A Geographical study of Civic amenities in PMC area using GIS techniques

Mr. Santosh Bhailume 1

, Dr. Virendra Nagarale 2, Mr. Parviz Gohjogh Najad

3

1 . Research Scholar o f Depar tment o f Geograph y, Ti lak Mah arsh t r a Univer s i t y Pune, Pune.

2 . Reader & Head Dept . o f Geo graph y, S.N.D.T. Wo men‟s Univer s i t y Pune Campus, Pune

3 . Research Scholar o f Depar tment o f Geograph y, Univers i t y o f Pune, Pune.

Abstract

The traditional role of municipal bodies had been one of providing basic amenities of civic life.

Services such as water supply and sanitation, roads and drains, street-lights, collection and disposal of solid

waste, maintenance of public places, burial grounds and crematoria, cattle pounds, registration of births and

deaths, maintenance of markets have long been seen as the function of municipal bodies. In addition, they

performed certain regulatory functions relating construction of buildings, public health areas such as eating

places, slaughter houses and tanneries, etc.

The 74th Constitutional Amendment has substantially broadened the range of functions to be

performed by the elected urban local bodies (ULBs). The twelfth Schedule brings into the municipal domain

among others such areas such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for economic and

social development,‟ safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society including the handicapped and

mentally retarded,‟ slum improvement and up gradation, urban poverty alleviation, and „promotion of cultural,

educational and aesthetic aspects‟. The subject of‟ cattle pounds‟ has been extended in the Twelfth Schedule to

include „prevention of cruelty to animals‟. The Constitution thus envisages urban local bodies as being totally

responsible for all aspects of development, civic services, and Environment in the cities, going far beyond the

traditional role. Provision of basic amenities will continue to be among the core activities of the ULBs. The

efficient performance of these responsibilities requires proper institutional structure, ambiguous decentralization

of powers, and adequacy of resources, support of the State Governments and their entities, and a concerted

effort to build up capabilities in the various sections of the ULB machinery. using the Tenth Plan, some key

areas of water supply and sanitation, urban transport, alleviation of urban poverty, the housing needs of slum-

dwellers, and reforms in the urban sector with a view to Strengthening the institutional and resource base of

ULBs will have to be taken up for special attention.

Keywords: Civic Amenities, Urban growth, Non-spatial Data, Overlay Analysis, Normalization,

Vectorization, Administrative Wards.

Introduction

Pune is second Largest city of state the present population of Pune city is around 31,

57,000 as per 2001 census Population of Pune has increased by 56 % over the last decade in

which reflects tremendous increase making it more congested than ever. The expansion

process is still continuing both due to its own population expansion and the influx from

surrounding areas. Understanding the growth and change brought on by urbanization is

critical to those who must manage resources and provide services in these rapidly changing

environments the rapid population growth has caused heavy pressure on city administration

regarding issues of transportation, atmospheric pollution, water supply, sewerage, electric

power and other civic amenities with impacts to the citizenry at large. Since, the provision of

most civic services to the public involves geographic aspects (i.e., locate and provide) there is

a logical need that all the agencies responsible for providing basic urban facilities to the

citizens should have accurate maps, rectified to a common geographic reference for use in the

urban environment. Unfortunately, hand-made sketches of civic infrastructure without any

grid reference are being developed and used by each agency for the achievement of their

respective goals. Moreover, maps are seldom updated after any specified time-interval.

Resultantly, there is non-conformity in the precincts of various administrative divides

depictive of Town, Union Council, and Population Census units.

Significance of the study

The planning and management of urban environment require huge amount of

information regarding almost all Aspects of natural and man-made features of that area. Until

lately, such a study could be achieved through days of exhaustive Surveys, map generation

and tedious calculations. GIS serve as a powerful tool for spatial and non-spatial analysis of

data. In This study tried to apply the role of GIS in the management of urban environment.

Urban environment basically consists of built up area, i.e. buildings, roads, industries, but in

this study try to attend to some amenities in side Pune urban activity zone.

With using GIS techniques in the research we can understand how the modern

technology can be used in the study of urban sprawl and its growth trend, updating and

monitoring, Using repetitive coverage, urban environment especially land use the study on

Pune Municipality.

Selection of Study Area

Pune city in India, growing at a very fast rate, and PMC area in pune spread over

243.84 SqKm. 94% increase in area from 1961 to 2001, Population grown 400 times from

1961 to 2001, CAGR for 1991-2001 is 4.94% and 50% of population growth in last decade

due to in-migration.

Aims and Objectives: The precise aim to this present study is to find out different amenities

in PMC area and suggest planning to provide better utility services.

Role of Geographic Information System

The 19th

century witnessed a trickle of urbanization and the emergence of

metropolises. To control the world‟s urban development as crucial for the future of humanity.

This rapid and haphazard growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is

resulting in loss of productive agricultural land and loss of surface water bodies, green open

spaces, besides causing air pollution, health hazards and contamination of water.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful set of tool for collecting, storing,

retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. It has an ability to

assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non spatial. GIS allows the user to

integrate database generated from various sources on single Platform and analyze them in a

spatiotemporal domain. GIS provides support in resource management and decision making

(Burrough, 1986).

Location and Extent of Study area

Pune city lies between 18o 25‟ to 18

o 37‟ North latitude and 73

o 44‟ to 73

o 57‟ East

longitude. The study area covers 243.31 sq. km composed of 144 general electoral wards

according to 2007 which comes under 14 administrative wards of Pune Municipal

Corporation. The city is located in saucer shaped basin at an average altitude of 560 m. from

mean sea level. The area surrounded by offshoots of Sahyadri hills from west to east, Pune

slight hollow on bank of Rivers Mula and Mutha on Deccan plateau.

Fig 1: Study

Area

Landuse During the 1970's, the urban activities spilled beyond the erstwhile city limits and it

was felt that for comprehensive and integrated planning, a metropolitan region converging on

Pune be defined. Accordingly, the Pune metropolitan region was defined in July, 1967.

Earlier, the Pune Municipal Corporation city area was 18.3% of the Pune Urban

Agglomeration, while about 45% was village areas, 9% cantonment area and 17% was the

town area. In 1997, PMC‟s area increased by 14,611 hectares,to include 10 census towns and

26 villages bringing the land extent to over 46,713 hectares. This increased the PMC‟s share

in the PUA to 58.75%. However the city forms a mere 31.28% of this area, the rest being

villages (45.7%), and towns (23.02%). It is clear that the expansion of the urban area into

neighboring towns and villages needs to be checked. At present after delusion of few newly

added villages, the PMC area is 243.96 sq. km. Within PMC, the newly added villages show

a predominance of agricultural activity and some forestland. This should continue to remain

so, in order to sustain the ecological demands of the city. The urbanization of the agricultural

land has displaced many farmers, who, having lost their sources of livelihood, have settled

down in the city‟s informal settlements. The Riverbed is not spared from slums either. The

landuse pattern of the city reveals a dense core with commercial and residential areas bisected

by the River. The southern bank, having the older parts of the city, has a haphazard high-

density development, while the cantonment areas to the north have comparatively low

densities. The city shows a concentric growth pattern with the River as the center.

Table 1: Existing Landuse for the resultant PMC area after

Addition of villages in 2001

Sr. No. Landuse 2001 %

1 Mixed Landuse 0.5

2 Residential 21.1

3 Commercial 0.1

4 Industrial 1.5

5 Public semi public 1.7

6 Public Utility 7.5

7 Transport & Communication 3.9

8 Agriculture 43.2

9 Hilltop and Hill slopes 6.8

10 Reserve Forest 5.3

11 Others 1.9

Total 100% Source: Development Plan Department, PMC

Database & Methodology: Following table shows the secondary data collected from various

sources.

Table 2: - Secondary Data details for the study area

Methodology

Methodology is one of the important parts of analysis. Output or result of analysis

highly depends on the methodology used for the data processing or analysis purpose. In the

study methodology is divided into five phases.

Field Work

Phase I : The first phase deals with the literature review for the understanding the complexity

of an urban envirment. Literature referred to urban envirment, extraction of, problems related

upon agglomeration were collected to have some general understanding of the topic.

Phase II : In this field work phase the data were collected from different sources in that

various utility data and, ward wise population data both data are obtained from PMC. Ground

trusting was completed. And database Generation.

Phase III: Administrative Ward wise analysis

Each parameter has been ranked based on it important and values for that particular sub-

indicator in ward are converted into the scale of ranking these wards then compared with

each other as well as the average for the city to identify the deficit /gap/surplus where

standard not available

Phase IV: Develop Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP)

is a approach to making that involves structuring multiple choice criteria into a

hierarchy assessing the relative important of these of these criteria ,comparing alternative for

each criterion ,and determine an overall ranking of the alternative “,AHP provides a proven

,effective means to deal with complex decision making.

Phase V: Analysis using GIS

This step uses GIS extensively for analytical study. The maps generated are DEM

map, population density map different weights maps etc. The reclassification is used over the

various maps.

Segment Type of data center

Spatial data

SOI topo map

Scale 1:25000

No 47 F/14/2, 47/F/14/3, 47/F/14/6, 47/F/15/NW

47/F/15/NE, 47/F/15/NW

Survey of India

Non spatial data

Environment(Noise,water quality,air Quality,)

Solid waste

Pune Municipal Corporation

and PMC

departments

Utility Planning

This step for conclusion and utilizes out put of this steps and works, then with using

that can find out condition of each wards in case study amenities and can use from that for

future planning.

Analytical Framework

Fig 2

Pits

Spatial Data Non spatial Data

Toposheet Case Amenities Data

Scanning Soft copy

Georeferncing Normalization

Vectorization Data Attachment

Data baseGeneration

Data

Ward level analyses

Environment

Elevation

Air Quality

Noise

Garden

Water Quality in river

Soilde waste

Generation

Ward density map

Digital elevation map

Growth up time line map

BOD

TDS

TSS

Infrastructure

Sevak

Container

Vehicles

Sweepers

Analytical Hierachy process

(AHP)

Rating

Weight map Generation

Utility planning

RSPM

0

50

100

150

200

Jan-0

7

Feb-0

7

Mar-

07

Apr-

07

May-0

7

Jun-0

7

Jul-07

Aug-0

7

Sep-0

7

Oct-

07

Nov-0

7

Dec-0

7

Jan-0

8

Co

ncen

trati

on

in

ug

/m3

Navi Peth Mandai Oasis

Results and Conclusions

For the ward level analysis there are some parameters each parameter ranked based on

its important and value for the particular sub indicator in the ward are converted into the scale

of the ranking these wards are compared with each other as well as the average for the city to

identify the deficit/gap /surplus where standard not available other wise same is compared

with the respective standard. There is some indicator for the ward analysis and in this

research author tried to use two of this indicator.

Ward level analysis Environment: Ambient Air Quality

Ambient pollution source in urban environment include various Stationary,

mobile and area source of emission .these source must be identified to enable effective

management action to reduce eaxposure. The speed with which urban air quality is

deteriorated has grown in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkatta, across the Indian

subcontinent in the last decade is alarming [Aggarwal, 1999]. The World Health Organization

once ranked Delhi as the fourth-most polluted mega city of the world [WHO-UNEP, 1992].

However, in Indian subcontinent, it is not just Delhi, but even small and medium towns,

which are finding themselves in the grip of deteriorating air quality [C PCB, 1995]. In India

according to Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1981 Criteria Pollutants includes

mainly nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10), total suspended

particulates & many more.

Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM)

RSPM concentrations (varied from 52 μg/m3 to 181 μg/m

3 from Jan-07 to Jan-08.The

concentrations seem to be higher at most of time in the residential area i.e Navi Peth than the

standards of 50 μg/m3 whereas they were also found to be higher for commercial &

Background area i.e. Mandai & Oasis respectively. Background concentrations are those

which account for the PM contribution to the city from the surrounding areas and are not at

all coming from the sources located in the city.

Fig 3: Annual trends for Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM)

RSPM

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

San

gam

wad

i

Yer

awad

a

Tilak Road

Kar

ve R

oad

Bibwew

adi

Warje

Karv

enaga

r

Hada

psar

Dhan

kawadi

Bha

vaniPet

h

Aun

dh

Gho

le R

oad

Kas

aba vishr

ambag

Sah

akar

naga

r

Dhol

e Patil

RSPM

Gaseous Pollutants (Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)

Concentration of criteria gaseous pollutants like Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) & Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOX) varied from 12 to 26 μg/m3

and 34 to 53 μg/m3

respectively for FY 2007 &

2008.Concentration of both pollutants are well within the standard of 80 μg/m3.

The

concentration at background site - Oasis is lower as compared to Residential site - Navi Peth

& Commercial site – Mandai since the contributions is from the surrounding areas and are

not at all coming from the sources located in the city.

Fig 4: Ward wise emssion of PM10 in PMC

Table 3: Parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Environment

Rating point Air Quality Noise Water Quality in Rivers Total Garden

BOD TSS TDS

40 20 20 10 10 100 100

Sangamwadi 1 2 12 6 4 25 1

Yerwada 11 4 12 6 4 37 14

Tialk Road 21 4 12 6 6 49 20

Karve Road 4 4 No river passing 8 7

Bibwewadi 27 4 No river passing 31 11

Warje Karvenagar 21 4 16 6 4 51 0

Hadasar 18 4 8 4 4 38 4

sahkamagar 30 12 16

6 4 68 6

Bhavanipeth 24 4 N0 river passing 28 3

Aundh

25

4 0 6 8 43 5

Ghole Road 14 4 16 6 4 44 22

kasab 27 4 12 4

4

51 6

Vishrambaug wada 29 4 No river passing 33 100

Dhole patil

17 4 16 6 4 47 6

Table 4: Significans of prameters for environment

Parameters Significance

Airqulity

Bad quality of ambient air deteriorates quality of health ,vegetation and

preoperty

Noise level

Noise level leads to hormonal imbalance and various concentration relstived

temporary threshold shift

Garden

Signifies great recreational value /open sapce /aesthetic

Value /potential for air quality improvemet /health and

Carbon sequestration benefits,etc.

Fig 5: Air Quality weight Map of Study Area

Noise

The monitoring noise levels at 35 different traffic junctions including one

background location at Pashan for evaluation of noise levels in the city. Fig No 4.7 represents

noise levels across different junctions. Weekly spot monitoring for noise is carried out using

Sound Level Meter (Lutron SL – 4010) at each junction for one minute interval placed at

about 1 m from the actual traffic junction during late morning and mid-noon hours and

averaging the same.

Table 5: Environment Quality indices for noise standard

Noise rating

Excellent Better Good Bad worst

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

18 36 55 73 91

Noise levels at most of the junctions seem to be around the standards and exceeding

the same at times. However, this shall not be taken misinterpreted as safe since the exposure

to noise is continuous and may result into harmful effects on a long term basis.

Noise levels at one of the major traffic junction i.e. Swargate – Jedhe Chowk the area

selected to assess the influence of traffic on junction noise quality. The high noise levels are

observed and is quiet expected in such a heavy traffic carrying area. Vehicle count done in

recent past depicts on an average 70,000 vehicles pass through daily. As far as the peak and

non peak hours are concern equal i.e. about 35,000 average vehicles pass through the

junction.

Fig 6: Noise Level Stations of Swargate to Jedhe Chowk

Swargate

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08

MMooEEFF LLiimmiitt ((CCoommmmeerrcciiaall))

Fig 7: Noise Weight Map of Study Area

Water Quality

BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by

microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the

water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste.

Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste.

When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even

food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down

this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by

aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live.

As expected Lakes are the least polluted section as they are primary resources.

Maximum BOD is observed in Jan 2008 of Nagzere Nala. In this case, the demand for

oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is

consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.

Total soiled (TDS,TSS)

The most important physical characteristic of polluted water is its total soiled content,

which is composed of settable matter, colloidal matter and suspended matter in solution

.Nallas sample hasing maximum amount of total suspend soils.i.e.366 mg/lit observed at

Bhairoba Nall.Nallas are the main receiving body of the industrial

&domestic different mainly from slum water naturally accumulates verities of soiled as it

passes through soils rocks.

Table 6: Environment Quality indices for Water Quality in River

BOD Rating

Excellent Better Good Bad worst

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

33 66 100 133 166

TDS Rating

Excellent Better Good Bad worst

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

80 160 250 330 410

TSS Rating

Excellent Better Good Bad worst

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(65) (130) (200) (265) (330)

Fig 8: Weight Map of River Water

quality

0%

4%

8%

12%

16%

20%

Bhav

ani P

eth

Kasa

ba P

eth

Vish

ram

bag

Dho

le P

atil

Saha

karn

agar

Karv

e R

oad

War

je

Gho

le rd

Tila

k R

oad

Sang

amw

adi

Bibv

ewad

i

Had

apsa

r

Yerw

ada

Aund

h

% Area % Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

Pune city has about 885 to 1200 MT of Municipal Solid Waste generated per day. Per

capita waste generation of the city as well as ward is about 294 to 399 gm and 211 to 504 gm

per day respectively. Vishrambaug ward has highest population i.e. about 2.51 lakh and

respective per capita waste generation is 477gm/day. Tilak road ward has highest per capita

waste generation rate i.e. 601gm/day but have population about 2.11 lakh. Central Pollution

Control Board has municipal solid waste generation standard of 400gm/capita/day and the

city as a whole generates about 445gm/capita/day.

Fig 9: Comparative account of area of ward and % waste collected

The container bins are placed at designated locations and along the roads across the

city. The containers are of different sizes i.e. containers handled by dumper placers – 3.8 m3

and containers handled by compactor vehicles – 2.2 m3, 1.5 m

3 and 1.1 m

3. Municipal Solid

waste collecting facility has maximum number of dumper placers i.e. 1003. Compactor bins

with capacity 2.2 m3, 1.5 m

3 and 1.1 m

3 are 65, 341 and 111 in number respectively. Total

numbers of containers are reduced in past 2 years about 1050. Bibvewadi ward has higher

holding capacity bins as compared to the quantity of waste generated, where as Dhole patil

ward has the least number of bins for collection of the waste.

Table 7: Parameters rating and Ward level evaluation for soilde waste

Table 8: Significans of prameters for Solid Waste

Rating Points Generation

Infrastructure

Pits

MSW

Vehicles Sevak Container Sweepers

40 10 10 10 10 20 100

Sangamwadi 23 7 7 5 2 6 50

Yerwada 33 6 8 1 2 4 54

Tilak road 22 1 8 5 10 7 53

Karve road 30 1 7 1 2 15 56

Bibwewadi 40 2 1 2 10 3 58

Warje karvenagar 32 1 8 2 2 11 56

Hadapsar 23 7 8 4 6 3 51

shakamnagar 22 7 9 4 2 6 50

Bhavani peth 25 4 10 1 8 2 50

Aundh 33 5 9 2 4 20 73

Ghole road 36 4 9 4 4 10 67

Kasaba 35 2 10 4 4 1 56

Vishrambaug wada 29 3

10

6

2

14 64

Dhole pati 10 4 9 8 8 7 46

Parameters Significance

Waste generation

Amount of waste generated signifies the resorce utilization as well as

culture it also reflect the need for infrasturcture requirement

Infrastructure

Avalibility (hotel,Gadi socitey

Richshaw ,sweepers,containers

Colletion and transport potential related to

The waste generation is important from point of view of managemet and

resourece. Allocation ratio with that of generation determines the plaing

needs

Vermicomposting pits signifies segration ad management at through people involment

Fig 10: Solid Waste Weight

Segregation of Waste with the help of Ragpickers

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated the efficiency of GIS as a tool in the Study of urban

environment, it gives a fairly a good understanding of Changing amenities in the different

area, which in turn will be very helpful for local administrative bodies. Thus, this technology

has the capability to provide the necessary input and intelligence for preparation of base

maps, formulation of Planning proposals and act as a Monitoring tool during the

implementation phase.and AHP model to evaluate the ability of various activities of a

programme to fulfill a given objective. This assessment can take place to collect the opinions

of decision-makers and beneficiaries about the effectiveness of the activities and to structure

the views of project or programme managers about on-going activities to discuss the content

of the programmes, and the funding of various activities during the drafting of strategies and

programmes

The findings of study is follow

1. In Parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Environment in the study area the

noise polluation and and air polution& BOD considered with the heights weight in

the sahkamagar and for noise in Vishrambaugwada also consendired highests weight

2. In the garden inquire according to standard 0.2 for 1000 population,

Vishrambaugwada have highest weight, for that purpose need to devleope the

gardens in this administrative ward. This indicates that one major reson of the air

pollution and noise pollution in this area related to this limitation.

3. In the pollution water quality in the river the highest weight for pollution obteined in

Sahkarnagar and B. S. Dholepatil Road administrative wards, that indicates that these

two wards are having more river pollution than other administrative wards.

4. In parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Solid waste in the study area the

highest weight observed in Aundh and then Gholeroad and Vishrambaugwada were

more solid waste genration and infrastructure compare to other administrative wards

5. In the development planning PMC should be concentrate to these administrative

wards have to develop more than other wards.

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