Genetic Engineering

Done By:-Khalid K.AdibHazimAli HaiderBishr

Definition It is techniques that alter the genes of

an organism by means that are not possible under natural conditions

FACT ABOUT GE.

92.5% of land around the world is GMO

free;

176 out of the 192 countries grow no GMOs

at all;

In over 10 years on the market, only four

GM crops are grown in significant quantity –

soya, maize, cotton and oil-seed rape. These

four crops represent 99% of GMOs sold;

commercial GM crops have one or both of

just two traits: herbicide-tolerance and insect

resistance;

GE can be used to correct genetic defect

that is either inherited of acquired.

Xenotransplantationis the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from

one species to another through GE. Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for organ failure. It can also transport viruses from one species to another, for example: (PERV) in pigs can spread to humans through xenotransplantation

Venomous cabbageWeb-spinning goatsMaking Plastic from MaizeLess flatulent cowsGlow-in-the-dark-cats

Uses of Genetic Engineering

Venomous Cabbage

Scientists have taken the gene in scorpion tails and combined it with cabbage. This would limit pesticide use and still prevent caterpillars from damaging cabbage crops. The poison kills insects but isn’t harmful to humans.

Web-spinning Goats

Researchers inserted a spiders’ silk gene into the goats’ DNA and made the silk protein only in their milk. This “silk milk” could then be used to manufacture a web-like material called Biosteel.

And BioSteel is used to produce the strongest bulletproof vest…

Making plastic from maize is

a process done by inserting genes of bacteria and yeast into it, and after several chemical reactions, plastic is produced. This saves money, time and the environment.

GM Maize

Widespread death due to allergic reaction.Irreversible bio-pollution.A single mistake has devastating repercussions.An increasing demand for genetic modification

effectively increases discontentment for the original genetic configuration of an organism.

Prospect of creating new species might create natural imbalances especially on the habitats and feeding habits of other animals. Creating new species, competition might arise, and it might be a predator to a prey who are already endangered, or for its own survival, it might need to destroy the habitats of others.

Unexpected and undetected mutations can generally alter the future in unpleasant ways.

Worst Case Scenario of GE

Other disadvantages of GE

Deaths and Near-Deaths of GMOs and their consumersFood Allergy ReactionsCancer and Degenerative DiseasesToxicity to SoilExtinction of Seed VarietiesUnpredictable Consequences

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering in its present form has been around for approximately 25 years. It has also been a very widely debated topic from its beginning in 1970s. There are many social consequences that are associated with genetic engineering, that makes the overall risk or benefit assessment very complicated. The benefits of genetic engineering in each field will be shown in the next slides.

Benefits of GE.

Genetic Engineering in human cloning has a great role. Almost everyday, a scientist makes a new breakthrough in the field of human engineering. Mammals have been successfully cloned and the human genome project has been completed. This is pushing the scientists all over the world to research many different facets of human genetic engineering. These researches have allowed a better understanding of DNA and its role in medicine, pharmacology, reproductive technology and various other fields.

Benefits of GE.In pharmaceuticals: Thanks to genetic engineering, the pharmaceutical products available today are far superior to their predecessors. These new products are created by cloning certain genes. Some of the prominent examples are the bio-engineered insulin which was earlier obtained from sheep or cows and the human growth hormone. Furthermore new medicines are being made by changing the genetic structure of plant cells.

In agriculture: The field of agriculture too greatly benefits from genetic engineering which has improved the genetic fitness of various plant species. The common benefits are increase in the efficiency of photosynthesis, increasing the resistance of the plant to salinity, drought and viruses, also reducing the plant's need for a nitrogen fertilizer. The latest research at Cornell University is to map the 'Oat' crop so that extra nutrients can be added to the sequence and the make the crop healthier. Similar research is done with the 'Soya' crop as well.

Genetic engineering when used on microorganisms, help in the creation of new pharmaceuticals which cannot be made in any other way. Moreover, It has helped lower the overall usage of herbicide and pesticide.

Genetic engineering has helped with the production of vaccines and other drugs in plants.

Genetic engineering has helped produce quicker and more predictable way of generating new cultivars. Further, the cultivar properties are better known today than it was ever

known before.

To sum it all up

Today, genetic engineering can produce sustainable agriculture.

Genetic engineering has produced very useful genetically modified breeds which can tolerate factory farming without any suffering.

In humans, genetic engineering is used to treat genetic disorders and cancer. It also helps in supplying new body parts.

Although, this has not been done today, genetic engineering has the potential of creating new types of human beings with many advantageous traits.

Certain bacterial sequences are manipulated to transform waste into ethanol, so that it can be used as a fuel.

However…. The pros of genetic engineering are far too many to list. But it is important to understand the boundaries to which the human race can push itself and stop before it is too late to stop the unpredictable consequences

The End