Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)
Global Crisis/Sustainability Technologies
In Actuator/Piezoelectric Devices
By Kenji Uchino
Int’l Center for Actuators & Transducers, The Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Abstract: There are four factors that have influences on engineering: Social/culture/religion, Technology/science, Economics, and Politics/law. The strength of the impact of these factors becomes different according to history. Alchemy of the 16th century is an example of “Socio-Engineering”. From the Christian doctrine, “Heliocentric model” was denied, but “alchemy” was approved. Religion was controlling science. In the 17th~18th centuries, people were solved from the spell of religion and engineering based on science and technology, so-called “Techno-Engineering” is respected instead. In the 18th~19th centuries, technologies for mass production at low manufacturing cost were required and “Econo-Engineering” became mainstream to enhance national strength. The intention of increasing national wealth and military strength increased friction and that led to the First and Second World War in the 20th century. Engineering of this period is mainly government-led production of war weapons, and it was a beginning of “Politico-Engineering”. After the wars, mass production technologies for the reconstruction/recovery revived, but when the 21st century began, as a consequent result, environmental degradation, resource depletion, and food famine have become major problems. Global regulations are strongly called, and the government-initiated technology (“politico-engineering”) has become important again in order to overcome the regulations. Politico-Engineering covers (1) legally-regulated normal technologies such as sustainability, and (2) crisis technologies. This paper introduces leading actuator/sensor and piezoelectric technologies, relating with the above “sustainability” and “crisis” technologies, aiming at further research expansion in this area. The sustainable society requires (a) usage of non-toxic materials (Pb-free piezoelectrics), (b) disposal technology for existing hazardous materials (high power ultrasonic transducers), (c) reduction of contamination gas (diesel injection valves), (d) new energy source creation (piezoelectric renewable energy harvesting systems), and (e) energy-efficient device development. Crisis technologies are categorized into five types: (a) natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, hurricanes, lightning, etc.), (b) epidemic/infectious diseases (smallpox, polio, measles, and HIV), (c) enormous accident (Three-Mile-Island core meltdown accident, BP oil spill etc.), (d) intentional accidents (acts of terrorism, criminal activity, etc.), (e) civil-war, war, territorial aggression. Keywords: Crisis technology; Sustainability technology; Politico-engineering; Piezoelectric actuator; Pb-free piezoelectrics; Piezoelectric energy harvesting; Ultrasonic cavitation; Ultrasonic motor.
ISIEM 2013 1/1
Bio-History of Kenji Uchino• University professor = 40 years
• Tokyo Tech – 10 yrs, Sophia Univ – 8 yrs, Penn State – 24 yrs
• Company executive = 21 years• Government Officer = 4 years• Japanese 20 years vs. US Citizen 22 years• “One step ahead”
• Age 40s = Academic initiative• Age 50s = Entrepreneur• Age 60s = Program officer
• “Discover/Inventor”• Piezoelectric ML actuators, PMN electrostrictors, Relaxor single
crystals, Micro motors, Piezoelectric transformers, HiPoCS
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Global Crisis/Sustainability Technologies
- in Piezoelectric Devices -Kenji Uchino
Int’l Center for Actuators & TransducersThe Pennsylvania State University
1. Background
3. Paradigm Shift in Engineering
• Politico-Engineering• Cooperation, Protection, Reduction
Continuation2. Politico-Engineering
• Sustainability Technology• Crisis Technology
WWII Results in JapanPolitico-Engineering
Hiroshima 1945
Politico-Engineering
Three-Mile-Island(USA)
Fukushima Daiichi(Japan)
Date 1979.3.28 2011.3.11
Reason Human error of the equipment usage
Earthquake/Tsunami & Electr. shutdown
Level Melt-down Melt-down & ExplosionCommand President/State Army TEPCO/Prime Minister
Initial Actions
Water spray/ Evacuation in 80km
area in 24 hrs
Delay of water spray/ Evacuation in 20 km
area after 3 days
Comparison: Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
Problem: Delayed decision by the political leader induced the most serious explosion !
Necessity of Politico-Engineering
External Forces on “Engineering”
Economics
Society /Culture /Religion
Politics/Law
Technology/Science
“STEP”
ENGINEERING
Socio-Engineering
Techno-Engineering
Econo-Engineering
Politico-Engineering
~ 16th
Century17th -18th
Century
18th ~ 19th Century (Industrial Revolution)
20th ~ 21st Century (World War)
Politico-Engineering
Discovery of Piezoelectrics• Piezoelectricity
– Electrical charge when mechanical stress is applied
– Discovered by Jacque and Pierre Curie in 1880
Pierre Curie
Gabriel Lippmann
Converse Piezoelectricity Strain induced in a material by application
of electric field Discovered in 1881 by Gabriel Lippmann
Piezoelectricity.” TheFreeDictionary.com
Technology/Science
Technology/Science
What’s “Piezoelectric Effect”?CONVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
IgniterMicrophonePressure Sensor
DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
ClockSpeakerActuator
High d and k in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3
- Crystal Orientation Dependence
[J.Kuwata, K.Uchino and S.Nomura: Ferroelectrics, 37, 579 (1981)]
Morphotropic Phase Boundary
E // [001]E //
Ps
Technology/Science
Field Induced Strains in Single Crystals Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 etc.
[S.E. Park and T.R. Shrout: Mat. Res. Innovat. 1, 20 (1997)]
Rhombohedral to tetragonal field induced transition
Technology/Science
Fabrication process for a multilayer (ML) ceramic actuator.
(Cutting/slicing, Polishing)
Sintered bulk ceramic
Ceramic plate/disk
(Electroding, Drying)
Laminated structure
(Resin coating)(Lamination, Curing)
(External electrode printing)
Multilayer device
(Binder mixing, Vacuumization)
Calcined powder
Slurry
(Slip casting)
Green sheet
(Punching)(Electrode printing)
(Lamination, Press, Cutting)
Green chip
(Binder evaporation, Sintering)(External electrode printing)
Multilayer device
Cut & Bond Method vs. Tape Cast Method
Polarization directionInternal electrode
External electrode
Economics
Piezoelectric Device Market Trends
Information Resources: iRAP (Innovative Research & Products); Market Publishers; IDTechEx
Economics
Applications of Piezoelectric Single CrystalsSONAR & Underwater Transducer
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Actuator (USM) / Sensor / Composite
Medical Ultrasound Probe Medical Imaging + HIFU
Economics
Piezo actuatormodule
Piezo Injector
Injectorhead
Injectorbody
NozzlePeugeot Diesel Vehicle
Piezo Unit
Internal ElectrodeAdhesive
Resin Mold
Side Electrod
e
Product Planning Creativity- Specifications -
Diesel Injection Valve (Siemens)
Economics
Piezo Unit
Internal ElectrodeAdhesive
Resin Mold
Side Electrode
Drive Voltage Determination
10V 100V 1000V
Discrete &
EDU
Cost
Thin Layer ML
Thick Layer
Piez
o St
ack
Pric
e
High Energy (High Current Capacitance)
Low Energy (Low Current Capacitance)
Shall we reduce the Drive Voltage as low as 12 V?
Too much costly for thin layer MLs
Minimum system cost suggests the drive voltage around 160 V, leading to the layer thickness 80 m.
Product Planning Creativity- Specifications -
Total Cost
Min
imum
Cos
t
Economics
Shipwreck of Titanic
April, 1912
Politics/Law
Langevin TransducersPolitics/Law
λ = 5 cmF = 30 k Hz
Langevin & Einstein
World War I – 1914-18U-Boat
Politics/Law
Permittivity contour map on the MgO-TiO2-BaO system, and the patent coverage composition range
(dashed line).[Ogawa and Waku, 1944]
USJapanRussia
World War II – 1939-45Politics/Law
3
Politico-Engineering - Overview− Politically-Initiated Science and Technology −
USA
Year
Coun
try
Pow
er (G
DP)
1960 1980 2000
Japan China
1960s: Initial Growth=Infra-structure1980s: Rapid Growth=Mass-production2000s: Growth Maturing=Sustainability
Domestic Politics
Global RegimeEcono-Politics
Politico-Engineering
PRODUCT PLANNING
- Japanese Technology Trend Change -
• 1960's – Heavier
Thicker
Longer
Larger
• Ship manufacturing
• Steel industry
• Building construction
• Power plant (dam)
重
厚
長
大
Domestic Politics
Domestic Politics
Politico-Engineering
Industrial Pollution• Minamata Disease (Nippon Chisso)
Heavy Metal (Mercury)
• Air Pollution (Steel Industries)• Acoustic Noise (Traffic)
• Nuclear Power plant (Energy Source)Three Mile Island Power Plant Melt-Down
Politico-Engineering
PRODUCT PLANNING
- Japanese Technology Trend Change -
• 1980's – Lighter
Thinner
Shorter
Smaller
• Printer, Camera
• TV, Computer
• Printing time• Communication period• “Walkman”• Air conditioner
軽
薄
短
小
Econo-Politics
Econo-Politics
Politico-Engineering
Medical/Ecological Problems
• Greenhouse EffectCO2 Generation, Global Warming
• Oil CrisisLack of Fossil Energy Source
• Population Growth/Longer LifetimeAverage Lifetime in JapanFemale=86 years old, Male=80 years old
Politico-Engineering
PRODUCT PLANNING - Japanese Technology Trend Change -
• 2000's –Cooperation
Protection
Reduction
Continuation
• Kyoto Protocol• Global standard –Internet, Computer cable• Defense technology• Infectious disease
• Pb, Dioxin, CO2, Energy consumption
• Food supply – Genetic technology• Population –Medical/bio technology
協
守
減
維
Global Regime
Politico-Engineering
Global Crisis/Sustainability Technologies
- in Piezoelectric Devices -Kenji Uchino
Int’l Center for Actuators & TransducersThe Pennsylvania State University
1. Background
3. Paradigm Shift in Engineering
• Politico-Engineering• Cooperation, Protection, Reduction
Continuation2. Politico-Engineering
• Sustainability Technology• Crisis Technology
Categorization of Technology• Normal Technology
– New discovery/invention– Designing/manufacturing/marketing– Sustainability
• Crisis Technology– Natural disaster– Infectious/contagious disease – Enormous accident– Intentional (terrorist/criminal) incident– External & civil war/territorial invasion
Politically-Initiated Engineering
Politico-Engineering
Categorization of Technology• Normal Technology
– New discovery/invention– Designing/manufacturing/marketing– Sustainability
• Power and energy (lack of oil, nuclear power plant, new energy harvesting)
• Rare material (rare-earth metal, Lithium) • Food (rice, corn – bio-fuel)• Toxic material
– Restriction (heavy metal, dioxin, Pb)– Elimination/neutralization (Mercury, Asbestos)– Replacement material
• Environmental pollution• Energy efficiency (piezoelectric device)
Politically-Initiated Engineering
Politico-Engineering
“Sustainability” Technologiesin Piezoelectric Devices
• Usage of non-toxic materials– Pb-free piezoelectrics, (K,Na)(Ta,Nb)O3
• Disposal technology of existing hazardous materials– Ultrasonic treatment
• Reducing contamination gas– Diesel injection valve
• New energy source creation– Piezoelectric energy harvesting
• Energy-efficient device development
Sustainability
1940-50 BaTiO3 -- CeramicLow piezoelectric properties
Perspectives of the Piezo-Materials Development
1950-60 Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 -- Ceramic Good performance
1980- Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3-- Thin/thick filmCrystal orientation (Rhomb. [001])
Crystal orientation (Rhomb. [001])Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-- Single crystal
2000- BaTiO3 -- Single crystalPb-free materials (Eco-problem)Crystal orientation (Tetra. [111])
KNbO3 --Single crystal
Eco Technology
Sustainability
(a) (b)Number of Japanese patents for composition (a) and companies (b)
16
13
8
7
5
Bi-layered typecompound
(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 typecompound
(Na,K)NbO3 typecompound
Tungsten bronzetype compound
Others
Total: 49 patents2
27
3
1
1
2
9
1
1
5
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
0 5 10 15
KYOCERA
MURATA
TDK
TOKIN
TOYOTA
MATSUSHITA
NISSAN
Others
Number of Disclosed Japanese patent
Bi-layered type(Bi,Na)TiO3 type(Na,K)NbO3 typeTungsten BronzeOthers
Pb-Free Piezoelectrics[No more PZT?]
European Community: RoHS (Restrictions on the use of certain Hazardous Substances) limits lead (Pb) in electronic equipments.
Sustainability
(K,Na,Li)(Nb,Ta,Sb)O3[Toyota Central R&D]
Stra
in (1
0-6 ) Oriented LF4
Unoriented LF4
Unoriented LF4
Oriented LF4
Temperature (oC)
Electric Field (V/mm)
[Y. Saito, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 35, 5168-73 (1996)]
Oriented ceramic via RTGG (F=91%)
Conventional random ceramic
Inte
nsity
(arb
itrar
y
Sustainability
Cavitaion
Adiabatic Compression(Rapid heating and cooling)
DioxinBurn at low temp. → Another hazardous
materialBurn at high temp. → Innocuous
http://pluto.apl.washington.edu/harlett2/artgwww/acoustic/medical/litho.html
Making hazardous waste innocuousSustainability
Water flow type ultrasonic cleaner
HONDA ELECTRONICS CO.,LTD.
Liquid crystal glass substrate
Large glass
Sustainability
Horn type L-L Coupler
R ad ia tin g face
D riv in g face
H orn type L-L converte r
PZTW
B o lt coup ledLangev in transduse r
S upport
Ultrasonic CleanerUltrasonic Cleaner
Courtesy of Sharp/Honda Electronics
Sustainability
Exhaust Gas Regulation
(From the Nikkei Newspaper, 2006)
Multilayer Actuators for Diesel Injection Valve
Diesel Exhaust Gas Regulation in Japan, Europe and US
Japan, Europe: > 3.5 ton vehicleUS: > 3.85 ton vehicle
NOx (gram/kW hr)
PM (g
ram
/kW
hr)
EU
USUS
JP
(Final JP Target)
Sustainability
(http://www.marklines.com/ja/amreport/rep094_200208.jsp)Energy Consumption by LCA (Well to Wheel)
Oil Natural Gas Oil Natural Gas
(Under a Hybrid Configuration)
Diesel Injection ValveSustainability
Nozzle Needle
High Pressure Fuel
Nozzle Seat
Nozzle Hole
Increase in Injection Amount per Unit Period
Post
Injection Interval
Pilot Pre After
Main
Multiple Injection
Micro Particle
Rectangular Injection Rate
Inje
ction R
ate
Time ←Increase in Fuel Pressure↑
Higher Force of the Actuator
←Increase in Nozzle Speed↑
Quicker Response of the Actuator
Quick responsive and high force actuator
Multilayer Actuators for Diesel Injection ValveSustainability
Piezo actuatormodule
Piezo Injector
Injectorhead
Injectorbody
Nozzle
Peugeot Diesel Vehicle
Piezo Unit
Internal ElectrodeAdhesive
Resin Mold
Side Electrod
e
Diesel Injection Valve (Siemens)
Multilayer Actuators for Diesel Injection ValveSustainability
From Passive Dampers to Adaptive Dampers with Energy Harvesting
Mechanical Noise
Vibration
Piezoelectric Material
Electrical Energy
Passive Damping
Spend 1980s
Energy Harvesting
Accumulate 1990s
Sustainability
K2 & ACX
Sustainability
Lightening Switch - Face
Energy Harvesting with Thunder
Sustainability
WT
Charge output
PZT
EngineComposite Sheet
with Cymbals
Bolt to support the engine
1 mW 1 W
Chasing two rabbits at one time
• Vibration suppression
• Energy harvestingHybrid Car
Energy Harvesting(Penn State Univ & DENSO)
Sustainability
Charging the electronic devices
Flexible piezoelectric textile
Flexible energy harvest circuit
Penn State Univ & Smart Materials
1-5 mW
Sustainability
Metal Tube Ultrasonic Motor (Penn State Univ)
Smart Product Implementation Award, SPIE
Y
X
Elastic hollowcylinder
Plate X
Plate Y
x'y'
Structure of the motor stator
Rotor (spring)
PZT Ceramic
1.5 mm dia x 4 mm long
PSU Patent filed in 2000
Sustainability
MEDICAL CATHETER(Penn State Univ)
Minimal Invasive Surgery
Ultrasonic Medical Device for Blood Clot removal
Sustainability
Global Crisis/Sustainability Technologies
- in Piezoelectric Devices -Kenji Uchino
Int’l Center for Actuators & TransducersThe Pennsylvania State University
1. Background
3. Paradigm Shift in Engineering
• Politico-Engineering• Cooperation, Protection, Reduction
Continuation2. Politico-Engineering
• Sustainability Technology• Crisis Technology
Politically-Initiated Engineering
Categorization of Technology• Crisis Technology
– Natural disaster (earthquake, tsunami, tornado, typhoon, thunder)
– Infectious/contagious disease (smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, HIV)
– Enormous accident (Three-mile-island nuclear power plant melt-down, BP deep-water oil flow)
– Intentional (terrorist/criminal) incident– External & civil war/territorial invasion
• Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant AccidentAutonomous Robot
• 03/11 Kanto-Tohoku EarthquakeSurveillance *Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
*Unmanned Underwater VehicleMonitoring Technology
“Natural Disaster” Technologies
“Enormous Accident”
Crisis Technology
iRobot (http://www.irobot.com/gi/)Autonomous Robot
Crisis Technology
Large Diameter Unmanned Underwater VehicleCrisis Technology
Crisis Technology
Large Diameter Unmanned Underwater Vehicle
US DOD & Japan MOD Development Agreement - 2013
Monitoring Nuclear Power Plant Accident“Enormous Accident” Technologies
AlN Piezo-Transducer up to 600°C (B. R. Tittmann, PSU)
Crisis Technology
Trapping the bacteria changes the weight
Weight load changes the resonance
frequency
Bacteria Sensors“Contagious Disease” TechnologiesCrisis Technology
Z.-Y. Cheng (Auburn University): Private Communication
Crisis Technology
Z.-Y. Cheng (Auburn University): Private Communication
Crisis Technology
Ultrasonic Hypochlorous Acid Humidifier for Disinfection Purposes (Penn State Univ)
PolyVinyl Chloride Sheet Good corrosion resistance against HClO, NaOH, NaClO and HCl
Crisis Technology
Electrolysis of Salt Water
Neutralization of Anthrax
Terrorist/Territorial Attack
Japan – “Senkaku” Island 2010
USA – World Trade Center Attack 2001
Crisis Technology
Multilayer Piezoelectric Transformer
Input Driving Circuit (Vin=18-24V)
Output CockcroftMultiplier Circuit
Output Voltage Resistive Divider
Airport Security Check – Homeland Security
Crisis Technology
Neutron Accelerator Gamma-Ray Scan
100kV Piezo Power Supply
Pulsed Neutron SourceCrisis Technology
“Green” Weapon− Environmental-Friendly Weapon − Weapon of mass destruction (WMD) –
nuclear bomb, chemical weapon
Laser Gun Rail GunMinimal destructive – pin-point target
“Jus in Bello”
Crisis Technology
Piezo Generators for Ammunitions
Piezo ML
Programmable Air Burst Munition (PABM)
ATK & Micromechatronics Inc. (State College, PA)
Crisis Technology
Global Crisis/Sustainability Technologies
- in Piezoelectric Devices -Kenji Uchino
Int’l Center for Actuators & TransducersThe Pennsylvania State University
1. Background
3. Paradigm Shift in Engineering
• Politico-Engineering• Cooperation, Protection, Reduction
Continuation2. Politico-Engineering
• Sustainability Technology• Crisis Technology
Paradigm Shift of Product PlanningEcono-Engineering Politico-Engineering•Cost/performance technology
•Sustainability technology•Crisis technology
• Natural disaster (East Japan disaster)• Infectious/contagious disease• Enormous accident (Three-mile-island
nuclear power plant melt-down)• Intentional (terrorist/criminal) incident• External & civil war/territorial invasion
CRISIS: Agile decision by political leaders based on S&T knowledge is
essential [Politico-Engineering] !
Politico-Engineering
PRODUCT PLANNING - Japanese Technology Trend Change -
• 2000's –Cooperation
Protection
Reduction
Continuation
• Global standard –Internet, Computer cable
• Defense technology• Infectious disease
• Pb, Dioxin, CO2, Energy consumption
• Food supply – Genetic technology• Population –Medical/bio technology
協
守
減
維
Politico-Engineering
Fundamental S&T
Final Product
Development
Techno Engineering
Fundamental S&T
Final ProductMass-mnfg, Price
Development
EconoEngineering
Fundamental S&T
Final ProductRegulation
Development
PoliticoEngineering
Product Planning Strategy
Single Crystal Piezoelectrics
Multilayer Actuators
BT & Pb-Free Piezoelectrics
Politico-Engineering
ENDThank you!
WWW.PSU.EDU/dept/ICAT
Contact: Kenji Uchino, Director, Professor E-mail: [email protected], Phone: 814-863-8035