“Geometry of Kimberlites” by Igor Kryvoshlyk

Universal

Kimberlite

Exploration

System

Preface

World Supply and Demand

for Rough Diamonds

Production and Demand for Rough Diamonds

Source: WWW Forecasts Ltd

Production

Demand

2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

$60bn

$50bn

$40bn

$30bn

$20bn

$10bn

$0bn

Rough and Polished Prices

WWW Diamond Forecasts Limited

WWW Overall Rough Index

Polished Prices Overall Index

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

240

230220

210

200

190

180

170160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

Content

• Part 1. Continents

• Part 2. Kimberlite provinces

• Part 3. Kimberlite clusters

• Part 4. Geochemistry of kimberlites

• Part 5. Mathematical calculations of

kimberlite diamond grade

Geometry of Kimberlites

Part 1:

Continents

Cratons are the best areas for exploration for diamonds. However, cratons are huge. How to find the next diamond mine?What is the law of distribution of diamond mines on the Earth?

Worldwide distribution of kimberlitesis not random (equatorial projection)

White Sea

Yakutia

NWT

Major kimberlite provinces of Northern Hemisphere

(polar projection)

North Pole

Alaska – the northernmostpoint of the Pacific Rim

Iceland

Major volcanic provinces of Northern Hemisphere(polar projection)

North Pole

There is a clear pentagonalsymmetry within Northern Hemisphere: all five occurrences located at the same distance from North Pole and at the Arctic Circle.

Symmetry is a law of geometry

Axis of symmetryArctic Circle

Plane of symmetry

North Pole

Pentagonal symmetry can be found in the alive nature only. Crystalography does not recognize

pentagonal symmetry

Apple shows pentamerism Starfish

Tetragonal symmetry in Southern Hemisphere

BrazilSouth Pacific – the southernmost

point of Pacific Rim

Australia Southern Africa

Antarctica,South Pole

Plane of symmetrywhich connects North and South

Tropic of Capricornmakes 90 deg.angle withArctic Circle

Tetragonal symmetry can be found in both: in minerals and in alive nature

Vesuvianite from Jeffrey Mine, Québec, Canada Alliaria Petiolata

Kimberlite/volcanic provinces of the Earth(Polar projection of both hemispheres on transparent globe)

Arctic Circle (upper red line), Tropic of Capricorn (lower red line), plane of symmetry (red broken line) and major volcanic / kimberlite provinces of the Earth (stars).

Equatorial projection of both hemispheres

Provinces and Sub-ProvincesPerfect octahedral diamond crystals from the central

part of the Yakutian kimberlite province (Mir kimberlite, Russia), and opaque cubic diamonds from

the Central African kimberlite sub-province (Mbuji Mayi, Zaire).

Diamonds from Mir pipe Diamonds from Mbuji-Mayi

Geometry of

Kimberlites

Part 2:

Kimberlite Provinces

Does the law of distribution of kimberlites exist?

(Southern Africa)

Geomorphologic ring structures of the Earth

After: Dr. Gavrilov, Vladivostok, Russia, 1977

The “Spiderweb”: ring complexes of Southern Africa

Radiuses of rings of each ring complex create a mathematical progression. All major diamond mines are located inside the intersections of the rings.

Mbuji-Mayi kimberlite polygon

0 00

00

0 0

0

0

Mbuji-Mayi

Oliphant's MineWimbledon Mine

Paardeberg Central

Paardeberg East MK1(10 cpht)

Pole MineVictoria MineMay (Phoenix) MineGood-Bad Hope

Gannavlakte

Loxton's Dal Diamond Mine (7 cpht)

Aaron's Prospect

Kamfersdam Mine (28 cpht)

SecretarisOtto's Kopje Mine (5 cpht)

De Beers Mine (80 cpht)Dutoitspan Mine (36 cpht)

Speculatie

Blow-1

Kimberley group of mines

TR-107

T-7N

A154-South (310 cpht)

C13

A10

T-29 T-19T-17T-16

C-49

T-14

A-61 T-146

A-27

A-25

A-44

T-33

C-27

AD02DO-18

DO-40 (Barren)

DI-02

DD-17DD-42 EG-01 (Very Low)

Don Finlay

Hardy Lake

Hardy Lake

GeorgeAnne

Falcon (28 cpht)

Fox (26 cpht)

Grizzly

Leslie (40 cpht)

Point Lake (56 cpht)

Hawk - Willy

Sable (98 cpht)

Jay (201 cpht)

CaribouKaska

Rufus

Wombat

Rat

DolphinPorpoise

Elk

Mustang

Zebra

Boa

Black Spruce

Lynx (83 cpht)

Aaron

Jaeger

Husky

Afridi

Providence

A-4

Ekati and Diavik diamond mines

“Shattered Glass” structure:

Triple intersection (blue circle) is a mechanically weakest point for penetration of kimberlite magma and generation of diamonds

news.povray.org/.../

Simplified sketch of a combination of three ring/conical complexes (left). Red rhombs

indicate the best areas for exploration for kimberlite diamonds (<10%).

Vertical cross-section of a

single conical complex

Center of tectonic –

magmatic activityOut of scale

Barren areas

Diamondiferousareas

Blindzone

Selection of the best diamond exploration areas

(practical application of the “Spiderweb”)

Four exploration polygons within NWT, Canada, indicate location of the deep fault (black broken line)

Angola: Az= Somali-Mozambique Shield

Rhodesi-Transvaal Shield

Green Zone - for kimberlites with Diamond Grade between 10 - 30 cpht

Karoo-Kalahari PlateCape Fold Belt

RSA: Az= E.S.E.97Bushmen Shield

Tanzania: Az. =

Malagarasi Plate

Sahara Plate

Kasai-Angola Shield

Congo Plate

West Congolese Mobile Belt

Central African Shield

Niger-Ahaggar Shield

Taudeni PlateRichat Ring Structure

West-African Shield

Okawango Plate

Mitoumba - Damara Fold Belt

Namibia: Az.= N.E. 50

Ring complexes of the African continent

Center of each ring complex is located on the border between major tectonic elements of the continent. Tectonic map after Trofimov V.S.

Eye of Africa – Richat structure, Mauritania – possible center of the conical complex

The structure has a diameter of almost 50 kilometres

(30 miles). Satellite image. NASA

Ring structure, Jebel Uwaynat, Sudan / Egypt / Libya – the next possible center

Satellite image. NASA

Geometry of Kimberlites

Part 3

Kimberlite Clusters

Distribution of diamond grade on the Earth

Northern Ontario, Canada.

High > 30 cpht

Moderate 10-30 cpht

Low < 10 cpht

Diamond Potential

Kimberlites with different diamond

grade NWT, Canada

Depth slice at 111 km of the 3-D resistivity model of the Slave craton.

Kimberlite diamond grade

Gibeon province, Namibia

After J.M. Batumike et al, 2008

Geometry of Kimberlites

Part 4

Geochemistry of kimberlites

Garnet Geochemical Chart

Ign. ECL

Metam. ECL

PYR

Majorites

Megacrysts

Kimberlite Field

Non-kimberlite Field

Depth: Pressure and Temperature

Y

X

Mantle – crust border

Orangegarnets

Purplegarnets

Redgarnets

A two-D projection of the nine-dimensional space

Metas. ECL

Grospydites

Geochemical chart for pyropes

Kimberlite pipes from the pink field on the map are located within the pink field (1) of the geochemical chart. Green field on the map corresponds with green field (2) of this chart. Blue field (3) – with blue

Y

X

Field 3. G < 10

Field 2. G = 10-30

Field 1. G > 30

Mathematical calculationsof kimberlite diamond grade

Geometry of Kimberlites

Part 5

Significance of the Correct Diamond Grade Data (Some historical quotations)

1) “The Tli Kwi Cho (DO-27) fiasco”: The Northern Miner. 10/26/1998

2) “Tli Kwi Cho diamond pipe was discovered in 1993 and bulk sampled in 1994. Based on limited disclosures the market developed high expectations that were shattered when the bulk sample results were released. Overnight nearly a billion dollars in market capitalization evaporated as investors abandoned diamond companies.” “Angry investors claiming that the analyst and his clients had an unfair advantage.” John Kaiser, July 10, 2001.

3) “Well known grade disasters like Tli Kwi Cho, Torrie, Torngat and Wawa”:Kaiser Express 2002-04, “The Northern Miner” March 22, 2002

4) “Kennecott’s NWT, Tli Kwi Cho failure causes large sell-off of diamond stocks.”: James Dartnell, “Anatomy of a stock market winner”, 2003.

5) The bulk sampling of the DO-27 pipe in 1994 “did not produce the anticipated high grades, led to a catastrophic Canadian junior stock market crash and abandonment of the project”: Coopersmith, H., Pell, J., and Scott Smith, B., 2006.

Evolution of Geological Models

Kimberlite Estimated Diamond Grade (feasibility study)(cpht)

Recovered Grade

Calculated Grade

MarsfonteinSouth Africa

335 308 242

Randgold Explor. 7th IKC S.Collingridge

Press Release Small Mines Wordsmith 1998 1998 1999

148.58SoutherneraAnn. Report

2000

149.44200 PYR5 ECL-17 ECL-3

UdachnayaRussia

120 100 Miller, P. “Diamonds” First Strike Yorkton Sec., 1995 Diamonds Inc.

60Eberle, J.M.

2003

65.99216 PYR

Kimberley“Big Hole”

South Africa

100 15 Moon, C.J. Grizzly Diamonds 2006 2007

63.88

Generic Template Diamonds of

Africa

64.23241 PYR

Finsch South Africa

80 49.30 43.99 before 1995 1995 Petra Diamonds Porter Geoconsultancy

36.33DBCM Report

2009

38.6173 PYR

VictorCanada

10 23 38 30.22 Winzar, DJ, P.Gregory Worldwide De BeersReport 2001 Report Diam.Update 2008 2004 2004

No Data 41.53

136 PYR

DO-27Canada

1.3 1 36…89.88 L.Rombouts Boxer, G.L.1994 Peregrine Diamonds 1994 “Microdiamonds” 2005

No Data 71.42

58 PYR

Why these numbers are so different? Why these numbers are so close?

Notes for the previous slide

There is a principal question for the feasibility study

results:

Why this feasibility study produced different data for the same kimberlite? Who is guilty for this, who is wrong?

Suggestion:

1. Feasibility study was conducted by perfectly trained professionals with B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, P.Geo, P.Eng, P.Geol diplomas. Each of them is a QA/QC and Qualified Person

2. They did their job in complete accordance with all rules and regulations which described by the National Instrument NI43-101.

3. Nobody is guilty, nobody is wrong. The System is wrong.

# Kimberlite [reference]

Country, region

Predicted grade (cpht)

Final mining data, (cpht)

1 Marsfontein,M-1 [43] S. Africa 149.44 = 148.58 [4]

2 Klipspringer S. Africa 44.20 = 42.00 [5]

3 Kimberley “Big Hole” S. Africa 64.23 = 63.80 [6]

4 Finsch [34] S. Africa 38.61 = 36.33 [33]

5 Roberts Victor [47] S. Africa 132.99 > 100.00 [8]

6 Catoca [40]

Angola 57.14 = 58.00 [64, 65]

7 Camafuca [7] Angola 6.72 = 5.84 [68]

8 K-14 [14] Canada 12.46 ~ 12.00 [26]

9 Mir [40] Russia 96.93 ~ 100.00 [40]

10 Aikhal [37] Russia 91.01 ~ 100.00 [66]

11 Udachnaya [15] Russia 65.99 ~ 60.00 [16]

12 Zarnitsa [15] Russia 17.52 ~ 15.00 [67]

13 Sytykanskaya [15] Russia 66.79 ~ 60.00 [17]

14 Lomonosova [38] Russia 75.85 = 70.00 [27]

15 Ellendale-4 [56] Australia 5.78 = 5.1 [57]16 Garnet Lake [48-49] Greenland 107.37 ~ 100 [50]

Predicted Grade ~ Mining Data

Diamond grade (in cpht) must coincide with geographical location of kimberlite and also with its location on the geochemical chart

Victor kimberlite (G > 30 cpht) is located within pink rectangle on topographic map (left) and also within pink area on geochemical chart (right)

Triple-check of results:

Geochemical chart for pyropes

Kimberlite pipes f rom the red fi eld on the map are located within the red field (1) of the geochemical chart. Green fi eld on the map corresponds with green fi eld (2) of this chart. Blue fi elds (3) – the same

Y

X

Field 3. G < 10

Field 2. G = 10-30

Field 1. G > 30

High > 30 cpht

Moderate 10-30 cpht

Low < 10 cpht

Diamond Potential

Igor Kryvoshlyk joined SouthernEra Resources Limited in May 1995 as a mineralogist… During… more than 10 year period with SouthernEra, Igor spent most of his time doing microscope examination…His sorting of various kimberlitic minerals was always meticulously done, despite this being a painstaking task…

Igor is the only person I have known in all my years of kimberlite exploration, who is able to distinguish, with a high degree of certainty, optically and before probe analysis, between kimberlitic and non kimberlitic chromites and ilmenites. Similarly, he has an uncanny ability to distinguish eclogitic garnets from other, similar coloured garnets…

During his stay with us, Igor spent a lot of time collecting data for a huge database of kimberlitic mineral electron probe analyses. He spent a lot of time building research models from this data for the prediction of the location of kimberlites and predicting economic viability and even prediction of the grade of kimberlites from his mineral database…

Igor has a lively and enquiring mind and I had many interesting discussions with him, where he was often prepared to buck conventional wisdom and propose new and sometimes radical ideas. An attribute I greatly admire…

Dr. Christopher Mark Hubert Jennings.Chairman and former President and CEO SouthernEra Diamonds Inc. January 4, 2006.

About the Author

Igor Kryvoshlyk obtained his M.Sci diploma in 1972 (Mineralogy, Petrology)

from Lviv State University, Lviv, Ukraine, for petrological investigations of

volcanic rocks of Central Kamchatka, Russia, and Ph.D. diploma from

Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia in 1983 (Petrology, Volcanology)

for petrological investigations of kimberlite rocks of Yakutia, Russia.

Contact: phone 647-710-8514

E-mail ikryvoa481@rogers.com

About the Author

References 1. Dear Igor Kryvoshlyk,

My name is Bram Janse… As many other diamond exploration geologists I have been struggling to

understand the worldwide distribution of diamondiferous kimberlites and constructed maps with many photo lineaments, circles, zones, etc. but never achieved a satisfactory result…

…I was impressed by your spiderweb especially the construction of polygons to define favourable areas within a field… I like your garnet diagram. It does achieve a clear separation of eclogitic garnets which has always been a sore point…

With sincere regards, Bram Janse. (Bram is a distinguished geologist and chartered engineer internationally recognized for his expertise and long-term association with the diamond exploration industry. His experience spans more than 45 years of mineral exploration, specializing in diamond exploration on all continents .) Paramount Mining Corporation Ltd(618) 93285600  Ph(618) 93284430  FAX

Sun, March 15, 2009 3:41:43 AM

References

2. Dear Igor,

Many thanks for your prompt response. Your attached paper made fascinating reading – interesting research indeed.

Regards,

John Dr. John Ward, Group Mineral Resource ManagerNamakwa Diamonds Management Services (Pty) Ltd Member of the Diamond Dealers Club South Africa209 SA Diamond Centre, 225 Main StreetJohannesburg, 2001 (P. O. Box 2680 , Excom, 2023)Tel:  +27 11 334-8886 Fax:  +27 11 334-8885 Mobile:  +27 79 491 7578

Sent: Thu, June 3, 2010 4:53:22 PMSubject: RE: Kimberlite Diamond Exploration

References

3. Hi Igor,

Just to say thank you very much more making the time to meet with me In New York yesterday.

Your ideas and model are very interesting

Regards

Graham WheelockGem Diamonds

Wed., September 2, 2009, 5:48:52 AM

Thank you