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Genetic Engineering Chapter 1: History of Genetic Engineering
Hikmet Geçkil, Professor
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Inonu University
Prehistoric Times • Since prehistoric times (circa 10,000 years ago),
domestication of organisms (both animals and plants) through artificial selection (aka. selective breeding)
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• Genetic engineering (a.k.a., recombinant DNA technology) is the direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another which was first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.
• Since 1976 the technology has been commercialised, with companies producing and selling genetically modified food and medicine.
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Major Breakthroughs in Genetics
• Genetic inheritance (i.e., heredity) was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas: the foundation of modern genetics.
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• 1869 Isolation of nucleic acids (what he called nuclein) by Friedrich Miescher.
• 1902 Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri propose that inheritance is due to chromosomes.
• The term "genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905.
• 1910 Thomas Morgan demonstrated that the chromosomes carry the genes.
• 1948 Barbara McClintock discovered transposons.
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• 1940s-1950s Frederick Griffith's transformation experiment and DNA carries the genetic information
Colin MacLeod Oswald Avery
Frederick Griffith
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• Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey’s blender experiment
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1953 James Watson and Francis Crick with their DNA model: foundation to the era of ”molecular genetics”
• 1961 Sidney Brenner, François Jacob & Matthew Meselson: messenger RNA.
• 1966 Marshall Nirenberg & Har Gobind Khorana: genetic code.
• 1990s- 2010s focus: large-scale genetics projects and entire genome sequencings.
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Genetic Engineering: The Tools of the Trade
• Two Important Tools
1. Restriction enzymes (enzymes to “cut” DNA)
2. Small DNA Vectors (plasmids, cosmids, phages) used to transfer the “pasted” DNA.
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Genetic Engineering: Major Breakthroughs
• 1969 Stewart Linn & Werner Arber discovered restriction enzymes in Escherichia coli.
• 1972 The first recombinant DNA molecule (i.e., combined the DNA from SV40 virus with the DNA from lambda virus) by Paul Berg, utilizing restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.
• 1977 DNA sequencing method by Frederick Sanger.
• 1983 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by Kary Mullis.
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• 1996 The birth of the first cloned animal, Dolly the sheep.
• 2003 Human genome sequenced.
• Since the 1990s Gene therapy in clinical trials to treat diseases and conditions such as AIDS, cystic fibrosis, cancer, high cholesterol, etc.
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Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic Engineering
Since 1976 Commercialization of genetically modified food, feed-stock, and medicine
• Insulin, growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor IX, interferons, interleukins, tissue plasminogen activator
• Vacine production
• Glo fish to help detect environmental pollutants
• Flavr Savr tomato, Golden Rice, GM potato, soya, and Bt corn, etc. Hikmet Geckil
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Genetic Engineering: The Latest …
• RNA interference and other gene silincing technologies
• Gene and genome editing methodologies
• Other clinical translations: modified immune cells and stem cells
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