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Gettysburg
• Summer of 1863 – a turning point for the Union
• Gettysburg Address by Lincoln to dedicate the cemetery
Vicksburg• Summer of 1863 – turning point
for the Union• In Mississippi – along the
Mississippi River• Union captured Southern supply
and transportation line in west
Segregation
• Forced separation of people
Jefferson Davis
• President of the Confederacy
• Ordered attack on Fort Sumter
Appomattox
• Lee (Confederate) surrendered to Grant (Union) ending the Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
• Changed the focus of the Civil War
• Put the issue of slavery over state’s rights
Dred Scott Decision
• Supreme Court decision stating that Congress could not ban slavery in territories
13th Amendment
• Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment
• Defined citizenship
• Basis of the civil rights movement
15th Amendment
• Gave African American men the right to vote
• Basis of the civil rights movement
Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Established military rule in the South for 12 years.
Wounded Knee
• Last battle of the Plains (Indian) Wars
Plains Native Americans
• Buffalo was key to their culture
• Drastically affected by the coming of the railroad and settlers
Great American Desert
• A false description of the land west of the Mississippi River prior to massive settlement
The Plight of Plains Farmers
• Difficulties faced by the settler’s farming on rich soil
• Suffered from drought, Plains Indian conflicts, limited water
The Mining Industry
• Mining of gold/silver in the Rocky Mt. Region
• Caused cities to grow quickly
• Used company towns
Cattle Industry
• Profitable after the Civil War due to the population growth in the East
Barbed Wire
• Replaced wooden fences on the prairie and aided the growing cattle industry
Little Big Horn
• Site where Plains Indians defeated the US government
• Calvary was led by General Custer
Promontory Point
• Where the Transcontinental Railroad met in Utah
Buffalo
• Key to the Plains Indian culture
• Population severely lowered due to settlers and the railroad
Dawes Act
• Act of Congress that resulted in the break-up of Native American nations, moving them to reservations
Homestead Act
• Act of Congress (1862) to promote settlement of the Plains
Railroad Industry
• Standardized time and established time zones for consistent scheduling and routing purposes
Industrial Development
• Flourished due to the nation’s abundant natural resources
Social Darwinism
• The idea that men who were wealthy were of superior talent and the “fittest” in society
Sherman Antitrust Act
• Act of Congress to prevent businesses from consolidating
• It was not enforced
Thomas A. Edison
• Invented the incadescent bulb (light bulb) and the phonograph
John D. Rockefeller
• Founded Standard Oil
• Linked with horizontal integration
Standard Oil
• Consolidation of 40 companies under the management of Rockefeller
• Trust
Ida Tarbell
• Journalist who exposed Rockefeller’s method of business
Alexander G. Bell
• Invented the telephone
Gustavus Swift
• Meatpacking entrepreneur (one of the people who profited from the growth of the cattle industry)
Meatpacking Industry
• One of the first industries that grew large enough to eliminate smaller competition
• Grew out of cattle industry
Jane Addams
• Founded the Settlement House (Chicago) in the late 1800s to aid poor immigrants
Company Towns
• Communities owned and operated by businesses
• Common in mining and meatpacking industries
Jacob Riis
• Author/photographer who documented life in the factories and in immigrant tenements
Business Cycle
• The recurring sequence of changes in business activity (upswing/peak to recession/depression)
Knights of Labor
• Union that hired skilled and unskilled labor
AFL
• American Federation of Labor
• Union that hired only skilled workers
Samuel Gompers
• Head of AFL
• Key leader in the labor movement
Urbanization
• Growth of cities
• Occurred after the Civil War due to immigrants and growth of industry
Immigration (old/new)
• Pre-1890: from Northern and Western Europe
• Post-1890: from Southern and Eastern Europe and stayed in urban areas
Child Labor Laws
• Established to protect children in factories
• Laws were usually ignored by businesses and not enforced by government
Vertical Integration
• Different, but related business activities
• Linked with the steel industry and Andrew Carnegie