GHG ASSESSMENT:
CARBON FOOTPRINT
Program Latihan
National Corporate GHG Reporting
Programme for Malaysia (MYCarbon)
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment
By:
Radin Diana R. Ahmad
25th May 2015
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Setting Organizational Boundaries.
• Setting Operational Boundaries.
• Calculation Approaches.
Note: The presentation slides prepared were referred to GHG Protocol , previous MYCARBON workshop and TNBR:R&D Carbon Footprint Assessment Study
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• Term on man-made greenhouse gases -Anthropogenic emissions
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Global GHG Emissions by Source1 Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels 1990-
20082
Source: 1. IPCC (2007) based on global emissions from 2004.
Human-Induced Greenhouse Effect
Increased emissions of GHGs to the atmosphere
Global Warming Climate Change
2. Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres (2010). Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak
Ridge, Tenn.,U.S.A. doi10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2010.
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Identify Manage Reduce
• What is carbon footprint?
- The total set of GHG emissions caused by an
organisation, event, product or person.
• How can carbon footprint help?
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• The carbon footprint includes main GHG’s such as CO2, N2O, CH4, HFC, PFC and SF6 in the carbon Footprint analysis according to the applicability.
•HFC and SF6 emissions are normally insignificant (1%). However, these GHG emissions are estimated in the national GHG inventory. Proper monitoring procedures should be established to identify the sources and to enable proper mitigation actions.
•The carbon footprint analysis is a subset to the comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
•The amount of carbon emissions directly relates to the level of environmental harm and fossil fuel energy use.
GHG Chemical symbol
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Methane CH4
Nitrous Oxide N2O
Hydrofluorocarbons HFC
Perflurocarbons PFC
Sulphur hexafluoride SF6
The Kyoto basket of six GHG.
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• To compare emissions of various technologies, total CO2 amounts emitted throughout a system’s life must be calculated.
• Emissions can be direct (during power plant operation) and indirect (during other non-operational phases life cycle).
• Fossil fuelled technologies have the largest carbon footprints because they burn these fuels during operation.
• Furthermore, with the implementation of the carbon footprint study, a company will have a quantification of the GHG emissions which will determine where it stand in the overall context of GHG emissions.
Introduction To The Carbon Footprint – cont’
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1. Our Prime Minister’s commitment to the
world at COP 15 to reduce Malaysia’s
emissions intensity by 40% per GDP by 2020.
2. Increase of regulatory policies globally.
- USEPA, the first to impose GHG limits on
power plants
3. Social awareness
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• Why work out a carbon footprint?
• The increasing interest in ‘carbon footprinting’ comes as a result of growing
public awareness of global warming. The global community now recognises the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Countries, organisations and individuals alike are starting to take responsibility.
• Businesses and services that are not currently regulated under the Kyoto
protocol may wish to preempt future regulations, and may find marketing advantages in being ‘green’. Calculating a carbon footprint can be a valuable first step towards making quantifiable emissions reductions. This in turn can lead to long term financial savings as well as reducing climate-change impact (Stern 2006)
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Who Has Done It So Far?
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• How to determine which of your company’s operations to
include in your inventory
• Two approaches to determine a company’s
organizational boundaries
• Why an entity might choose one approach over another
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• Boundaries: Imaginary lines encompassing the emissions to include
in a company’s GHG inventory
1.Organizational boundaries
• Determine which company operations to include
2.Operational boundaries
• Determine which emissions sources to include
• Determine how to categorize emissions
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• Company Z participates in 3 facilities, of
which only one is fully owned and the rest
are joint operations. Its business
relationship with each of the facilities is as
follows:
Facility Financial Control (Yes/No)
Operational Control (Yes/No)
Ownership
A No No 25%
B No Yes 50%
C Yes No 100%
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• In table below, apply the consolidation
approach on the total emissions of these 3
facilities:
Facility Total Facility Level Emissions
Emissions
Financial Control Approach
Operational Control Approach
Equity Share Approach
A 500
B 1000
C 1000
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• Which sources of emissions to include in an inventory
• The difference between direct and indirect emissions
• How to classify emissions under Scopes 1, 2, and 3
• How to prevent double-counting emissions
• How to classify emissions from leased assets
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Resource Purpose and Relevancy
Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) national greenhouse gas inventory guidance manuals
Developed for national level inventories, but may be useful for company-level estimates in the absence of other data.
The GHG Protocol (WRI/WBCSD) - A corporate accounting and reporting standard
Standardized, international, GHG emissions reporting protocol.
Provides more detailed explainations and examples than the ISO standard but does not provide much detail on making calculations.
ISO 14064 standards for greenhouse gas accounting and verification
Covers only procedures for conducting the inventory but provides little guidance in actually calculating emissions.
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Resource Purpose and Relevancy
U.S. EPA Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories
Provide guidance to states on estimating emissions of each of the Kyoto GHGs
UK Department of Environment, Transport and Regions Guidelines for Company Reporting on GHG Emissions
Provides guidance on boundary questions as well as emissions estimation for fossil fuel combustion
California Climate Registry It served as a voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) registry to protect and promote early actions to reduce GHG emissions by organizations. California Registry provided leadership on climate change by developing credible, accurate, and consistent GHG reporting standards and building tools for organizations to measure, monitor, third-party verify and reduce their GHG emissions consistently across industry sectors and geographical borders.
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– The GHG Protocol is a multi-stakeholder partnership of
businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
governments, and others convened by the World
Resources Institute (WRI), a U.S. – based
environmental NGO, and the WBCSD, a Geneva-based
coalition of 170 international companies.
– The tools are consistent with those proposed by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for
compilation of emissions at the national level.
– GHG Protocol provides 3 scopes (scope 1, scope 2 and
scope 3) are defined for GHG accounting and reporting
purposes.
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• From sources that are owned or controlled
by the company
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• From the use of import energy
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• Emissions that are a consequence of the company’s
activities, but occur from sources not owned or controlled
by the company
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Identification of the main types of
emission sources under each scope
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Methodological
Approach
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• How to identify and calculate emissions
• Where to find helpful calculation tools
• How to combine emissions from all of your
organization’s facilities
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Identifying sources
Select calculation approach
Collect data and choose emission factors
Apply calculation tools
Roll-up data to company level
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2006 IPCC Guidelines
for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• Revised 1996 Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
Management in National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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GHG Accounting and Reporting shall be based on the following principles: • Relevance
– Reflects the GHG emissions of the company and serves the decision making needs of users – both internal and external to the company
• Completeness – Account and report on all GHG emission sources and activities within the
chosen inventory boundary
• Consistency – Use consistent methodologies to allow for meaningful comparisons of
emissions over time
• Transparency – Address all relevant issues in a factual and coherent manner, based on clear
audit trail
• Accuracy – Ensure that the quantification of GHG emissions is systematically neither over
nor under actual emissions and uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable
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Direct measurement CEMS - Monitor concentration, flow rate
Mass Balance
Emissions are calculated based on mass balance or stoichiometric basis specific to a
faculty or process.
Generic Emission Factor The most common approach. Emissions are
calculated by applying documented emission factors.
Site Specific Emission Factor Emission factors are derived from carbon
content of the fuel.
Companies should use the most accurate calculation approach available to them and is appropriate for their reporting context.
Refer to questionnaire
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• Activity data is information used to calculate GHG emissions from combustion and other processes, for example, this could be litres of fuel consumed
• Most activity data is easy to obtain, relatively accurate and can be found on bills, invoices and receipts
• It is best to collect activity data by volume or mass (e.g. litres of petrol used) as emissions can be calculated more accurately
• If it is not possible to calculate emissions from unknown activity data, estimated values can be used provided the basis of the estimation should be clearly described.
Sample of Activity Data
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• Information include fuel properties, carbon content, and etc…
• 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories can be used as a reference to derive emission factors if local carbon emission factors are not available
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Assessment
Approach
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• The IPCC categorises its calculation
methods into ‘tiers’ based on the level of
methodological complexity i.e.
– Tier 1: Basic method. Usually involves
the use of default emission factors
– Tier 2: Intermediate
– Tier 3: Most demanding in terms of
complexity and data requirements
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Stationary Combustion
• Tier 1/Tier 3. Fuel Use x Emission Factor
• Required Data for Each Fuel Type
– Fuel Consumption Data (e.g. in kg, litres)
– Fuel Density (kg/L)
– Net Calorific Value (TJ/kg)
– Basic Technology and Configuration
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Stationary Combustion
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Stationary Combustion
Fuel Use (Volume) Density Fuel Use (Mass)
Litres kg/Litres kg
Fuel Use (Mass) NCV Fuel Use (Energy)
kg TJ/kg TJ
Fuel Use (Energy) Emission Factor Fuel Use (Emissions)
TJ kg GHG/TJ kg GHG
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Calculation for Stationary Combustion
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Mobile Combustion
• Tier 1. Fuel Use x Emission Factor
• Required Data for Each Vehicle
– Fuel Purchase Records (RM)
– Fuel Price (RM/Litre)
– Fuel Type (e.g. Petrol)
– Vehicle Type (e.g. 4WD)
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Mobile Combustion
Fuel Use (Volume) Density Fuel Use (Mass)
Litres kg/Litres kg
Fuel Use (Mass) NCV Fuel Use (Energy)
kg TJ/kg TJ
Fuel Use (Energy) Emission Factor Fuel Use (Emissions)
TJ kg GHG/TJ kg GHG
Fuel Use (Purchase) Fuel Price Fuel Use (Volume)
RM RM/Litre Litre
Calculation for Mobile Combustion
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• Tier 3. Mass Balance
• Required Data for Each Equipment
– Year of Installation
– Amount of SF6 gas refilled (kg)
– Nameplate capacity of SF6 gas in the equipment
– Designed leakage rate
– Pressure (Full and Alarm)
SF6 Emissions
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Refrigerant Emissions
• Tier 2a. Emission Factor x Refrigerant
Capacity
• Required Data for Each Equipment
– Refrigerant nameplate capacity (kg)
– Residual amount of HFC in retired equipment
(kg)
– Recovery efficiency at disposal (%)
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CO2 Emissions
• Mass balance
• Required Data
– Amount of CO2 cylinders discharged (nos.)
– Capacity of CO2 cylinders discharged (kg)
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CO2 Emissions
CO2 Cylinders Used Capacity of CO2 Cylinders Fuel Use (Emissions)
No. of Cylinders kg/Cylinder kg CO2
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Indirect Emissions from Import Energy
• Emission Factor x Import Energy
Consumption
• Required Data
– Import Energy Consumption (kWh)
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Indirect Emissions from Import Energy
Import Energy Use National Grid Emission Factor*
Fuel Use (Emissions)
kWh kg CO2/kWh kg CO2
*Green Tech Malaysia CDM Baseline 2009
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CARBON FOOTPRINT: Summary
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Key Steps in Developing an
Organizational Carbon Footprint
Carbon Footprint
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• Organizational Boundaries: The inventory needs to clearly identify “organizational boundaries” and also account for generating stations in which the utility has a partial ownership position.
• Organizational boundaries for facilities become a complex issue in the case of multiple owners and/or separate owner/operators.
• Operational Boundaries: Operational boundaries define the scope of emissions that will be addressed in the GHG inventory.
Setting Boundaries
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Scopes and Emissions Across a Value Chain
Reporting Scope 1 and 2-type emissions is mandatory under the industry standards; reporting Scope 3 emissions is optional as it allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions should be reported separately to avoid double counting.
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Setting Organizational Boundary
Setting Operational Boundary
Identifying & Calculating GHG Emissions
Managing GHG Inventory Quality
Verifying GHG Emissions
Reporting GHG Emissions
CF Accounting Approach
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THANK YOU
Prepared by :
[RADIN DIANA R. AHMAD]
Office address:
TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.
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Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan
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MALAYSIA
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Email: [email protected] / Website: www.tnbr.com.my
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