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GermanCULTURE PROFILE

GermanCULTURE PROFILE

Funded by Commonwealth Departmentof Health and Ageing

German Culture profile1 4/12/06 1:06 PM Page 1

Published 2006 by: DiversicareP O Box 5199West End, Queensland, 4101Ph: (07) 3846 1099

German Culture Profile

Thanks is given to the following people:Margaret Hess, Director, DiversicareElizabeth Zajac, Project Officer, PICACAngelika Straker, DiversicareKerstin Wyssusek, DiversicareDoris BoettcherHeidi Burkett

... and to all those persons who have providedcomment about this directory.

Editor: Jennifer Leigh (J Leigh & Associates)

DisclaimerThis directory is a synthesis of information from arange of sources believed to be reliable. Diversicaregives no warranty that the said base sources arecorrect, and accepts no responsibility for anyresultant errors contained herein or for decisionand actions taken as a result and any damage.

Please note there may be costs associated withsome of the resources and services listed in thisdirectory.


INTRODUCTION 4

BACKGROUND 5Migration experience 5Australian statistics 6Customs in everyday life 6Cultural stereotypes 7

FAMILY 8Family structure 8Attitudes to residential care 8

PERSONAL HYGIENE 9Bathing 9Dress 9Grooming 9

PENSIONS 9

LEISURE AND RECREATION 10Daily Routine 11Social groups 11Television 11Movies 12Radio 12Newspapers 13Books 13Music 14

RELIGION 15Profile 15Important days 16

FOOD AND DIET 18Meals 18Food sources 18

HEALTH 20Trauma situations 20Attitudes to illness and pain 20Perception of health professionals 20

DEATH AND DYING 21Palliative Care 21Death 21

LANGUAGE 21

PHRASE CARDS 22

APPENDIX A 37

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 44

CORRECTION/ ADDITION FORM 46


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This profile of the German culturalcommunity is just one of the many projectsundertaken by the Queensland Partners inCulturally Appropriate Care (PICAC).

The Queensland PICAC Project aims tofacilitate the development of partnershipsbetween ethnic community groups andresidential aged care service providers toimplement “best practice” strategies ofcare for older people from diversebackgrounds. The project is about ensuringthe needs of older people from a Germancultural background are met.

Funded by the Commonwealth Departmentof Health & Ageing, the project inQueensland is managed by Diversicareunder the auspice of the EthnicCommunities Council of Qld.

Population trends within Australia areincreasingly characterised by a diversity of people, languages and culture. Coupledwith this trend is an ageing population,also with a rich diversity of languages andcultures.

It’s not surprising then, that residentialaged care service providers are faced withincreasing demands for culturallyresponsive facilities and care.

This profile aims to assist by enhancing:• staff knowledge of the cultural andlinguistically diverse needs of personsfrom a German background. It also seeksto facilitate the professional competenceand development of staff in the provisionof culturally inclusive care; and

• the organisation’s compliance with the Residential Care Standards and National Aged Care Standards as they pertain to the issue of cultural and linguistic needs. The profile provides useful information about a range of topics, resources including books, articles, audio-video aids, services, and so on.

This symbol is used to indicate a ‘tip’,which YOU, as the caregiver of aperson who was born in Germany,may find useful in your day-to-daysupport of that person.

This guide is not intended to replace onestereotype of this culture with another;instead it is intended to provide someinsights into the culture. Nor does itdiminish the importance of youestablishing the individual cultural needsof each person as part of the careplanning process.

In an effort to maintain the accuracy ofthis profile and improve its contents, forall stakeholders, we encourage readers tocomplete the feedback form on the lastpage to inform us of any inaccuracies orother resources available. It is consideredthat this feedback will assist us maintain auser relevant and quality resource.

Yours Sincerely

Margaret Hess Elizabeth ZajacDirector PICAC Project Officer

INTRODUCTION


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The Federal Republic of Germany, or‘Deutschland’, covers 356,866 sq kilometres(see map), is divided into sixteen states (or‘Laender’) and covers a vast amount of theEuropean continent. Germany also has fourdistinct topographic regions – the NorthernUplands, Central Lowlands, AlpineForelands and the Alps.

Migration experienceFor much of the period of Europeansettlement in Australia, the Germany-borncommunity has been the largest groupwhose first language is not English.

While German migration began in the 19thcentury and is ongoing to this time, thepost World War II years from 1952 to

BACKGROUND


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1961 were the height of Germany-bornmigration, and often occurred for economicreasons.

During these years Australia providedassisted passage for 3,000 Germans perannum. At the end of the 20th century, theGermany-born in Australia was in slowdecline after peaking in 1986.

Australian statisticsAs at the 2001 Census, 108,240 personsfrom a German background have settled inall Australian States, with Queenslandbeing the third largest State behind NSWand Victoria. Of the total Germany-bornpopulation in Australia (2001 Census):• 27% are aged over 65 years;• 61% have either a trade or tertiary

qualification (which is higher than for the Australia-born population at 46%);

• 60.1% were employed in a skilled occupation, 26.1% in semi-skilled and 13.8% in unskilled jobs; and

• males comprised 51.6% and females 48.4%; and

• their ancestry includes German (72,5%), Polish (6%), Ukrainian (1.9%) plus others (eg Turkish, Greek, Swiss, Austrian)(source: German Community Information Summary, DIMIA, 2003)

Queensland has 17.7 % (or 19,140 persons)of this total population and they havesettled across Queensland. WithinQueensland, individuals born in Germanyand aged 60+ years represent some 7,358individuals and are the second highestethnic group in Queensland.

Due to the length of time in Australia,Germany-born persons have a well-established network of services andactivities (eg German Club) in most Statesof Australia and key regional centres ineach State.

The above data means the person youare caring for is most likely to havebeen well educated, have worked in askilled job outside the home and beenpart of established social andrecreational links to other Germany-born persons.

Customs in everyday lifeFormal manners are important.

Greetings. A handshake is the mostcommon form of greeting upon meeting orleaving and applies at almost every timethey meet. In mixed company a woman’shand is shaken before a mans’.

Referring to others. Except with closefriends, most Germans prefer the use oftitles (eg Mrs or ‘Frau’ in German) andsurnames OR professional titles (eg ‘Doktor’or ‘Professor’) until such times as you aregiven permission to use the more familiar“you”, Christian name, nickname or petname or diminutive name. The use of theperson’s name is particularly importantwhere the person has dementia and mayhave reverted to their culture of originnaming protocols.

Gestures. It is considered an insult topoint your index finger to ones forehead.Instead of crossing ones fingers for luck,Germans, depending on the region where


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they live, either a) place the thumb insideof a closed fist OR b) place the thumb ontop of the index finger. Either formation isthen thrust forward, in a motion notdissimilar to the action used whensignalling.

Entering a room. It is courteous to standwhen a woman or the host enters a room.It is also considered good etiquette formales to open doors for females.

Attire. Sloppy or overly casual clothing isinappropriate in public.

Taboos. If discussing the holocaust andWorld War II this needs to be talked aboutwith tact, as the presumption by othersthat Fascist ideas are somehow part oftheir national culture is offensive.

The above customs are from a time inwhich the older generation lived andwere raised. They may not be evidentin the younger generations, nor dothey necessarily apply to everyGermany-born aged person. It isimportant YOU check on whetheradherence to these, or other customsunique to their region of origin, is to be used with that Germany-bornperson.

Cultural stereotypes Germans have the reputation for beingindustrious, thrifty and orderly who tendto talk in a manner that is seen as ‘givingorders’. They can be viewed as overlydisciplined, humourless and domineeringwith a penchant for continualimprovement and modernisation.

The German heritage is associated withhigh culture in terms of theatre, drama,literature, art, concerts and operaWhilst identifying as German, each personalso has a strong sense of regional culturalidentity. There are diverse cultural andsocial differences between the 16 States ofGermany. The region in which the personlived will impact on the person’spreferences related to such things asfestivals, newspaper, food, drink, clothing,cultural personality, music and languagedialect etc.

It should be remembered this is justone view and does not apply to everyGermany-born person. This realitymeans YOU should establish eachGermany-born person’s preferences.

Having established this person’spreferences be careful not to replace onecultural stereotype with another related towhat should be considered stereo-typically‘German’. (Source: Lonely Planet Guide)

For more information“The Germany-born community”,Community Information Summary,Department of Immigration andMulticultural and Indigenous Affairs(DIMIA), 2003. Available as a PDF documentfrom the following web address:http://www.immi.gov.au/statistics/stat_info/comm_summ/summary.htm


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Family structureBoth parents often work. Large families arenot common, even in rural areas with theaverage family having 1 or 2 children. It isnot uncommon for people to have livedtogether before marriage, with themarriage being a legal one as opposed to areligious ceremony, which is consideredoptional.

Elderly persons are encouraged to stay intheir own homes for as long as possible.Often family members offer support oradopt the role of carers with the assistanceof in-home care programs if needed.

Tradition is dear to the German heart.Order, duty, responsibility and achievementare traditional family values, which canresult in tight family units that clingtogether. In comparison to othercommunities, Germans tend to have astrong individualistic outlook on life.

Attitudes to residential careResidential care is seen by elderly Germansas the last option and other in-homesupport programs will be accessed toprolong independence for as long aspossible. For many older Germans leavinghome and moving into communal livingarrangements is equivalent to losing theirindependence.

Where residential placement happens thisis often due to the loss of family membersor family networks, rather than as apreference of the person. (source: www.dw-world.de/select_html/0,,,00.html)

If you need help to provide culturallyappropriate care, the assistance of the PICAC Project Officer is availablefree of charge to your agency or theresident. This service is restricted tothe greater metropolitan Brisbane and Townsville. For more informationon PICAC contact Diversicare on (07) 3846 1099.

FAMILY


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The routines and preferences surroundingthe following personal hygiene activitiesgreatly impact on the person’s sense ofself, pride, dignity and confidence.

BathingWhilst there are no specific cultural normsin bathing, most Germany-born personswant a shower daily.

DressThere are cultural norms surroundingstandard of dress whereby sloppy or overlycasual dress in public may be seen asinappropriate. Clothing also needs to be ingood repair and ironed.

What is considered ‘appropriate’ standard of dress is individual and will be influenced by the region in which theylived.

GroomingMen and women look after themselves and are concerned about how they look.Women will prefer to wear makeup,jewellery, nail polish, perfume and haveneat hair, that is be well groomed. Men tend to use cologne/aftershave,clipping nasal and ear hair and trimmingnails etc.

It is important each person’spreferences in their dress, bathing,grooming etc are established as partof their care plan.

People who lived and paid taxes in othercountries are often eligible for a partialpension payment from that country.Australia has reciprocal arrangements inplace with Germany regarding the paymentof pensions. The Australian Governmentsupplements that payment if it falls belowthe level of the Australian pension.Problems with Centrelink can arise for theperson if he/she fails to notify Centrelinkof any increase in the foreign pensionamount. In this situation the Australiansupplement is reduced according to theincrease amount. Failure to notifyCentrelink can result in a debt and finebeing imposed by Centrelink.

Where a Germany-born person is accessinga pension from Germany, the GermanConsulate every year, sends out adocument (called the‘Lebensbescheinigungen’) that is proof ofbeing alive. Completion of this form isnecessary to ensure continued access tothe German Pension fund. Therefore it isimportant that the consulate be informedof any change in residential address.

The German Honorary Consul10 Eagle Street, Brisbane, 4000 Ph (07) 3221 7819

Consulate-General of the FederalRepublic of Germany13 Trelawney StreetWoollahra, Sydney, 2025Ph (02) 9328 [email protected]

PENSIONSPERSONAL HYGIENE


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The German Honorary ConsulShop 11 The Conservatory,12 Lake Street, Cairns, 4870Ph (07) 4041 5344

For more informationCheck your local telephone directory foryour local Centrelink office

Diversicare has available a directory for theGerman-speaking community in Brisbaneand South-East Queensland up to HerveyBay. This directory in both English andGerman is a listing of known contacts inthe areas of: Consulates, Organisations,Cultural groups, Social groups, Media,Travel agencies, Miscellaneous, Fooddistributors, Restaurants/cafes

Phone Diversicare for this directory on (07) 3846 1099

The Germans are active people who alsolike to travel. They like being in theoutdoors eg. walking, hiking or simplysitting outside.

German people are especially interested in sports, especially soccer, tennis or the German equivalent to ten-pin bowling(‘kegeln’). They tend to belong to a diverserange of clubs or eg chess, board games,and card games like ‘skat’, which requires a minimum of 3 people (see Appendix A for rules of the game). Craft work (eg. knitting, embroidery, cross-stitch ortapestry) is also popular with Germanwomen.

They are social people, enjoying drinkswith colleagues and friends or sing-a-longs(as opposed to more formal arrangementslike choirs) with folk songs beingpreferred.

Many Germans, even those who have livedin cities, have an allotment of land andenjoy growing vegetables and flowers intheir leisure time. Even a box or someboxes in which to grow vegetables can bevery fulfilling to an elderly Germany-bornperson. This cultural inclination for home-grown food can often be manifested in apreference for organic food.

It is also a common to have pot plant andpotted flowers inside the house (eg.geraniums, marigolds, African violets).

LEISURE ANDRECREATION


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Elderly women often like to makepreserves, jams, compotes and cakes orpastries. These delicacies can featureheavily in a coffee and cake/pastries ritualscalled ‘kaffeeklatsch’ whereby 2 or morepeople gather after 3pm, and over coffeeand cakes, discuss current events.

The above information can assist indeveloping diversional therapyactivities eg tending potted flowersthat are kept in the person’s roomand/or a small box of vegetables keptin a communal area and/or cookingcakes or pastries, craft work and/orcard, chess or board games. However,YOU need to check with eachindividual his or her preferences inregard to the above.

Daily RoutineGermany-born persons like a routine (eg when he/she rises or retires, bathes,when to have meals etc, observance of the kaffeeklatsch as afternoon tea etc).They generally have a structured pattern tothe day and like sticking to these times.

You need to establish with eachindividual his/her preferences relatedto his/her daily routine and timings.

Social groupsA diverse range of German social groupsmeet. The German clubs in various parts ofQueensland exist to provide communityfunctions, arts in particular music,information and education and can oftentell you of the various social groups thatexist. Contact details are:

German Club416 Vulture Street, Brisbane, Qld 4169 Ph (07) 3391 2434

German Club Gold CoastJondique/Gooding Drive, Carrara, GoldCoast, Qld 4211 Ph (07) 5530 4925

German Club Sunshine CoastDoesn’t have its own club house Ph (07) 549 331 Kaethe Heim

German Club Hervey BayDoesn’t have its own club house Ph (07) 4128 2486 Kurt Jurke

German Australian Club Inc.Casey St (cnr Aitken St) Aitkenvale 4814 Ph (07) 4775 7844

Germania Club Cairns57 Winkworth St Cairns 4870 Ph (07) 4051 3925

TelevisionThe SBS television network is available in major cities in Queensland. SBS providesGerman-speaking movies, serials andMonday to Friday news bulletin.

SBS television programming can bedownloaded from their website by going to the following address www.sbs.com.au/whatson/index.php3then choose what you are interested infrom the listed menu.


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In greater metropolitan Brisbane, Briz 31also has a daily program called ‘DWJournal’ which screens Monday to Friday at 10am, 6.30pm and 11.30pm plusSaturday at 6pm and Sundays at 11am.

Briz 31 programming can be downloadedfrom their website by going to thefollowing address http://briz31.tv/news.asp

Check your TV program guide or thewebsite for local viewing time as theymay change in rural areas or acrosstime zones.

MoviesGerman language DVDs are often availablefor purchase at large Department stores(eg Big W). It is important you check onthe back of the DVD for the list oflanguages in which it is available.

It is also possible to purchase German-language movies from the website by doing a search, eg:http://multilingualbooks.com/foreignvids.html

You can search the Brisbane City Councillibrary catalogue via its language collectionby going to the following website andchoosing the preferred language which will then take you to a screen where you choose your category of interest (eg movies, books, music, DVDs):www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/uhtbin/cgisirsi/7U2zA3lL2U/44230061/1/1246/X

RadioBroadcasting in German language occurson SBS:• Mondays 8.30 – 9.15pm• Tuesdays 3 – 3.45pm• Fridays 9.30 – 10.15 am• Saturdays 11.30am – 12.30pm

SBS radio programming (SBS radio 2 – 97.7or SBS radio – 1 1107) can be downloadedfrom their website by going to thefollowing address: www.sbs.com.au/radio/then choose “radio schedule” on the leftside of the screen.

In greater metropolitan Brisbane, it is alsopossible to tune into 4EB (Fm 98.1) andtheir program guide can be downloadedfrom their website at the followingaddress:http://www.4eb.org.au/progguide.htm

Germany's international broadcaster,‘Deutsche Welle’ can also be listened overthe web by logging onto the followingwebsite and choosing preferred language: www.dw-world.de/

Check your radio program guide orthe website for local listening timesas they may change in rural areas oracross time zones.


NewspapersAs mentioned earlier, the region in whichthe person lived in Germany can affecthis/her preferred newspaper. There are 4ways to access some German-languagenewspapers:

1) A German language newspaper isavailable in Brisbane from the followingnewsagencies:• Supa News, Level A, 91 Queen St 4000,Brisbane City Centre, Phone: (07) 3221 0211• GPO News, GPO Lane, Brisbane CityCentre Phone: (07) 3229 2888• Village news, Toowong Village CentrePhone: (07) 38701644

2) Go to the following web addresshttp://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspxand access a copy of the followingnewspapers:• Hamburger Morgenpost• Handelsblatt• Kicker• Rheinische Post• Sueddeutsche Zeitung StadtAusgabe

3) The following web address gives youaccess to ALL newspapers producednationally or in the towns listed eg.choosing Hamburg leads to a listing of 5newspapers from which to choose todownload.hhtp://www.mediatico.com/en/newspapers/europe/germany/

4) You can search on the web using thename of the publication. For example, thefollowing are available free from theindicated websites:

• Die Woche in Australien - www.woche.com.au/_inhalt/abo.htm

• Tuttlinger Woche - www.diewoche.org/• Die Woche der Entscheidung -

www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&q=die+woche+&meta=

If the person cannot use a computer,do not forget you can access theinternet and load these newspapersand print all or some pages whichcan then be given to the person toread at their leisure.

BooksGermany-born persons like reading andBrisbane City Council libraries (theIndooroopilly and Ashgrove librariesespecially) have a variety of books inGerman. Regardless of your location inQueensland it is possible to arrange tohave these books sent to your local libraryfor a small fee.

You can search the Brisbane City Councillibrary catalogue via its language collectionby going to the following website andchoosing the preferred language which willthen take you to a screen where youchoose your category of interest (egmovies, books, music, DVDs):www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/uhtbin/cgisirsi/7U2zA3lL2U/44230061/1/1246/X

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Every council library in Queenslandborrows from the Qld State Library.The State Library itself has 100,000german-language resources (books,videos, CDs) which your local librarycan arrange to borrow for a small fee. You can do a search of the StateLibrary resources (which will list theresource, type of resource and callnumber) by going to the followingweb address:http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/find/cat

Talking books in spoken German can bedifficult to obtain from libraries. There aresome in the German Club in Brisbane butborrowing rights is limited to membersand the person would need to come to theclub for pick-up and drop off of the tapes.

ONLY for those persons who are visuallyimpaired and a member of the Qld BlindFoundation, it is possible to borrow fromits talking book library which has 200German-language taped books. You willneed to complete an application form, andif approved, borrowing rights then apply.Contact 1300 654 656 to obtain a referralform.

MusicMusic is very important to Germany-bornpersons regardless of gender. It is a strongcultural expression of who that person isand the region he/she lived in.

The key thing to remember with music is alikely personal preference for music of theera in which they were teenagers or intheir twenties.

The larger specialty music stores can orderGerman music or you can purchase from

the larger music stores on their websiteseg. Sanity’s web address allows you tosearch for German-language music andCDs. Their web address is: http://www.sanity.com.au

You can search the Brisbane City Councillibrary catalogue via its language collectionby going to the following website andchoosing the preferred language which willthen take you to a screen where youchoose your category of interest (egmovies, books, music, DVDs):www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/uhtbin/cgisirsi/7U2zA3lL2U/44230061/1/1246/X

Please note, a fee may apply for organisinginter-library loans.

Again establish each individual’spreferences and check whether familymembers can assist in finding Germanlanguage books, videos, DVD, musicetc.

For more informationRefer to Diversicare’s MulticulturalResource Directory (2004) for more detailed information about sources andother options.

Diversicare also has available a directoryfor the German-speaking community inBrisbane and South-East Queensland up toHervey Bay. This directory in both Englishand German is a listing of known contactsin the areas of: Consulates, Organisations,Cultural groups, Social groups, Media,Travel agencies, Miscellaneous, Fooddistributors, Restaurants/cafes.

Phone Diversicare for this directory on (07) 3846 1099.

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ProfileMost Germans belong to a church, even if they may in practice not be regularattendees.

Of the total Germany-born population inAustralia the major religions are:• Roman Catholic (29%);• Lutheran (28.4%);• Protestant (4.7%); and• 15.8% stated 'No Religion'.

There are also small numbers of peoplewho follow the Jewish and Islamic faiths.(source: German Community Information Summary,DIMIA, 2003)

Remember there can be a differencebetween nominating a particular religionand practising that religion in oneseveryday life (or whether all or only somerituals/practices within that religion areobserved).

Equally, just because a person, whenyounger did not practise or observe theirreligion does not mean that as the personages, he/she might now wish to practise.

YOU need to establish each person’sreligious preferences and link him/herinto a local minister of that religion.

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RELIGION


Important daysThere are a variety of special events as State, city and local level.

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Festivity

Easter(or ‘Ostern’)

Pentacost or Pfingsten

MuenchnerOktoberfest

All Souls’ Day

Carnival

St Nicholas Day

Advent

Month / Date

Commences on PalmSunday (or‘Palmsonntag’), theSunday before Easter

Green Thursday(or‘Gruendonnerstag’)is the Thursday priorto Good Friday

Good Friday (or‘Karfreitag’)

Easter Sunday(or ‘Ostersonntag’)

40 days after EasterSunday

14 days prior to 1stSunday in October

1st November

11th November andcontinues until ShroveTuesday

6th December

Commences 4Sundays beforeChristmas and isobserved each Sundayin the lead up toChristmas

Customary practices

Twigs of pussy willow are consecrated inchurch and kept at home to protect againstharm

This is the day to clean the house, brushoff clothes. The colour green is symbol ofbeing cleansed from sin and keeps one safein the coming year. Green foods aretraditionally eaten.

No meat is eaten, only fish or eggs

Celebrated with candles, flowers and ringingof Church bells. Lamb and yeast cakes aretraditional. Easter egg (made by the EasterHare or ‘osterhase’) hunt occurs on thisday

Person is likely to want to go to churchHaving a meal

Drinking of beer, sauerkraut, grilled chickenand having fun.

Person may want to go to Church

First day commences with speeches at itslaunch. It is a time of fun, which mightmean they are not seen to observe theAustralian Remembrance hour

Time to give an apple, nuts or santa-shapedchocolates

There are 4 candles in a wreath and on the1st Sunday of Advent one candle is lit. Onthe 2nd Sunday 2 candles are lit and so onuntil all 4 candles are lit on the 4th Sundayof Advent.


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The above listing is not intended to beexhaustive; rather it lists the majorshared ‘special days’, you shouldcheck with the person or his/herfamily if there are other special days,which is important to that person.

Germans are hearty eaters, preferringcooked foods to salads.

Christmas(or ‘Weihnachten’)

New Year’s Eve (or‘Silvesterabend’)

Celebrated on 24thDecember (or ‘HeiligAbend’)

31st December

Christmas tree (or ‘Weihnachtsbaum’) isdecorated on the 24th December with homemade ornaments eg straw stars, applesand beeswax candles.Usually go to early evening or midnightchurch service.24th December fish or vegetarian mealsare preferred25th December duck or goose is preferredHome made Christmas biscuits andChristmas cake (‘Stollen’) and gingerbread(‘Lebkuchen’)

Parties are held and at midnight, churchbells ring, toasts are made to the new year(‘Prosit Neujahr’) and people watchfireworks. Lucky symbols are horseshoes,marzipan pigs and chimney sweeps.


The typical German dietary staples arebread, potatoes, meat, sausages,vegetables, fruit, and milk products.

MealsBreakfast. Usually includes bread rolls,butter, jam, cheese, several sliced meats, ahard-boiled egg.

Lunch is the main meal of the day and canconsist of hot, cooked meat withvegetables including potato and bread.

Dinner (or supper time) can consist of anopen sandwich made from rye breadtopped with a variety of fillings (eg quark,cheese, wurst and sausages) or fish egsmoked or pickled herring.

Afternoon tea. Desserts or pastries arevery popular and particularly enjoyed atthis time. Black Forest cherry cake can be aparticular favourite. There is a commoncoffee and cake/pastries ritual called‘kaffeeklatsch’ whereby 2 or more peoplegather after 3pm, and over coffee andcakes, discuss current events.

On Fridays meat isn’t eaten instead it isreplaced with fish.

It is important to establish eachperson’s food preferences, cookingstyle (eg fried versus poached),quantity and timing of meals andrecorded as part of their care plan.

Food sourcesMore and more of the larger food stores eg Woolworths, Coles are stocking Germanfoods, and you should check what isavailable at these types of stores in thefirst instance.

Below are a list of known suppliers ofGerman foods in South-East Qld. For thosepersons outside of Brisbane, you couldphone and see if they can organize adelivery to your local area. There wouldobviously be additional costs.

German Butcher Heinz611 Stanley StreetWoolloongabba Qld 4102Ph (07) 33391 3530

Rene’s Smallgoods(German butcher)41 Tubbs StreetClontarf Qld 4019Ph (07) 3283 7711

Adam’s Continental Smallgoods206 Cobalt StreetCarole Park Qld 4300Ph (07) 3271 3044

Swiss Gourmet Deli181 Boundary StreetWest End Qld 4101Ph (07) 3844 2937

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FOOD AND DIET


Goetzinger Smallgoods5 Flagstone DriveWest Burleigh Qld 4220Ph (07) 5576 4787

Franz Continental Smallgoods15 Industrial AvenueCaloundra Qld 4551Ph (07) 5493 9366

Diversicare has available a directoryfor the German-speaking communityin Brisbane and South-EastQueensland up to Hervey Bay. Thisdirectory in both English and Germanis a listing of known contacts in theareas of: Consulates, Organisations,Cultural groups, Social groups, Media,Travel agencies, Miscellaneous, Fooddistributors, Restaurants/cafes.

Phone Diversicare for this directory on (07) 3846 1099.

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Bread

RyeSour doughwholemealand crustybread rolls

eaten at mostmeals

Cheeses

Quark+A variety ofcheeses

Vegetables

potatocabbagered cabbagebeetrootbeanscauliflowerasparagusbrusselsproutsspinach

Potatoesserved forlunch,mashed orgrated thenfried, chips.

Meat / Fish

sausages orwurstschnitzelroastspickled roastsgrilledchickenfish (smokedor fresh)

Fruit

Modest fruiteaters.

Bananas areoftenenjoyed.Beer andwine are themost populardrinks

Drinks

Beer andwine are themost populardrinks

Brewed orfiltered coffeeor tea

Herbal teas

Mineralwater

Fruit juice


Trauma situationsWorld War II is a subject that needs to behandled with tact. It should not beforgotten that Germany-born aged personshave lived through a very traumatic timearising from not just the war experiencebut also the years post-war when timeswere very tough. It is likely that manyfamilies were split up and relocated toareas thought safer than large towns.

Attitudes to illness and painGerman persons are often stoic about painand loathe seeing a doctor too quickly.He/she will try to cope with pain for aslong as possible mostly by trying to ignoreit. The person generally won’t talk about itunless a close friend or family membermentions any changes they have noticed.

Perception of healthprofessionalsGoing to health professionals is usual and Germany-born persons are used to the medical hierarchy (ie. Generalpractitioners for overall health withreferral to Specialists as needed for morein-depth treatment). These persons areviewed as professionals and will be treatedrespectfully by the patient.

The concept of self-help (eg exercises,rehabilitation programs) is also strong inthe Germany-born psyche.

It should be noted that whilst respectful of their professional status, the person willquestion the doctor freely eg asking aboutdrug side effects, the implications of theillness on their particular lifestyle etc.

Complementary medicine is also seen tohave an integral role in the health ofGermany-born persons, often alongsidewestern medicine. It is not uncommon forthe person to seek medical advice andmedication and then seek help from healthpractitioners eg. herbalist, naturopaths,homeopath or acupuncture and undertakea remedial exercise program.

This may mean YOU shouldn’tperceive a German person whoquestions a doctor or healthprofessional as being difficult. Norshould you consider the person as‘being difficult’ should he/she wants asecond opinion or to accesscomplementary medicines or sometype.

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HEALTH


Palliative CarePalliative care was not provided inGermany until after 1985. It is likely thatGermany-born elderly persons will beunaware that such services exist or what itentails. If the person does know somethingabout palliative care he/she has learnt thiswhilst resident in Australia.

DeathThe deceased is bathed and dressed in theclothes he/she has usually chosen beforedeath and these instructions given to afamily member.

According to individual religious beliefs theburial rites might differ slightly. In generalrelatives wear black clothing at the day ofthe burial. The spouse may choose to wearblack for up to 1 year (the year ofmourning).

Cremation or burial will be a personalchoice based more on religious beliefs thancultural norms.

It is important to establish eachperson’s wishes in the event ofpalliative care or death and recordedas part of their care plan.

Whilst there are various regional dialectsand accents, ‘Hochdeutsch’ German is theofficial language of German, and is spokenthroughout Germany, Austria and in muchSwitzerland. (source: Lonely Planet Guide)

However the language used at school andin the media is official German and not theGerman spoken at home.

Of the total Germany-born population inAustralia, German was the main languagespoken at home for 49,390 persons (or37.9%). Of this same population 95.6% alsospoke English very well or well. (source: German Community Information Summary,DIMIA, 2003)

This means German is used within thehome and family unit, but English isspoken outside or in public. You will alsofind that many elderly Germany-bornpersons will have developed a mix of bothlanguages, using both often in the samesentence. For example, a German persontalking in English may respond to aquestion using “Ja” which is German for ‘yes’.

YOU need to be aware that justbecause they once could speakEnglish, does not mean a) theynecessarily spoke it fluently orextensively OR b) they have retainedthese skills as he/she aged OR c) thatit is their preferred language.Speaking English can be tiring to theelderly – as they are engaging in atranslation-type of process.

21

LANGUAGEDEATH AND DYING


For more InformationA variety of language guides targeted athealth and everyday activities is availableat a cost from:HENDRIKA(HEalth aND Rapport InteractiveKommunication Aid)PO Box 326, Beaudesert, Qld, 4285 or viawebsite address: www.hendrika.com.au

Following is a sample of phrase cards,originally produced by the MulticulturalAccess Unit, Health Department of WesternAustralian (reproduced with the permissionof the Department of Health Library, Perth,Western Australia).

The cards are arranged under fiveheadings, in the following order:• Greetings• Food• Personal Care• Pain• Requests

These cards are available from Diversicare’sPICAC Project Officer by contacting on (07) 3846 1099

22

PHRASE CARDS


23

GERMANNURSING HOME PHRASE CARDS

These cards are designed to assist communication betweencarers and residents for everyday situations when there is nointerpreter present. Do not hesitate to use them-they havebeen made for staff who do not speak German. Rememberthat your efforts to speak a resident’s language will usually beseen as a mark of respect and recognition of their individuality.This is an excellent way of building rapport.

The cards are arranged under five headings, in the followingorder:GreetingsFoodPersonal CarePainRequests

For situations where an interpreter is needed (see page 22 ofNursing Home and Hostel Care: A Multicultural Resource Kitfor guidelines), telephone the Translating and InterpretingService (TIS) on 131 450 (24 hours).

Turn over for guidelines on using these phrase cards.

MULTICULTURAL ACCESS UNITHealth Department of Western Australia(09) 222 4222


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GERMANHOW TO USE THESEPHRASE CARDSThere are two ways to use these cards.

1. If the resident can read, you can point to the appropriatephrase in German on the card.

2. Otherwise, you should read the phrase aloud.Follow the phonetic pronunciation on the bottom line.Remember to speak clearly - don’t hurry - and don’t worryif you have to repeat a phrase.

Note that in the phonetic version, a word may be dividedwith hyphens to clearly indicate separate syllable(stressed syllables are underlined).

MULTICULTURAL ACCESS UNITHealth Department of Western Australia(09) 222 4222


25

GERMAN

YES NOJA NEIN* YA *NINE

GOOD MORNINGGUTEN MORGEN*GOOTN MORGN

TIME TO GET UPES IST ZEIT, AUFZUSTEHEN*ESS IST TSSITE OWF-TSOO-SHTAIRN

HOW ARE YOU?WIE GEHT ES IHNEN?*VEE GAIRT ES EENEN?

IT IS OKAY, DO NOT WORRYES IST ALLES IN ORDNUNG, MACHEN SIE SICH KEINE SORGEN*ESS IST ALLES IN ORDNOONG, MARKHEN ZEE ZISH KINE-NA SORGN

GUIDE(top line) English(middle line) German*Phonetic pronunciation (underlining indicates stressed syllable)

GREETINGS


26

GERMAN


GOOD NIGHT, REST WELLGUTE NACHT, SCHLAFEN SIE GUT*GOOTER NAHT, SHLARFEN ZEE GOOT

VERY GOODSEHR GUT*ZAIR GOOT

THANK YOUDANKE SCHÖN*DUNKER SHERN


GREETINGS


27

GERMAN


ARE YOU HUNGRY?HABEN SIE HUNGER?*HARBN ZEE HOONG-ER*

TIME TO EAT NOWJETZT KOMMT DAS ESSEN*YETST KOMT DAS ESSN

TIME FOR BREAKFASTDAS FRÜHSTÜCK IST DA*DAS FREW-SHTEWK IST DAR

MIDDAY MEAL LUNCHMITTAGESSEN*MITTARK-ESSN


FOOD


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GERMANYES NOJA NEIN* YA *NINE

EVENING MEAL (DINNER)ABENDESSEN*ARBENT-ESSN*

DO YOU WANT A DRINK?MÖCHTEN SIE ETWAS TRINKEN?*MERSHTN ZEE ETVAS TRINKN?

WOULD YOU LIKE TEA OR COFFEE?MÖCHTEN SIE TEE ODER KAFFEE?*MERSHTN ZEE TEH ORDER KUFFEH?

TEA COFFEETEE KAFFEE*TEH *KUFFEH

SUGAR, MILKZUCKER MILCH*TSOOKER *MILSH


FOOD


29


ARE YOU COMFORTABLE?IST ES SO ANGENEHM FÜR SIE“*IST ESS ZOH UN-GA-NAIRM FEWR ZEE?

WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIE DOWN?MÖCHTEN SIE SICH HINLEGEN*MERSHTEN ZEE ZISH HIN-LEGN?

ARE YOU TOO WARM?IST ES IHNEN ZU WARM?*IST ESS EENEN TSOO VARM?

ARE YOU TOO COLD?IST ES IHNEN ZU KALT?*IST ESS EENEN TSOO KULT?


PERSONAL CARE


30


DO YOU WANT TO GO TO THE TOILET?MÜSSEN SIE AUF DIE TOILETTE?*MEWSSN ZEE OWF DEE TOILETTER?

TRY TO USE YOUR BOWELS NOWVERSUCHEN SIE, IHREN DARM ZU ENTLEEREN*FER-ZOOKHEN ZEE EER’N DARM TSOO ENT-LAIRN

IT IS TIME FOR A SHOWER KNOWES IST ZEIT, SICH ZU DUSCHEN*ESS IST TSITE ZISH TSOO DOOSHN

I WOULD LIKE TO CLEAN YOUR TEETHICH MÖCHTE IHRE ZÄHNE PUTZEN*ISH MERSHTER EERA TSAIRNA POOTSEN


PERSONAL CARE


31


WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR NAILS CUT?MÖCHTEN SIE IHRE NÄGEL SCHNEIDEN LASSEN?MERSHTN ZEE EERA NAIRGL SCHNIDE-N LUSSEN?

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR TOE NAILS CUT?MÖCHTEN SIE IHRE ZEHNÄGEL SCHNEIDEN LASSEN?MERSHTN ZEE EERA TSAY-NAIRGL SCHNIDE-N LUSSEN?

WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR HAIR CUTMÖCHTEN SIE IHRE HAARE SCHNEIDEN LASSEN?MERSHTN ZEE EERA HAARA SCHNIDE-N LUSSEN?

WE WOULD LIKE TO WEIGH YOU NOWWIR MÖCHTEN SIE JETZT WIEGENVEER MERSHTN ZEE YETST VEEGN?


PERSONAL CARE


32


PLEASE TAKE YOUR MEDICINE NOW?NEHMEN SIE JETZT BITTE IHRE MEDIZIN EINNAIRMEN ZEE YETST BITTER EERA MEDDI-TSIN INE

PLEASE TAKE YOUR TABLETS NOWNEHMEN SIE JETZT BITTE IHRE TABLETTEN EINNAIRMEN ZEE YETST BITTER EERA TUBB-LET-N INE

TIME TO REST NOWJETZT IST ES ZEIT, SICH AUSZURUHENYETST IST ESS TSITE, ZISH OWS-TSOO-ROON


PERSONAL CARE


33


ARE YOU COMFORTABLE?IST ES SO ANGENEHM FÜR SIE?IST ESS ZOH UN-GA-NAIRM FEWR ZEE?

ARE YOU IN PAIN NOW?HABEN SIE SCHMERZEN?HARBN ZEE SHMAIRTSEN?

SHOW ME WHERE THE PAIN ISZEIGEN SIE MIR WO SIE SCHMERZEN HABENTS-EYE-GEN ZEE MEER VOH ZEE SHMAIRTSEN HARBN

IS IT A BURNING KIND OF PAIN?IST ES EINE ART BRENNENDER SCHMERZ?IST ESS EYE-NA ART BRENNENDA SHMAIRTS?


PAIN


34


IS IT AN ACHING KIND OF PAIN?IST ES EIN DUMPFER SCHMERZ?IST ESS INE DOOMFER SHMAIRTS?

IS IT A PRICKING KIND OF PAIN?IST ES EIN STECHENDER SCHMERZ?IST ESS INE SHTESH-ENDA SHMAIRTS?

DO YOU WANT MEDICINE FOR YOUR PAIN?MÖCHTEN SIE EIN SCHMERZSTILLENDES MITTEL?MERSHTN ZEE INE SHMAIRTS-SHTILL-ENDESS MITTL?


PAIN


35


PLEASE STAND UPSTEHEN SIE BITTE AUFSHTAIRN ZEE BITTER OWF

PLEASE SIT DOWNSETZEN SIE SICH BITTEZETSEN ZEE ZISH BITTER

TIME TO REST NOWJETZT IST ES ZEIT, SICH AUSZURUHENYETST IST ESS TSITE, ZISH OWS-TSOO-ROON

ARE YOU GOING OUT?GEHEN SIE AUS?GAIRN ZEE OWS?


REQUESTS


36


PLEASE COME WITH MEKOMMEN SIE BITTE MIT*KOMMEN ZEE BITTER MIT

PLEASE LIFT UP YOUR FOOTHEBEN SIE BITTE IHREN FUSSHAIRBN ZEE BITTER EER’N FOOS


REQUESTS


About SkatSkat is the national card game ofGermany, and one of the best card gamesfor 3 players. Skat is a three-handed tricktaking game. It is also quite often playedby four people, but there are still only 3active players in each hand; the dealer sitsout. Each active player is dealt 10 cardsand the remaining two form the skat. Eachhand begins with an auction. The winnerof the bidding becomes the declarer, andplays alone against the other two playersin partnership. The declarer has the rightto use the two skat cards to make a betterhand, and to choose the trump suit.

Some cards have point values, and thetotal number of card points in the pack is120. To win, the declarer has to take atleast 61 card points in tricks plus skat; theopponents win if their combined trickscontain at least 60 card points. Instead ofnaming a trump suit the declarer canchoose to play Grand (jacks are the onlytrumps) or Null (no trumps and thedeclarer's object is to lose all the tricks).

The value of the game, in game points,depends on the trumps chosen, thelocation of the top trumps (matadors) andwhether the declarer used the skat.Declarer generally wins the value of thegame if successful, and loses the gamevalue (doubled if the skat was exchanged)if unsuccessful. In is important to realisethat in Skat the card points, whichgenerally determine whether the declarerwins or loses, are quite separate from thegame points, which determine how muchis won or lost.

The Cards32 cards are used: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 in each suit.

German SuitsClubs acorns (Eichel)Spades leaves (Grün)Hearts hearts (Rot)Diamonds bells (Schellen)King king (König)Queen ober (Ober)Jack unter (Unter)

Ranking of CardsThe ranking of the cards depends on thegame the declarer chooses to play.

Suit games Irrespective of the suit chosen as trumps,the four jacks are the top four trumps,ranking in the fixed order: ♥ ♠ ♣ ♦

Then follow the remaining seven cards ofthe chosen suit, making eleven trumps inall, ranking from highest to lowest: Club J,Spade J, Heart J, Diamond J - A - 10 - K - Q -9 - 8 - 7.The other three suits each contain justseven cards ranking from high to low:A - 10 - K - Q - 9 - 8 - 7.

Grand The four jacks are the only trumps. Theyform a suit by themselves ranking fromhigh to low: Club J, Spade J, Heart J,Diamond J

37

Appendix A


The remaining four suits each containseven cards ranking from high to low:A - 10 - K - Q - 9 - 8 - 7.

Null There are no trumps. The eight cards ofeach suit rank from high to low:A - K - Q - J - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7.

Point values of the cardsIn suit games and Grand, the cards havethe following values:

Card: J A 10 K Q 9 8 7 Value: 2 11 10 4 3 0 0 0

The total value in the pack is 120 cardpoints.

The DealThe first dealer is chosen at random;thereafter the turn to deal rotatesclockwise. The dealer shuffles and theplayer to dealer's right cuts. The dealerdeals a batch of three cards to each player,then two cards face down in the centre ofthe table to form the skat, then a batch offour cards to each player, and finallyanother batch of three cards each. If thereare four players at the table, the dealerdeals to the other three players only, andtakes no further part in the hand.

The AuctionEach bid is a number which is the value ingame points. The possible bids aretherefore 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 33, 35,36, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55, 59, 60, etc.If you bid or accept a bid it means you areprepared to play a contract of at least thatvalue in game points.

The player to the dealer's left is calledforehand (F), the player to forehand's leftis middlehand (M), and the player tomiddlehand's left is rearhand (R). If thereare three players at the table R is thedealer; if there are four R is to dealer'sright. Throughout the bidding F is senior toM who is senior to R. The principle is thata senior player only has to equal a juniorplayer's bid to win the auction, whereas ajunior player has to bid higher than asenior player to win.

The first part of the auction takes placebetween F and M. M speaks first, eitherpassing or bidding a number. There is noadvantage in making a higher thannecessary bid so M will normally eitherpass or begin with the lowest bid: 18. If Mbids a number, F can either give up thechance to be declarer by saying "pass" orcompete by saying "yes", which means thatF bids the same number that M just bid. IfF says "yes", M can say "pass", or continuethe auction with a higher bid, to which Fwill again answer "yes" or "pass". Thiscontinues until either F or M drops out ofthe auction by passing - once havingpassed you get no further opportunity tobid on that hand.

The second part of the auction is similar tothe first part, but takes place between Rand the survivor of the first part (i.e.whichever of F and M did not pass. As thejunior player, R either passes or bids asuccession of numbers, the first of whichmust be higher than any numbermentioned in the first part of the auction.To each number bid by R, the survivormust answer "yes" or "pass". The winner ofthe second part of the auction becomes thedeclarer, and the bid is the last number thedeclarer said or accepted. 38


If both M and R pass without having bid,then F can either be declarer at the lowestbid (18), or can throw in the cards withoutplay. If the cards are thrown in there is no score for the hand, and the next dealer deals.

Examples: 1. F M R

18yes 20yes pass (F wins first part)

22yes 23yes 24pass (R is declarer in 24)

2. F M Rpass (F wins first part)18

yes pass (F is declarer in 18)

3. F M R18

pass (M wins first part)20

pass (R is declarer in 20)

To remember whose turn it is to start thebidding, German players sometimes say"geben, hören, sagen" (deal, listen, speak),pointing in turn to dealer, forehand andmiddlehand. If middlehand forgets tobegin, forehand can start procedings bysaying "I'm forehand" or "I'm listening", or"Speak to me!".

The Possible ContractsIf you win the bidding you are entitled topick up the two skat cards, add them toyour hand without showing them to theother players, and discard any two cardsface down. The cards discarded mayinclude one or both of the cards picked up,

and their value counts along with yourtricks. Having discarded, you declare yourgame. If you looked at the skat, yourcontract is a skat game. There are sevenpossibilities:

Diamonds, Hearts, Spades, Clubs(in which the named suit is trumps and the declarer tries to take at least 61 card points), Grand (in which the jacks are the onlytrumps and the declarer tries to take atleast 61 card points), Null (in which there are no trumps andthe declarer tries to lose every trick), Null Ouvert (Open Null) (like Null butwith declarer's cards are exposed).

You may choose not to look at the skatcards, but to play with the 10 cards youwere originally dealt. If you don't look atthe skat you are playing a hand game, andagain there are seven possibilities:Diamonds Hand, Hearts Hand, Spades Hand,Clubs Hand, Grand Hand, Null Hand andNull Ouvert Hand. In this case no one mustlook at the skat cards until after the play.

If you are declarer in a Suit Hand or GrandHand game, you can increase the value ofthe game by announcing Schneider(undertaking to win at least 90 cardpoints), or Schwarz (undertaking to winall the tricks), or Open (Ouvert)(undertaking to win all the tricks withyour cards exposed). Such announcementsmust be made before the lead to the firsttrick. These announcements are notallowed if declarer has looked at theskat. Also (obviously) they do not apply inNull games.

39


The PlayPlay is clockwise. No matter who is thedeclarer, forehand always leads to the firsttrick. Players must follow suit if they can. A player with no card of the suit led mayplay any card. Note that in Suit and Grandgames the jacks belong to the trump suit,not to the suits marked on them. Forexample if hearts are trumps, the jack ofclubs is the highest heart, and hasnothing whatever to do with the club suit.

A trick is won by the highest card of thesuit led, unless it contains a trump, inwhich case the highest trump wins it. The winner of a trick leads to the next.

If you are declarer in a Suit or Grandgame you win if the cards in your tricks plus the skat contain at least 61 card points. The opponents win if theircombined tricks contain at least 60 cardpoints.

If the declarer's opponents take 30 pointsor fewer in tricks, they are Schneider. Ifthey take 31 or more they are said to beout of Scheider. If they take no tricks at all,they are Schwarz. The same applies to thedeclarer - as declarer, you are Schneider ifyou win 30 card points or less includingthe skat, and Schwarz if you lose everytrick. Note that Schwarz depends on tricksnot points - if a side wins just one trickand it has no card points in it, that issufficient to get them out of Schwarz.

If you are declarer in Null or Null Ouvert,you win the game if you manage to loseevery trick. If you take a trick, you havelost and the play of the hand ceases atthat point.

If you are declarer in an Open (Ouvert)contract - i.e. you are playing Null Ouvertor have announced Open in a Suit orGrand contract - you have to spread outyour hand face up on the table before thelead to the first trick. Play then proceedsnormally, and you play from your exposedhand. The opponents are not allowed todiscuss tactics.

Calculating the Value of the Game Suit and Grand contractsThe value of a Suit or Grand contract isobtained by multiplying together twonumbers: the base value and the multiplier.The base value depends on the trump suitas follows:

Contract Base value ♦ Diamonds 9♥ Hearts 10♠ Spades 11♣ Clubs 12Grand 24

40


The multiplier is the sum of all applicableitems from the following table:

Note that all applicable multipliers count -for example

• if you make the opponents Schwarz, you count the matadors, game, Schneider and Schwarz multipliers;

• if you announce and make Schneider you count matadors, game, Hand, Schneider and Schneider announced;

• if you announce and make Schwarz you count matadors, game, Hand, Schneider, Schneider announced, Schwarz, Schwarz announced.

Open contracts are extremely rare: you canonly play open if you did not look at theskat and you also undertake to win everytrick. By implication, an open contractincludes announcements of Schneider andSchwarz, so you count: matadors, game,Hand, Schneider, Schneider announced,Schwarz, Schwarz announced, and Open.

41

Multiplier Skat game Hand game Matadors 1 each 1 each(with or against)Game (always applies) 1 1Hand (declarer did not n/a 1look at the skat)Schneider (one side took 1 190 or more card points)Schneider announced n/a 1Schwarz (one side took 1 1every trick)Schwarz announced n/a 1Open n/a 1

(n/a = not applicable)


MatadorsThe jack of clubs and any top trumps inunbroken sequence with it are calledmatadors. If as declarer you have such asequence in your original hand plus theskat, you are with that number ofmatadors. If there is such a sequence inthe opponents' combined hands, declarer isagainst that number of matadors.

Examples of matadors (Hearts andTrumps)

Note that for the purposes of matadors,cards in the skat count as part ofdeclarer's hand, even though in a Handgame declarer does not know what is inthe skat when choosing the game.

The game multiplier is always counted,whether declarer wins or loses. The calculation of the value of a gamesounds something like this: "with 2, game3, Schneider 4, 4 times spades is 44". The declarer must always be with oragainst at least one matador (the jack ofclubs must be somewhere), so the smallestpossible multiplier is 2, and the smallestpossible game value (and the lowestpossible bid) is 18.

42

Declarer has: Declarer is:♣ J, ♥ J, ♦ J, ♠ A, ♠ 10, ♠ Q, ♠ 9 with 1 ♣ J, ♠ J, ♥ J, ♦ J, ♥ A, ♦ 10, ♥ K with 7J, ♥ J, ♥ A, ♥ K, ♥ Q, ♥ 7 against 1♦ J, ♥ A, ♥ 10, ♥ K, ♥ Q, ♥ 7 against 3


Null contractsThese are easy to score. Each possible Nullcontract has a fixed value unaffected bymultipliers. As with all contracts, anunsuccessful declarer loses twice the valueof the game. The Null values are:

These rather eccentric looking numbers arechosen to fit between the other contractvalues, each being slightly below a multipleof 12.

The ScoringIf declarer wins the game and the value ofthe game is as least as much as the bid,then the value of the game is added to thedeclarer's cumulative score. If the declarerloses the game and the value of the gameis as least as much as the bid, then twicethe value of the game is subtracted fromthe declarer's score. If the value of thedeclarer's game turns out to be less thanthe bid then the declarer automaticallyloses - it does not matter how many cardpoints were taken. The amount subtractedfrom the declarer's score is twice the leastmultiple of the base value of the gameactually played which would have fulfilledthe bid.

If as declarer you announce Schneider buttake less than 90 card points, or if youannounce Schwarz or Open and lose atrick, you lose, counting all the multipliersyou would have won if you had succeeded.

For examples of scoring go to :http://www.pagat.com/schafk/skat.html#general

To play a game:For an electronic version of skat go to:http://www.gamedesire.com/online.game-skat.html

43

Contract Fixed Value Amount lost if unsuccessfulNull 23 46Null Hand 35 70Null Ouvert 46 92Null Ouvert Hand 59 118


Diversicare Resources• Directory of Services for the German-

speaking community in Brisbane and South-East Queensland up to Hervey Bay, 2005. This directory in both English and German is a listing of known contacts in the areas of - Consulates, Organisations, Cultural groups, Social groups, Media, Travel agencies, Miscellaneous, Food distributors, Restaurants/cafes

• Cultural Diversity Resource Directory for Residential and Community Care Agencies, 2005. Lists all known resources under chapter headings of – Communication, Cultural background, Health and Personal Care, Lifestyle, Legal, Management, Resources.

Phone Margaret Hess, Director, Diversicarefor these resources on (07) 3849 1099

Useful websitesWestern Australia www.health.wa.gov.au/mau/

New South Waleswww.mhcs.health.nsw.gov.au/health-public-affairs/mhcs/resources/index.html#top

Victoriawww.healthtranslations.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcht.nsf/CategoryDoc/PresentCategory?Open

Federal Governmentwww.ageing.health.gov.au/publicat/multilin.htm

www.ageing.health.gov.au/publicat/pubindex.htm

Cross Cultural Health Program (USA)www.xculture.org/resource/order/index.cfm?Category=Articles

Centre for Culture Ethnicity andHealth - Video Cataloguehttp://www.ceh.org.au/video_catalogue.htm

Alzheimers Australiawww.alzheimers.org.au/content.cfm?categoryid=14

Alzheimer’s Australia NSW www.alzheimers.org.au

Queensland Health – MulticulturalHealth Publicationswww.health.qld.gov.au/publications/restopicmaster.asp?Rec=40&frmHealthTopic=MulticulturalHealth

Queensland Transcultural Mental Health Centrewww.health.qld.gov.au/pahospital/qtmhc/multilingual_resources.asp

Cancer Foundationhttp://www.cancerindex.org/clinks13.htm

Nutrition Australiawww.nutritionaustralia.org

44

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES


Information lines

Aged and Community CareInformation Line 1800 500 853

Carelink 1800 052 222

LibrariesOrganisations must be registered toborrow

Diversicare Ph (07) 3846 1099

Blue Care Ph (07) 3377 3327

St Lukes Nursing ServicePh (07) 3421 2846

Queensland Transcultural MentalHealth Centre Ph (07) 3240 2833

HACC Resource UnitPh (07) 3350 8653

Alzheimers Association Ph (07) 3857 4043

45


Please complete the following page if youare aware of either incorrect details or youknow of additional resources that shouldbe included.

Correction

Additional Resources / contact

46

CORRECTION/ ADDITION FORM

Listed item Correction

Title:

Page:

Contact details Description of resource

Title: (include whether Person contact, Book, tool, video, article, course)

Publisher:

Address:

Phone:

Website:

Send this form:

Post FaxDiversicare Attention: Margaret HessPO Box 5199 DiversicareWest End Qld 4101 FAX: 3846 1107

Thank you for your assistance in keeping this document current.


41 – 51 Thomas Street West End Q 4101PO Box 5199 West End Q 4101Ph 07 3846 1099 Fax 3846 1107

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