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Geographic ProfilingGeographic Profiling
A Component of Criminal A Component of Criminal ProfilingProfiling
CRIM B55 CRIM B55
Geographic Profiling: Case TypesGeographic Profiling: Case Types
Serial MurderSerial Murder Serial RapeSerial Rape ArsonArson Bank RobberyBank Robbery BurglaryBurglary KidnappingKidnapping BombingsBombings
Geo Profiling ElementsGeo Profiling Elements
Complete familiarity w/case fileComplete familiarity w/case file Examination of C/SsExamination of C/Ss Interviews w/ investigators and WsInterviews w/ investigators and Ws Study of area mapsStudy of area maps Analysis of neighborhood Analysis of neighborhood
demographics: ---abduction site and demographics: ---abduction site and body dump sitebody dump site
Computerized analysisComputerized analysis
Geo Profiling ElementsGeo Profiling Elements
Distance Perceptions (subjective)+ Distance Perceptions (subjective)+ ActualActual
Mobility and Alternative routes (Plan B)Mobility and Alternative routes (Plan B) Familiarity with “route” + and – aspectsFamiliarity with “route” + and – aspects Number and Types of barriers: natural, Number and Types of barriers: natural,
structural, jurisdictional, psychologicalstructural, jurisdictional, psychological Mental Maps (S “image” of the city)Mental Maps (S “image” of the city) Locality demographics: Age, Race, SES,Locality demographics: Age, Race, SES, Land Use: Zoning, topography, etc.Land Use: Zoning, topography, etc.
Geo Pro: Underlying PrinciplesGeo Pro: Underlying Principles
Valid linkageValid linkage analysis to determine analysis to determine that a set of crime sites belong to that a set of crime sites belong to the same series (S,V, C/S inputs)the same series (S,V, C/S inputs)
Valid geographic modelingValid geographic modeling of the of the travel distance to crime sites for a travel distance to crime sites for a particular type of crime, criminal, particular type of crime, criminal, and geographic area (Computer and geographic area (Computer programs)programs)
Computer Models in Geo ProComputer Models in Geo Pro
Rigel—Professor K. Rossmo (Texas Rigel—Professor K. Rossmo (Texas State U at San Marcos) + ECRIState U at San Marcos) + ECRI
VICLAS--RCMPVICLAS--RCMP VICAP--FBIVICAP--FBI Predator—Professor Maurice GodwinPredator—Professor Maurice Godwin HALT—NYSP HALT—NYSP HITS- Washington State AGHITS- Washington State AG
Investigative Questions to Consider Investigative Questions to Consider
LocationsLocations What are the location types What are the location types
connected to this crime or crime connected to this crime or crime series? series?
Where are these locations? Map Where are these locations? Map them!them!
What are the distances and travel What are the distances and travel times between them? times between them?
Investigative Questions to ConsiderInvestigative Questions to Consider
TimeTime When did the crimes occur (date, When did the crimes occur (date,
time, weekday)? time, weekday)? What was the weather?What was the weather? How much time was there between How much time was there between
crimes? crimes?
Investigative Questions to ConsiderInvestigative Questions to Consider
Site SelectionSite Selection How are the crime locations How are the crime locations
accessed? accessed? What else is in the general area? What else is in the general area? How might the offender have known How might the offender have known
of these locations? of these locations? What purpose did the crime locations What purpose did the crime locations
serve? serve?
Investigative Questions to ConsiderInvestigative Questions to Consider
Target BackclothTarget Backcloth Where is the target group (and Where is the target group (and
where is it not)? where is it not)? How much control did the offender How much control did the offender
have over the choice of crime have over the choice of crime locations? locations?
Has displacement (in space or time) Has displacement (in space or time) occurred? occurred?
Investigative Questions to ConsiderInvestigative Questions to Consider
HuntingHunting What hunting method did the What hunting method did the
offender use? offender use? Why these sites and not others? Why these sites and not others? What was the offender's likely What was the offender's likely
transportation? transportation?
Investigative Strategies and Geo Pro Investigative Strategies and Geo Pro ApplicationsApplications
Prioritizing S listPrioritizing S list Prioritizing Tips listPrioritizing Tips list Address searches: databases (zip codes)Address searches: databases (zip codes) Patrol saturation (selective enforcement)Patrol saturation (selective enforcement) SurveillancesSurveillances Canvasses and searchesCanvasses and searches DNA searchesDNA searches
Investigation- Stranger Cases
Find Offender Prove Guilt
Collect Suspects
Prioritiz
e
Evaluate Direct
/Indire
ct Evidence
PublicTips
Witnesses
Informants
Friends
FamilyNeighb
ors
Databases
Criminal Records
PoliceFilesDMVOther
Agencies
Physical
Descriptio
n
OpportunityMotiveMeans
Modus OperandiComposite Sketch
VideoAlibi
Suspect InterviewInterviews of Family, Friends,
and Neighbors
Witness
BehaviorGeneralSpecific
Confession
Geography
GeneralSpecific
Physical
Evidence
CGT Considerations (Rossmo)CGT Considerations (Rossmo)
Known movement patternsKnown movement patterns Comfort zonesComfort zones Hunting patternsHunting patterns R handed S flee left; discard W rightR handed S flee left; discard W right Lost Male S go downhillLost Male S go downhill Lost Female S go uphillLost Female S go uphill Need at least 5 crimes or C/Ss to Need at least 5 crimes or C/Ss to
make it work—must be clearly linkedmake it work—must be clearly linked
Encounter Sites: Godwin ModelEncounter Sites: Godwin Model
Urban subcultures (bars, night clubs, Urban subcultures (bars, night clubs, and red light areas)and red light areas)
Isolated landscapes (parking lots, Isolated landscapes (parking lots, jogging paths, and rest areas)jogging paths, and rest areas)
Areas with a high concentration of Areas with a high concentration of elderly and poor individualselderly and poor individuals
Derelict areas of a cityDerelict areas of a city University campusesUniversity campuses
Crime Locations** for Geo ProCrime Locations** for Geo Pro
Encounter SiteEncounter Site Attack SiteAttack Site Crime SiteCrime Site Victim Disposal SiteVictim Disposal Site Vehicle Dump SiteVehicle Dump Site
**Importance of Displacement**Importance of Displacement** Analysis used in murder and rape ** Analysis used in murder and rape
casescases
Offender Styles: Target SelectionOffender Styles: Target Selection
Hunter (searches for a specific victim Hunter (searches for a specific victim in home territory)in home territory)
Poacher (travels away from home for Poacher (travels away from home for hunting)hunting)
Troller (opportunistic encounters Troller (opportunistic encounters while occupied in other activities)while occupied in other activities)
Trapper (creates a situation to draw Trapper (creates a situation to draw a victim to him)a victim to him)
CGT Method (ECRI + Rigel)CGT Method (ECRI + Rigel)
Spatial characteristics of crime Spatial characteristics of crime assessedassessed
Topographical map produced (similar Topographical map produced (similar crimes)crimes)
Graphing of jeopardy surfaceGraphing of jeopardy surface Superimposition on street mapSuperimposition on street map Crimes pinpointed (old pin maps!)Crimes pinpointed (old pin maps!) ““Fingerprints” of S cognitive mapFingerprints” of S cognitive map > # of C/Ss > # of C/Ss > predictive value > predictive value
Hit Score CalculationHit Score Calculation
Hit Score: Hit Score: The value (z-score) associated The value (z-score) associated with the location of an offender’s with the location of an offender’s residence or anchor point.residence or anchor point.
Hit Score Percentage:Hit Score Percentage: An indicator of An indicator of search efficiency used in geographic search efficiency used in geographic profiling, measured by determining the profiling, measured by determining the proportion of the total hunting area proportion of the total hunting area covered before the offender’s residence is covered before the offender’s residence is encountered. The smaller the number, the encountered. The smaller the number, the better the focus of the geographic profile. better the focus of the geographic profile.
Hit Score PercentagesHit Score Percentages
Describes Optimal Search ProcessDescribes Optimal Search Process Starts at most probable area Starts at most probable area outward outward Measures proportion of hunting area Measures proportion of hunting area
covered before locating S residencecovered before locating S residence Search area=locations coveredSearch area=locations covered Smaller number=better geo profile focusSmaller number=better geo profile focus Ex: 70 cases (See: Inv. Trainor’s cases)Ex: 70 cases (See: Inv. Trainor’s cases)
Inputs in the GP ModelInputs in the GP Model
Relationship to Criminal ProfilingRelationship to Criminal Profiling
Psychological MotivationPsychological Motivation Organized/Disorganized BehaviorOrganized/Disorganized Behavior Offender Lifestyle demographicsOffender Lifestyle demographics Target Selection and Victim RiskTarget Selection and Victim Risk
Integration w/ CGT (Criminal Integration w/ CGT (Criminal Geographic Targeting)Geographic Targeting)
Rafael Resendez-Ramirez CaseRafael Resendez-Ramirez Case
Richard Kuklinski CaseRichard Kuklinski Case
Dennis Rader--BTKDennis Rader--BTK
Richard Trenton Chase CaseRichard Trenton Chase Case
Wayne Williams CaseWayne Williams Case
Andrei Chikatilo--UkraineAndrei Chikatilo--Ukraine
Henry Lee Lucas CaseHenry Lee Lucas Case
Aileen Wournos (never profiled)Aileen Wournos (never profiled)
Just Some Fun!Just Some Fun!