Getting to California

____________ - name given to the scandal that did not just include a break-in at the DNC headquarters but other illegal activities and cover-ups that took place under Nixon.

____________ - (CREEP) organization put together to ensure that Nixon was reelected in 1972 even if it included illegal fundraising and other activities

____________ - system used in the Oval Office of the White House that allowed Nixon to keep track of all of his private conversations, but also provided evidence of the cover up

____________ - Nixon attempts to have the special prosecutor Archibald Cox fired by ordering the Attorney General to do it. AG refuses Nixon fires him and others to get it done.

____________ - Nixon’s vice president is forced to resign for taking bribes (unrelated to Watergate) and is replaced by Gerald Ford.

____________ - articles approved by the House in August of 1974 that would allow a trail to begin in the Senate. Instead Nixon resigns the presidency and Ford becomes President.

Ch 27 Sec 2: The Watergate Scandal

Intro 3

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter ObjectivesSection 2: The Watergate Scandal

• Describe the character of Richard Nixon and the attitude of his White House.

• Explain the Watergate scandal and discuss its effects.

Section 2-1


Guide to Reading

During his second term, President Nixon became embroiled in a scandal that ultimately forced him to resign.

• Sam J. Ervin

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• John Dean • executive privilege

• impeach

• Federal Campaign Act Amendments

Section 2-4

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.



The Roots of Watergate


• The Watergate scandal began as the Nixon administration attempted to cover up its involvement in the break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters, as well as other illegal actions committed during Nixon’s re-election campaign.

(pages 838–840)(pages 838–840)


The Roots of Watergate


• Richard Nixon had become defensive, secretive, and resentful of his critics during his long and difficult climb to the presidency.

(pages 838–840)(pages 838–840)

• He went as far as creating an “enemies list,” naming people from politicians to members of the media.

• In an effort to win re-election, Nixon and his team looked for ways to gain an edge anyway they could.

• On June 17, 1972, five Nixon supporters broke into the Democratic Party’s headquarters to locate campaign information and install wiretaps on telephones.

The Roots of Watergate (cont.)


(pages 838–840)(pages 838–840)

• Discovered by a security guard, the burglars were arrested.

• One of the burglars, James McCord, was an ex-CIA official and a member of the Committee for the Re-election of the President (CREEP).



(pages 838–840)(pages 838–840)

• As the questions about the break-ins began, the cover-up started.

• Although it is thought that Nixon did not order the break-in, it is believed that he did order the cover-up.



(pages 838–840)(pages 838–840)

• Most Americans believed the president when he claimed he had no involvement in the break-in, and Nixon won re-election in 1972.

FYI 2-1

June 17th, 1972 - five men are arrested for breaking into the Democratic National headquarters in the Watergate hotel in Washington DC

Nov. 7th, 1972 - Nixon wins a landslide reelection (2nd greatest in American history)

Only 50% of Americans had even heard about Watergate

Watergate – 1972 Timeline

The Cover-Up Unravels


• In 1973 the Watergate burglars went on trial.

• Defendant James McCord agreed to cooperate with the grand jury investigation and the Senate’s Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, established under Senator Sam J. Ervin of North Carolina.

• McCord’s testimony created a floodgate of confessions, and officials and White House staff exposed illegalities.

(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

• Counsel to the president John Dean leveled allegations against Nixon himself.

• John Dean testified before Senator Erwin’s committee that Attorney General John Mitchell ordered the Watergate break-in and Nixon was active in its cover-up.

The Cover-Up Unravels (cont.)


(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

“I don’t give a s*** what happens, I want you to stonewall it, let them plead the 5th Amendment, cover-up or anything else, if it’ll save the plan”

- Richard Nixon

• On July 16, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to record all conversations to help him write his memoirs once he left office.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

FYI 2-1

Feb 7th - Senate begins an investigation of the election

April 30th - H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and attorney John Dean III all resign,

Nixon denies knowing about the break in

May 11th - charges are dropped against Ellsberg for releasing the Pentagon Papers after it is learned that the “plumbers” had broken into his psychiatrist’s office

June 25th - John Dean III testifies that Nixon authorized the “hush money”

July 16th - Alexander Butterfield a White House aide testifies that Nixon had a “taping system” in the White House Oval Office


• These tapes were sought by all groups investigating the scandal. Nixon refused to hand over the tapes, pleading executive privilege–the principle that White House conversations be kept confidential to protect national security.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox insisted that Richard Nixon turn over the tapes. In order to defy this order, Nixon ordered for Cox to be fired, but his new his Attorney General Elliot Richardson (former AG John Mitchell had to resign due to his role in the scandal) and his subordinate refused. Nixon continued to fire people in the Attorney General’s office until he found someone in the justice department that would fire Cox. (Robert Bork).

The Saturday Night Massacre

• In the fall of 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign after it was discovered he had taken bribes from state contractors while governor of Maryland.

• Republican leader of the House of Representatives, Gerald Ford, became the new vice president.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

FYI 2-1

Oct 10th - Vice President Sprio T. Agnew resigns

Oct 20th - “Saturday Night Massacre”

Oct 23rd - House begins impeachment investigations

Oct 30th - Nixon turns over all but three tapes

Nov 21st - Investigators learn of an 18½ min gap that Nixon blames on a secretary that was making

transcripts

Dec 6th - Gerald Ford is sworn in as Vice-President


“I am not a crook”

- Richard Nixon

April 1974

After he is ordered to pay

$400,000 in back taxes

• Nixon released edited transcripts of the tapes in April 1974, claiming they proved him innocent.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

• Investigators went to court again to force Nixon to turn over unedited tapes.

• In July the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon had to turn over the unedited tapes.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

• The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach, or officially charge Nixon of presidential misconduct.

• On one of the tapes was found evidence that Nixon had ordered the CIA to stop the FBI’s investigation of the break-in.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

“I hereby resign the Office of President of the United States.”

- Richard Nixon

August 9, 1974

• On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, and Gerald Ford became the 38th president of the United States.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

FYI 2-1

Jan 4th - Nixon refuses to hand over 500 tapes and documents citing “executive privilege”

April 3rd - Nixon has to pay $400,000 in back taxes “I am not a crook”

April 29th - gives edited transcripts of the subpoenaed tapes

July 24th - Supreme Court rules that Nixon must turnover the tapes

July 27th - House Judiciary Committee approves of two articles of impeachment

Aug 5th - Nixon releases the transcripts of the tapes which show the “smoking gun”

Aug 8th - Nixon announces that he is resigning the Presidency on national television effective at noon on August

9th


“a full, free and absolute pardon…for all offenses against the United States which he…has committed or may have committed or taken part in while President.”

- Gerald Ford

September 8th, 1974Announcing the pardon

he had granted Nixon

Section 2-16

What did the House Judiciary Committee charge against Nixon?

Nixon was charged with obstructing justice in the Watergate cover-up, misuse of federal agencies to violate the rights of citizens, and defying the authority of Congress by not turning over the tapes and other materials the committee had requested.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.



(pages 840–842)(pages 840–842)

The Impact of Watergate


• Watergate prompted the implementation of several new laws limiting the power of the executive branch and reestablishing a greater balance of power.

• The Federal Campaign Act Amendments limited campaign contributions and set up an independent agency to administer stricter election laws.

• The Ethics in Government Act required financial disclosure by high government officials in all three branches of government. (page 842)(page 842)

• The FBI Domestic Security Investigation Guidelines restricted the bureau’s political intelligence-gathering activities.

• Watergate left Americans distrustful of public officials.

• Other Americans felt that Nixon’s impeachment and resignation proved that in the United States, no one is above the law.

The Impact of Watergate (cont.)


(page 842)(page 842)

Section 2-20

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. principle stating that communications of the executive branch should remain confidential to protect national security

__ 2. to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

A. executive privilege

B. impeach

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


B

A

Section 2-21

Checking for Understanding (cont.)



Evaluate the effects of the Watergate scandal on the way American citizens viewed the federal government.

Many citizens distrusted the federal government, especially the presidency, while some saw the events as proof that no one is above the law.

Section 2-22

Reviewing Themes



Government and Democracy How did the Watergate scandal alter the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government?

It led to laws that limit the power of the executive branch.

Section 2-23

Critical Thinking



Evaluating How did the discovery of the White House tapes change the Watergate cover-up investigation?

It led to an abuse of executive privilege, but resulted in proof of Nixon’s guilt.

Section 2-24

Analyzing Visuals



Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph on page 841 of your textbook. How would you describe the scene of Nixon’s leave-taking? What in the photo suggests that this is a formal occasion? Why do you think this ceremony might be important for the nation?

Answers will vary.

Section 2-25

CloseExplain the Watergate scandal and discuss its effects.

End of Section 2

Chapter Summary 1

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1



Reviewing Key TermsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 1. persistent inflation combined with stagnant consumer demand and relatively high unemployment

__ 2. a policy which attempts to relax or ease tensions between nations

__ 3. a government ban on trade with other countries

__ 4. to take possession of

__ 5. principle stating that communications of the executive branch should remain confidential to protect national security

__ 6. a meeting of heads of governments

A. impound

B. détente

C. summit

D. executive privilege

E. impeach

F. embargo

G. stagflation

H. guru

I. transcendental meditation

J. disco

B

F

G

AD

C




Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 7. a person with knowledge or expertise, especially a religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism

__ 8. to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

__ 9. popular dance music characterized by hypnotic rhythm, repetitive lyrics, and electronically produced sounds

__ 10. a technique of meditation in which a mantra is chanted as a way of achieving peak intelligence, harmony, and health

E

J

H

I

A. impound

B. détente

C. summit

D. executive privilege

E. impeach

F. embargo

G. stagflation

H. guru

I. transcendental meditation

J. disco




Reviewing Key Facts

What were the main aspects of President Nixon’s domestic and foreign policies?

Nixon’s domestic policy focused on the New Federalism, and his foreign policy focused on détente.




Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

What was the impact of the Watergate scandal on the American people?

Most Americans lost trust in public officials.





Why did President Nixon freeze wages and prices in the early 1970s?

President Nixon believed wage and price freezes would stop stagflation, a combination of rising prices and economic stagnation.





What factors caused economic problems in the United States in the 1970s?

Rising oil prices, increased international competition, low job training for new jobs, and a decline in manufacturing caused economic problems in the 1970s.





What changes in family life occurred in the United States in the 1970s?

Changes in family life included smaller families, more divorces, parents and children spending less time together, and women becoming more active in the workplace and outside the home.




Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Government and Democracy How did the Watergate scandal affect the relationship among the three branches of government?

The Supreme Court forced the president to yield presidential privilege, thus decreasing the power of the executive branch. Congress passed laws establishing a greater balance of power, requiring financial disclosure from all branches of government, and establishing independent counsel to investigate wrongdoings of government officials.




Critical Thinking (cont.)

Evaluating What impact did cultural phenomena such as disco music, the use of CB radios, and exercise trends have on the U.S. economy?

Disco music led to the opening of dance clubs, millions of people bought CB radios, and exercise clubs opened throughout the country. Each helped the economy expand.


Economics and HistoryThe graph on page 857 of your textbook shows inflation rates in the United States from 1960 to 1992. Study the graph and answer the questions on the following slides.


Interpreting Graphs How did the nation’s inflation rate change between 1965 and 1980?

The inflation rate increased from under 2 percent in 1965 to over 12 percent in 1980.

Economics and History (cont.)




Economics and History (cont.)



Determining Cause and Effect What factor was most important in causing this change?

The rise in the price of crude oil was the biggest factor for the ballooning rate of inflation.




Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

As a political conservative, President Nixon wanted to

A increase federal spending on welfare programs.

B take more aggressive federal action to speed desegregation.

C return power to state governments.

D appoint activist-minded justices to the Supreme Court.

Test-Taking Tip Think of the meaning of political conservative: someone who believes that the federal government’s role in society should be limited. Choose the answer that best reflects this meaning.




What did the impeachment process test?

The impeachment process checked the system of checks and balances.

End of Chapter Assessment

History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic Since 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol2.glencoe.com

F/F/F 1-Fact

Ping-Pong Diplomacy In April 1971, nearly a year before President Nixon made his historic trip there, Communist China welcomed a different kind of U.S. delegation–the American ping-pong team. When the team received their surprise invitation, Time magazine called it “the ping-pong heard round the world.” The nine players, four officials, and two spouses who arrived on the Chinese mainland were the first Americans to enter China since the Communist takeover in 1949.

In another example of the continuing efforts to normalize relations with China, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing arrived at the National Zoo in 1972. A gift from China, the rare giant pandas attracted visitors and volunteers. In addition, the pair provided a wealth of scientific knowledge about the endangered panda. Following the deaths of Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing in 1992 and 1999, the National Zoo made arrangements to borrow two new pandas from China. Tian-Tian and Mei Xiang arrived in December 2000.

F/F/F 4-Fact

Put on a Happy Face Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the nation experienced a “button craze” as people expressed themselves by pinning buttons with slogans to their clothing. The most popular button actually said nothing at all. In 1971 Americans began buying a yellow button with a simple smile on it. By the fall of 1971, marketers estimated that more than 20 million smile buttons had been sold, making it the most popular fad item since the hula hoop.

In the late 1990s the United States Postal Service issued a series of stamps depicting the twentieth century. The “Celebrate the Century” series featured 15 stamps for each decade. The ubiquitous smiley face was one of the images selected for the 1970s series. Two other stamps, one depicting disco and the other featuring 1970s fashion, also commemorated the 1970s.

FYI 1-1

Henry Kissinger and his family fled Nazi Germany in 1938. He studied at Harvard and later became a professor there. In 1973 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize with North Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho.

FYI 2-1

August 8, 1974, is the date Richard Nixon announced his resignation. On the same day in 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte sailed for Saint Helena to spend the rest of his life in exile.

FYI Contents 3

OPEC

Jimmy Carter

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

FYI 3-1a

OPEC is responsible for approximately 40 percent of the world’s oil production and controls 75 percent of the world’s proven oil reserves.

FYI 3-2b

After his inauguration, Jimmy Carter and his family chose to walk up Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol to the White House instead of riding in the traditional limousine. The gesture symbolized Carter’s desire to lead a simple life even while in the White House.

FYI 4-1

The two Viking spacecraft landed on Mars in July and September of 1976. They transmitted more than 52,000 pictures back to Earth, giving people their first close-up look at the planet.

Moment in History 3



You Don’t Say 4-1

Fads Popular fashion fads of the 1970s included platform shoes for men, leisure suits, tank tops, and Farrah Fawcett hairdos.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2









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Getting to California

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