospheric pollution, C210-- techniques apply as well to commercial units. Litton Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution) Industries, Woodland Hills, CA. (emm)

88:6693 Cognetti, G., 1988. New research strategies in marine

pollution. [Report.] Mar. Pollut. Bull, 19(5): 192- F200. Diving, underwater habitats, etc. 193.

88:6690 The relationship between marine pollution and Flemming, N.C. and M.D. Max (eds.), 1988. Code of specific agents has been addressed recently in terms

practice for scientific diving: principles for the of the mutagenic (posing carcinogenic risk due to safe practice of scientific diving in different somatic cell mutations) and teratogenic (risking environments. Compiled and edited by the damage to specific organs undergoing embryonic Scientific Committee of the Confederation development) activity of various substances. The Mondiale des Activit~s Subaquatiques (CMAS). effects of such agents on human beings, and the use

of marine animals (mussels, crabs, sea urchins) in UNESCO tech. Pap. mar. Sci, 53:251pp. detecting them are well known, but applying those

The code offers advice and recommendations on tests to the marine environment requires verification,

1048 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (I 1)

and there are limitations to using even well-accepted human activities now have major impacts on the tests. These problems were discussed at a World global and regional cycles of most of the trace Health Organizaton/UNEP workshop in November, elements. There is significant contamination of 1987. (wbg) freshwater resources and an accelerating accumu-

lation of toxic metals in the human food chain. Natl. 88:6694 Water Resour. Inst., Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R

Cotter, John, 1988. Sea dislmsal--licensing and 4A6, Canada. monitoring. Chem. Ind., 9:290-293.

There is considerable evidence that both ocean 88:6699 dumping and marine incineration can be conducted Phillips, D.J.H., 1988. Editorial. Selenium in the San in environmentally responsible ways. However, both Francisco Estuary: an opportunity. Mar. Pollut. legal and public-opinion climates are against it. The Bull., 19(5): 191-192. present situation in the U.K. is given a brief The cycling of selenium in aquatic environments is overview. Fish. Lab., MAFF, Burnham on Crouch, poorly understood, due in part to its complex Essex CM0 8HA, UK. (fcs) chemistry, its narrow 'concentration window' be-

tween metabolic requirements and toxicity, and the 88:6695 lack of study areas with Se enrichment. The San

Eganhouse, R.P. et al., 1988. Use of molecular Francisco Bay Estuary, recently shown to be widely markers for the detection of municipal sewage enriched in Se offers a rare opportunity to study sludge at sea. Mar. environ. Res., 25(1): 1-22. selenium behavior. The major sources are selenate

Concentrations of two types of waste-specific mo- from the San Joaquin River, which drains a large lecular markers (linear alkylbenzenes and fecal area of seleniferous soils, and selenite from oil sterols) were determined by high resolution GC and refinery effluents in the northern reach of the

estuary. Se levels in some bird and fish species have GC/MS for six municipal sewage sludges, and caused concern over possible public health risks. dilutions from llY:I to 106:1 were used to simulate the effect of seawater dilution during offshore sludge (gsb) dumping. The results suggest that short-term tracing of sewage sludge in the deep ocean is possible using molecular markers. Ways of improving detection F260. Resources, management, e c o n o m - limits are suggested. Southern Calif. Coastal Water i t s Res. Project, 646 W. Pacific Coast Hwy., Long Beach, CA 90806, USA. (gsb) 88:6700

Butterworth, D.S. and D.G.M. Miller, 1987. A note 88:6696 on relating Antarctic krill catch-per-unit-effort

lshida, Junichiro et al., 1988. Environmental radio- measures to abundance trends. S. ,4fr. J. Antarct. activity around Tokai-Works [Japan] after the Res., 17(2):112-116. Dept. of Appl. Mathemat- reactor accident at Chernobyl. J. environ. Radi- ics, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 oactivify, 7(1):17-27. Health and Safety Div., South Africa. Tokai-Works, Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Develop. Corp., Tokai -mura , Naka-gun, 88:6701 Ibaraki-ken, Japan. Charlier, R.H. and C.P. De Meyer, 1988. Save the

beaches. Sea Frontiers, 34(3): 177-183.

88:6697 Shorelines are retreating almost everywhere. The Nichols, J.A., 1988. Antifouling paints: use on boats Cape Hatteras Light was over a half-mile from the

in San Diego Bay and a way to minimize adverse water when built in the 1860s; now it is about to be impacts. Environ. Mgmt, 12(2):243-247. Center undercut. The state of Louisiana has lost 300 square for Coastal Studies, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., miles to the sea in the last 20 years. However La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. expensive the shorefront property in Monterey

88:6698 Beach may be, the sea is taking it away at up to 15 feet per year. The causes (both natural and an-

Nriagu, J.O. and J.M. Pacyna, 1988. Quantitative thropogenic) and some preventive measures for the assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature, Lond., ocean's encroachment are discussed. (fcs)

333(6169): 134-139. 88:6702

Calculated loading rates of trace metals into the Kellam, S.J. et al., 1988. Results of a large-scale three environmental compartments demonstrate that screening programme to detect antifungal activity

OLR 0988) 35 (1 I) F. General 1049

from marine and freshwater microaigae in labo- that it has set up a special group to assess the impact ratory culture. Br. phycol. J., 23(1):45-47. School of barrages on estuaries. (wbg) of Nat. Sci., The Hatfield Polytechnic, P.O. Box 109, Hatfield, Herts ALl0 9AB, UK. 88:6706

Savage, G.P. and M.J. Foulds, 1987. Chemical 88:6703 composition and nutritive value of Antarctic krill

Liverman, D.M. et al., 1988. Forum. Global sus- (Euphausia superba) and southern blue whiting tainability: toward measurement. Environ. Mgmt, ( Micromesistlus austrMis). N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. 12(2):133-143. Res., 21(4):599-604. Dept. of Biochem., Lincoln

The widespread interest in the concept of sustainable Coll., Univ. of Canterbury, New Zealand. environment and development has been accompa- nied by the need to develop useful systems of measurement. We discuss the use of indicators which F 2 ~ 0 . Policy, law, treaties might be used to assess such conditions. We examine two categories of indicators (soil erosion and 88:6707 population) and two specific indicators (physical Graber, P.H.F., 1988. The law of the coast in a quality of life index and energy imports as a clamshell. Part XXV. The Alabama approach. percentage of consumption) for their value as Shore Beach, 56(2):12-17. sustainability measures. Inst. for Environ. Studies, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1007 WARF Bldg., Madison, 88:6708

WI 53705, USA. Graber, P.H.F., 1988. U.S. Supreme Court rules that states may assert public trust interest in lands

88:6704 beneath nonnavigable tidal waters. Shore Beach, Maranto, Gina, 1988. Caught in conflict: managers 56(2):p.17.

trapped in fisheries dilemma. Sea Frontiers, 34(3): 144-15 !. 88:6709

'Once a fish is out of the water, it's gone,' but that's Ruffman, A., I.T. Gault and D. VanderZwaag, 1988. about the only thing players in the fisheries man- Legal jurisdiction over the Titanic. Lighthouse, agement game agree on. Whose water, federal or 37:23-39.

state? Whose take, commercial or recreational? The wreck of the R.M.S. Titanic lies within Canada's Whose data (and how good)? What ground rules, continental margin and within Canada's juridical only biological or biological cure economic, cum shelf as defined by Article 76 of the Law of the Sea social? Then, there is unabashed political maneu- Convention. But the Law of the Sea does not address vering, insensitive to any more specific logic. The the issues of salvage and archaeological or historical tangle and acrimony surrounding these issues, artefacts in such zones, confining itself instead to especially in southern waters where NMFS recently matters of natural resources and their exploration by banned takes of redfish and king mackerel, are scientific means. 'The legal situation...has all the explored. (fcs) makings of a wonderful law school exam question.'

Canada's possible rights to regulate Titanic-related 88:6705 activities are examined and its options discussed.

Milne, Roger, 1988. Tidal power rulfles feathers. New Regardless of the outcome, it is argued that Canada Scient., 118(1614):38-39. should take the initiative in settling the question of

jurisdiction. (fcs) Despite increasing opposition from conservationists and environmental groups, Britain's plans for using tidal power as a renewable energy source by building

tidal barrages across its west coast estuaries still F 2 9 0 . International concerns and o r - looks bright. The conditions which promote the use of an estuary for power generation also make it a ganizations good intertidal bird feeding area; but other wildlife, including waders, wildfowl, and migratory fish are 88:6710 also threatened by the effects of changes in salinity Hoeizel, A.R. and William Amos, 1988. Scientific and silt deposition on their habitats. A decrease in correspondence. DNA fingerprinting and 'sei- tidal exchange could lead to an increased accu- entific' whaling. Nature, Lond., 333(6171):p.305.

mulation of pollutants, threatening water quality. A technique is discussed for collecting small skin The Nature Conservancy Council is so concerned biopsy samples from free swimming whales by use of

1050 F. General OLR (1988)35 (11)

a retrievable dart-tipped arrow fired from either a moratorium on any agreement until the entire cross-bow, air gun or rifle. The later analysis of such international community can 'participate fully.' samples by molecular genetic techniques makes it Environmentalists, conservationists and other non- possible to identify the genetic structure of a treaty groups are also clamoring to be heard. The population, and therefore provides an alternative to present situation is discussed here. Dept. of Law, deriving stock identification and a population census Univ. of Melbourne, Australia. (fcs) through 'scientific' whaling or from stranded ani- mals. Whale management and conservation may now be possible without killing whales and all the controversy that involves. Dept. of Genetics, Univ. F310. Contemporary development of of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EH, s c i e n c e (especially oceanography) UK. (wbg)

88:6713 88:6711 Branscomb, A.W., 1988. Who owns creativity?

Shattuck, John and M.M. Spence, 1988. The dangers Property rights in the information age. Technol. of information control. Technol. Rev., 91(3):62-73. Rev., 91(4):39-45.

'Experience shows that free flow of information is Consider (hypothetically) an interactive laser disk vital to the fabric of national life, powering the that contains 'courseware' on the history of music. engines of innovation, guaranteeing national secu- The software on such a disk might be protected by rity, and protecting freedom.' Nevertheless, the both patents and copyrights; the creators of the Reagan years have been marked by increasing program's content by copyright, the performers by restrictions on the flow of information. Two exam- performance rights, the commercial name(s) in- pies: (1) The Federal Bureau of Investigation asked volved by trademark. Who can copy or broadcast certain librarians to report on library users that they such a disk, under what circumstances, and with thought might be 'hostile intelligence people.' (2) what provisos? How could rights and permissions be Recently the Department of Housing and Urban acquired? The inadequacy of present laws and Development drafted a research contract with a protocols to protect intellectual property in its new Harvard scholar that reserved 'the right' to demand multimedia formats, and the problems of reasonably that the scholar make 'corrections' to his data or addressing the many concerns are discussed. Har- analysis, presumably in the event HUD did not like yard Univ. Prog. on Info. Resour. Policy, Cam- what he found out. These policies victimize not only bridge, MA 02138, USA. (fcs) the taxpayer, but the government itself, further hampering its limited capacity to obtain and analyze 88:6714 the facts. Harvard Law School, Harvard Univ., Eden, H.F., 1988. FY 1989 ~ h and development Cambridge, MA USA. (fcs) in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences. Bull.

Am. met. Soc., 69(4):410-413. 88:6712

Triggs, G.D., 1988. Viewpoint. Antarctica, the glit- 88:6715 tertng prize.* Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19(5):202-209. Kasper, Hirschel (chair, AAUP Committee Z), 1988.

The Antarctic Treaty of 1961 is a curious arrange- The a n n ~ report on the economic status of the ment. Not a United Nations convention, it is simply [academic] profession, 1987--88. Academe, 74(2): a contract among parties with some Antarctic ea.90pp.

interest. It agrees to what can be agreed to, and Almost 2000 institutions responded to this latest leaves unsaid what can't be agreed to. Article IV, for example, provides that the treaty is without prejudice survey. Overall, the real (inflation-corrected) salary

increase for college professors was less than 1% last to the juridical positions of the parties with respect to year, the smallest for the last six years. Professors at such matters as territorial claims. Insofar as it goes, doctoral level institutions averaged annual salaries of the treaty is a responsible one. It bans military bases about $42,000; those at 2-year institutions, about and weapons testing on the continent; it provides for $30,000. The bulk of the report contains dozens of shared scientific data and expeditions; and its tables, appendices and notes detailing the survey separate conventions on the management of living results. (fcs) resources, while weak, go in the right direction. The 'Consultative Parties' to the treaty have met ten times on a minerals convention, and plan to adopt 88:6716 one by the end of 1988. However, other voices are Peterson, Ivars, 1988. Highways for information. Sci. now raised. The U.N. General Assembly wants a News, Washington, D.C, 133(25):394-395.

OLR (1988) 35 (I I) F. General 1051

Over one hundred computer networks link gov- this highly publicized study has made marine effects ernment agencies, universities and laboratories in the of acid rain a hot topic in policy debate. Although U.S. But tying them (and others) together into a the report has its critics and an EPA review is ubiquitous, universal system poses not only technical expected to find flaws, it may provide the impetus to problems but economic and political ones as well. move acid rain control bills out of legislative limbo. Some of the issues are discussed here. (fcs) (gsb)

88:6720 Ewing, Tania, 1988. Thorny problem as Australia's

F360. Science education coastline faces invasion. Nature, Land., 333(6172):p.387.

88:6717 Dickson, David, 1988. U.K. earth sciences: some The point of interest for tourists visiting the Great

more equal than others? Science, 240(4857): Barrier Reef is the coral and, with its destruction by 1270-1271. an infestation of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acan-

thasterplanci), there are now reports that Australian The Oxburgh plan for organizing Britain's university and Japanese builders are reconsidering their plans earth science departments, developed by request of to develop tourist facilities there. The outbreak, the University Grants Committee, arranged them which began in 1964 on Green Island, destroyed 9(Y7o into a three-tiered system of large research, smaller of the coral there by 1981, and the starfish have since honors teaching, and undergraduate teaching de- moved south. Some believe the problem results from partments. It was attacked (not only by those in the over-collection of predators by humans, and seek earth science)as splitting off research from teaching, a ban on taking mollusks and fish, plus a more In response, UGC developed a 'spectrum of de- effective clearing program than was employed in partments' approach, that while keeping research Japan. (wbg) and teaching linked, is criticized for other reasons. The big question now is whether departments should 88:6721 be evaluated out of context, that is, apart from the Graham, N.E. and W.B. White, 1988. The El Nifio institutional role they play (relationship of physics to cycle: a natural oscillator of the Pacific ocean- engineering and computer departments, e.g.). (wbg) atmosphere system. Science, 240(4857): 1293-

1302. 88:6718

Walsh, John, 1988. Indirect cost surge prompts new The reason for one of the fundamental character- worries. Science, 240(4858):1400-1401. istics of the ENSO phenomenon, its quasi-perio-

Between 1973 and 1986 the indirect cost (overhead) dicity, has remained unclear. Recently available evidence from a number of sources now suggests

rate on research grants at Stanford rose from 46% to that the ENSO 'cycle' operates as a natural oscillator 69% and to 73% in 1987. These alarming increases based on relatively simple couplings between the led Stanford's provost to commission a study of the situation, its causes and consequences, which is tropical atmospheric circulation, the dynamics of the

warm upper layer of the tropical ocean, and eastern likely to be cited often as the debate heats up over equatorial Pacific SSTs. This concept and recent who pays for research and who gets funded. Some of field evidence supporting the natural coupled oscil- the report's findings are briefly outlined. (fcs) later hypothesis are outlined. ®1988 by AAAS.

Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- 88:6722 eral interest) Gribbin, John, 1988. The oceanic key to climatic

change. New Scient~ 118(1613):32-33. 88:6719

Analysis of trapped bubbles in polar ice cores Ember, L.R., 1988. New add rain study stirs interest, indicates that atmospheric CO 2 was lower during

concern. Chem. Engng News, 66(20):19-21. glacial periods than it is presently, and the cyclic The Environmental Defense Fund's study: 'Polluted variation in ice core CO 2 corresponds with variations Coastal Waters: The Role of Acid Rain,' which in oxygen isotope ratios in deep-sea sediments. implicates the nitrate in acid rain in the increased These findings have led to the proposal of a link nutrient loading of east coast estuaries, in particular between ocean productivity and global climate, a Chesapeake Bay, has caused a stir in political as well focal point of the Dahlem workshop on ocean as scientific circles. Although the idea is not new, productivity (Berlin, April 24-29, 1988). Some of the

1052 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (1 l)

major themes emerging at the meeting are discussed, 88:6726 including the importance and extent of open ocean Monastersky, R., 1988. Large lava field discovered in blooms; results of a new DOC measurement tech- Pacific. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 133(22): nique which suggest that previous methods yielded p.342. gross underestimates of seawater (especially surface An apparently new lava field (perhaps only 25 years water) DOC; the possible role of Fe as a limiting old) of enormous proportions has been found 1200 nutrient for phytoplankton; and the now very real km southwest of the Galgtpagos Islands. This possibility of continuous satellite monitoring of the conclusion results from a 53,000 acre bright spot World Ocean for biomass changes. (gsb) observed on side-scan sonar images; fresh lava is

sediment free, hence, more reflective. If confirmed, 88:6723 this flow of 15 km 3 would set a size record

Kerr, R.A., 1988. [Report.] The weather in the wake (displacing the 1783 Laki eruption) and force of El Nifio. Science, 240(4854):p.883. reconsideration of theories about the way new

Scientists have learned a number of lessons from the oceanic crust is formed. Seafloor spreading may not most recent El Nifio event. As one researcher put it, occur as a slow, consistent oozing of magma as had '...it's going to be a very difficult problem to forecast been thought, instead, it may be more punctuated or how these [episodes] progress. It was a sobering episodic. The new field may be related to previously experience.' Long-range forecasts were extremely recorded earthquake swarms in that area of the poor and while modelers obtained some encouraging Pacific. (wbg) results, they met with many problems as well. There is also a mounting concern as to whether the record 88:6727 high temperatures recorded during 1987 (and during Monastersky, R., 1988. The whole-earth syndrome. the previous E1 Nifio) reflect a greenhouse-induced Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 133(24):378-380. rise in global temperatures, but the evidence remains inconclusive. (emm) With the basics of a plate tectonic paradigm in place,

many earth scientists are turning their attention to a re-examination of mantle and core, and boundary

88:6724 processes at the crust-mantle and mantle-core

Kerr, R.A., 1988. Evidence of Arctic ozone destruc- interfaces. Seismic tomography and computer tion. Science, 240(4856):1144-1145. models are the main tools. Some recent work is

Disconcertingly large amounts of chlorine dioxide (a described. (fcs) marker for chlorine monoxide, the active ozone- destroying form of chlorine) have been found over 88:6728 the Arctic. Coupled with unusually low levels of Monastersky, R., 1988. Mimicking the deepest nitrogen dioxide, this suggests that heterogeneous quakes. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 133(2): chemistry, the ozone-destroying process at work in p.326. the Antarctic, is also operating in the Arctic. Signs of a springtime loss of ozone over the Arctic are already At the spring 1988 AGU meeting, Raymond Jeanloz appearing. It must next be established whether and Charles Meade (from the University of Cali- heterogeneous chemistry is, in fact, operating in the fornia at Berkeley), reported that they had been able Arctic, but doing so may be difficult next year due to to simulate in the laboratory for the first time, expected wind conditions there. (wbg) earthquake-like events at temperatures and pressures

approximating conditions within the Earth at 600 km 88:6725 depth. Their experiment, using a diamond-tipped

Monastersky, R., 1988. Winter storms in North anvil and a sample that combined olivine, pyroxene, Atlantic follow the solar cycle. Sci. News, Wash- and serpentine, showed that when rock subjected to ington, D.C., 133(20):p.310. a small sideways stress reached a temperature above

600°C, the rock shifted abruptly and emitted a Based upon recent findings that stratospheric winds snapping sound typical of fracture. On the basis of in the tropics, which exhibit the so-called quasi- the results, it is postulated that hydrated minerals, biennial oscillation (QBO), are an important element such as serpentine, which release water at high in the relationship between the solar cycle and temperatures, play a key role in the origin of very weather, Brian Tinsley (1988) has reanalyzed the deep-seated earthquakes. (hbf) behavior of storm tracks in the North Atlantic with respect to the solar cycle during only one phase (west) of the QBO to show that storm tracks differ 88:6729 by an average of 6 ° (>400 miles) between maximum Morrissey, Siobhan, 1988. Estuaries: concern over and minimum phases of the solar cycle. (emm) troubled waters. Oceans, 21(3):23-26, 61.

OLR(1988) 35 (11) F. General 1053

Although estuaries in the U.S. occupy an area only 88:6732 one-tenth the size of its land areas, seven of the ten Sigurdsson, Haraldur and Steven Carey, 1988. The most valuable commercial fisheries (Gulf shrimp, S. far reach of Tambora. Nat. Hist., 97(6):66-73.

Atlantic shrimp, sockeye salmon, pink salmon, Tambora's explosive eruption in 1815 on the island menhaden, oyster, and blue crab) owe their survival of Sumbawa was a disaster of major proportions for to estuaries. Yet these rich breeding and feeding Indonesia, greater even than Krakatau; it also grounds are being transformed and threatened by a population explosion taking place around their produced worldwide effects (beautiful sunsets, crop boundaries. NOAA has started a data base using failures, and summer snow in New England) over remote sensing and direct sampling to track 50 the next few years. Now, evidence collected at the

rim of Tambora 's caldera, and the results of organic chemicals and 17 heavy metals found in coastline research shed new light on this unique estuaries; its estuarine section has plans for a computerized network to predict anoxic and other geological event. The data reveal the life cycle of the

eruption from the first stage (of an eruption plume, life-threatening events. (wbg) when hot pumice and ash are ejected and mix with

88:6730 air) to the last (when the summit collapsed into the Nance, R.D., T.R. Worsley and J.B. Moody, 1988. empty magma reservoir forming the modern cal-

The snpercontinent cycle. Scient. Am., 259(!): dera). The content and amount of volcanic aerosols 72-79. and their effect on the heat balance of Earth's

atmosphere are also discussed. (wbg) Recurrent regularities within the geologic record have led three earth scientists to suggest that a 88:6733 supercontinent cycle with a period of 440 m.y., Swinbanks, David, 1988. [Report.] Rock holds key to driven by heat, has controlled many aspects of the mineral fiches. Nature, Lond., 333(6168):p.4.

geologic history of the Earth. It is postulated that A curious consequence of the Law of the Sea heat from the mantle, accumulating beneath a Convention sure to be repeated elsewhere: the island stationary supercontinent, would cause it to dome of Okinotorishima (6800 km south of Tokyo) is, at upward and eventually rift or fragment, producing a high tide, a tiny (man-sized) lump of rock which series of individual continents, which would first disperse and then, as subduction began in the new projects above the water by less than a meter. It is,

however, the key to Japan's control of the 200-mile oceans separating them, coalesce once more to form Exclusive Economic Zone that skirts the little reef. a new supercontinent. The theory builds upon the The catch: another typhoon or two and the mini- ideas of J. Tuzo Wilson and could explain the apparent periodicity of mountain building and scule regime on terra firma could disappear. Hence a rifting, changing sea levels, and the distribution of flotilla from Yokohama, bearing iron tetrapods, isotopes of sulfur and carbon in certain marine boulders, and concrete, to shore up the shore. (fcs) sediments. It is speculated that such a cycle would exert a major influence on climate and the evolution of life forms. Ohio Univ., Athens, OH, USA. (hbf) F390. Educational literature

88:6731 88:6734 Pain, Stephanie, 1988. Crocks of gold at the bottom of Gaston, Tony, 1988. Down to the sea: ancient

the sea. New Scient., 118(1615):p.34. murrelet chicks become mariners at just two days

The recent discovery of sulfide deposits rich in gold of age. Nat. Hist., 97(7):26-28. and copper, near hydrothermal vents on the seafloor Four years of research on ancient murrelets be- along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has once again longing to the auk (Alcidae) family, conducted on excited interest in ocean mining. The last time such Reef Island off the coast of British Columbia, has interest was sparked was ten years ago and man- revealed heretofore unknown details of the biology ganese nodules were the target of interest until cost and behavior of this small marine diving bird. The factors (low grade ore/expensive technology) were study was made difficult by the fact that ancient considered. More research is needed on the quality murrelets spend most of their lives at sea and are and distribution of the new-found deposits (not to nocturnal when ashore. Within 2-3 days after mention determining ownership) before the eco- hatching, the adults head to sea with two chicks (that nomics of mining them can be calculated. The best 'run like a hare and swim like a seal'), not to return news of all, perhaps, is that there are lessons here ashore for 2 years. Because ancient murrelets can that may lead to the location of valuable new pursue prey to greater depths and find food within deposits on land. (wbg) swimming range, the chicks are able to go to sea so

1054 F. General OLR(1988) 35 (! l)

young, (using primarily light to find the sea) and (they have been known to dive to 4000 feet and swim avoid the high risk of predation. Canadian Wildlife 3600 miles), are an endangered species. The major Serv., Hull, PQ, Canada. (wbg) problem (in addition to sharks, killer whales, and

jellyfish-resembling plastic bags at sea) is that they 88:6735 must nest ashore and thereby are vulnerable to

Heitzmann, W.R., 1988. The influence of the sea poaching (despite the CITES treaty) and habitat loss upon our language. Sea Frontiers, 34(3):141-143. from development. All of this adds up to one in a

thousand eggs producing an adult survivor. A good The term skyscraper originally referred to the topsails deal is being learned about this elusive reptile from a of the tall ships. Likewise, son-of-a-gun, windfall, slush fund, posh, and phrases such as see how the land lies seven year study taking place on St. Croix. But it is

not yet known how they navigate and return to nest and getting the drift have maritime origins. This article briefly discusses some of the rich contri- at the beach site where they were hatched. Wexler is butions of the sea-faring vocabulary to landlubbers' managing editor of National Wildlife. (wbg)

everyday speech. (fcs)

88:6736 Paulson, A.C. and J.S. Lay, 1988. The Pacific walrus. F420. Miscellaneous

Sea Frontiers, 34(3): 152-159. 88:6738

For thousands of years, the Pacific walrus (Odobenus Squire, V.A. et al., 1988. Vehicles and aircraft on rosmarus divergens) has been critical to the survival floating ice. Nature, Lond., 333(6169): 159-161. of native Alaskan and Siberian peoples in the regions around the Chukchi and Bering seas. The Ice roads and ice runways are a common feature of links between the social history of these native Arctic and Antarctic transportation. Occasionally, hunters and the natural history of the walrus are catastrophic breakthrough and consequent injury or described, and factors that have altered the delicate loss of life occurs. Although theoretical work to balance in the last 200 years are explored. (gsb) calculate the deflection profile due to a moving load

is well established, there has been little progress 88:6737 experimentally. We report here some preliminary

results from a new and complete set of experiments Wexler, Mark, 1988. Modern mission to save an ancient mariner [the leatherback turtle]. Natn. done on Antarctic sea ice using strain gauges to Wildl., 26(4):4-11. measure directly the strain induced by the vehicle.

The results show excellent agreement with theory in Leatherback turtles, despite their great size (up to 6 all respects. Dept. of Math. and Statistics, Univ. of feet long and 1500 pounds) and physical prowess Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.