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Genetic Engineering

Made by

Arindam Kalra

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Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, recombinan DNA technology, geneticmodification/manipulation (GM), and gene splicing are

terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organismsgenes.

Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding,where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly.

Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecularcloning and transformation to alter the structure andcharacteristics of genes directly.

Genetic engineering techniques have been applied to variousindustries, principally medicine and agriculture, with somesuccess

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History

In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer, invented thetechnique of DNA cloning, which allowed genes to be

transplanted between different biological species. Theirdiscovery signaled the birth ofgenetic engineering.

The term "genetic engineering" was coined by JackWilliamson in his science fiction novel Dragon's Island,published in 1951.

One year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by AlfredHershey and Martha Chase.

Two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showedthat the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure

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Dolly, The Sheep

The ewe Dolly (July 5, 1996 February 14, 2003) was the firstanimal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the

process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian Wilmot, Keith Campbell and colleagues

at the Rollin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. Born on July 5,1996, she lived until the age of six.

The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was takenfrom a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clonetherefore proved that a cell taken from a specific body partcould recreate a whole individual.

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Dolly, The Sheep

More specifically, the production of Dolly

showed that mature differentiated somaticcells in an adult animal's body could undersome circumstances revert back to anundifferentiated pluripotent form and thendevelop into any part of an animal.

As Dolly was cloned from part of a mammarygland, she was named after the famouslybusty country western singer Dolly Parton.

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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

A genetically modified organism(GMO) or genetically engineered organism(GEO) is an organism whose genetic material hasbeen altered using genetic engineering techniques.

These techniques, generally known as recombinantDNA technology, use DNA molecules from differentsources, which are combined into one molecule tocreate a new set of genes.

This DNA is then transferred into an organism,giving it modified or novel genes.

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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Transgenic organisms, a subset of GMOs,

are organisms which have inserted DNA thatoriginated in a different species.

Some GMOs contain no DNA from other

species and are therefore not transgenic

but cisgenic

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ILL-Effects of Genetically ModifiedFood

Biotechnology has moved at such a rapid

pace that the safety of genetically modifiedfoods has become a concern. At this time,

there are no long-term, large-scale tests to

prove their safety or lack thereof. Unforeseen

consequences may arise from widespreadgenetic modification of the food supply,

including:

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ILL-Effects of Genetically ModifiedFood

1. Allergic reaction . If a gene producing

a protein that causes an allergic reaction isengineered into corn, for example, an

individual who is allergic to that protein may

experience an allergic reaction to the corn.

Despite the fact that food-regulating agenciesrequire companies to report whether altered

food contains any suspect proteins, unknown

allergens could potentially slip through the

system.

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2. Increased toxicity. Genetic modification may enhancenatural plant toxins in unexpected ways. When a gene is

switched on, besides having the desired effect, it may alsostimulate the production of natural toxins.

3. Resistance to antibiotics . As part of the geneticmodification of organisms, marker genes are used todetermine if the desired gene has been successfullyembedded. Marker genes typically provide resistance toantibiotics. Even though marker genes are genetically

scrambled before use to reduce the potential for this danger,their use could contribute to the growing problem of antibioticresistance.

4. Herbicide-resistant weeds. Once modified crops areplanted, genes may travel via airborne, waterborne, oranimal-borne seeds and pollen to weedy relatives, creating"superweeds" that are able to resist herbicides.

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GM Brinjal

Brinjal, the king of vegetables, looks all set tobecome the first genetically modified (GM) food

crop to be allowed in India. This brinjal will lookexactly like any other brinjal, except that it will havebacterial genes that will produce chemicals meantto make it pest-resistant.

"Brinjal is one of those vegetables where heavy

pesticides are used. By introducing Bt technologyin crops where pesticide use is high, the spin offbenefits for soil and water contamination are alsothere.

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GM Brinjal

Bt brinjal appears to have 15 percent less caloriesand different alkaloid content compared to non GM

brinjal. It contains 16 to 17 mg/kg Bt insecticidetoxin. When fed to animals, effects were observedon blood chemistry with significant differencesaccording to the sex of the animal or period ofmeasurement. Other effects were on blood clottingtime, total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphate in goatsand rabbits.

After BT Brinjal Controversy, BT brinjal is banned inIndia.