SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL RURAL CLEAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION STRATEGY

UP TO YEAR 2020

(THIRD UPDATED VERSION)

NOVEMBER, 3 – 2010

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CONTENTS

Abrreviation............................................................................................................................................................................................................4

DEFINITION OF MAIN TERMS.........................................................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................................................7

PART I THE EXISTING SITUATION OF RURAL CLEAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES.................................................................................................................................................................................................9

1.1.Existing Situation of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation................................................................................................................................9

1.1.1.General Situation...........................................................................................................................................................................................9

1.1.2.The Existing Situation of Water Resources .................................................................................................................................................9

1.1.3.The Existing Situation of Rural Clean Water Supply.................................................................................................................................10

1.1.4.The Existing Situation of Rural Sanitation..................................................................................................................................................10

1.1.5.The Health Situation....................................................................................................................................................................................11

1.1.6. The situation of construction of RWSS facilities ......................................................................................................................................13

1.2.Challenges......................................................................................................................................................................................................14

1.3.Oppertunities .................................................................................................................................................................................................15

1.4.Development Perspective...............................................................................................................................................................................15

PART II ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................16

2. OBJECTIVES, COMMITMENT, UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL APPROACH.............................................................16

2.1.Objectives.......................................................................................................................................................................................................16

2.1.1. Immediate Objectives.................................................................................................................................................................................16

2.1.2. Development Objectives............................................................................................................................................................................16

2.2.Commitment, underlying principles, general approach and scope of implementation..................................................................................17

2.2.1.Commitment................................................................................................................................................................................................17

2.2.2.The Basic Underlying Principle is Sustainable Development.....................................................................................................................17

2.2.3. General Approach.......................................................................................................................................................................................17

2.2.4. Implementation Guidelines and general approach.....................................................................................................................................18

2.2.5. Scope of Strategy Implementation.............................................................................................................................................................19

PART III...............................................................................................................................................................................................................20

3. MAIN STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS.................................................................................................................................................................20

3.1.Information, Education, Communication and Community Participation.......................................................................................................20

3.1.1.1. Importance of nformation, Education, Communication and Community and Behavior change (IEC/BC)...........................................20

3.1.1.2.IEC Target Groups and Key Principles....................................................................................................................................................21

3.1.1.3.Main IEC Activities/ Communication Channels......................................................................................................................................22

3.1.1.4.Planning of IEC Activities........................................................................................................................................................................24

3.1.2. Ability and willingness to pay ...................................................................................................................................................................27

3.1.3. Organization of Community Participation............................................................................................................................26

3.1.4. Protection of Users.............................................................................................................................................................26

3.2.Organizational Strengthening, Strengthening of State Management and Human Resource Development...................................................26

3.2.1.Organizational Strengthening......................................................................................................................................................................26

3.2.2.General Principles.......................................................................................................................................................................................26

3.2.3.The Responsibilities of the National Level- Ministries and Social Organizations.....................................................................................27

3.2.4. Institutions and coordination in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation area.................................................................................................27

3.2.3 Strengthening the Effectiveness of State Management...........................................................................................................34

3.2.4. Human Resource Development..................................................................................................................................................................34

3.2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation..........................................................................................................................................................................36

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3.3.Fiancial mechanism and mobilazation of various funding source ................................................................................................................36

3.3.1. Mobilization of Local Funding and Foreign Investment to Develop RWSS.............................................................................................37

3.3.2. The Government’s Grant System .............................................................................................................................................................38

4. Supporting Full Piped Water Supply Schemes...............................................................................................................................................39

4.1 Credit system supported by the Government............................................................................................................................39

4.1.1 Supporting sanitation.................................................................................................................................................................................39

4.1.2. Supporting construction of rural waste site..............................................................................................................................................40

4.1.3Special support for Poor Households and Social Policy Target Households and areas with difficulties..................................................40

4.2 Strengthening International Assistance ..................................................................................................................................41

4.3. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES....................................................41

4.3.1. Sanitation area............................................................................................................................................................................................41

4.3.2. Water Supply Area.....................................................................................................................................................................................41

4.3.3. Research and Development........................................................................................................................................................................43

4.3.4. Climate change response and Natural disaster prevention.........................................................................................................................44

4.4. Issues needing particular attention during organization of strategy implementation....................................................................................44

4.5.1. Strengthening of International Cooperation...............................................................................................................................................44

4.5.2. Considering Regional Differences.............................................................................................................................................................45

PART IV :ACTION PLAN UP TO YEAR 2015.................................................................................................................................................47

5.1. The Action Plan up to the year 2015 comprises the following major items:................................................................................................47

5.2. Implementation contents...............................................................................................................................................................................47

5.2.1. Mobilization of capital and funds...............................................................................................................................................................48

5.2.2. Planning and plans......................................................................................................................................................................................48

5.2.3. Solution to Water Supply Technologies and Water Quality, sanitation technology, waste collection and treatment...............................48

5.2.4.Information- Education- Communications..................................................................................................................................................49

5.2.5 Training and Human Resource Development.............................................................................................................................................49

5.2.6. Mechanisms and specific policies need to be promulgated......................................................................................................................49

5.2.7. Expand international cooperation.............................................................................................................................................................50

5.3.IMPLEMENTATION ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................50

5.3.1 Integrate with other programs...............................................................................................................................................51

5.3.2 Monitoring, evaluation and reporting...................................................................................................................................51

5.4 Budget for the Action Plan implementation ..............................................................................................................................51

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2

ANNEX 1: THE DUBLIN STATEMENT ON WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.....................................................53

ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON DOMESTIC WATER QUALITY..........................................58

ANNEX 3: PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OPTION AND ESTIMATED COST FOR A CONCENTRATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…60

ANNEX 4: SECTOR M&E INDICATOR SET FOR CLEAN RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION.......79

ANNEX 5: ASUMPTION AND RISKS..............................................................................................................................................................79

ANNEX 6: AVARAGE RURAL POPULATION BY LOCAL AREA .............................................................................................................79

ANNEX 7: MAP OF VIET NAM .......................................................................................................................................................................79

ANNEX 7 THE NEW RURAL AREA INDICATOR.........................................................................................................................................79

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Abbreviation

ADB Asian Development BankAusaid The Australian Government Overseas Aid ProgramCEMMA Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas DANIDA Danish International Development AssistanceDARD Department of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentDFID Department For International DevelopmentDOET Department of Education and TrainingDOF Department of FinanceDOH Department of HealthDRCC Development Research and Consultancy CentreGoV Government of Viet NamHRD Human Resource DevelopmentIEC Information, Education and Communication JICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyKAP Knowledge, Attitudes and PracticesMARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MDG Millennium Development GoalMOH  Ministry of Health MoET Ministry of Education and Training MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMOST Ministry of Science and TechnologyMOC Ministry of Construction M&E Monitoring and EvaluationNCERWASS National Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation NGO Non Government OrganizationNRWSS National Rural Water Supply and SanitationNTP National Target Program ODA Official Development AssistanceO&M Operation and MaintenancePC People’s Committee

pCERWASSCentre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation at provincial level

PMU Project Management UnitRWSS Rural Water Supply and SanitationSOE State-Owned EnterpriseUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUSD US DollarVND Vietnamese DongWB World Bank WSP Water and Sanitation Program

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TERMS AND DEFINITION

Term Definition

Clean water supply

Water & Sanitation Related Diseases

All diseases which are affected significantly by water supply and sanitation systems, including:

Water borne diseases (where the infectious agent is transmitted through drinking water) such as diarrhoea and cholera.

Water washed diseases (where scarcity of water leads to poor personal hygiene) such as trachoma and skin infections.

Sanitation diseases (transmitted through direct contact with human faeces) such as worm infections.

General Approach General principles used in the Strategy implementation, including demand responsive approach, cost recovery and socialization of RWSS.

Supply Based Approach

An approach based on government or donors deciding what people need or what government can afford and planning and implementing systems based on the supply of finance or materials.

Demand Responsive Approach

An approach to providing water supply and sanitation systems which is based on providing users with what they want and when they want it. The users pay, construct and manage the facilities under guideline and assistance of the Government.

Point Supply Water supply system which provides water at one particular point (eg. Wells, springs etc).

Strategy A set of general guidelines that define what new situation is wanted and which describe the way forward that has been chosen to achieve this new situation.

Strategy Solution A part of the strategy consisting of main principles, policies forming frameworks and methods chosen in order to reach objectives of the strategy.

Dug well A large diameter well (usually more than 600 mm in diameter) constructed by digging (not deeper than 10m).

Rural Water Supply Tubewell

A narrow diameter well (usually less than 150 mm in diameter) constructed by machine, the drilling machine may be hand operated (a hand drilled tubewell) or mechanised. The term tubewell suggests that it is a low cost, small diameter well drilled in soil rather than hard rock.

Poor and very poor (households)

According to current Guidelines of MOLISA

Simple Piped Systems Low technology piped water supplies using either gravity flow of surface water or from a spring, or pumping from a small single tubewell which can be operated by unskilled staff; supplying water for household groups.

Full Piped Systems Medium or high technology piped delivery systems (piped system, water treatment system, tanks and pumping), which meet the quantity and quality according to the Vietnamese standard and require trained operators.

RWSS Sector This includes 4 main sub sectors: water resources, water supply, sanitation and hygiene, all in rural areas. It only includes these sub sectors to the extent that they are covered by domestic requirements. It does not include water supply for production.

Objectives The new situation that a strategy, program or project wants to achieve. It mainly refers to the impact that will be achieved, not things that will be produced.

Rural areas The areas covered by the strategy, comprising rural areas and excluding small towns.

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Term Definition

Users In this strategy, they are potential users of water supply and sanitation facilities, and in particular users of non piped systems.

Clean water Water that meets the MOH’s standards issued on clean water quality.

Hygienic water Hygienic water can be used directly or after filtered, meeting quality requirements: no color, no smell, no strange taste and no component which can affect people’s health. Hygienic water can be used as drinking water after being boiled.

Human Resource Development (HRD)

This includes all matters relating to developing the capacity of the staff within sector organisations. It includes their education and training as well as motivation, career development and remuneration.

Full cost The full cost of a water or sanitation system including the capital cost of construction (and any financing charges), and O&M costs

Sanitation This refers only to the hygienic disposal of human excreta, including urine and faeces (According to WHO).

Fishpond latrine An over water latrine located on a fishpond. This type of latrines is banned according to the Direction 200-TTg because it is unsanitary.

Dug latrine A hole which is less than 1m in diameter, with a branch or plank spanning the hole as access.

Underground Pit with vent pipe

A pit which is deeper than it is wide, with some sort of cover over the pit with a hole for defecation. The pit is not usually lined and liquid seeps into the ground.

Pour Flush Latrine A siphon toilet bowl which is flushed by pouring water into the bowl after defecation. This may be fitted to any of the (wet) latrines.

Double Vault on-site Composting

Two sealed vaults, only one of which is in use at any time. Faeces and ash enter the operating vault (urine is excluded). The vault is left to compost after it is full, preferably for at least 6 months, before being used as fertilizer.

Hygienic latrine According to Decision No. 08/QD-BYT; hygienic latrines have to meet the following requirements:

Human feaces isolated: feaces cannot be contacted either by human beings or by animals or insects;

The latrines can destroy infectious agents in feaces (viruses, bacteria, unicellular organisms, worm eggs) and the surrounding environment can be kept unpolluted

SV (Single Vault) Latrine

The latrine can be built by brick, soil, cement; it can be covered by concrete or bamboo; there is a hole for defecation and a line for urine to flow out.

Sulabh Latrine Similar to a septic tank in layout, but the tank is porous and liquid waste seeps into the ground. This means that the waste in the tank is relatively dry. Sulabh latrine is normally divided into 2 vaults; when one vault is full, it will be blocked and other vault will be used

Bucket latrine Open container such as a bucket or tank which is emptied regularly.

Septic Tank Latrine Its below part is a sealed tank into which faeces, urine and flushing water are led and then disintegrated. The liquid waste overflows the tank and is discharged into a soak away or to surface drains. The tank may have 1, 2 or 3 compartments.

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INTRODUCTION

Safe water and environmental sanitation are basic needs of people's daily life and they have become urgent requirements for protection and improvement of people's health and living conditions, as well as for the cause of national industrialization and modernization. Increasing the proportion of people with access to clean water and improved sanitation is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which Viet Nam and many nations are striving to achieve in 2015.

The rural areas of Vietnam contain 70.4% of the country's population1 and agriculture remains a key element in the national economy. According to the socio-economic development strategy orientation of Viet Nam in the next 10 years (2010-2020), agriculture, rural areas and farmers still play an important role in the development process of the country.

During the last 10 years, Viet Nam has maintained significant growth rate of 7.5% to 8% and attained the middle-income country status. In line with the economic growth rate, there are positive changes in every aspect of social life, the poverty rate nationwide has decreased to 14.5% in 20082. However, poverty is still common in quite a few areas with high proportion in the rural areas, particularly in rural mountainous areas, remote areas and ethnic minority areas, which are lagging behind the urban areas in terms of both economic growth and living conditions during the economic reform.

The Party and the Government are focusing on and giving a high national priority to rural development. Particularly, the National Target Program on New Rural Development for 2010-2020 is being implemented according to the Resolution No. 26/NQ-TW dated August 5 2008 by the Government. The government also gives priority to rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) development and has decided to make RWSS one of the national target programs from now up to year 2020.

From 2000 to 2010, investment of the Government and assistance of the international donors such as WB, ADB, UNICEF, DANIDA, Ausaid, DFID, JICA, etc. for RWSS has increased. A substantial growth of RWSS facilities is recorded and the people contribution in RWSS facilities construction accounts for high proportion of investment. Therefore, after 10 years of implementing the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (NRCWSSS), 79% of rural population use hygienic water and 43% of rural households have hygienic latrines3.

However, at the time being, 40% of rural households use clean water of national standard and 57% of rural households do not have latrines or have latrines which are not hygienic ones. Meanwhile, the rural environment is being polluted by domestic waste at an alarming rate and global climate changes lead to great natural disasters; causing severe impacts on water resources and living environment of rural people.

During 2009-2010 the National Center for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation with funding from World Bank (WB), Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and participation of the national consultant team from Development Research and Consultancy Centre (DRCC), with guidance and support from the International Consultant from Gronmij | Carl Bro A/S, Denmark, has reviewed the NRWSSS implementation up to the year 2010. There have been many discussions with different ministries and sectors and workshops organized at grass root, provincial, regional and national levels to collect comments and surveys conducted to

1 The 2009 Vietnam population and housing census, General Statistics Office2 The 2008 Vietnam population and housing census. General Statistics Office

3 Viet Nam Government. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010; Vietnam 2/3 of the way achieving the MDGs, August 2010.

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evaluate the rural water supply and sanitation status in some provinces representing 3 ecological regions to have rationale for updating the Strategy.

Based on the aforesaid activities, the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy has been updated to reflect important changes of the country and the sector in the new period, include new approaches to accelerate coverage increase particularly for poor and marginalized groups, and reflect the increased emphasis on sustainable environment development to be in line with the Socio-economic Development Strategy of the country up to the year 2020.

In the updated Strategy, RWSS is a very large concept, comprising the supply of clean water for domestic use, the sanitation needs of households (Human and animal excreta management and domestic waste management) and hygiene practices. The update scope of the strategy covers all rural areas in the country, excluding the Class 5 town.

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PART I

1. THE EXISTING SITUATION OF RURAL CLEAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES

1.1.Existing Situation of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 1.1.1. General Situation

Most people in rural areas live in relative population concentrated hamlets and villages with girm administrative units and long-lasting community traditions. They live in nuclear family with an average size of 4.14 people. Although there are achievements in the fight against poverty, 16.1% of rural population are living under poverty line with income that can only meet the most basic needs of food and clothes.

During the last few years, the development policies and programs have focused more on comprehensive development activities for the rural areas nationwide in order to create jobs and increase income for the rural population. The Party and Government have had many policies and guidelines on agriculture and rural development to ensure social equity between rural and urban areas in the national development process. At the same time, healthcare, education, culture and development of civilized and modern rural areas are paid due attention. Specifically, on August 5 2008, in the VIIth Party Congress, the Party Central Committee (10th tenure) has issued the Resolution No. 26 on agriculture, rural area and farmer which is implemented through the National Target Program for New Rural Development in the 2010-2020 period.

1.1.2.The Existing Situation of Water Resources

In general Vietnam still has plentiful water resources, with high rainfall, a very extensive network of rivers, streams, canals and rich ground water resources in low lying areas. However, water resources are unevenly distributed both in place and time. Some areas face serious lack of water.

At present, population increase, rapid urbanization rate and water demands for economic production are causing considerable and serious impacts on water resources and water quality in some areas, including both surface and ground water.

- Regarding surface water

Increasing use of surface water to serve agriculture and industry (especially hydropower development) and deforestation have caused severe impacts on surface water storage capacity. Untreated waste from agricultural production, industrial zones and trade villages and domestic waste have polluted a wide range of river basins, particularly Nhue River- Day River, Cau River, and Dong Nai River, etc.

- Regarding groundwater

Ground water contains high amount of iron and manganese, arsenic contamined areas which cannot ensure water quality and requires expensive treatment. Unproper groundwater exploitation has caused drastic decrease in groundwater quantity and quality in some areas. Degree of arsenic contamination and other chemical components such as NH4, NO2 in ground water in Ha Noi and some areas such as Ha Nam, Ho Chi Minh city has been increasing. In the Central, ground water is mainly microorganism contaminated water and some microorganism indicators are several times higher than standards It is worrying that the

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mercury concentration has exceeded the allowed standards, resulted from the exploitation, industrial and fertilizer production4 …

In recent years, climate change is reflected through the weather change. Reducing rainfall, abnormal flood, severe drought, landslide and flash flood occur in many places nationwide, leading to increasing saline intrusion in dry season are among the main factors that have enormous impacts on quality and quantity of surface and ground water. The decline in rainfall and the rise in sea level have caused salinity and aluminum-contaminated water, especially surface water. The salinity occurs in almost all rivers in the Mekong Delta. In 2004, salinity 1‰ in Hau River was 12 km from Can Tho Province; in 2010, the salinity comes closer to the mainland and it is only 8km from Can Tho Province5

1.1.3.The Existing Situation of Clean Water Supply

During 10 years of implementing the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy, the proportion of population with access to clean water has increased considerably. There is remarkable progress in household water supply. The result of the plan implementation up to the beginning of 2010 has been increased with 79%6 of people using hygienic water. However, only 40% of people use water of national standard (Decision No09/2005/QD-BYT.) issued by the Ministry of Health (MOH).

In the mountainous provinces in the North and the Central Highlands, people are still in short of domestic water at times. In these areas, due to high terrain and the fact that people depend on water from river, pond, lake, they are usually short of domestic water in dry season. Main ways of water treatment used by the households are natural sedimentation or treatment with alum and filter by sand. Chemical using method and other methods are rarely used.

Water from dug well is nearly not treated before using. Although this water source is considered as clean, there is still risk of microorganism contamination, especially dug well near pollution sources such as toilet, livestock sheds or the well without platform or there is stagnant water around the well.

1.1.4.The Existing Situation of Sanitation

During 10 years of the Strategy implementation (2000 – 2010), situation of rural sanitation including sanitation facilities of households, schools, clinics, People’s Committee Offices and markets has been improved considerably but has not met the objectives set. This is shown in the survey data by many research institutes and organizations as well as the assessment of the Joint Government- Donor Annual Review and the survey results of the Consultant team in some provinces.

Household sanitation

Currently, the MOH recognizes 4 types of latrines as hygienic, including double-vault latrine, ventilated pit latrine, pour flush latrine and septic tank for households (according to the Decision No. 08/2005/QD-BYT dated March 11 2005 by MOH).

The promotion of coverage of hygienic latrines nationwide does not achieve satisfactory results compared to the progress of water supply. Until 2009, only 43% of the households have hygienic latrines7 which meet the standard according to the Decision No. 08/2005 of the

4 Result of ground water observation of Centre for Water Resources Observation and Forecast (MONRE) 20095 Department of Agriculture and Rural Development – Can Tho City, 20106 Vietnam Government. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010; Vietnam 2/3 of the way achieving the MDGs, August 2010..7 Vietnam Government. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010; Vietnam 2/3 of the way achieving the MDGs, August 2010

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MOH. In the whole country, 23% of rural households do not have latrines, the rest have latrines but their use and maintenance are not proper.

Public institutions

In the rural areas, until the beginning of 2010, approximately 75% of schools, 77% of healthcare stations, 67% of Commune People’s Committee offices and 45% of rural markets nationwide have water supply facility and hygienic latrines. However, as the management, operation and maintenance activities are not effective, the facilities are soon downgraded and they cannot bring about their full effects.

Environmental sanitation

Increase in proportion of households using hygienic latrines have helped reducing the amount of human excreta disposed into the environment. As the animal excreta treatment (only related to management and treatment of livestock such as pig, buffalo and cow, excluding poultry) is paid more attention, the rural environmental sanitation has been improved due to the considerable increase in the number of livestock sheds built and upgraded to meet the requirements of waste management. By 2010, about 45% of rural farm households have hygienic livestock sheds; about 18,000 livestock farms have waste management systems. The number of livestock farms having biogas tanks is 1,000,000 accounting for 17%.8

For domestic and solid waste, some 3,310 out of 10,345 communes and townships all over the country9 has waste collecting teams, accounting for 32%. However, the amount and frequency of waste collecting in communes and towns is not equal. In some communes, waste is only collected once per week or twice per week. The waste collected is transported to landfills but there is nearly no treatment solution.

Domestic wastewater is generally disposed into pond and lake around the village or into the irrigation canals, causing water pollution situation.

Hygiene practices

Hygiene practices in the rural areas make slow progress. Only about 15% of rural population has the habit of washing hands with soap, and under 5% of the schools have soap at the hand washing place. Sanitation facilities in schools, healthcare stations, People’s Committee offices and rural markets are generally not maintained well.

In general, people have low awareness of or pay little attention to the relation between water, latrine, personal hygiene practices – and health. Hand washing with soap and clean water before eating and after using the toilet, although have been disseminated broadly, are rarely practiced due to both economic and awareness reasons.

1.1.5.The Health Situation

Vietnamese people’s health has been improving for the last 10 years. The rate of under-one-year child mortality of Vietnam has decreased from 44.4%o to 15%o10. However, water and sanitation related diseases has decreased slowly. In 1990, proportion of diarrhea was 300 cases/100,000 people and in 2009, it was still 258 cases/100,000 people 11 with the fast spread in 16 provinces/cities nationwide. . WSS related diseases have still been a concerning issue; according to the World Health Organization, more than 20,000 people in Viet Nam die each year due to the lack of water and environmental sanitation. Shortage of water and

8Report of the Department of Livestock Production /Co-operatives in 2009;9Report of the MONRE in 2009;10 Vietnam Government. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010; Vietnam 2/3 of the way achieving the MDGs, August 201011 Statistical Yearbook. MOH, 2009.

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environmental sanitation is always urgent issue related to health issue in Viet Nam. Moreover, the use of metal and arsenic contaminated water sources will cause severe impacts on people’s health. Arsenic related diseases are arsenicosis, cancer, etc. According to the MOH, at present, 21% of Vietnam population has used arsenic contaminated water which is at higher contamination level than allowed degree, arsenic contaminated water has caused more obvious and severe impacts on people. According to a study of the National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, 4.6% of people have skin problems that their color change; 32% of people have blood vessel disease; 32% of population have symptoms of reproductive disorder; 4% of people using arsenic contaminated water over 3 years have disease of turmour.12

1.1.6 The Situation of Construction of RWSS Facilities

Hundreds of RWSS facilities constructed nationwide are results of the implementation of the National Target Programme in 1999 – 2005 period and 2006 – 2010 period with the support from the water and sanitation programs of UNICEF and other international organizations including WB, DANIDA, AusAid and JICA and some other NGOs,. At the same time, people themselves have constructed a large number of RWSS facilities, which has contributed to improve considerably the situation of RWSS. However, there is a change in the structure of different types of RWSS facilities: proportion of water supply from full piped water supply schemes has rapidly increased (0.12% in 2000 to 25% in 2010), small water supply schemes have decreased. Because the planning and management regulations are insufficient, many drilled wells with small diameter have caused severe impacts on layer structure and hydrogeology and lowered water level, leading to ground water pollution, so many localities have demolished such small-diameter drilled wells.

Currently, quality of many piped water supply schemes is the issue that needs due attention. The number of schemes operating effectively and properly account for 75% of the total schemes. For the remaining 25% of constructed scheme, although they are invested heavily, they do not operate properly and even many schemes do not operate at all13. The reasons are mainly that there are shortcomings in planning; the construction quality is not ensured; cost estimates and post-investment management are limited and that people’s actual demands are not considered properly, etc.

For the household latrines, the MOH has issued standards for latrines and implemented activities to construct hygienic latrines in the rural area nationwide. For the flooded areas in the Mekong delta, the MOH has studied and applied 3 pilot types of latrines. These include 3-sectioned latrine made of composite, floating composite-made latrine with plastic filter and concrete made latrine. However, it is limited to expand these types of latrines due to the cost and sanitation marketing conditions.

The Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) promulgates models of latrine designs for secondary schools, secondary primary schools, primary schools and kindergartens. The designed latrines are environment friendly and suitable for the students’ ages. In the latrine designs for education institutions, the number of pupils per facility should be paid attention to and there must be separated area for boys and girls. The sanitation construction has to comprise the hand washing facility for pupils and teachers.

Models of biogas tanks made of composite for households and livestock pens are successfully used in many areas.

12 Study on diseases related to arsenic contaminated water resources - National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2007 - 200913 Report of the NCERWASS.

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1.2 Challenges

1.2.1. Financial- Economic Challenges

Living standards of rural people have been improved in the last 10 years but still at low level: the poverty rate of Viet Nam has rapidly decreased from 28.9% in 2000 to 14.5% in 2008 14 . However, the rate of poor households is relatively high, especially in difficult terrain and ethnic minority-populated areas.

Investment in RWSS is limited: in 1997, through survey on current situation, average investment for RWSS was USD 0.13/person. In the implementation period of 1999-2005, the investment in RWSS was around VND 6,500 billion/16,000 billion, of which, investment from State budget and international donors was approximately VND 1,400 billion. Average investment in the period of 2000-2010 was about VND 20,000/22,600 billion. During the last 10 years, total investment mobilized is around VND 30,000 billion out of 50,000 billion estimated in the Strategy , accounting for 50% (excluding depreciation) of the construction cost demand for the sector.

Water Supply The proportion of rural populations provided with hygienic domestic water is quite high (79%) but the proportion of rural populations having water meeting national standard is low (40%).

Sanitation: The proportion of households having hygienic latrines accounts for 59%. -The rate of public WSS facilities (healthcare stations, schools, People’s Committee

offices and rural markets) is low.

1.2.2.Challenges in Traditions and Customs

After 10 years of Strategy implementation, awareness of hygiene and health in rural areas has gradually enhanced, however, such progress is slow. Moreover, most people consider sanitation as personal matters, more relating to convenience rather than a public issue affecting community health and the cleanliness of environment.

Due to bad hygiene practices, common diseases are frequent in rural areas, epidemics such as cholera, typhoid and dengue sometimes break out, causing more difficulties to people’s life, especially poor households.

Custom of using fresh excreta as fertilizer is common in aquaculture although it is reduced. This activity is most popular in the rural areas growing crops and flowers in the Red River Delta and North Central Coastal regions and some areas for aquaculture in the Mekong River Delta.

RWSS organization is established and developing. Responsibility assignment among ministries and sectors is regulated in the legal documents; however, coordination between different ministries and sectors is overlapped. MONRE is responsible for water resource management, MARD is responsiblr for rural water supply; MOC is responsible for urban supply including class V towns; sanitation and water quality is the responsibility of MOH, although many other ministries also have their responsibilities in the rural environmental sanitation (MARD is responsible for husbandry facilities, MOH is responsible for household sanitation, MONRE is responsible for waste from trade villages and management of wastewater treatment and MOET is responsible for school sanitation).

Many legal documents have been issued to create a favorable legislative environment for the Strategy implementation. However, there is a lack of or late issuance of specific

14 General Statistics Office; Population and Housing Census statistics in 2008

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regulations and guidelines to meet requirement of each period for the good management of RWSS. Particularly, the issuance of RWSS Socialization document is still slow, lacking regulations on water use fees and extending types of hygienic latrines. Assistance levels regulated in some legal documents are not appropriate to actual situation and some legal documents are slowly implemented at provincial level such as the regulation on clean water standards and common monitoring and evaluation system.

1.2.3.Technical Challenges and Natural Disasters

In especially difficult areas for water resources such as saline areas; high mountainous areas and the karstic limestone areas, there is usually lack of water resources and people have to take the water from distant springs, these areas are characterized by very deep ground water resources and there is little or no surface water which require appropriate technical solutions.

Due to recent irregular climate changes, natural disasters have occurred more frequently. Floods and droughts occur in many localities, resulting in more difficulties in water resources. In some places exhausted water resources have become a serious problem for production and for people's lives, which requires special and urgent solutions.

Regarding sanitation, the most existing difficulty is that only 59% of the rural households have hygienic latrines and only 2/3 of these households use and maintain latrines properly as regulated in the Decision No. 08/2005/QD-BYT.

Viet Nam has more than 3,260 km long coastline with 23% of population15 living in the coastal areas. Fishing villages have very high population density but they lack safe water and there are no latrines.

There are many centers for technology transfer, production and supply of materials and equipment for RWSS have been established but lack of quality control and assurance.

1.3.Opportunities

Beside the challenges and problems, there are also opportunities in RWSS as follows:

The Party and the Government's attention and priority

The Party and Government’s attention and priority to water supply are reflected in the following policies and guidelines:

- Direction No 36/CT-TW and Resolution No. 41-NQ/TW dated November 15 2004 of the Political Bureau on "Environmental protection in the period of promoting national industrialisation and modernisation";

- The National Target program for new rural development in the period of 2010 to 2020.

- Legal documents of financial assistance, socialization in RWSS (Decision No.131/2009/QD-TTg, dated November 02 2009 on a number of investments preference and promotion policies and the management and exploitation of rural clean water supply works) and Decree on preferences of financial support for technology transfer in RWSS area (Decree No. 61/2010 dated June 4 2010 on incentive policies for enterprises investing in agriculture and rural areas)

The well-established administrative and financial decentralization is also an opportunity for the provincial and district levels to actively make investment decision and to implement RWSS programs and projects, focusing on the priority areas of the provinces.

15 Collected according to the statistics. Vietnam Population and Housing Census. Statistical Yearbook 2009..

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Traditional rural economy is transferring into market mechanism. A market in rural water supply and sanitation area has been being developed. Some water supply joint-stock companies have been established and proved profitable. In sanitation area, some companies providing sanitation equipments and solutions for building hygienic latrines which are appropriate to natural characteristics of different regions and areas have been established. New approaches to promote personal and community hygiene practices have been enabled in some areas, bringing about encouraging results. This is a good reason to continue implementing demand-responsive approach of the Strategy.

Since 2006, there have been more donors investing in RWSS and various financial support models given by international organizations, bilateral and multilateral donors and NGOs.

1.4.Development Perspective

In line with the general development process, the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy need to be closely linked to the National Socio-economic Development Strategy in order to achieve the MDGs by the year 2015 as committed;

The Viet Nam Government considers water as an economic good in accordance with the Dublin Principles;

The legal document system has concentrated on creating favorable environment for the private sector to participate in RWSS;

PART II

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2. OBJECTIVES, COMMITMENT, UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL APPROACH2.1. Objectives

The Strategy’s objectives include:

2.1.1. Development Objectives

1. Improved Health

Improved health of the rural population by reducing water and sanitation related diseases through improved water supply, latrines and the promotion of hygienic practices of people.

2. Improved Living Conditions

Improved living conditions by increasing the proportion of people having access to clean water and sanitation will improve living conditions for rural people, reduce the gap between urban and rural areas, reduce the social inequality and gender inequality and contribute to the promotion of rural and agricultural industrialization and modernization

3. Reduced Environmental Pollution

Reduced Environmental Pollution by reducing to the lowest level uncollected and untreated human, livestock excreta, domestic solid waste and wastewater which cause environmental pollution, smell and flies and reduce organic pollution of water resources.

2.1.2. Immediate ObjectivesVision to the year 2030

In general, objectives by the year 2030 are as follows:

Almost all rural people will use clean water of national quality standards.

Almost all rural households will use hygienic latrines;

Rural environmental sanitation will be ensured.

Objective by year 2020

80% of rural people will use clean water of national quality standards with at least 60 litres/capita/day

90% of rural population will use approved hygienic latrines

50% of communes will have groups collecting domestic solid waste from at least 75% of its households and dispose of it into regulated landfills

90% of rural households will have hygienic livestock sheds

Through communication activities, the proportion of rural people having good personal hygiene practice will be increased, especially hand washing with soap at crucial time

100% of public institutions: kindergartens, schools, CPCs, healthcare stations, markets in rural areas will have adequate clean water, approved hygienic latrines and hand washing facilities

Objectives by the year 2015:

60% of rural people will use clean water of national quality standards with at least 60 litres/capita/day

75% of rural population will use approved hygienic latrines

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35% of rural of communes will have groups collecting domestic solid waste from at least 75% of its households and dispose into regulated landfills

75% of rural households will have hygienic livestock sheds

40% of rural people will have good personal hygiene practice, especially hand washing at crucial time

100% of public institutions: kindergartens, schools, CPCs, healthcare stations, markets in rural areas will have adequate clean water, approved hygienic latrines and hand washing facilities.

2.2. Commitment, underlying principles, general approach and scope of implementation

2.2.1. The Basic Underlying Principle is Sustainable Development.This principle places great emphasis on firm and steady development. Sustainability is given higher priority than speed of implementation. At the same time it must be ensured that immediate development shall not produce harmful effects for the future, water resources shall be reasonably exploited.

To achieve sustainability it is necessary to:

Ensure financial sustainability: Ensure adequate and timely financial resource, not only for construction of the facilities but also for management, operation and replacement of the facilities at the end of their service life

Ensure utilisation sustainability: Have clear ownership so that owners are interested in protection of facilities and in continuous utilisation and prolonged service life of facilities.

Ensure operational sustainability: Ensure the ability of continuous and prolonged operation of facilities. This means there must be management system (even a very simple one), appropriate technology, staff capable of operation and maintenance of facilities, the network of repair services, and easily found spare parts. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen capacity of the sector staffs and pay more attention to the operation and maintenance of the piped water supply schemes and public sanitation facilities.

2.2.2 Commitment

Enhance the internal strength of rural population based on a demand responsive approach and socialisation of investment, construction and management; and at the same time increase the effect of state management of RWSS service providers. Users will decide on the type of RWSS facilities suitable to their capability of finance, operation and management. Government will take the role of providing guidance and support and there will be policies to help the poor, the social policy target households, ethnic minority people and areas with extreme difficulties.

Develop a market for RWSS services under the government's orientation.

2.2.3. General Approach

The strategy will use a demand responsive approach and socialization of RWSS will be implemented.

A Demand Responsive Approach

This approach means that users, after being provided with necessary advice and sufficient information, will:

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Decide on what type of RWSS facilities they want, how they will organise this and how they will pay for them.

Either construct facilities themselves or arrange and pay for a contractor to build the facilities.

Manage the operation and maintenance of all the facilities or pay for a contractor to do so.

Government agencies and donors will be providers of guidance, advice and support.

The demand responsive approach, which aims at enhancing to the maximum people's internal strength by improving people’s participation and socialization of rural water supply and sanitation, should be implemented strictly, so that by the end of year 2015 all RWSS activities in different programmer will totally follow the mechanism of this approach.

Cost Recovery

As a general principle, users will be responsible for all construction costs and all operating costs for RWSS facilities. Government will however provide financial support in the form of grants to certain types of users and for certain technologies as follows:

The poor, very poor and the social policy target households who suffer difficulties;

Certain types of RWSS technologies, which are promoted by government;

A number of other special cases

Socialization of RWSS

Socialization of RWSS is to promote and to organize people, to create legal basis for the mobilization of active participation and contribution of all economic sectors and all communities in financing, construction of facilities, production of equipment and spare parts, in providing repair services and in management and operation of facilities. The private sector should be necessarily encouraged more to invest in construction of RWSS facilities, especially full piped water supply schemes and to participate in service supply. The rights and obligations of the Government and private sector should be clarified that the Government is responsible for activities related to social welfare with the focus on weak and vulnerable groups and to reduce the gap in access to RWSS among the communities. Particularly, the government management agencies will withdraw from WSS construction and business, and this will be given to state-owned or private contractors through competitive tendering. The market for RWSS services will be further developed under the government's orientation. Accordingly, regulations and detailed guidelines on institution, finance, technology, human resources, etc. should be issued to attract the participation of private sectors in rural water supply and sanitation.

2.2.4. Implementation Guidelines and general approach

In order to apply the demand responsive approach and to achieve sustainable development, 6 implementation guidelines need to be followed:

Users will decide on or participate in the selection of technology, site of full piped water supply scheme, level of service and operational arrangements they want. Government agencies only implement the functions of management and providing advice

Users shall pay all construction costs and management and operation costs. Government will only support the poor, the social policy target households and certain types of technologies that need promotion.

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IEC activities providing guidance to people on technologies, techniques, operation and maintenance, financial mechanism, credit etc. to help them make informed decisions will start before the planning or construction of RWSS facilities.

Effective operation and management arrangements of RWSS facilities that are intended to serve more than one household (for example full piped water supply schemes) shall be clearly put in place prior to construction of facilities.

Advanced and appropriate technologies (technologies that: are easy to operate, use spare parts, equipment or materials produced in the country or locally; have been tested and shown to be sustainable; not too expensive and are acceptable to users; are environmentally acceptable) shall be promoted. Technologies, which are harmful for people’s health and the environment, shall be rejected.

Priority will be given to promote the construction and use of hygienic latrines through enhancing IEC activities and good hygiene practices.

2.2.5. Scope of Strategy Implementation

The updated NRCWSSS covers all rural areas of the whole country.

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PART III

3. MAIN STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS 3.1. Information, Education, Communication and Community Participation3.1.1. Importance of Information, Education and Communication and Behavior Change (IEC/BC)

During the last 10 years, there has been a significant number of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities related to rural water supply, sanitation and hygiene nationwide. This has resulted in increased awareness among authorities at different levels and among rural people of the importance of clean water, good sanitation and hygiene practices, which again has contributed to the current situation. Compared to the situation 10 years ago, many additional households now have access to clean water, hygienic latrines, good bathrooms etc. A number of participatory and demand-responsive approaches have been piloted during this period, including the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach, the Community-based Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach, Community Health Clubs, the Handwashing with Soap Initiative etc.

However, in some provinces RWSS-related IEC activities have not been paid due attention, with no overall planning of IEC activities. IEC activities have often mainly been in the form of one-way communication (i.e. telling people what to do without discussions or opportunities to ask questions). This may have resulted in increased awareness and knowledge but not led to significantly improved practices/behaviour change, particularly as far as sanitation and hygiene practices are concerned. In addition, IEC activities have often been infrequent and/or had a very narrow geographical focus, i.e. been focused on areas where a piped scheme was being constructed or a donor or NGO was supporting the implementation of a specific project. Improved water supply has often been given higher attention than improved sanitation and hygiene practices and in some areas, IEC activities have not paid sufficient attention to communication with leaders on the NRCWSSS and its demand-responsive approach. Lack of funding for IEC activities has been a noticeable problem as have the limited IEC capacity and skills in many organizations. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness and appropriateness of IEC activities have been weak.

One of the lessons learnt during the 10-year implementation of the NRCWSSS is that IEC activities need to pay high attention to improved practices/ behaviour change and not only improved awareness and knowledge. In other words, improved awareness and knowledge of leaders at all levels and people need to lead to action and behaviour change, resulting in improved sanitation, hygiene practices and use of clean water.

IEC activities with focus on behaviour change communication are of great importance for the success of the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (NRCWSSS).

3.1.1.1. IEC activities aim at the following purposes:

Promote the use of clean water and hygienic latrines, proper management of domestic waste, wastewater and animal waste (construction of livestock sheds, biogas tanks etc.), and good personal hygiene practices, particularly hand washing with soap;

Make full use of people's internal strength, increase their willingness to pay for the construction and operation and management of clean water supply facilities, hygienic latrines and other sanitary improvements;

Provide village women and men with necessary and sufficient information to make an informed choice between different water supply and sanitation technologies which are appropriate to their economic capacity as well as local conditions;

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Encourage people to participate in community activities, monitoring and evaluation of NRCWSSS implementation in their locality to promote the use of clean water and maintain good environmental sanitary conditions.

3.1.1.2 IEC Target Groups and Key Principles

The main target groups for IEC activities are:

1. Village women and men, with particular attention to the poor

2. Village children and youth, with particular attention to the poor

3. Local authorities and leaders

Women, together with girls, have the majority of day-to-day tasks in relation to sanitation and hygiene and therefore constitute an important target group for IEC activities. It is also important that activities reach men, as they make many of the major decisions within the family, though IEC activities will actively encourage that women participate in RWSS decision-making at both household and community levels. Children and youth will also be important target groups, with a number of IEC activities in schools. Particular attention will be paid to designing IEC activities so they reach the poor.

In order to establish a strong political will to implement the NRCWSSS, IEC activities will pay special attention to provision of information to, and communication with, local authorities and officials, village and other local leaders and prestigious people in the individual communities. These IEC - or advocacy - activities will focus on the overall approach and key principles of the NRCWSSS, including sustainability, demand responsive approach, cost recovery and socialization, but will also provide more detailed information on e.g. the integrated and pro-poor planning process for RWSS activities, the importance of IEC activities, the different elements of the finance mechanism etc.

The following are key principles of the IEC activities of the NRCWSSS:

IEC activities will focus on good practices/ behaviour change, i.e. actual sanitation, hygiene and water related improvements and not only increased awareness and knowledge; particular attention will be given to improved sanitation and hygiene practices.

IEC activities will be take place at all levels, with special attention to the village and commune levels.

IEC activities and publication will be designed to take regional differences in attitudes, customs, traditions, socio-economic conditions, literacy and languages - geographically and ethnically - into account;

IEC activities will focus on a few key topics and messages; priority topics and specific IEC activities will be determined locally, according to community-level assessments.

IEC activities will be carefully tailored to different target groups, both in terms of topics, communication channels and language; the messages will be easy to understand for the different target groups.

Several channels will be used for communication on the same topic(s) in an attempt to reach all target groups and reinforce the message.

There will be continuous and repeated communication on relevant topics.

Correct and consistent information will be provided, irrespective of which organization it comes from; special care will be given not to raise undue expectations of external financial support.

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Plans for IEC activities will be prepared at different levels, involving all relevant organizations; the plans will allocate specific responsibilities and funding to different organizations and include a mechanism of coordination and cooperation.

Adequate funding will be allocated for comprehensive and intensive IEC activities to take place at all levels; around 20% of the total recurrent expenditure for RWSS activities will thus be allocated to IEC activities.

3.1.1.3.Main IEC Activities/ Communication Channels

The lessons learnt from 10 years’ implementation of the NRCWSSS have shown that the best results have been achieved in areas where a variety of well-planned IEC activities have been carried out, with focus on face-to-face activities using two-way communication methods. Two-way face-to-face communication will therefore be given particular attention; to have the highest possible effect, they will be complimented with the use of other communication channels/ IEC activities. The different types of IEC activities have been grouped into the following categories:

Face-to-face communication, including village meetings using different participatory tools, door-to-door visits, social marketing by for example local latrine builders, peer-to-peer communication with communication adult-to-adult and child-to-child.

Printed information materials/tools, for example sets of drawings, flip charts, leaflets and posters; small models of different types of hygienic latrines may also be used.

Mass media, including television, radio, loudspeakers, newspapers and magazines.

Drama, music and song performances, competitions etc.

Setting of good examples by public institutions, village motivators and others

Face-to-face communication, supported by printed materials, will be done on a continuous basis, while drama and other performances as well as competitions will be arranged from time to time, often in connection with specific occasions like the Water and Sanitation Week, World Water Day, World Handwashing Day.

Face-to-Face Communication

Face-to-face communication is the main form of communication that will be used. This will include the use of different participatory approaches in different parts of Vietnam and with adjustments of these approaches so they are suitable to the local situations. There will be face-to-face communication activities at community level, kinder gardens and schools. The latter are often effective entry points for hygiene and sanitation promotion in the wider community.

It is foreseen that several face-to-face communication methods will be used simultaneously in the same local area, for example the use of the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach may be combined with promotion by local latrine builders of locally appropriate latrine models and/or door-to-door visits by village health workers, the Women’s Union etc. Much effort will be put into having RWSS-related IEC activities in all schools.

The network of the health system will be very important in connection with face-to-face IEC activities at community level, particularly the village health workers. Also mass organizations, particularly the Women’s Union, have a good network down to village level and will play an essential role in face-to-face communication. Village and other local leaders and dignitary will be important target groups for IEC activities, but will also participate in the promotion of appropriate sanitation and water supply facilities and good hygiene practices.

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Sanitation marketing by local latrine builders is foreseen to play an important role in promoting the construction of appropriate latrines, including low-cost models.

As women constitute a very important target group for IEC activities, it will be actively encouraged that the majority of village-level motivators (village health workers, Women’s Union members etc.) as well as others trained on sanitation, hygiene and water supply issues are women. However, also men will be trained in the same topics as IEC activities are to also reach men and it is the experience that often men communicate best with other men and women best with other women.

High priority will be given to training of IEC staff and village-level motivators in two-way communication and facilitation skills and in specific topics related to sanitation, hygiene and water supply. Also teachers will be trained in the use of participatory communication methods as well as specific sanitation, hygiene and water supply issues.

Printed materials

It is important that some printed information materials can be distributed and used as part of the face-to-face communication at community level. This makes it easier for people to remember the information they have received during a meeting or household visit. It is equally important to have appropriate educational materials for use in schools.

Many IEC materials, including guidelines, manuals, picture sets, flipcharts, leaflets etc., have been developed over the last 10 years by different organizations and programmes. Over 500 of these are included in the on-line IEC library established by NCERWASS. This sharing of existing and new materials among organizations involved in IEC activities will continue.

Existing IEC materials will be reviewed and possibly adjusted to ensure they are relevant and culturally appropriate in the localities they are used, while new IEC materials will be designed to be appropriate to different regions and ethnic groups. It will be paid special attention that IEC materials are gender-sensitive, for example containing drawings with women/girls as well as men/boys. IEC materials will be in relevant local languages.

Mass media

Use of the mass media will continue, both at national and local level. This will include television and radio programmes and advertisements, newspapers, magazines and loudspeakers. In connection with the planning of IEC activities (see also section 3.1.4 below), it will be taken into consideration that the production and transmission of TV programmes and advertisements are often costly.

Drama, music and song performances, competitions etc.

Drama, music and song performances are entertaining ways of conveying messages on hygiene, sanitation and water supply and are often good ways of attracting people’s attention, to make them talk about sanitation, hygiene and water supply issues and make them interested in getting additional information. The same is the case for competitions. However, performances and often also competitions take place during a very short time and will therefore be combined with other activities. Village health workers or a mass organization can for example use the topics from a drama performance in their discussions with households or during community meetings.

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Setting of good examples by public institutions, village motivators and others

Appropriate and well-managed water supply, sanitation and hand washing facilities in public institutions such as schools, health clinics, markets and other institutions are essential because public institutions are places where large numbers of people gather. Without hygienic latrines, clean water supply and hand washing facilities in these institutions there will be a high risk of water and sanitation related diseases. Furthermore, by having hygienic latrines, hand washing facilities and clean water supply, public institutions set good examples for others to follow; lack of such facilities on the other hand could undermine IEC activities, not least in schools where school children should be able to put their new knowledge on sanitation and hygiene into practice. High priority will therefore be given to have appropriate, sufficient and well-managed hygienic latrines, clean water supply and appropriate hand washing facilities at all public institutions.

Village motivators, IEC staff, local latrine builders and others involved in RWSS activities will also be encouraged to have and maintain appropriate water supply facilities, hygienic latrines, hand washing facilities, livestock sheds etc. Thus, their daily repeated activities help to carry out the Strategy’s IEC continuously. 3.1.1.4.Planning of IEC ActivitiesUnder key IEC principles, it is important that IEC activities are well planned in cooperation between all institutions involved.

The detailed planning of IEC activities takes place at district level, with support from provincial level. The planning process starts with a review of data available from the RWSS M&E system, as well as other local information available from various departments, mass organizations, NGOs etc. Based on the information available, it will be determined whether further information needs to be collected.

To the extent possible, plans for IEC activities will be based on existing data and information. However, in some cases it will be beneficial to supplement this information with small sample surveys, using a simple questionnaire and/or focus group discussions.

The organizations involved in IEC activities will, based on their analysis of the information available, determine the specific priority IEC topics to go into the IEC plan. They will also assess which face-to-face IEC activities are the most effective in their area and which other IEC activities to conduct. They will in this connection pay much attention to IEC activities reaching their different target groups, in particular poor women, men and children. This assessment, together with the funds available, will determine which IEC activities will be carried out.

RWSS-related IEC plans form part of the annual RWSS plans to be prepared at different levels.

3.1.2. Ability and Willingness to Pay

One of the aims of IECBC activities is raising awareness of people's responsibility of paying for clean water and hygienic latrines of households, so that they can enhance their internal strength to solve the problems themselves. At present an average household spends about 1% to 3% of its annual income on water supply and sanitation. Meanwhile, the strategy assumes that in the future an average rural household could pay between 3% and 5% of its total income for clean water and sanitation. Following the principle of the strategy users will pay at least 50% of the construction cost and all the operating and maintenance costs for RWSS facilities.

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The ability to pay is very low among the poor who use most of their income on necessary needs such as food, therefore the government will make financial support available for these groups so that they are able to afford to construct their own RWSS facilities. Both poor and non-poor households will be able to obtain loans from the RWSS credit fund.

3.1.3. Organization of Community Participation

The demand responsive approach means that most RWSS activities are organized and executed by users. Therefore, users will organize themselves into groups to do four main things as follow:

1. Helping one another in making financial contribution for construction of RWSS facilities

2. Managing piped schemes and shared latrines

3. Applying for government support in the form of grants or loans.

4. Paying fees for waste collection and treatment in the community.

Special efforts will be made to ensure that both men and women participate in decision-making and are represented in the groups. It is thus encouraged by government that at least half of the group members are women and that they are given key positions within the group.

For individual household facilities, those households which do not have enough funds should apply for grants or loans as a group in order to simplify the administration procedures. The group will be jointly responsible for the proper use of funds. For individual households who have to finance part of the construction costs, the government encourages user groups to work as savings groups. WSS motivators will assist with the formation of user groups and support them in connection with applications for grants or loans and with monitoring the proper use of funds.

For shared facilities (mini piped schemes) users shall manage the facilities and form themselves into groups in order to apply for grants and loans, as well as to agree on and to organise the design, construction, operation and maintenance of such schemes.

For larger piped schemes more formal arrangements are needed, however, it is necessary to conduct consultation with the users to ensure good service supplied by the piped schemes. The users (community) should participate more in the planning process for piped scheme construction and enhance their role of monitoring in construction process.

For waste storage, collection or waste treatment schemes, it has to depend on the scale of each type of scheme to attract the community participation.

For collection and transport of domestic waste, the households should volunteer to take part in; the community will establish a collecting group and finance to pay salary to the group members;

For waste site planning, the local authorities will ensure community participation in selecting the land fill

Regarding treatment technology and management methods, technical guidance and regulations on environmental protection by professional agencies are required. Responsibility lies with the environment officials of the Natural Resources and Environment Departments for training and providing guidance to the community and commune environment officials.

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3.1.4. Protection of Users

Most of the users are not RWSS specialists but take the leading role as owners and managers of their own facilities. Adequate regulatory and support frameworks for management must therefore be established to protect users' interests in a market economy. Specifically,

Prepare and issue regulations covering construction quality, water quality and the quality of chemicals for water treatment for households or individual water supply facilities, including suitable detailed regulations and the associated enforcement systems.

Professional guidance and checking to provide users with information of alternative RWSS facilities for their informed choice.

Training courses are provided through IEC activities so that the users can participate in construction monitoring, water quality monitoring or they can themselves check the quality of supplied water;

The protection of users is an extremely important part of the strategy because the basis of the strategy is user-centered, and it aims at enabling users to make the right decision, to manage contractors and manage the operation of piped systems. The relevant agencies will therefore place great emphasis on user protection and assist users to follow regulations and advice of government.

3.2.Organization, Management and Human Resource Development 3.2.1.Organizational Strengthening Organizational and management system in RWSS has been changed compared to the year

2000:

- The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is established (2002) to take up responsibility of state management of water resources from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development;

- MARD is responsible for state management of water supply in rural areas (Decree No. 117/2007/ND-CP);

- MOH is responsible for state management of promulgating regulations on clean water and organizing investigation and monitoring of the clean water regulation implementation;

- The Water Resources Directorate under MARD is responsible to assist the Minister of MARD in state management and performing state management of rural water (Decree No.75/2009/ND-CP, Decision No. 03/2010/QD-TTg)

- To improve effectiveness of financing resources; with approval of the Government (Decision No. 519/TTg-HTQT dated April 3 2006) and agreement of the donors, he RWSSP Coordination Unit is established (Decision No. 3507/QD-BNN-TCCB of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development dated November 16 2006); .

3.2.2.General Principles Government bodies will not participate in production or business activities. They only

carry out their state management responsibility and provide advisory guidance to users.

Build on the existing organizations including mass organizations and communities at the village level.

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Concentrate responsibility of steering RWSS implementation within one ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

Allocate responsibility for Strategy implementation associated with the functions of the ministries through official documents on responsibility allocation among ministries with strong commitments.

Incorporate with other strategies and NTPs of other ministries to enhance the effectiveness of the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy;Decentralize implementation to the lowest appropriate level working in close connection with community organizations.

3.2.3.The Responsibilities of the National Level- Ministries and Social Organizations Setting policies, mechanism and plans for RWSS development and supervising and

managing the implementation of these policies and mechanisms.

Overall co-ordination of implementation of National Strategy, in particular close coordination between different ministries, sectors, social organisation and donors.

Ensure adequate government budgets for the implementation of the strategy.

Carrying out IEC and training activities for human resources development to meet the demand of RWSS.

Monitoring and evaluation of strategy implementation, updating program after every five-year plan to make it appropriate to reality and to new situation.

3.2.4. Institutions and coordination in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation area

National Level

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD)

MARD is the lead ministry to co-ordinate with other ministries in RWSS implementation, MARD is responsible for:

Coordinating implementation of RWSS programs and projects

Overall co-ordination of IEC/BBC activities

Building demand of HRD and training

Pilot implementation on rural waste treatment and guidance on application of technologies in RWSS related activities.

Coordinating funds for grants and loans

Coordinating the use of donors' funds for implementation of national programs according to priorities.

Supervising implementation and updating of NRCWSSS

Setting plans and steering implementation of plans for natural disaster mitigation.

Ministry of Health (MOH)

The Ministry of Health has the key role in activities related to the objectives of rural sanitation of the Strategy, including:

Promoting household latrine coverage;

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Constructing, managing and providing guidance on the use of latrines of the health care stations;

IEC activities related to sanitation and personal hygiene practices; Setting standards for water quality and hygienic latrines;

Promulgating regulations on reuse of human excreta as fertilizer;

Monitoring water quality and sanitation facilities according to the set quality standards.

MOH is responsible to continue building up and to make full use of its extensive network at grassroots level to ensure rural sanitation.

Ministry of Education and Training (MoET)

MoET has key responsibility in implementing the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy into the educational institutions nationwide.

Integrating health education program for pupils in primary and secondary schools with focus on awareness education and behavior change into school education.

Carrying out Information- Education- Communications aiming for pupils, students, teachers and parents;

Co-ordinating with MARD, MOC, MOH, and MOST to set plans and programs for WSS training to meet increasing demand of society.

Having responsibility for proposing appropriate types of hygienic latrines in the educational institutions, investment, construction, management and operation of WSS facilities in schools.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for water resource management, environmental management and aspects of climate change related to RWSS. Specifically, the responsibilities of MONRE include:

Ensuring rural environmental sanitation, mainly trade villages’ environment in line with the approved Environmental Protection Strategy up to year 2020;

Investigating, monitoring and evaluating water resources, and sharing information of these results with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to facilitate water exploitation and supply planning;

Co-operating with MARD in developing master plan for rural water supply and environmental sanitation to put forward exploitation methods appropriate to each region, taking into account impacts of climate change; in rural waste management and evaluating rural environmental sanitation situation; in IEC activities related to waste collection and treatment in the rural areas.

Co-operating with MARD and MOST in research and application of technologies and waste management, classification and collection processes and construction of landfills as regulated.

Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI)

Summarize periodical plans of Strategy implementation;

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Summarize and make plan to allocate state budget; coordinate general funding and co-ordinate the donors’ funding for RWSS and assisted projects to submit to the Government for approval

Ministry of Finance (MoF)

Co-operate with the MPI and Strategy’s steering organization to issue guideline documents of financial mechanism;

Ensure sufficient allocation of committed funding from State budget as planned to ministries, sectors, state organizations, provinces and cities at state level.

Ministry of Construction (MoC)

MoC retains its state management function on capital construction, supervision and engineering adjustment of WSS facilities.

Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

With the function of research and introduction of new environment-friendly technologies, MOST is responsible for:

Research and development of appropriate technologies solving difficult problems in RWSS;

Transfer of RWSS and environmental protection technology against pollution of water resources.

The Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas (CEMMA)

The Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas is responsible to implement the Program 134, 135 giving priority to the poor and isolated communities, including rural water supply and sanitation and also related communication activities. In order to implement the Strategy effectively:

CEMMA should co-operate with MARD in implementing rural water supply and sanitation components to save resources and ensure effective investment;

The National Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (NCERWASS) Supply technical assistance, including:

Developing IEC data, consultancy service, technical assistance and management.

Monitoring and evaluating the NRWSSS implementation

Supervising and guiding solutions for financial mechanism and management of the RWSS facilities;

Mass organizations

The Women’s Union, Farmer’s Association, Youth Union, etc. participate in the Strategy implementation according to their functions in IEC activities, mobilisation of community's active involvement in construction, operation and management. Mass organisations help users to form RWSS user groups or cooperatives. Specifically,

Prepare education documents such as pamphlet, calendar, other training documents and guidance of water and sanitation; Carry out communication activities with focus on communications for behaviour change;

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Set a credit system for member of the union to build and upgrade the water supply and sanitation (such as buying water tanks, using non-smoke kitchen, hygienic latrine and bathroom).

The revolving funds are established so that households can borrow loans to build water supply constructions and latrines.

Training for the IEC staffs of the communes about management of the loan and credit system, information dissemination and training local people on operation and maintenance of the drilled well/water pump/latrines (in co-ordination with the CERWASS)

Organize summary workshop, IEC activities to promote sanitation, hygienic living style, savings to pay for the clean water supply scheme and sanitation, etc. Organize the creative idea contest for models of water supply and latrine in order to find out solutions to the use of biogas latrine or water supply in the areas with many difficulties.

Coordinating and partnership

Provide information about water supply and sanitation activities.

Gather and guide the donors and organizations towards sector funding in order to assist the Government and MARD in implementing the Strategy.

Support initiatives to apply and expand the activities in rural water supply and sanitation area;

Support the summary and lessons learnt from the activities of NGOs in rural sanitation, including the selection of areas for pilot programs and expansion.

Provincial Level

Provincial People’s Committee (PPC)

The Provincial People’s Committee:

Is the agency with highest mandate and responsibility to implement NRWSS in each province at provincial level;

Establish appropriate implementation organizations and structures;

Approve program and plan for RWSS;

Steer and co-ordinate different departments within the province and direct districts to implement RWSS program;

Ensure adequate provincial funding corresponding to plan for RWSS;

Co-ordinate with different ministries and sectors at national level and donors to attract funds for construction of WSS facilities;

Develop human resources necessary to province and district and provide technical assistance to promote RWSS.

The NTP Steering Committee at province level

The NTP Steering Committee has the following responsibilities:

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Prepare co-ordination plan of the Departments, branches, districts, communes and cities in the implementation of the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the locality;

Organize, promote and supervise the implementation of the NTP-RWSS of the departments, branches, districts, communes and cities to ensure the effectiveness;

Organize IEC and conduct implementation of the NTP-RWSS according to the law and guidance of the relevant ministries.

The Provincial Steering Committees have to report to the National Steering Committee.

Department of Agriculture and Rural Development.

DARD has main responsibility to:

Manage RWSS units and organizations;

Develop annual plan, five-year plan and planning for RWSS activities at provincial level;

Closely co-operate with the Department of Health and the Provincial Preventive Medicine Centre to construct, manage and operate sanitation facilities in healthcare stations and rural market;

Closely co-operate with the Department of Education and Training to construct, manage and operate sanitation facilities in education institutions;

Closely co-operate with mass organizations at the provincial level in carrying out IEC activities;

Promote periodical monitoring and evaluation of water quality and implement the M&E system.

The Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation at provincial level (pCERWASS)

It belongs to the province’s Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, under the management of the NCERWASS related to its professional capacity. Its function and task are similar to the NCERWASS but at local level.

Assist DARD in implementing activities related to RWSS such as planning, construction, operation and maintenance;

Assist DARD and cooperate with mass organizations at provincial level to directly carry out IEC activities;

Department of Health.

Implement regulations on issues related to management and standards for water supply and sanitation;

Provide public services and water quality supervision services for both public and private water supply schemes;

Carry out information- education- communications for local people and target groups;

Have responsibility for construction of latrines in communes’ healthcare stations and increase in the coverage of household hygienic latrines.

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The Department of Natural resources and Environment.

Have responsibility for sharing, providing information and testing the quality of water sources in the province;

Monitor, manage and prepare plan on environmental protection with emphasis on the cooperation with DARD and DOH in rural environment;

Participate in IEC activities aiming at the communities about waste collection, management and separation;

Guide the CPCs and relevant organizations in construction of landfills as stipulated in the current regulations.

The Department of Science and Technology

Implement studies, give opinions about scientific basis for the master planning of rural water supply and environmental sanitation, relevant projects and programs;

Implement research and development of water supply and sanitation technologies which are friendly to the environment;

Co-operate with DARD and DONRE in development and research of technologies for composting livestock excreta.

District People’s Committee (DPC)

The District People’s Committees, together with the Commune People’s Committees, have responsibility to carry out activities related to rural water supply and sanitation, making plan, receiving and allocating budget, promoting the participation of local people, etc.

The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is responsible for making plans and programs, managing and implementing specific activities. Regarding water supply, the Department’s task includes management of water resources, rural water supply and environment.

The Health Centre of the district is responsible for monitoring on water quality and sanitation situation of the district The district Health Centers carry out communication campaigns and training class of building hygienic latrines for the grassroots health officials and construction workers.

The Department of Education and Training is responsible for making plan and management of construction of sanitation facilities in the education institutions to meet the standards regulated by the MOET.

Commune People’s Committee

Communes are the lowest grass root administrative level which is closest to people. This level will work in close co-ordination with individual users, user groups, mass organizations, in particular the Women's Union and banks to carry out most of government support function for RWSS. The commune level will act as co-ordinator and advisor to users, and organizer of implementation of commune's RWSS plan.

Villages and Hamlets

Although villages and hamlets are not an administrative level they are the main units of rural residents in close connection with rural community. This level will be an important link between the commune level and users and will mobilize active participation of rural community in RWSS; at the same time village or hamlet will be the most appropriate unit for which mini piped scheme is built.

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3.2.3 Strengthening the Effectiveness of State Management

It is necessary to set up a favorable legal environment to mobilize the participation of different economic sectors and to manage well the activities in RWSS. Such a legal environment should have:

Adequate legal and regulatory documents

An adequately strong machinery for enforcement of laws and regulations

Policies to encourage agencies, enterprises, mass organisations and all people to observe laws and regulations.

Promulgation of the System of Improved Legal and Regulatory Documents for the purpose of:

Creating private sector's business environment on the basis of equal competition and within the framework of law and regulations. Identifying clearly the legality of water use organizations and individuals.

Adjusting the functions and mandate of relevant agencies and organisations in the area of RWSS in relevant legal documents to meet the new situation and the updated NRWSSS;

Updating standards and detailed guilines relating to RWSS such as standards of drinking water, approved hygienic latrine types, drilling procedures, processes of construction of water supply and sanitation facilities with technology appropriate to conditions of each region and area.

Continuing to complete regulations on contracting and construction tendering which are suitable to characteristics of RWSS facilities to ensure equity for participation of all economic entities;

Promulgating regulations on user protection

Promulgating standards and guidelines regarding quality of supply of equipment, machines, materials and spare parts;

Streamlining present process and procedures of planning, approval and financing;

Promulgating the mechanisms for grants and loans;

On the basis of typical conditions of the province, promulgating provincial by-laws on capital construction, environmental protection and health protection

Preparation of master plans

On the basis of updated NRCWSSS, it is necessary to update WSS master plans for rural residential areas up to year 2020, with adequate attention given to natural and socio -economic conditions, situation of climate change, and NTP for New Rural Development of each region.

Facilitating the participation of private and state owned enterprises in RWSS

The private sector and SOEs will be the providers of all RWSS construction and services in the future, therefore favorable conditions for their operation are needed, such as:

Improving business environment so that private sector can compete with SOEs on an equal basis such as the Decision No. 131/2009/QD-TTg and other legal documents;

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Strengthening private sector's capacity in technical as well as business skills

Improving construction management systems so that construction contracts are tendered and managed in a fair and transparent way.

Improving regulations to protect users to avoid private sector's potential misuse.

Improve private sector's business environment to provide them with favourable conditions to compete with SOEs on an equal basis namely:

Favorable legal environment for the companies to set water tariff, at least enough to cover production, operation and maintenance costs;

Equal access to credit in the bank system;

Strengthening law enforcement on competitive tendering and contract awarding/punishment.

Arrangement for centralized water supply systems

At present, the management models of piped water supply schemes include:

State-owned enterprises;

Private companies; Joint-stock companies;

Income-generating administration units such as Center for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation;

Co-operatives/co-operation groups; DPCs and CPCs; Community

The implementation process shows that the management models of piped water supply schemes of private companies and joint-stock companies are more advantageous in water supply effectiveness; collecting water use fee and undertaking operation and maintenance.

Except for two models mentioned above, most of the current piped water supply schemes are not clear on the ownership, supervision and management. Therefore, operation of the piped water supply schemes have not been as good as expected.

There will be more studies to find out the most effective models in terms of ownership, investment, management and operation of piped water supply schemes in the rural areas.

3.2.4 Human Resource Development

In the last 10 years, the staff for the area of water supply and sanitation has been put in place. Many officials working in water supply and sanitation have the basic training and specialist knowledge and understanding of technologies and management. However, there are some limitations as follows:

Lack of specialized officials; local officials have to hold many positions at the same time;

Professional skills and management are limited because they do not receive any training.

Working conditions are not adequate to assigned works, so the officials are not devoted to RWSS works and it is not attractive to capable officials.

In general, the sector’s staff currently does not meet the new requirements. Therefore, there is a need for changes in their awareness and activities in the domain of RWSS. In the coming period with the market economy and demand-responsive approach, besides training, the human resource development also covers broader aspects such as employee recruitment and professional development.

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The aims of HRD are:

To supply adequate number of sector staff in relevant professions in line with their future areas of responsibility.

To focus on training local staff at provincial and district levels in the NRCWSSS, understanding and skills in setting up plans and programs, co-ordinating and managing following the demand responsive approach for RWSS

To train staff responsible for implementation at district and commune levels to do well their job and role.

Commitment to HRD:

HRD will be targeted at the full range of staff in WSS, with focus on senior provincial and district staff. Senior staff must fully grasp the principles and approach of the Strategy. Staff at district and commune levels who are responsible for implementation must fully understand the strategy and have good skills to implement the Strategy.

Human resource development up to 2020 HRD will be designed comprehensively for all types of staff: from steering, management, planning, programming; technical, financial, credit and banking staff to management, operation and maintenance staff.

HRD activities will focus more on practical skills than simply on theoretical basis. Attention will be given to the combination of on-the-job training, learning-by-doing practical skills and traditional classroom training. HRD will be planned dependent upon need but should probably include the following:

Planning and management for RWSS within a demand responsive approach.

Skills to attract community participation in different implementation periods;

Multidisciplinary assessment of plans, including feasibility studies.

Financial planning.

Supervising and evaluating project implementation.

Specific technical skills, such as water resource evaluation, water quality testing, operation and maintenance etc.

Attention will be given to good remuneration policy to attract and keep good officials and staff to work at provincial and grassroots levels. The Government will encourage young staff to work at district level, value their experience of working at grass root level and will create good conditions for their career development.

Strengthening the Training capacity

There will be coordination of HRD of different ministries, sectors and organizations since each ministry or sector has its own training institutions. These institutions should give attention to training RWSS specialists and staff. Government, both at national and provincial levels must ensure adequate funds for RWSS training.

Training should be cooperated with other private organizations and technical assistance groups of different programs and projects.

At present, most of the existing training institutions lack equipment and specialist trainers to train people in advisory skills needed for the new Strategy. It is therefore necessary to further develop the current WSS training capacity at all levels including tertiary training institutions, professional secondary education schools, vocational centres of MARD, MOC, MOET and other ministries.

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3.2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation

M&E Indicator Set for RWSS

Monitoring and evaluation for the implementation of the National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy has been improved step by step with the establishment of M&E indicator set for RWSS. The indicator set is issued by MARD16, including 14 indicators (8 sector level indicators and 6 programme level indicators). This indicator set is included in Annex 3.

Training for M&E implementation has been given to key staffs who are the officials of the provincial departments. However, the capacity for implementing M&E among provinces and within province differs. The Strategy gives high priority to implementation of the above-mentioned M&E system.

MARD is responsible for steering the implementation of monitoring and evaluation, allocating specific tasks to concerned ministries/branches to implement monitoring and evaluation. Cooperation with the donors to carry out these activities is also included.

Monitoring and evaluation activities according to the M&E indicator set are carried out annually in all provinces to ensure that the Strategy is implemented properly and effectively and within the identified resources to meet its objectives.

Mid-term monitoring and evaluation and final review of the implementation of the five-year action plan;

Studies to assess the social impact of RWSS activities, particularly poverty targeting (whether the poor benefit from RWSS interventions and are involved in the decision-making process) and gender aspects

Ad-hoc monitoring and evaluation on other issues identified by implementing and management agencies;

Support to increased community supervision/monitoring according to the Decision 80/2005/QD-TTg on Investment Supervision by the Community;

Sharing of M&E Information

All institutions involved in M&E of RWSS activities will share their information with other sector stakeholders and other programmes for more effective integration and implementation of programmes. This includes the sharing of annual M&E results as well as other M&E data with the provinces.

3.3. Financial mechanism and mobilization of various funding sources

During 10-year strategy implementation, the financial mechanism has been renovated. Funding sources for rural water supply and sanitation have been varied from communities, private sector and other economic entities; funding from bilateral and multilateral organizations and NGOs and more importantly from the State budget committed to the NRCWSSS. One of the significant achievements is the policy system which is used as sound basis for the Strategy’s financial mechanism and being improved from Central level to local level17. Credit fund has been established through Viet Nam Bank for Social Policies (formerly

16 Decision No. 51/2008/QD-BNN, April 200817 Circular No. 40/2005/TT-BTC in 2005 providing financial mechanism applicable to clean water supply projects funded by ODA, Joint Circular No. 95/2009/TTLT-BTC-BXD-BNN of May 19, 2009, guiding the principles and methods of determining, and competence to decide on, clean water prices applicable to urban centers, industrial parks and rural areas and Circular No. 100/2009/TT-BTC of May 20, 2009, promulgating the bracket of daily-life clean water prices . Based on the water prices, the local provinces set up price for rural domestic water at province level, taking account of local socio-economic characteristics, types of technologies and payment capacity of rural people.

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the Bank for the Poor) to provide loans for the households and groups of households to promote the construction of WSS facilities;

Establishment of healthy financial mechanism has not only supported the construction of WSS facilities but also increased effectiveness of operation, re-investment and maintenance of the facilities. Besides, financial sustainability of the constructions is a factor to encourage the participation of different economic sectors in RWSS, especially the private sector.

However, some limitations to the financial aspect are as follows:

Budget allocation to different activities of the Strategy is not equal; funding for construction is too substantial while funding for other activities is inadequate such as IEC activities, training and technology researches;

Annual budget allocation is slow and does not meet the demands;

Investment from private sector has not been strongly attracted;

Loans for construction of WSS facilities in some areas are not appropriate to the construction cost;

Budget has not been allocated for waste collection and treatment;

Budget for operation, maintenance and re-investment is still low, affecting the sustainability of the constructions;

3.3.1. Mobilization of Local Funding and Foreign Investment to Develop RWSS

In the upcoming years, preferable ODA for Viet Nam will reduce. In order to ensure budget for RWSS, it is essential to focus on mobilizing domestic funding resources.

Funding from households: Households spend a reasonable proportion of their income (3 - 5%) to invest in WSS facilities in the forms of: construction of WSS facilities for individual households, groups of households or construction of piped water supply scheme for the whole village or commune.

Funding from private sector: the Government has issued Decree 61 and Decision 131 to encourage private investors and other economic sectors to invest in construction of piped schemes by giving them special policy treatment. For instance, the investors in this area should be exempted from income tax and other taxes (land tax, enterprise tax and natural resources tax, etc.) and get loans with preferential interest rates (equal to the interest rates of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policy). At the same time, government will have policy to protect investors. Beside investment-encouraging policies, more legal documents about financial mechanism, (water price, etc.) should be issued to attract the private sector’s investment in RWSS.

Funding from State budget: the Government and local authorities spend adequate budget for RWSS, including waste and wastewater collection and treatment and environmental sanitation.

Funding from donors: Foreign fundings from multilateral or bilateral donors, from NGOs, in the forms of loans or non-refundable funding, including investment in WSS by private sector are mobilized..

Early promulgation of specific circulars, guidelines and clear policies of priorities (on tax, loans, training policies, special treatment for land use for enterprise establishment, planning for groundwater or surface water to serve water supply) is needed to encourage active investment in RWSS from local and foreign economic entities.

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The financial mechanism for piped water supply schemes is based on the principle that enterprises mobilize and use capital sources for investment and construction The issued water tariff for piped schemes need to base on market principles to reflect all costs in a way that ensures financial autonomy, transport cost, costs of operation and maintenance, profitable management of water supply companies (State-owned or private) and at the same time, ensures user protection. For rural sanitation facilities, users have to pay most of construction costs, and all the costs of operation, maintenance and management of the facilities. However, in order to help poor people, social policy target households and those who live in areas with extreme difficulties the Government need to have the grant and loan systems to assist them in construction of WSS facilities.

3.3.2. The Government’s Grant System

The Governmnet’s Grant System is established to support construction of RWSS facilities encouraged by the Government, targeting the poor, social policy target households and those who live in areas with extreme difficulties in water and sanitation:

4. Supporting Full Piped Water Supply Schemes

Full Piped Water Supply Schemes are industrial and modern water supply schemes and can ensure good water quality, sustainable development and convenient, handy use of water. These can make rural areas more civilised, help them move towards urbanisation and to reduce the gap between urban and rural areas. These schemes are very suitable for areas with high population density.

The process of rural agricultural development towards industrialisation and modernization is also the process of changing the rural economic structure: crop farms and livestock farms, handicraft villages, industrial zones for agricultural product processing, commercial and service centres will be formed. Rural infrastructure such as roads, water supply, power supply, transport and communication will also develop. This will have profound impact on the process of population concentration; isolated, fragmented, dispersed residential points and nomadic farming people will congregate to form larger residential areas (over 1,000 people). Piped water supply schemes will meet the demand of such larger populated areas. Government (both national and provincial) will assist with the construction costs of piped schemes in the rural areas in order to encourage the community to contribute capital and labour to construct these facilities.

4.1 Credit system supported by the Government

The level of government contribution to individual schemes will be based on consideration of specific conditions and can be as much as 60% of construction costs during the immediate years and can be gradually lower for subsequent years.

Users can borrow from RWSS credit funds to contribute their part of construction costs. For the poor, in addition to government supported grant for construction of piped scheme they are still eligible for their special grants so that they are able to pay for their contribution to construction costs of piped scheme and house connections.

4.1.1 Supporting sanitation

In principle, the Government only provide in-cash grant for poor households to build hygienic latrines (see Special Support below). To promote rural sanitation, indirect support policies need to be implemented in both household and community levels.

Support study and application of low-cost hygienic latrines which are suitable to regional conditions;

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Support materials and model of low-cost hygienic latrines for households.

Support the community through training, cost supporting, using local materials, including construction contractor and community for construction of low-cost hygienic latrine.

4.1.2. Supporting construction of rural waste site

Support of the Government to build rural waste site should be calculated reasonably from the total budget for Strategy implementation. This support will be allocated to the provinces and based on construction planning, sector planning of each province to construct, upgrade and improve the rural waste site at appropriate scale from commune to inter-commune level.

Waste sites will be built to meet the standards of Vietnam Technical Regulations and treated with appropriate technologies to prevent penetration into the environment. The CPCs will organize enterprises or cooperatives working in environmental sanitation area. The construction of waste site and supply of equipments such as waste transportation, waste bins, etc. will be invested appropriately from funding sources of the State budget.

Operation cost for the waste site is from household’s contribution and needs to ensure revenue for the cooperatives or environmental sanitation enterprises.

4.1.3 Special support for Poor Households and Social Policy Target Households and areas with difficulties

All households who are officially classified as poor households and social policy target households according to the criteria of the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs will be provided with financial assistance for part of the cost of RWSS facilities. The government contribution for these households will be equivalent to approximately 70% of the total cost of full piped water supply scheme, 75% of household water supply facility (it is possible to combine in-cash grant, material support and available constructed facility) and 60% of a sanitation facility on the condition that those households are willing to contribute the remaining costs and to ensure that the WSS facilities will be well constructed, operated and maintained. For ethnic minority households, the government contribution may increase to 80% for water supply facilities and 70% for sanitation facilities. For areas with extreme WSS difficulties due to climate change such as areas suffering from drought, areas with scarce water resource, saline intrusion, high mountainous areas, areas with polluted water resources, flood-proned areas the Government will have special consideration to increase its level of assistance with the maximum of 100%.

The Government’s Loan System

For clean water supply schemes:

Most of the costs for construction of rural clean water supply facilities will be paid for by water companies, and they will need to take out loans to pay for construction of facilities. They can obtain loans of a maximum 70-75 % of total construction cost of facilities. The terms of loans will be from 10 to 20 years.

For rural sanitation facilities:

Users will be expected to pay part of the construction cost as a deposit from savings (at least 25-30%) and they can only obtain loans of a maximum 70-75 % of total construction cost of facilities. The terms of loans will be from 10 to 20 years. With the aim of ensuring there are sufficient loan funds available, a maximum loan amount will be agreed between MARD and the Viet Nam Bank for Social Policies.

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Users organize themselves into user groups or cooperatives on a voluntary basis to apply for loans. These groups are jointly responsible for the correct utilization of the money, and at the same time assist one another in construction of water supply facilities and hygienic latrines for individual households or construction of piped schemes. If follow up monitoring shows that the money is not used correctly the remaining households in the group will no longer be eligible for grants.

The Government has set up a credit system for rural clean water and sanitation. The loan fund is managed by the Bank for Social Policies and through its system, loans are provided at a lower rate than commercial lending, so that the interest rate charged by the banks plus management costs will still remain below commercial lending rate in order to encourage people to borrow for construction of WSS facilities. This is a kind of soft loan, which may have high level of risk in repayment, but the government should use a reasonable proportion of this type of loan for RWSS.

The system of the Bank for Social Policies with its staff working at the grassroots level will take the main responsibility to provide loans for RWSS. The shareholder commercial banks can also participate in providing loans for RWSS and need to co-ordinate with the Women's Union at district and commune levels in order to ensure good performance of revolving credit fund. Such fund will operate under a clear regulation with close monitoring at all levels. 4.2 Strengthening International Assistance

International assistance should be fully utilised. Donor funding for RWSS will be used for the following purposes:

Technical assistance including studies and projects for prerequisites such as IEC, HRD, improving financial mechanism, and technological guidance.

Contribution to loan funds: donors generally contribute to loan funds

Encourage the donors to continue the program-based funding approach. Maintain two funding methods which are project-based funding and budget harmonization, of which budget harmonization should be expanded. Donor may support a province to develop RWSS in the form of a program or a project, which is selected in accordance to donor's purposes and priorities. However, such program or project must follow the principles and financial mechanism of NRCWSSS.

Co-ordination of donor support will be done as follows:

Central government co-ordination level: MPI will co-ordinate donor support in programs following government's orientation.

At national implementation level: MARD will co-ordinate donor support to implement national programs following priorities in RWSS through the RWSS Partnership Office.

Financial Mechanism

NRCWSSS will apply two different types of financial mechanism:

The normal government mechanisms for implementation of government plans, including budget allocation to provinces and allocation to central government departments for IEC, HRD, technological guidance and investment costs for construction of projects. MARD will co-ordinate with MPI and MOF to distribute the budget to ensure social equity and effective use of the budget.

The special mechanisms for the grant and loan funds as above -mentioned.

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Both types of mechanism must work on the same basis of enhancing internal strength, socialization and under the market mechanism, which will be realized by specific policies.

4.3. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES4.3.1 Sanitation area

In the last 10 years, the research and development and application of appropriate technologies in sanitation area focus on studies on different types of latrines appropriate to different eco-zones; for example, latrines for the Mekong Delta, Central coastal region and mountainous areas. In 2008, the Ministry of Education and Training has regulation on standards for latrines in schools adequate to the number of pupils and separated by gender. According to the standard designs, sanitation facilities in schools are to include hand-washing facilities;

For waste issue, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has issued regulation(s) on waste collection, transport and treatment in densely-populated areas; There are research and application of biogas technologies for livestock excreta treatment and use of fuel for households; However, application and using the models of latrines in large-scale has not been effective due to high construction cost and inappropriate approach; besides, the custom of using human excreta in agricultural production is still common in many areas;

Appropriate technologies:

A hygienic latrine has to satisfy the following requirements (1) Human excreta are separated from contact with human beings, animals and insects; (2) Infectious agents in human excreta are destroyed and the surrounding environment can be kept unpolluted.

MOH has approved 4 types of hygienic latrines. The issuance of 4 types of hygienic latrines takes into account some types of latrines which are appropriate to the use of human excreta as fertilizer. In future, the MOH will approve more types of hygienic latrines, including low-cost latrines.

Some programs and projects of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and other organizations have constructed biogas plants with different gas-containing technologies;

Human and animal excreta composting technologies with the use of additives which are studied and recommended in some areas;

4.3.2. Water Supply Area

MONRE is studying on water resources and water quantity (both groundwater and surface water) and this information is to be shared among the ministries, sectors and provinces;

There several research and development activities related water supply and treatment technologies, both for piped water supply schemes and individual water supply facilities;

Many studies on new technologies have been carried out to eliminate harmful substances (chlorine, arsenic, heavy metal and ammonia elimination technologies, etc.) in water supply. However, the evaluation of appropriate technologies for rolling out has not been carried out yet.

There has been research and development of water storage methods for areas with difficulties in water resources; however, such methods require high investment;

There has been research on technologies to discover arsenic in water resources; however, there is a lack of organizations or laboratories to test water for people (both places and equipments);

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Water Resources

Water resource management will be improved, considering that water is a special good and rare and valuable natural resource;

Information about water resources and water quantity and quality (both for groundwater and surface water) will be shared among concerned ministries, namely MONRE, MARD, MOC and provinces. Information will be shared systematically and regularly both at central and provincial levels.

Rural water supply is a minor but important use of water because it requires water with high quality. MARD, therefore, needs to deal with the issue of the interaction of RWSS and the demand of other water uses, and in particular to pay attention to the issue of water resource protection against pollution. The RWSS sector will assist the water resources sector by jointly establishing a water resource monitoring system, which uses the data collected from RWSS implementation. Thus there is a need for investigations, management and protection of water resources.

Water resources investigation

MONRE is investigating the reserve of ground water, surface water, rainwater, the potential for development, the amount already developed, the ability of resource recovery to set up database to share with other agencies.

Choice of Appropriate Technologies for Water Supply and Treatment

Popular Rural Water Supply Technologies

Rural water supply will be developed by diversifying different categories of technologies which best suit the typical conditions of each region, such as:

Tubewells or dug wells with or without treatment facilities, fitted with handpump or

electric pumps or improved village wells for a group of households.

Rain water jars or rain water tanks for individual households.

Piped schemes with piped connections, supplying water for the whole village, commune or district. These piped schemes can be simple gravity flow systems or systems using electric pumps, depending on the topography and source of water. A piped scheme with an electric pump is an advanced technology and will be strongly encouraged.

Water Supply in Areas with many difficulties

Water Supply in Saline Areas:

These are vast areas including the coastal areas and islands. There will not be a common solution for all areas. One of the following solutions can be selected depending on typical conditions of each region:

Rain water: usually for cooking and drinking.

Using piped schemes or canals to bring in water from a non-saline area (if the saline area is near a non-saline area).

Blending rain water from large tanks with saline water for washing purposes. Rain water will be used only for cooking and drinking.

In the future research and pilot testing may be done to treat brackish water into fresh water for water supply to saline areas.

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Water Supply in Mountainous Areas:

Mountainous areas are where poor ethnic minority people often live. Surface water sources are usually distant, ground water sources are very deep or there is no ground water. Solutions for water supply must be flexible and include the following options:

Gravity piped schemes, if there is a water source and the elevation is high enough upstream to allow water to gravitate to the village;

Construction of small dams or tanks to store rainwater;

Building rain water tanks and jars;

Pumping water from the river, or finding small springs or limited ground water.

Water Supply in Karstic Limestone Areas:

Karstic limestone areas are where ground water sources are usually very deep and there is almost no surface water. Water supply solutions can be:

Deep ground water schemes: machine drilled wells;

Finding surface water sources, catchments and ponds in impervious valleys, protect them for use;

Construction of natural or artificial surface water reservoirs with protection;

Building rainwater tanks to collect rain water for cooking and drinking.

4.3.3 Research and Development

RWSS research and development and other factors will be strongly promoted under the following principles:

1. Research shall be based on clearly identified needs of the sector and shall also use a multidisciplinary and cross-cutting approach. In particular user attitudes and practices shall be taken into account and tested in research and development because users are the focus of the updated Strategy.

2. Research and development of technologies in the context of climate change will be an important function and will be done as part of the implementation of the Strategy.

3. Research will be done systematically:

Taking into account international experiences in adopting new approaches to promote management and community behavior change through good hygiene practices and community environment protection;

Encouraging research and application of research results in separation, collection and treatment of domestic waste and trade village waste in rural areas;

Research not being limited to technologies; it shall include approaches and systems for RWSS as well as IEC, HRD and management models;

Encouraging research and production of local equipment and materials for RWSS;

Research on water and sanitation related disaster and climate change mitigation.

Research and Development of Sanitation Technologies

In the future, research and development related to sanitation technologies should focus on increased number of studies on different types of hygienic latrines so as to respond to climate change; Research on technologies to compost human and livestock excreta and domestic solid

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waste into fertilizer; Increased number of studies on and development of bio-technologies for domestic waste treatment.

Research and Development of Water Supply and Treatment Technologies

Research on water supply and treatment technologies appropriate to each region at low cost will be increased; and solutions to improve hygienic water into clean water of national standard will be paid attention to.There will be research on individual water supply and treatment technologies (safe water storage and treatment for households) for difficult areas such as mountainous areas and islands

4.3.4. Natural disaster prevention

In Viet Nam, climate patterns are becoming unusual, extreme and more difficult to forecast. During the last 50 years, average temperature of Viet Nam has increased by 0.70 C and the sea water level has risen by 20 cm, threatening both quantity and quality of water resources.

The successive serious floods and flash floods occur in the central provinces, mountainous and midland provinces of the North. The Mekong River Delta and Red River Delta areas are warned to be the severely affected regions due to rising sea water level, including saline intrusion to the regional river networks.

In RWSS area, research to identify solutions for clean water supply and environmental sanitation in the natural disaster prone areas has started. Particularly, existing water resources will be protected and well-managed: preventing loss and saving water, improving and upgrading reservoirs, building dams on rivers and streams, building gutters, digging deeply the old wells and drilling new wells. In the coming time, more attention will be given to carry out research on technologies of latrines, water supply and waste treatment in the context of climate change and to increase information sharing among involved agencies.

4.4. Issues needing particular attention during organization of strategy implementation

The above-stated measures are general basic measures for all rural areas in the whole country. In the organization of strategy implementation particular attention will be given to two following issues:

4.4.1. Strengthening of International Cooperation

In the trend of globalization of the world's economy and in the context that Viet Nam becomes middle-income country, there will be changes in the ODA trend. The loans with preferable interest rate or grants will reduce while the loans with commercial interest rate will increase. This trend requires preparation steps and effective use of the loans from international cooperation. However, in the upcoming years, it is still important to expand cooperation and to make full use of international assistance it is possible to speed up and to implement the NRCWSSS better.

It is necessary to strengthen international cooperation in RWSS in different forms: multilateral and bilateral cooperation, cooperation with NGOs, encouragement of private enterprises to invest in and to have joint ventures in the following fields:

Exchange of experiences on organisation, management and policies and mechanism to develop RWSS;

Human Resources Development;

Transfer of advanced and proper technologies in RWSS;

Funding, including non-refundable aid, soft loans etc

Increased budget support harmonization; 44

Creation of favorable conditions to attract foreign investment in rural development in which there is rural clean water supply.

4.4.2. Considering Regional Differences

Vietnam is a large and varied country, which includes a considerable range of social, economic, topographic, and climatic water resource conditions. This National Strategy therefore needs to be appropriate for all of these conditions. The nature of this strategy is, however, to be demand responsive and decentralized, which means that users decide on technology and the amount they want to spend on RWSS facilities, and each province develops its own plan of implementation. The strategy will therefore need to account for the main regional differences through the demand responsive mechanism and through policies to be applied to the conditions of each region. Specific regional differences are dealt with as follows:

Very poor areas (such as remote mountainous areas) will benefit more from grant fund.

The additional cost of WSS facilities in remote areas or in areas with particular technical difficulties (mountainous areas, karstic limestone areas, saline areas) is dealt with by the increase level of grant.

Areas with better conditions for economic development and better natural conditions, with favourable water resources have the option of technologies with higher service level with limited support from external sources.

The Action Plan will pay particular attention to developing appropriate regional guidelines. Some of the main differences in strategy implementation in different areas will be:

Mountainous Areas

These areas usually have a high proportion of poor families. They will therefore receive a higher than average subsidy. They will also be particularly targeted for HRD since this is a major factor for the implementation of all programs in the region. IEC will take account of the special needs of the users, such as the need to use ethnic minority languages. The main technical problem is lack of readily accessible water resources. In these areas there is very little, or even no ground water, and rivers or streams are usually in deep valleys. There needs to be many solutions to deal with the water resources situation such as combination with irrigation to build reservoirs, growing forest to protect the watershed. Gravity piped schemes may will be built if there is water resource and the elevation is high enough upstream to allow water to gravitate to the village; Water from the river, or finding small springs or limited ground water can be pumped to villages. Building rain water tanks is an option which can be widely applied in mountainous areas.

Karstic Lime-stone areas

The social and technical problems in these regions are similar to those of the mountainous areas. However the seasonal variation is more acute as water resources in these areas rapidly infiltrates into caves networks creating arid conditions. Technical solutions include: using deep ground water, leading water from other places, building small dams, lakes or ponds to contain rain water in impervious valleys.

Red River Delta

Very high population densities and the tradition of using human excreta as fertilizer make sanitation the greatest concern in this area. Implementation will therefore place particular emphasis on sanitation.

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Coastal Areas and Islands

Salinity and high population densities in some fishing villages make water resources and sanitation the main concerns in these areas. According to estimation (2010) there are 15 million people live in these areas. These areas need to concentrate on evaluating water resource options and developing provincial water resource maps as well as developing various rain water impoundment systems. Main solutions include the use of piped schemes or building of canals to conduct fresh water from neighboring areas and rain water tanks

Mekong Delta

Low topography, flooding, salinity, relatively fragile, easily polluted deep ground water resources are the main concerns. Particular emphasis will be placed on appropriate and sustainable technical solutions for this area. Sanitation in flood prone areas is a particularly important issue for about 18 million people living in these areas. There are models of hygienic latrine developed to replace the fishpond latrines which are causing sanitation problems and environmental pollution in the Mekong delta. However, this activity should be strengthened more in order to apply appropriate low-cost latrines in the area.

The expansion of international cooperation and accounting for regional differences are very important for successful implementation of NRCWSSS, particularly the Action Plan to the year 2015.

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PART IVACTION PLAN UP TO YEAR 2015

The implementation of the National Target Program on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2011-2015 period contributes to the implementation of new rural development program, Millenium Development Goals and National Target program to Respond to Climate Change in which Viet Nam is identified as one of the most severely affected countries.

Objectives of the action plan are:

To increase the proportion of rural populations with access to clean water and hygienic latrines, improve rural environment through domestic waste collection in the rural areas.

To expand budget harmonization between the Government and donors;

The National Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy will give guidance on underlying principles: sustainable development, demand-responsive approach and RWSS socialization to direct the sector as well as RWSS programs and projects.

Implementation scope covers all rural areas nationwide, with focus on remote areas, poor areas, polluted areas and areas with difficulties in water resources.

5.1. The Action Plan up to the year 2015 comprises the following major items:

General Objective

Materialize the National Strategy for RWSS until 2015: improvement of health and living conditions for rural people through delivery of WS services, awareness-raising and behavioural changes and migigation of environmental pollution.

Specific Objectives

Water supply

95% of rural population has access to hygienic water, 60% of whom use water that meets MoH standard QCVN 02-BYT with at least 60 litres/capita/day

Environmental Sanitation

75% of rural HH use hygienic latrines;

75% of rural HH have hygienic livestock pens; of which 30% of livestock pens have biogas treatment.

All rural kindergartens, schools, health clinics, markets and commune people’s committees have access to hygienic water and hygienic latrines, which are fully functioning and well-managed

35% of communes have waste collected; Continue to reduce environmental pollution due to wastes.

5.2. Implementation contents

The Action Plan will be divided into components, including:

Rural domestic water supply

Rural domestic water supply

Domestic water supply for the island areas;

Domestic water supply for difficult areas for water sources, mountainous areas, saline areas, dioxin contaminated areas and other harmful contaminated areas.

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Rural sanitation

Household sanitation facilities;

Public sanitation facilities: Construction of clean water facilities and hygienic latrines in healthcare stations, schools, kindergartens, office of the CPCs and markets.

Improve rural environment; including Construction of hygienic livestock sheds; Collect and treat rural domestic waste.

Technical Assistance Activities include:

Information, education and raising awareness of the community

Training and capacity strengthening

Complete the management system and state institutions of RWSS

Develop water supply and sanitation technologies.

In order to achieve the objectives, the plan will follow 4 main solutions of the Strategy. However, in the next 5 years, the priority of solutions will focus on:

5.2.1. Mobilization of capital and funds

To classify provinces and regions to clearly and transparently identify financial support mechanism for the programme as follows: The state budget will be provided to difficult and poor areas and provinces and ethnic minority groups. Funds are allocated to the provinces to increase effectiveness of the Plan.

To continue diversifying investment resources, especially the preferential credits, funds from private sector and international donors towards (i) Expand the target groups of loan-takers, i.e. the loans targeting not only households but also household groups and economic organizations working in RWSS area; (ii) Adjust the existing interest rates to the most favourable rate in order to make the loans more attractive for the poor

5.2.2. Planning and plans

Update RWSS planning up to year 2020 and vision up to 2030 for provinces nationwide. Based on which the provinces/ districts will set up annual plans and prepare action plans for the program.

5.2.3. Solution to Water Supply Technologies and Water Quality. Sanitation Technology, waste collection and treatment

Diversify types of exploitation technologies, appropriately use water sources and improve the water quality in conformity with the natural-economic-social conditions in each area and ensure its sustainability. Identify and make use of stable water sources for very difficult areas, i.e. the frequently drought stricken, inundated areas or coastal and island areas; supply piped water to the densely-populatied areas; Upgrade and expand the existing water supply schemes to ensure the water quality. Reasonably exploit and use the water sources with suitable technologies to improve the water quality by applying and transferring new technology etc.

Focus is given to latrine technology for households, education and public institutions, paying attention to technologies appropriate to each region, climate change and at low-cost.

Focus on livestock excreta treatment (pig, cattle, goat, etc.) with 2 different ways, which are (i) excreta is collected and composted with additives to accelerate disintegration of fresh

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excreta; in livestock pen planning, construction of septic tank and compost tak is required. (ii) For large-scale farms and and cattle farms under industrial mode, biogas tanks for waste treatment biogas should be constructed to treat waste and make use of produced fuel.

Waste collection and treatment technologies are recommended as the small and centralized ones, applied depending on characteristics of each area and locality and implemented as follows: (i) households will collect, separate and treat waste; (ii) Gradually apply technologies for solid waste collection and treatment with appropriate scale in densely-populated areas with limited land fund.

5.2.4 .Information- Education- Communications

Focus to create changes in awareness and hygiene practices of people, particularly in the mountainous and remote areas, etc.

Integrate various methods with focus given to face-to-face IEC in the community.

Encourage the NGOs and enterprises to carry out IEC or participate in organizing IEC activities with program funding.

Increase community participation in investment supervision of piped water supply scheme and active participation in all stages of the project cycle, from investment identification, technology selection, financial contribution and other contributions to construction supervision and post-construction management – for the household water supply facilities.

5.2.5 Training and Human Resource Development

The groups that need capacity building include staff, civil servants at all levels, local collaborators, self-financing administration organizations. Specifically, they are

Group 1: Officials from state management agencies at the Central, provincial, district and communal levels;

Group 2: Project management and administrative units.

Group 3: Associations, motivators at grassroots level.

Group 4: Staffs of Water Supply services and sanitation units in rural areas.

5.2.6 Mechanisms and specific policies need to be promulgated.

Building new mechanisms and policies. For example, a financial mechanism to integrate investment programs, using different funding sources in the field of rural water supply and sanitation; operation management and protection of rural piped water supply schemes for sustainable development. Fee for collection and treatment of solid waste, rural wastewater. Administrative fines in the water supply and rural sanitation.

Adjustment of current documents

- Building a joint circular guiding management mode, using state budget spent on the Rural Water supply and Sanitation program for the period of 2011-2015

- Adjusting the Decision No.62/QD-TTG on credit for National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation.

- Promulgating of guidance for Decision no 131/2009/QD-TTG;

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5.2.7. Expand international cooperation

Continue to call for international cooperation in terms of experience, technology and funding. International aid is based on principles of evaluation of aid effectiveness in the Hanoi Core Statement.

Maintain two methods of supports: the project support and the budget support harmonization, of which the budget support harmonization will be expanded.

Strengthen cooperation with NGOs in the implementation of programs, NGOs’ activities must be incorporated in the planning of the programs at provincial and central levels, the experiences and successful models should be quickly applied in practice.

5.3. Implementation organization

The program will follow the implementation organization of the NCWSSS. Therefore, the central will focus on directing implementation, building and issuing documents, implementation guidelines; supervising and evaluating; training and human resource development; developing communication materials and implementing campaigns on mass media; disseminating of lessons learned; etc. The local level will focus on building regulations and planning; implementing, managing and monitoring, reporting performance in the area.

5.3.1 Integrate with other programs

The Action Plan in the 2011-2015 period should be integrated with other relevant national target programs. To perform effectively integration of programs with similar objectives, content with National Target Program for rural water supply and sanitation; the management boards of other related programs, when formulating programs and annual plans, should exchange about the objectives, implementation measures, mechanisms and policies with the Office of the National Target Program for rural water supply and sanitation to have common consent.

5.3.2 Monitoring, evaluation and reporting

Follow monitoring and evaluation indicator set for clean water and sanitation in rural area issued at the Decision no 51/2008/QD-BNN on 14 April 2008 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development with 14 indicators, including 8 sector- level indicators and 6 program- level indicators.

5.4 Budget for the Action Plan implementation

It is estimated that the budget for the Action Plan implementation during the period from 2011 to 2015 is VND 46,636 billion.

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REFERENCES

1. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Viet Nam. 1998. National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 1998-2005 period.

2. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Viet Nam. 2006. Directive No.105/2006/CT-BNN dated 16 November 2006 on the strengthening of management & operation of rural piped water supply schemes.

3. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Viet Nam. 2006. National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation during the 2006 – 2010 period

4. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Viet Nam. 2010. Draft of the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation during the 2011 –2015 period.

5. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Viet Nam. 2007. Directive 81/2007/CT-BNN dated 2nd. Oct. 2007 on the implementation of the National Target Program on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation.

6. Ministry of Finance- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2003. Joint-circular No. 66/2003/TTLT/BTC-NN&PTNT providing guidelines on management of fund allocated for National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation dated July 3 2003.

7. Ministry of Finance- Ministry of Construction- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2009. Joint-circular No. 95/2009/TTLT-BTC-BXD-BNN guiding the principles and methods of determining, and competence to decide on, clean water prices applicable to urban centers, industrial parks and rural areas dated May 19 2009.

8. Ministry of Finance. 2009. Circular No. 100/2009/TT-BTC regarding the domestic clean water tariff framework dated May 20 2009.

9. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2005. Circular No. 02/2005/TT-BTNMT guiding the implementation of the Government’s Decree No. 149/2004/ND-CP dated July 27 2004 on the issuance of permits for water resource exploration, exploitation and use, or for discharge of wastewater into water resources, dated June 24 2005.

10. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2009. Climate change, sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam. June 2009.

11. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Viet Nam. 2010. Decision No. 340/QD/BNN-TCCB on establishing the Standing Office for National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period, dated May 25 2010.

12. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2007. Decision No. 1464/QD-BNN-TCCB on assigning the Water Resources Bureau to be responsible as the Standing Office for the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period and adjusting the apparatus organization of the Standing Office, dated May 24 2007.

13. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2007. Decision No. 270/QD/BNN-TCCB on establishing the Steering Committee of the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period, dated January 30 2007.

14. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2007. Decision No. 1065/QD-BNN-TL on promulgating regulations on the operation of the Steering Committee of the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period, dated April 18 2007.

15. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2008. Decision No.51/2008/QD-BNN on issuance of the monitoring and evaluation indicator set for clean rural water supply and environmental sanitation, dated April 14 2008.

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16. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2009. Decision No. 734/QD-BNN-TL on approval to the Information- Education- Communication Plan under the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period, dated March 18 2009.

17. Ministry of Health. 2006. Circular No. 15/2006/TT-BYT Guiding the sanitation inspection of clean water, drinking water and household latrines, dated November 30 2006.

18. The Government’s approval according to the Decision No. 104/2000/QD-TTg. 2000. National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy up to year 2020, dated August 15 2000.

19. Law No. 08/1998/QH10 on Water Resources. 1998. Water Resources Law.

20. Government’s Decree. 1999. Decree No. 24/1999/ND-CP promulgating the regulation on organizing the mobilization, management and use of people’s voluntary contributions for the construction of infrastructure of communes and district townships, dated April 16 1999.

21. Government’s Decree. 2007. Decree No.117/2007/ND-CP on clean water production, supply and consumption, dated July 11 2007.

22. Resolution of the 7th Conference of the Xth Party Central Committee. 2008. Resolution No. 26-NQ/TW on agriculture, farmer and rural area, dated August 5 2008.

23. Vietnam Medical Publishing House. 2007. National Survey on Domestic Water Quality in the Rural Area of Vietnam, 83 pages, Ha Noi, 2007.

24. Prime Minister’s Decision. 2002. Decision No. 42/2002/QD-TTg on the management and administration of national target programs, dated March 19 2002.

25. Prime Minister’s Decision. 2006. Decision No. 277/2006/QD-TTg approving the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period, dated December 11 2006.

26. Prime Minister’s Decision. 2007. Decision No. 198/2007/QD-TTg Amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 134/2004/QD-TTg of July 20, 2004, on a number of policies on support regarding production land, residential land, residential houses and daily-life water for poor ethnic minority households, dated December 31 2007.

27. Prime Minister’s Decision. 2008. Decision No. 158/2008/QD-TTg approving the National Target Program on response to climate change, dated December 2 2008.

28. Prime Minister’s Decision. 2009. Decision No. 131/2009/QD-TTg on some incentive policies to encourage the investment and management, exploration of water supply schemes for rural areas, dated November 2 2009.

29. Circular of Minister of Health. 2009. Circular No. 04/2009/TT-BYT promulgating ““National technical regulation on drinking water quality”, dated June 17 2009.

30. Circular of Minister of Health. 2009. Circular No. 05/2009/TT-BYT promulgating ““National technical regulation on domestic water quality”, dated June 17 2009.

31. Joint Circular by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Training. 2007. Joint Circular No. 93/2007/TTLT-BNN-BYT-BGDDT guiding the coordination between the agriculture and rural development sector , the health sector, and the education and training sector in implementing the National Target Program on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 2006-2010, dated November 22 2007.

32. Joint Circular by Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2007. Joint Circular No. 80/2007/TTLT-BTC-BNN guiding the management and use of state budget expenditure for the National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in the 2006-2010 period, dated July 11 2007.

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ANNEX 1: THE DUBLIN STATEMENT ON WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Scarcity and misuse of fresh water pose a serious and growing threat to sustainable development and protection of the environment. Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at risk, unless water and land resources are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past.

Five hundred participants, including government-designated experts from a hundred countries and representatives of eighty international, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations attended the International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) in Dublin, Ireland, on 26-31 January 1992.

The experts saw the emerging global water resources picture as critical. At its closing session, the Conference adopted this Dublin Statement and the Conference Report. The problems highlighted are not speculative in nature; nor are they likely to affect our planet only in the distant future. They are here and they affect humanity now. The future survival of many millions of people demands immediate and effective action.

The Conference participants call for fundamental new approaches to the assessment, development and management of freshwater resources, which can only be brought about through political commitment and involvement from the highest levels of government to the smallest communities.

Commitment will need to be backed by substantial and immediate investments, public awareness campaigns, legislative and institutional changes, technology development, and capacity building programmes. Underlying all these must be a greater recognition of the interdependence of all peoples, and of their place in the natural world.

In commending this Dublin Statement to the world leaders assembled at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, the Conference participants urge all governments to study carefully the specific activities and means of implementation recommended in the Conference Report, and to translate those recommendations into urgent action programmes FOR WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Concerted action is needed to reverse the present trends of overconsumption, pollution, and rising threats from drought and floods. The Conference Report sets out recommendations for action at local, national and international levels, based on four guiding principles.

Principle No. 1: Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment

Since water sustains life, effective management of water resources demands a holistic approach, linking social and economic development with protection of natural ecosystems. Effective management links land and water uses across the whole of a catchment area or ground water aquifer.

Principle No. 2: Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels

The participatory approach involves raising awareness of the importance of water among policy-makers and the general public. It means that decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level, with

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full public consultation and involvement of users in the planning and implementation of water projects.

Principle No. 3: Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water

This pivotal role of women as providers and users of water and guardians of the living environment has seldom been reflected in institutional arrangements for the development and management of water resources. Acceptance and implementation of this principle requires positive policies to address women's specific needs and to equip and empower women to participate at all levels in water resources programmes, including decision-making and implementation, in ways defined by them.

Principle No. 4: Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good

Within this principle, it is vital to recognize first the basic right of all human beings to have access to clean water and sanitation at an affordable price. Past failure to recognize the economic value of water has led to wasteful and environmentally damaging uses of the resource. Managing water as an economic good is an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources.

THE ACTION AGENDA

Based on these four guiding principles, the Conference participants developed recommendations which enable countries to tackle their water resources problems on a wide range of fronts. The major benefits to come from implementation of the Dublin recommendations will be:

Alleviation of poverty and disease

At the start of the 1990s, more than a quarter of the world's population still lack the basic human needs of enough food to eat, a clean water supply and hygienic means of sanitation. The Conference recommends that priority be given in water resources development and management to the accelerated provision of food, water and sanitation to these unserved millions.

Protection against natural disasters

Lack of preparedness, often aggravated by lack of data, means that droughts and floods take a huge toll in deaths, misery and economic loss. Economic losses from natural disasters, including floods and droughts, increased three-fold between the 1960s and the 1980s. Development is being set back for years in some developing countries, because investments have not been made in basic data collection and disaster preparedness. Projected climate change and rising sea-levels will intensify the risk for some, while also threatening the apparent security of existing water resources.

Damages and loss of life from floods and droughts can be drastically reduced by the disaster preparedness actions recommended in the Dublin Conference Report.

Water conservation and reuse

Current patterns of water use involve excessive waste. There is great scope for water savings in agriculture, in industry and in domestic water supplies.

Irrigated agriculture accounts for about 80% of water withdrawals ill the world. In many irrigation schemes, up to 60% of this water is lost on its way from the source to the plant. More efficient irrigation practices will lead to substantial freshwater savings.

Recycling could reduce the consumption of many industrial consumers by 50% or more, with the additional benefit of reduced pollution. Application of the 'polluter pays' principle and realistic water

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pricing will encourage conservation and reuse. On average, 36% of the water produced by urban water utilities in developing countries is 'unaccounted for'. Better management could reduce these costly losses.

Combined savings in agriculture, industry and domestic water supplies could significantly defer investment in costly new water-resource development and have enormous impact on the sustainability of future supplies. More savings will come from multiple use of water. Compliance with effective discharge standards, based on new water protection objectives, will enable successive downstream consumers to reuse water which presently is too contaminated after the first use.

Sustainable urban development

The sustainability of urban growth is threatened by curtailment of the copious supplies of cheap water, as a result of the depletion and degradation caused by past profligacy. After a generation or more of excessive water use and reckless discharge of municipal and industrial wastes, the situation in the majority of the world's major cities is appalling and getting worse. As water scarcity and pollution force development of ever more distant sources, marginal costs of meeting fresh demands are growing rapidly. Future guaranteed supplies must be based on appropriate water charges and discharge controls. Residual contamination of land and water can no longer be seen as a reasonable trade-off for the jobs and prosperity brought by industrial growth.

Agricultural production and rural water supply

Achieving food security is a high priority in many countries, and agriculture must not only provide food for rising populations, but also save water for other uses. The challenge is to develop and apply water-saving technology and management methods, and, through capacity building, enable communities to introduce institutions and incentives for the rural population to adopt new approaches, for both rainfed and irrigated agriculture. The rural population must also have better access to a potable water supply and to sanitation services. It is an immense task, but not an impossible one, provided appropriate policies and programmes are adopted at all levels - local, national and international.

Protecting aquatic ecosystems

Water is a vital part of the environment and a home for many forms of life on which the well-being of humans ultimately depends. Disruption of flows has reduced the productivity of many such ecosystems, devastated fisheries, agriculture and grazing, and marginalized the rural communities which rely on these. Various kinds of pollution, including transboundary pollution, exacerbate these problems, degrade water supplies, require more expensive water treatment, destroy aquatic fauna, and deny recreation opportunities.

Integrated management of river basins provides the opportunity to safeguard aquatic ecosystems, and make their benefits available to society on a sustainable basis.

Resolving water conflicts

The most appropriate geographical entity for the planning and management of water resources is the river basin, including surface and ground water. Ideally, the effective integrated planning and development of transboundary river or lake basins has similar institutional requirements to a basin entirely within one country. The essential function of existing international basin organizations is one of reconciling and harmonizing the interests of riparian countries, monitoring water quantity and quality, development of concerted action programmes, exchange of information, and enforcing agreements.

In the coming decades, management of international watersheds will greatly increase in importance. A high priority should therefore be given to the preparation and implementation of integrated

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management plans, endorsed by all affected governments and backed by international agreements.

The enabling environment

Implementation of action programmes for water and sustainable development will require a substantial investment, not only in the capital projects concerned, but, crucially, in building the capacity of people and institutions to plan and implement those projects.

The knowledge base

Measurement of components of the water cycle, in quantity and quality, and of other characteristics of the environment affecting water are an essential basis for undertaking effective water management. Research and analysis techniques, applied on an interdisciplinary basis, permit the understanding of these data and their application to many uses.

With the threat of global warming due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, the need for measurements and data exchange on the hydrological cycle on a global scale is evident. The data are required to understand both the world's climate system and the potential impacts on water resources of climate change and sea level rise. All countries must participate and, where necessary, be assisted to take part in the global monitoring, the study of the effects and the development of appropriate response strategies.

Capacity building

All actions identified in the Dublin Conference Report require well-trained and qualified personnel. Countries should identify, as part of national development plans, training needs for water-resources assessment and management, and take steps internally and, if necessary with technical cooperation agencies, to provide the required training, and working conditions which help to retain the trained personnel.

Governments must also assess their capacity to equip their water and other specialists to implement the full range of activities for integrated water-resources management. This requires provision of an enabling environment in terms of institutional and legal arrangements, including those for effective water-demand management.

Awareness raising is a vital part of a participatory approach to water resources management. Information, education and communication support programmes must be an integral part of the development process.

Follow-up

Experience has shown that progress towards implementing the actions and achieving the goals of water programmes requires follow-up mechanisms for periodic assessments at national and international levels.

In the framework of the follow-up procedures developed by UNCED for Agenda 21, all Governments should initiate periodic assessments of progress. At the international level, United Nations institutions concerned with water should be strengthened to undertake the assessment and follow-up process. In addition, to involve private institutions, regional and non-governmental organizations along with all interested governments in the assessment and follow-up, the Conference proposes, for consideration by UNCED, a world water forum or council to which all such groups could adhere.

It is proposed that the first full assessment on implementation of the recommended programme should be undertaken by the year 2000.

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UNCED is urged to consider the financial requirements for water-related programmes, in accordance with the above principles, in the funding for implementation of Agenda 21. Such considerations must include realistic targets for the time frame for implementation of the programmes, the internal and external resources needed, and the means of mobilizing these.

The International Conference on Water and the Environment began with a Water Ceremony in which children from all parts of the world made a moving plea to the assembled experts to play their part in preserving precious water resources for future generations. In transmitting this Dublin Statement to a world audience, the Conference participants urge all those involved in the development and management of our water resources to allow the message of those children to direct their future actions.

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ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON DOMESTIC WATER QUALITY

This Technical Regulation stipulates limits of quality criteria for water used for domestic use but not for direct drinking or processing food (hereinafter called domestic water)

This Technical Regulation applies to: (i) Institutions, organizations, individuals and households who exploit, trade domestic water, including piped water providers for domestic purposes with capacity of less than 1,000 m3/day (hereafter called water providers); (ii) Individuals and households who exploit water for domestic purpose.

Table on the limits of quality parameters

Or. Parameter Unit

Maximumlimit Testing method

ExaminationLevel

I II

1 Color (*) TCU 15 15TCVN 6185 - 1996(ISO 7887 - 1985) or SMEWW 2120

A

2 Taste and odour (*) -

No strange taste & odour

No strange taste & odour

Perceptible, or SMEWW 2150 B and 2160 B A

3 Turbidity(*) NTU 5 5TCVN 6184 - 1996(ISO 7027 - 1990)or SMEWW 2130 B

A

4 Residual Chloride mg/l Within 0,3-0,5 - SMEWW 4500Cl or US

EPA 300.1 A

5 pH(*) - Within 6,0 -8,5

Within 6,0 -8,5

TCVN 6492:1999 or SMEWW 4500 - H+ 3.1. A

6 Ammonia(*) mg/l 3 3SMEWW 4500 - NH3 C orSMEWW 4500 - NH3 D

A

7 Total Iron (Fe2+ + Fe3+)(*) mg/l 0,5 0,5

TCVN 6177 - 1996 (ISO 6332 - 1988) or SMEWW 3500 - Fe

B

8 Permanganate mg/l 4 4 TCVN 6186:1996 or ISO 8467:1993 (E) A

9Hardness, calculated by CaCO3

(*)mg/l 350 - TCVN 6224 - 1996 or

SMEWW 2340 C B

10 Chloride content (*) mg/l 300 -

TCVN6194 - 1996(ISO 9297 - 1989) or SMEWW 4500 - Cl- D

A

11 Flouride content mg/l 1.5 - TCVN 6195 - 1996(ISO10359 - 1 - 1992) or

B

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Or. Parameter Unit

Maximumlimit Testing method

ExaminationLevel

I II

SMEWW 4500 - F-

12 Total arsenic content mg/l 0,01 0,05 TCVN 6626:2000 or

SMEWW 3500 - As B B

13 Total Coliform Bacterial/ 100ml 50 150

TCVN 6187 - 1,2:1996(ISO 9308 - 1,2 - 1990) or SMEWW 9222

3.2. A

14 E.coli or thermo-tolerant coliform

Bacterial/ 100ml 0 20

TCVN6187 - 1,2:1996(ISO 9308 - 1,2 - 1990) or SMEWW 9222

A

Note:

- (*) perceptible parameters.

- Max allowable limit I: applicable to water provision units.

- Max allowable limit II: applicable to water exploitation of individual, household (piped water supply through simple treatment e.g. drilled wells, dug wells, rain-tank, gravity pipeline).

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ANNEX 3: PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OPTION AND ESTIMATED COST FOR A CONCENTRATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM18

1. SURFACE WATER TREATMENT

Figure 1. Surface water treatment process

1.Mixing chamber; 2.Sedimentation tank ; 3. Clarifier; 4. Treated water reservoir

2. GROUNWATER TREATMENT

18 Source Tran Hieu Nhue and colleagues – Rural Sanitation and Water Supply.60

Figure 2: Treatment of ferrous groundwater with natural aeration

1. Well - pumping station; 2. Natural aeration tower; 3. Oxygenated sedimentation; 4. Rapid filter; 5. Reservoir; 6. Treated water pumping station.

If the content of iron is high (over 6mg/l) and carbon dioxide needs to be recuperated, the process includes the 3 above steps. The first step is natural aeration (Figure 2) or forced aeration. The oxygenated sedimentation and rapid filter are the next ones.

3. PROPOSED TECHNOLOGICAL -TECHNICAL PARAMETERS TO DESIGN ATTACHED FACILITIES FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.

(1) Aeration structure

Among applied different aeration structures, there are some main types as follows:

Natural rain – water sprayer

Simple aeration structure placed on the surface of filter (when water has high pH level, high alkali strength and low water – soluble carbon dioxide

Air-blower Air ejector High –density aeration tower.

To the natural air-water sprayer, aeration strength is about 8-10 m3/m2/h and perforated pipes should be used for distribution system. To the high – density aeration tower, the chosen aeration strength ranges between 100-150 m3/m2/h

(2) Alkalization step

When water has low pH level or groundwater has high iron level, coagulation technology is applied to reduce iron level in water before water is moved into filter. Water is alkalized in this case with the aim of increasing pH level up to around level pH =7, ensuring water quality. Chemical level of NaOH is used at about 10-15 mg/l to support oxygenation from Iron (2) into iron (3) (in case there is no experimental data)

(3) Oxygenation step

Popularly, oxygenation step should be avoided with small-scale concentrated rural water – supply stations. However, if it is inevitable in such cases as available organic contamination or area with epidemic diseases, oxygenation is applied with headwater stations. Level of oxygenation agents should be 2-3 mg/k pursuant to active chlorine

(4) Mixing chamber

Capacity of concentrated water supply stations for towns, rural communities is commonly low so it is recommended that mixture process of water treatment chemicals and untreated water in water pipes should be used at lowly – paid water treatment station.

(5) Oxygenated tank

When water has high organic contamination level, time for water stayed in oxygenated tank should be 30-60 minutes to help oxygenation agents carry out oxygenation. In case, water includes bicarbonate typed iron, time for oxygenation from iron (II) into iron (III) with oxygen should be 10-15 minutes to strengthen refinement of iron (II) in the following filter. When level of iron is high and process of alkalization and coagulation must be used to treat iron, time for water stayed in the contact tank should be only 3-5 minutes. In this case, due to more alkalizer, oxygenation from iron (II) into iron (III) (precipitation by air) is carried out fast.

(6) Vertical flow tank with central coagulation chamber

The following technological data should be chosen for the central coagulation chamber:

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Time for available coagulation reaction should be 15-20 minutes (to treat surface water) and 25-30 minutes (to treat iron in groundwater)

Reaction strength should be 25-30 sec-1 Coagulant should be aluminum alum polymer (AlCl3)n.

Technological data is shown for vertical flow tank as follows

Speed of upflow is 0.5 -0.6 mm/s (to treat surface water) and 0.3-0.4 mm/s (to treat iron in groundwater)

Sedimentation time should be about 2 hours.

(7) Rapid filter

Rapid filter is popularly applied in treatment technology of using single – phase filtration. Due to low capacity of water treatment plants, mainly < 1,000 m3/day, it is suggested that rapid filter be made of black steel and covered with Epoxy layer for convenient fabrication and installation. Technological data for rapid filter is recommended below:

Filtering speed: 5-10 m/h Height of sand layer/bed: 1.2m

Category of filter material: quartzy sand

Size of filter material: 0.9-1.6mm Wash water inlet, filtered water outlet and back-washing system: perforated pipes Back - wash: water

(8) Primary filter and Secondary filter

Primary and secondary filters are applied in the treatment technology for removal of both iron and mangan when their level is over 5 mg/l. The deironing-process takes place in the primary filter and the demangan – process is in the secondary filter. Regarding structure, the primary and secondary filters are similar to common rapid filters. However, their technological - technical data is a bit adjusted below:

Filtering speed in primary filter for deironing – process: 5-6 m/h Filter material in I primary filter: quartzy sand; size of sand: 0.9-1.6mm Height of filter material in secondary filter: 1.2m Filtering speed in secondary filter for demangan – process: 8-10 m/h

Category of filter material in secondary filter: 75% of quartzy sand, size: 0.9-1.6mm and 25% of catalytic sand covered with dioxyde Mangan MnO2 on the surface; size: 0.5-1.2 mm

Height of filter material layer in secondary filter: 1m Back-wash for primary filter and secondary filter: water

In treatment of water with iron, mangan and ammonium, technical data for primary filter and secondary filter may be different and be mentioned in the next part.

(9) Activated carbon filter

Activated carbon filter is applied if water has high organic contamination level. Structure of activated carbon filter may be chosen as same as that of a common rapid filter. Its technological – technical data is shown below:

Filtering speed: 5-10 m/h Depth of activated carbon layer: 1.2-1.5m Granular filter material with size: 1-3mm Depth of 0.9 -1.6mm - sized sand supporting layer: 0.3m

Filter material is activated carbon; thus, after a period of time, the activated carbon should be recycled to reactivate its absorbency. Time between 2 recycling times depends on level of organic impurities in water. Common time may extend 5-10 years.

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(10) Deammonium biological filter

In case, level of ammonium is < 10 mg/IN

Depth of filter material for deammonium biological filter: 2500 mm Oxygen supply for deammonium biological filter is done right in filter material layer.

Filter material in deammonium biological filter: quartzy sand Size of filter material for deammonium biological filter: 0.9-1.6 mm Filtering speed of deammonium biological filter: 3 m/h

In case, level of ammonium is > 10 mg/IN

In this case, beside the deammonium biological filter, it is necessary to add ammonium exchanger equipment to deoxidize nitrate produced in ammonium transfer process

Height of filter material for deammonium biological filter: 2500 mm Oxygen supply for deammonium biological filter is done right in filter material layer. Filter material in deammonium biological filter: quarty sand.

Size of filter material granular in biological filter tank deodorizing ammonium: 0.9-1.6 mm. Filter velocity of biological filter tank deodorizing ammonium: 1m/h Ion exchange velocity: 10m/h Height of ion exchange plastic bed: 1.5m Ion exchange substance: Lewatit M 600- strong base anion exchange plastic. Regenerating ion exchange plastic substance: NaCl (salt)

(11) Absorb filter tank made from filter material covered by Dioxide Mangan bed to deodorize arsenic.

Height of sand layer: 1500mm;

Size of filter aggregate covered by Dioxide Mangan: 0.5-1.2mm; Filter velocity: 4-5 m/h NaOC1 dosage and polymer alum ( AlCl3)n in water: Based on the experimental result in the

field. In case raw water source has low Fe content, it is proposed to mix more Fe (II) bath into raw

water to enhance arsenic treatment effect.

(12) Water disinfection operation.

To disinfect water in small water treatment plants, it is recommended using Clojavel which was made by salt electrolysis equipment. The doses for ground water and surface water should be 1 mg/I and 1-1.5 mg/I respectively.

4. Selection of cheap chemicals, material, equipments to build and operate water treatment plants.

Selection of water treatment chemicals and material.

(1) Coagulant chemical for water treatment.

Following coagulant chemicals are popularly used for water treatment in Viet Nam.

Sulphate aluminium alumAl2(SO4)3.n H2O; with n=6 or 18 Iron alum FeCl3 Polymere aluminium clorua alum (AlCl)n

The above alums have different prices and using dose. Iron alum FeCl3 is not used popularily in market because it is not produced inside country and supplied instabily. Sulphate aluminium alum costs 30% of price of polymere clorua aluminium alum but its using dose is 3 times more than polymere clorua aluminium alum.

Alkalinizing substance, raising PH in water. 63

After considering advantages and disadvantges, it is recomended to use NaOH sodium in the alkalinizing process to raise p.H level in the water of concentrated water treatment plants for rural towns and residential areas.

(1) Water Disinfecting Chemicals

Based on analysing advantages and disadvantages of different types of water disinfecting chemicals, it can be recommended to use Clojaven which is made up by salt electrolysis equipments and titanium electrode as disinfecting chemical for water treatment plants in town and rural residential areas. One of its advantages is that this substance is made from salt and electrode made by High Technology Development Center. Chlorine content for salt electrolyte solution is 4-5g/l with maximum capacity of 20l/h.

(2) Filter material and ion exchange material.

Granular filter materials mainly used in filter tanks are quart sand, gravel, activated carbon, black sand and suspended materials.

5. SELECTION OF MATERIALS, EQUIPMENTS.

(1) Materials, equipments for aeration work.

Natural rain spray frame: This kind of work can be built by load-bearing brick, its covering part built by droplet-proof-bricks with a size of 200 x 200 mm. These bricks are set contrarily with theirs droplet-proof characteristic to avoid uncontrolled splashing and escape of CO2. The spray frame is made of uPVC plastic with a drilled 450 alternate hole downward in compliance with treatment capacity, the hole diameter is from 4 to 25mm. Depending on raw water quality, the splashing floor can be omitted or further arranged if necessary. The splashing floor is made of uPVC plastic with diameter of 32mm and parralelly placed with the distance between two floors of 25mm.

High density aeration equipment: Due to the high content of CO2 and low content of PH in the aeration step, to avoid the erosion caused by the combination between O2 and CO2, the material used to manufacture the cover of the aeration equipment should be stainless steel or black steel coated with Epoxy (Epoxy used to paint devices in food technology. Epoxy RETAN 6000 manufactured by A Dong paint Co., can be used). Pipes in the high density aeration tower should be made of uPVC for reducing output’s cost.

(2). Chemical mixing device

To mix chemicals (colloid, alkaline) with water, pipe-typed or ditch-typed hydraulic mixing devices and mechanical stirring blades can be used. To low-capacity water treatment plant, pipe-typed hydraulic mixing device is suggested to be used. This is the terminal made of stainless steel or PVC with diameter of 5-10mm, the end can be connected to the PE pipe with different dimensions, the terminal is tightly turned in the sleeve which can move the length of the terminal head along with the turning direction of the thread. This sleeve will be sticked into the raw water pipe made of steel. The terminal can be dismantled for maintenance.

(3). Vertical flow tank with central coagulation chamber.

The vertical tank is supposed to be made of reinforced concrete or black steel. If the capacity is more than 500 m3/day, it is recommended to be made of reinforced concrete; if the capacity is 500 m 3/day or less, it can be made of steel. The central coagulation chamber is made of steel, the centrifugal reaction is caused by the two spraying nozzles placed in contact with the centre baffle. Pipes in the tank are galvanized steel ones. The tank is equipped with a exhaust valve of minimum 150mm wide diameter.

(4). Material, equipments for filter tank.

Normally, filtering tanks are built with brick, reinforcement concrete or steel. The mechanics knowledge of Viet Nam can meet the requirement of this technology. The cost of this equipment is 40-50% cheaper than imported ones. The filtering devices are diversified and they can be gravity or pressure filter depending on typical technology. It is supposed to have filter tank made of black steel with the thickness depending on diameter and altitude of the tank. The diameter of the standard tank is

64

usually 0.8m – 1m – 1.2m – 1.5m – 1.8m – 2m – 3m, the altitude is 3.6-4m. The thickness of tank wall is not less than 5mm. Fresh water collecting, discharged water and air exhausted pipes are supposed to be made of galvanized steel.

Array of clean water collection and filter cleaning: uses plastic filter pipes manufactured by Tien Phong Plastic JSC, the width of cutting clearance is 0.25mm, pressured bar, connecting in parallel or fishbone-shaped based on the diameter of the tank, anchor the pipe by supporting bracket, the post-filter water collecting pipe and filter cleaning pipes connect with the main water collecting pipe which was made of galvanized steel. Array of clean water collection and filter cleaning can be entirely made of hole-drilled steel, but the price is higher.

(5). Tank

Concrete, brick-built or ready-made tanks can be use due to their capacity. The ready-made tank can be built with composite of reinforced glass fiber. This type of tank has an advantage of quick installation but capacity is limit, usually from 10-50m3. The price is acceptable.

(6). Select pumps and engines for water treatment stations

Based on the assessment of types of pumps and engines, it is proposed to use such types as follows for small-sized water supply stations:

Centrifugal horizontal pump: use pumps manufactured by Hai Duong Pump Company. Detail technical specifications are based on calculated capacity.

Submersible pump: used for drilled wells and originated from Lowara- Spain. Metering pump: use imported type of Pelasteral - Spain

(7). Select types of valves for water treatment stations

For water treatment stations in towns, rural residential clusters/groups, it is proposed to use gate valve and AVK manufactured by Hai Duong Pump Company.

(8). Select types of piping system

In order to build small water treatment stations in rural areas, it is proposed to use piping systems and accessories as follows:

Plastic pipes and accessories

uPVC pipes, diameter 500mm manufactured following ISO4422-1996 (TCVN6151:2002) and made in Vietnam,

HDPE tube with diameter of 500mm is made in Vietnam in compliance with ISO4427:1996(E)

PP, PPR tube with diameter of 110mm is made in Vietnam.

It is possible to use plastic tube produced by Tien Phong Plastic JSC, or De Nhat Plastic Company.

Steel pipe and galvanized pipe: Black steel pipe and galvanized pipe which are produced in the country according to the standard BS 1387 – 1985 cheaper than imported ones from 15 to 20%. These tubes can be connected by threading or heat welding method. Vietnam- Korea Joint Venture Company’s tubes can be used

Cast iron pipe: Gray iron pipes and plastic cast iron pipes can be used and is produced according to the standard ISO 1378 or ISO 2531 (E) 1991 - 1998, spare parts and accessories in accordance with the standard ISO 4179, ISO 4633, diameter 80-600 mm. Traders in North and South are likely to provide the types of pipe with size up to 600 mm and accessories and spare parts such as numbness, quail, the quality meets ISO standards. Cast iron pipe in China is also used because its quality and price is competitive compared to domestically produced pipes.

Stainless steel pipe: It is proposed to use stainless steel pipe which is manufactured by the method of processing from steel with imported inox piece, pipe’s diameter of 400 mm and length of about 2 m.

(9). Flow measurement equipment

In principle, flow measure equipment has two main types for (hydraulic) mechanical measurement and 65

(magnetic, inductive) electromagnetic measurement. For water treatment stations in rural areas, it is proposed using devices with mechanical flow meters. However, if financial conditions allow, it is possible to use electronic flow measurement equipment. All measure equipment are now imported from the water meter types of the smallest diameter D15 mm to larger types for projects with a medium and large capacity.

(10). Materials and electrical equipment

Using materials, electrical equipment made in the joint venture company with foreign producers in Vietnam, typically, electric transformers (ABB is a joint venture with Sweden) and cables.

Depending on the nature of water resources and other local factors, the investment rate/norm at current price/cost in 2010, approximately 2.5 -4 (average 3) million VND for 1 m3 per day-night. Thus, if the capacity of water supply station is 500 m3 per day-night, serving 5000-6000 people, the investment cost will be 1.5 billion VND. Beside the cost of water pipelines, everyone must contribute about 0.3 to 0.4 million VND for construction of water treatment stations. Beside, it is the investment cost for water pipe system.

6. METHOD ON CALCULATING INVESTMENT COSTS FOR A WATER SUPPLY PROJECT (1). According to the WHO’s method

a. Investment costs:

According to the calculation method proposed by WHO, the total investment costs for water supply works with each item of work such as water collection system (intake), water treatment, pumping, transporting, and water storage and water distribution to end-users. A part of this investment cost is calculated specifically to the material source, necessary equipment and labor for construction. In which, investment cost for materials in the country divided into domestic materials and abroad imported materials. Similarly, the investment cost for equipment is also divided into investment cost for domestic equipment and imported equipment. All investment cost for materials and equipment is calculated based on actual cost and taken the useful lifetime of the project into account.

b. Accrued cost

Accrued cost is calculated in all categories/items of works such as (labor, materials...). This cost will be incorporated in the summary table.

c. Maintenance cost:

In accordance with WHO calculation, maintenance cost includes the materials and labor, this is calculated separately for each item of works. These costs are collected from actual data.

d. Operating cost:

In accordance with WHO calculation, operating cost includes: (1) Operating cost for local materials, imported materials, (2) Operating cost for the use of energy services to operate works, (3) And operating cost of labor. These costs are collected from actual data.

e. Other related cost:

This cost includes cost for administration, training and education.

(2). According to Vietnam’s measurement method:

a. Investment cost: Including cost of materials, labor, equipment and other costs.Investment cost is calculated: (1) Materials in the country (2) Equipment in the country and imported equipment, (3) Labor, (4) Accrued cost and other investment costs, which are in the basic infrastructure construction categories in Vietnam. However, there are some sub-items with different

66

calculation methods that are given by WHO, specifically:

Costs in each cost worksheet will include other direct cost, overhead cost, pre-taxable income, the temporary house... VAT amount will be calculated for all construction items being taxed (normally, VAT is calculated equal to 5% or 10% of these costs). This is stipulated by the Government of Vietnam for all construction activities, buying and selling goods. Meanwhile, the WHO method does not mention these details clearly. So when making calculation, we will add to the spreadsheet to ensure the full cost of the project.

Power system is an important investment item of almost water supply projects to serve the management and operation activities. Thus, this item is calculated in investment costs in accordance with regulation on construction and investment of the Government of Vietnam. Other costs hereby are understood as other costs arising from power system.

The project’s useful time in Vietnam is calculated according to Decision No. 206/2003/QD-BTC dated 12/12/2003. The project’s usage time is average from 20-30 years. It often calculates average life-time of the whole project without considering each item of construction or specific equipment as introduced by WHO calculation method. Therefore, when putting into the spreadsheet, we will provide the project’s useful time as proposed without giving details of each item’s useful time.

Investment cost for workers is based on the wages and direct working time, subsequently; the total labor cost will be calculated for the project. Under the regulations of Vietnam, all projects will be calculated on the basis of norms for each type of work and calculated availably.All investment costs for a water supply project in Vietnam is calculated by the formula proposed by WHO (reference manual to assess the cost of water supply system for low-income community - page 49) to calculate the actual cost of collection and equivalent annual costs. These costs will be collected/mentioned in the overall summary table.

Specifically, the total cost estimate of a water supply project under Vietnam’s calculation method is:

Table 1: Summary of Materials, Labor and Construction Machine

No. Norm Code Activities Unit Quanti

ty

Unit Price Amount

Materials

Labor Machine

Material

Labor

Machine

1

Total A B C

From this table, we have: Materials (VL); Labor (NC); Construction Machine (M)

Table 2: Summary of Costs/Expenditure

No. Costs Method Value (VND) Code

Cost per unit

Material cost

Material difference

Labor cost

Construction machine cost

I Direct costs

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1 Material cost (A+CLVL)*1 VL

2 Labor cost B*1 NC

3 Construction machine cost C*1.05 M

4 Other direct costs 1.5%*(VL+NC+M) TT

Subtotal VL+NC+M+TT T

II Overhead cost T*4,5% C

Construction Cost Estimate T+C Z

III Pre-taxable income (T+C)*5,5% TL

Pre-taxable Construction Cost Estimate

T+C+TL G

IV Value Added Tax G*10% GTGT

After-tax Construction Cost Estimate

G+GTGT GxDCPT

Cost for building temporary tents on site to manage and operate

G*1%*(1+10%) GXdlt

Total

Rounded

Table 3: Summary of Other Costs/Expenses

No. Costs Method

Amount (VNĐ)

Code

Pre-tax

Afer-tax

I Construction Value G1+G2 XL

1 Construction cost DT G1

2 Equipment cost DT G2

II Cost for Project Management

XL x 1.94% QLDA

III Cost for Consulting Services

III.1 + III.2 + III.4 + III.5 + III.6 + III.7

TV

1 Costs for survey and collect baseline data

Water analysis receipt + NC

68

2 Costs for topography DT

3 Costs for preparing economic and technical report

XL x 1.91% x 1.1

4 Costs for economic and technical appraisal

XL x (0.152+0.147)% x 1.1

5 Costs for preparing bid documents and civil contractor selection

G1 x 0.3%+G2 x 0.229%

6 Costs for construction supervision

G1 x 1.964%

7 Costs for equipment installation supervision

G2 x 0.768%

IV Cost for Site Clearance GPMB

1 Local land acquisition (1 ha= 10000m 2)

Temporary calculation value: 25,000 VND/m2

V Other Costs V.1 + V.2+ V.3+ V.4+ V.5 CK

Cots for pile tank static compression (2 points)

1 Costs for standby/trial run before handing over

Temporary calculation value CT

2 Costs for auditing 0.472% * (XL + TV+ QLDA + NT+ CT) x 1.1

3 Costs for Payment/ Liquidation Approval

0,2878% (XLTT + TVTT+ QLDATT + NTTT+ CTTT)

4 Insurance cost 0,3% G1

VI Contingencies 5% (XL + TV+ QL+ CK) DP

VII Costs to build power substation

Calculated separately for each item

Total Investment Cost Estimate

I + II+ III+ IV+ V+ VI+ VII TDT

Rounded

TDT: Total investment cost estimate

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ANNEX 4: SECTOR M&E INDICATOR SET FOR CLEAN RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

1. INDICATOR SET FOR SECTOR LEVEL Indicator 1 Proportion of rural population having clean water (%)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Population using clean water from dug well 2. Population using clean water from tube well 3. Population using clean water from tap 4. Population using clean water from other water

sources (spring water, rain water, treated surface water)

5. Total population (in the commune or the surveyed sample)

Indicator value :

= (1+2+3+4) /5*100%

Survey instrument, sampling and frequency of measurement:

Survey instrument: Household survey forms which is filled out by a commune, village/hamlet appointed staff . Sampling: 100% sampling

Frequency of measurement: once a year, starting in the first quarter of the year.

Indicator 2 Proportion of rural population (%) using safe water satisfying the safe water standard in decision No.9/2005/QD-BYT dated 11/3/2005 issued by MoH (here after called TC 09 for short)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Population using safe water satisfied TC 09 standard

2. Total population (in the commune or the surveyed sample)

Indicator value :

= (1) / (2)*100%

Indicator 3 Proportion of schools having clean water and hygienic latrine (the latrine should satisfy the TC 08 standard (3A) (%), of which proportion of schools having safe water, met with TC 09 standards (3B)(%).

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of kindergarten having clean water and hygienic latrine (1a), of which a number of kindergarten having safe water under TC 09 standard (1b). 2. Number of primary schools having clean water and hygienic latrine (2a), of which a number of schools having safe water under TC 09 standard (2b) 3. Number of Secondary schools having clean water and

Indicator value : 3A = ( 1a+2a+3a+4a+5a+6a) / (7+8+9+10+11+12)* 100%

3B = ( 1b+2b+3b+4b+5b+6b) /

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hygienic latrine (3a), of which a number of schools having safe water under TC 09 standard (3b) 4. Number of Mixed Secondary Schools (a mix of primary and secondary) having clean water and hygienic latrine (4a), of which a number of schools having safe water under TC 09 standard (4b) 5. Number of Mixed High Schools (a mix of secondary and high schools) having clean water and hygienic latrine (5a), of which a number of schools having safe water under TC 09 standard (5b)

6. Number of High schools having clean water and hygienic latrine latrines (6a), of which a number of schools having safe water under TC 09 standard (6b)

7. Total number of kindergarten 8. Total number of Primary schools 9. Total number of Secondary schools 10. Total number of Mixed Secondary schools 11. Total number of Mixed high schools

12. Total number of High schools

(7+8+9+10+11+12)* 100%

Indicator 4 Proportion of commune health centre having clean water and hygienic latrine (the latrine should satisfy the TC 08 standard (4A)(%), of which, proportion of commune health centre having safe water, met with TC 09 standards (4B)%

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of commune health centres having clean water and hygienic latrine (1a), of which,a proportion of commune health centre having safe water under TC 09 (1b)

2. Total number of commune health centres

Indicator value : 4A = (1a) / (2)*100%

4B = (1b) / (2)*100%

Indicator 5

Proportion of public works (Market, CPC office) having clean water and hygienic latrine (the latrine should satisfy the TC 08 standard (5A)(%), of which proportion of public works having safe water met with TC 09 standard (5B) %

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of markets having clean water and hygienic latrines (1a), of which having safe water under standards TC 09 (1b)

2. Number of CPC offices having clean water and hygienic latrines (2a),of which having safe water under standards TC 09 (2b)

3. Total number of commune markets 4. Total number of commune CPC offices

Indicator value: 5A=(1a+2a) / (3+4)*100%

5B= (1b+2b) /(3+4)*100%

Indicator 6 Proportion of households (HHs) having hygienic latrine met with TC 08 standard (%)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of HHs having a hygienic double vault latrine, on-site composting.

2. Number of HHs having a hygienic VIP latrine. 3. Number of HHs having a hygienic pour flush water

Indicator value:

= (1+2+3+4) / (5) * 100%

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seal latrine. 4. Number of HHs having a hygienic septic tank

latrine 5. Total number of HHs

Indicator 7 Proportion of HHs having hygienic cattle shed (%)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of HHs having hygienic cattle shed.

2. Total number of HHs having cattle shed

Indicator value:

= (1) / (2) * 100%

Indicator 8 Proportion of trade villages having waste water and waste treatment system (%)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of trade villages having waste water and solid waste treatment system

2. Total number of trade villages

Indicator value :

= (1) / (2)* 100%

2. INDICATOR SET FOR PROGRAM LEVEL INDICATORS

Indicator 9 Total settlement budget of the programs, projects for RWSS (9A),

Proportion of the settlement budget compared to the planned budget (9B) (%),

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

A. Settlement budget of the RWSS programs,

projects (by sources):

1. State budget (central and local)

2. International Donor supported budget

3. Budget source from credit investment

4. Budget source from people self-investment and contributions

5. Budget source from private sector investment

B. Settlement budget compared to the planned budget of the National Target program (NTPI)

1. Settlement budget of the NTPII program

- Total expenditures of the Agriculture sector (1a)

- Total expenditures of the Health sector (1b)

- Total expenditures of the Education sector (1c)

- Total expenditures of other sectors (1d)

2. Planned budget of the program (2a)

Indicator value:

9A = 1+2+3+4+5

9B = ((1a+1b+1c+1d)/2a)*100%

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Indicator 10 Number of designed people using water (10A) and practical number of people using water (10B) from the newly constructed or upgraded water facilities per year

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of designed people using water from the piped system, newly constructed or upgraded per year.

2. Number of designed people using water from the HH’s scattered water supply facilities (dug well, tube well, rain water tank, spring water), newly constructed or upgraded per year.

3. Number of practical people using water from the piped system, newly constructed or upgraded per year.

4. Number of practical people using water from the HH’s scattered water supply facilities (dug well, tube well, rain water tank, spring water), newly constructed or upgraded per year.

Indicator value:

10A = (1) + (2)

10B = (3) + (4)

Indicator 11 Number of newly constructed latrines per year

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of HHs having a hygienic double vault

latrine, on-site composting.

2. Number of HHs having a hygienic VIP latrine.

3. Number of HHs having a hygienic pour flush water

seal latrine.

4. Number of HHs having a hygienic septic tank latrine

Indicator value:

= 1+2+3+4

Indicator 12 Average investment per capita of a piped schemes (VND/person)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Total investment for the construction of a new piped

system

2. Number of served people from the piped system, based on

the designed capacity.

Indicator value:

= (1) / (2) in VND/p

Indicator 13 Proportion of piped systems sustainably operating (%)

Variables to be measured: Determination of indicator value:

1. Number of piped systems operating sustainably.

2. Total number of current piped systems

Indicator value:

= (1) / (2)*100%

Indicator 14 Proportion of piped system operating under recognized management

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models (%)

Variables to be measured: Indicator value:

1. Number of piped systems applying the management

models:

a. Community-based management model (1a)

b. Cooperative management model (1b)

c. Provincial CERWASS management model (1c)

d. Private management model (1d)

e. Enterprise management model (1e)

2. Total number of current piped systems (2)

Indicator value:

14 A = (1a) / (2)*100%

14 B = (1b) / (2)*100%

14 C = (1c) / (2)*100%

14 D = (1d) / (2)*100%

14 E = (1e) / (2)*100%

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ANNEX 5: ASSUMPTION AND RISKS

The following are main assumptions and risks which are beyond control of the Strategy and may prevent the implementation of the Strategy from being on schedule and effective during the 2010-2020 period.

Rural economy develops sustainably

This Strategy mainly depends on financial contribution of the users to rural water supply and sanitation facilities. The user meeting the proposed financial level only can become real if the economy continues developing healthily in the rural areas. This is considered low to medium risk, on the basis of Viet Nam becoming the medium-income country in post-2010 period and bright prospect of economic growth in the coming period and current willingness to pay of the users for rural water supply and sanitation facilities.

The Government and Donors finance appropriately

The Government, with the Donors’ assistance, will continue allocating a significant budget to RWSS area in order to achieve the objectives. During this period, the Government has to allocate budget to many different public investment projects and programs. Besides, the Official Development Assistance (ODA) might be reduced gradually in the 2010-2015 period and remarkably after 2015 towards a medium-income country. The risk of inappropriate allocated budget is considered at medium level.

Implementation of demand-responsive approach with private sector participation

This requires significant changes in awareness of most staffs in the area and considerable development of the private sector. However, RWSS implementation is using this approach. Although the new approach is implemented, there are many difficulties and the private sector does not have strong motivation to participate actively in this area. This risk is considered at medium to high level.

Achievement of specific objectives

Some objectives are quite high, for example 80% of rural people will use clean water of national quality standards, 90% of rural population will use approved hygienic latrines, 50% of communes will have groups collecting domestic solid waste and through communication activities, the proportion of rural people having good personal hygiene practice will be increased, especially hand washing with soap at crucial time and for the vision to 2030, these targets will be 100%. However, in the current conditions of climate change, water resource is becoming scarce, drought and flood are occurring with greater frequency and many piped water supply schemes are not operating sustainably. This is considered as high risk.

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76

ANNEX 6. AVARAGE RURAL POPULATION BY LOCAL AREA19

                 1000

people

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Preliminary 2009

             

Whole nation 57057,4 57736,8 57471,5 57991,7 58515,1 58905,5 59321,8 59665,4 59743,3 59836,3 60061,3 60266,9 60474,4 60448,6 60558,6

Red River Delta 13985,2 14060,1 13958,8 14002,8 14077,4 14136,9 14201,5 14208,0 14189,4 14043,0 14059,7 14067,3 14022,2 13889,3 13887,9

Hanoi 1156,1 1149,8 1100,2 1125,1 1132,9 1164,7 1202,9 1208,8 1170,1 1079,1 1087,3 1107,3 1122,0 3785,6 3830,6

Hatay 2136,6 2158,2 2174,0 2189,1 2199,2 2235,7 2271,8 2315,8 2370,5 2379,0 2424,3 2456,7 2482,2

Vinh Phuc 968,7 978,1 973,9 979,2 981,8 984,4 992,2 999,7 996,5 984,4 990,3 994,6 967,6 770,9 778,1

Bac Ninh 874,7 878,7 873,2 849,6 854,1 854,2 852,1 849,2 844,2 838,1 830,4 821,7 812,0 799,3 784,4

Quang Ninh 537,6 546,5 547,6 557,0 561,2 551,2 554,7 558,1 560,7 562,8 565,2 566,8 568,3 569,3 569,6

Hai Duong 1475,9 1473,1 1447,7 1416,6 1421,7 1427,1 1431,8 1436,5 1438,5 1420,7 1419,1 1421,6 1415,8 1385,4 1380,8

Hai Phong 1083,8 1092,8 1091,7 1101,4 1104,9 1097,5 1090,2 1081,7 1071,6 1061,2 1049,0 1035,8 1022,5 1008,2 992,6

Hung Yen 1009,7 1001,6 973,4 971,3 978,0 975,4 978,9 980,8 982,7 986,1 988,8 990,2 991,1 991,8 992,5

Thai Binh 1656,0 1663,5 1669,1 1676,9 1684,3 1685,9 1686,5 1658,4 1657,6 1657,1 1655,5 1651,7 1647,3 1608,3 1608,3

Ha Nam 707,7 714,0 718,5 724,3 729,9 744,1 741,0 738,0 734,7 731,4 727,7 723,2 718,4 713,4 709,2

Nam Dinh 1600,2 1616,2 1626,3 1643,1 1656,8 1646,4 1631,5 1616,3 1601,1 1585,3 1567,9 1547,5 1528,5 1514,2 1502,7

Ninh Binh 778,2 787,6 763,2 769,2 772,6 770,3 767,9 764,7 761,2 757,8 754,2 750,2 746,5 742,9 739,1

Midland and northern mountainous 8321,2 8452,3 8495,5 8588,6 8706,3 8774,0 8858,0 8940,1 8999,9 9078,3 9149,6 9216,4 9283,1 9246,2 9313,5

Ha Giang 501,8 514,3 525,5 537,2 554,1 552,9 563,1 573,1 583,2 593,6 603,9 613,3 622,4 631,3 639,7

Cao Bang 438,5 438,2 437,2 437,2 438,1 427,0 428,8 430,6 432,2 433,9 430,7 427,3 428,7 422,9 423,7

Bac Kan 220,7 224,7 228,2 232,5 236,1 238,5 239,7 240,9 241,9 243,1 244,2 244,9 245,8 246,7 247,5

Tuyen Quang 571,4 579,4 587,1 594,7 616,6 619,7 622,9 626,0 628,5 630,9 632,3 632,6 632,9 633,4 633,7

19 General Statistic. Population in 2000-2009; Census of population and housing 01/4/2009.

77

Lao Cai 455,9 465,2 473,0 483,9 494,8 504,2 511,5 518,8 525,5 461,7 461,5 467,2 472,4 477,4 484,6

Yen Bai 524,3 532,0 537,8 541,1 548,3 553,0 558,1 562,9 568,2 572,9 578,0 582,8 588,4 594,0 598,8

Thai Nguyen 804,0 816,3 819,6 826,5 827,9 821,6 824,1 825,9 828,4 831,6 834,6 836,4 836,9 837,9 838,5

Lang Son 563,9 566,9 569,3 572,1 572,4 577,1 578,5 580,1 582,2 584,6 586,9 588,0 588,8 590,1 591,4

Bac Giang 1349,0 1368,1 1372,2 1368,7 1384,1 1378,4 1382,1 1386,1 1390,1 1394,9 1398,9 1401,8 1404,6 1407,4 1410,0

Phu Tho 1094,5 1105,2 1064,4 1075,0 1083,9 1089,5 1092,3 1094,6 1096,4 1098,5 1100,9 1101,9 1102,9 1105,3 1107,0

Dien Bine 472,6 486,0 497,5 505,5 520,8 541,8 559,7 578,6 577,7 355,0 367,9 380,2 391,8 404,8 418,3

Lai Chau 305,7 310,0 313,1 315,9 318,5 318,1

Son La 709,0 728,8 746,6 766,7 774,7 806,6 823,2 839,8 856,1 871,0 885,6 899,2 911,1 922,1 933,1

Hoa Binh 615,6 627,2 637,1 647,5 654,5 663,7 674,0 682,7 689,5 700,9 714,2 727,7 740,5 654,4 669,1

North Central and Central Coast 14363,9 14531,7 14561,0 14656,0 14773,0 14675,2 14662,6 14622,2 14581,4 14551,0 14514,0 14467,8 14419,4 14365,5 14330,1

Thanh Hoa 3063,8 3092,1 3114,0 3137,7 3152,1 3149,0 3140,7 3130,5 3118,7 3107,5 3097,2 3084,9 3070,5 3058,0 3049,6

Nghe An 2451,7 2485,2 2513,3 2547,7 2572,8 2575,0 2573,6 2570,8 2566,6 2563,9 2561,5 2557,9 2554,6 2552,6 2550,7

Ha Tinh 1160,4 1163,6 1165,1 1154,2 1157,3 1144,0 1135,1 1125,0 1114,5 1104,1 1093,1 1082,1 1070,4 1058,0 1046,4

Quang Binh 676,2 684,8 692,5 701,6 708,7 711,5 712,6 714,8 714,3 714,7 715,3 715,8 716,5 718,2 719,9

Quang Tri 434,6 437,0 437,0 438,7 437,6 440,3 440,4 440,4 439,8 439,1 437,8 436,4 435,4 434,7 433,8

Thua Thien Hue 739,5 748,9 741,1 751,2 759,1 737,4 733,7 729,5 725,3 721,1 716,6 711,8 706,8 701,4 695,7

Da Nang 211,2 215,5 141,2 146,2 145,8 140,5 138,7 136,5 134,7 133,1 130,6 127,6 124,5 120,9 117,0

Quang Nam 1143,8 1153,7 1159,7 1170,0 1178,4 1173,1 1173,6 1173,2 1171,7 1170,1 1168,4 1165,6 1162,5 1159,9 1156,6

Quang Ngai 1038,2 1044,7 1048,9 1055,3 1059,9 1060,2 1061,3 1047,0 1033,4 1035,2 1037,0 1038,5 1039,2 1039,7 1040,3

Binh Dinh 1132,0 1144,5 1152,1 1105,2 1112,1 1111,1 1107,4 1103,6 1099,7 1095,8 1091,6 1087,4 1082,9 1079,1 1075,4

Phu Yen 605,0 614,4 621,2 631,2 640,3 647,7 652,4 656,7 660,6 663,7 666,0 668,1 670,1 672,2 674,2

Khanh Hoa 613,7 627,0 633,8 648,0 657,9 663,7 669,3 674,3 679,5 683,9 687,1 689,7 693,5 696,8 699,2

Ninh Thuan 363,4 370,1 375,1 382,0 387,0 389,8 391,0 385,8 387,9 385,0 381,1 376,2 371,5 358,1 361,3

Binh Thuan 730,4 750,2 766,0 787,0 804,0 731,9 732,8 734,1 734,7 733,8 730,7 725,8 721,0 715,9 710,0

Central Highland 2564,3 2685,2 2779,8 2884,5 2997,8 3106,0 3187,0 3249,5 3321,5 3396,4 3463,1 3528,0 3583,1 3646,8 3701,1

78

Kon Tum 216,0 218,5 211,2 212,9 213,2 223,0 229,7 236,6 243,6 251,0 258,6 264,9 271,7 279,1 286,5

Gia Lai 658,9 679,5 692,9 714,8 735,4 764,3 790,1 806,9 822,5 839,3 855,5 870,3 884,2 898,4 912,8

Dak Lak 1140,7 1235,0 1306,5 1362,6 1434,2 1485,1 1520,7 1548,2 1586,2 1272,3 1291,3 1306,0 1320,0 1336,6 1343,8

Dak Nong 351,7 361,8 377,9 387,9 403,3 419,1

Lam Dong 548,7 552,2 569,2 594,2 615,0 633,6 646,5 657,8 669,2 682,1 695,9 708,9 719,3 729,4 738,9

South east 4727,4 4802,5 4431,4 4530,0 4551,8 4770,0 4954,0 5138,7 5307,8 5385,0 5457,5 5559,8 5713,2 5857,4 6043,4

Binh Phuoc 452,3 467,3 484,0 516,0 548,7 576,9 596,9 616,6 633,6 652,4 669,8 684,9 699,9 715,2 730,2

Tay Ninh 802,9 813,3 822,1 833,0 842,0 847,3 856,5 864,2 870,9 878,2 883,7 888,4 891,6 895,5 899,1

Binh Duong 527,1 529,1 491,0 488,6 479,8 543,4 589,5 635,0 680,1 725,1 775,5 842,0 914,7 982,2 1048,8

Dong Nai 1308,4 1334,3 1343,0 1365,4 1385,8 1426,1 1447,7 1468,1 1492,1 1516,5 1539,0 1566,7 1598,6 1631,6 1663,3

Ba Ria – Vung Tau 462,4 458,5 467,8 480,5 467,3 476,9 487,0 492,8 496,1 499,9 503,1 504,4 503,9 502,6 500,8

HCM city 1174,3 1200,0 823,5 846,5 828,2 899,4 976,4 1062,0 1135,0 1112,9 1086,4 1073,4 1104,5 1130,3 1201,2

Mekong river delta 13095,4 13205,0 13245,0 13329,8 13408,8 13443,4 13458,7 13506,9 13343,3 13382,6 13417,4 13427,6 13453,4 13443,4 13282,6

Long An 1071,7 1080,0 1085,2 1086,2 1093,6 1110,0 1121,7 1131,3 1140,0 1149,2 1156,8 1164,8 1173,5 1180,2 1186,8

Tiien Giang 1380,6 1384,6 1385,1 1389,6 1393,7 1401,8 1406,4 1411,0 1416,2 1422,5 1427,8 1431,1 1435,3 1439,6 1443,4

Ben Tre 1184,6 1185,6 1185,0 1187,2 1183,4 1187,6 1182,9 1175,4 1167,6 1160,8 1154,6 1148,9 1142,6 1135,6 1129,9

Tra Vinh 842,1 842,8 841,5 841,7 843,3 845,4 845,9 846,9 847,3 848,1 849,0 849,4 849,7 850,1 850,4

Vinh Long 857,4 860,3 860,9 864,0 866,0 868,1 868,4 868,7 868,8 869,1 869,1 869,4 869,8 870,5 871,0

Dong Thap 1294,5 1308,8 1320,1 1336,8 1338,8 1349,6 1355,2 1360,4 1365,0 1370,8 1376,9 1378,1 1379,6 1381,1 1380,2

An Giang 1602,1 1619,8 1616,0 1634,5 1650,1 1604,2 1600,9 1596,8 1591,4 1585,7 1579,2 1570,0 1560,8 1550,9 1539,2

Kien Giang 1107,2 1133,1 1142,4 1154,2 1174,2 1181,0 1188,1 1195,2 1202,6 1210,2 1217,9 1223,2 1227,4 1231,6 1234,0

Can Tho 1395,7 1408,9 1415,5 1418,4 1429,5 1430,9 1395,9 1403,5 1205,8 570,8 575,2 575,6 581,4 565,4 406,5

Hau Giang 635,5 634,3 628,1 627,5 617,9 608,3

Soc Trang 955,4 958,5 958,5 962,3 966,1 978,7 990,6 1000,4 1008,8 1016,8 1021,9 1025,4 1031,9 1036,8 1041,1

Bac Lieu 538,2 543,7 547,0 553,7 557,1 565,0 574,6 583,1 590,4 598,0 605,0 611,6 619,0 626,0 632,3

CaMau 865,9 878,9 887,8 901,2 913,0 921,1 928,1 934,2 939,4 945,1 949,7 952,0 954,9 957,7 959,5                                 

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ANNEX 7. MAP OF VIETNAM

80