GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCEChapter 36 – Sections 1-4

1960-Present

THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 36 – Section 1

Exploring Space•Over time, the US and Russia eventually started to work together

•In 1975, both countries docked space crafts in orbit

•In 1998, we began construction of the International Space Station with Russia and 14 other nations•It was finally completed in 2011

Global Communications•Satellites have only been accessible since the 1960s

•The space programs have allowed us to develop significantly smaller computers with much more power

•The internet began in the 1960s so scientists could share research•Since the 1990s, when internet became accessible to average people, users have gone from 26 million to 2.4 billion

Transforming Life•New technology in the 1960s and 70s led to new discoveries

•Genetics became a popular area of study in the 1980s•Genes make us who we are and scientists started attempting to understand these genes

•Through genetic engineering, scientists placed “foreign” genes in new organisms

•Scientists successfully copied genes (cloning) in plants and animals

Green Revolution•In the 1960s, agricultural scientists became focused on increasing food production worldwide

•Created many new ways of farming•Fertilizers•Pesticides•High-yield, disease-resistant crops

•Most of these improvements do little to help poor farmers

GLOBAL ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENTChapter 36 – Section 2

Technology Changes the World

•The end of WWII started a huge leap forward in scientific discovery

•New technology led to people leaving the factories and creating new industries (financial services, research, communication)

More Products

•Growth in economies led to an increase in the amount being produced

•Developed nations began to focus on producing manufactured goods•Emerging nations don’t have the tools (factories and roads) yet but are transitioning

Globalization•The global economy refers to all financial interactions (people, businesses, and governments) across borders• Inexpensive transportation and telecommunications have made this easier

•Companies now operate in multiple countries

•Most countries are working towards free trade (the removal of all barriers to trading)•The WTO (World Trade Organization) was created just to enforce trade agreements

•Most regions have to settle for trade blocs

Pros and Cons

•Pros•Free flow of goods and ideas

•Increase in the worldwide average standard of living

•Cons•Developed nations benefit most

•Poorest countries suffer

Political Impact of Globalization

•The reliance on raw materials has linked nations all over the world to one another (oil, gas, water)•For instance, 39 nations fought against Iraq to protect Kuwait’s oil fields (Gulf War – 1991)

Environmental Impact of Globalization

•The rapid growth in business has led to more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, causing pollution, acid rain, and global warming

•New farming techniques have resulted in soil erosion and habitat destruction

•Nations are trying to create sustainable development, which requires places to meet the economic needs of the people while also preserving the environment

GLOBAL SECURITY

ISSUESChapter 36 – Section 3

Nations Unite•After WWII, two types of alliances were formed•Military: Out of fear, many new military alliances were created•NATO•SEATO•Warsaw Pact

•Peaceful: the United Nations was created to bind the world for global security (world peace)•Public forum with skilled mediators

•Peacekeeping forces (multinational)

Weapons of Mass Destruction

•Nations with weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, and biological) have worked to prevent those weapons from spreading•1968 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – nations agreed not to spread nuclear technology

Human Rights•1948 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued by the UN•born free with equal rights (life, liberty, and security)•Problem: non-binding

•While the status of women improved in the 1990s, inequality is still a major issue for women•In the West, it shows itself in pay differences and promotions

•In non-Western countries, women are denied access to education altogether

TERRORISMChapter 36 – Section 4

Terrorism•Defined as the use of violence against people or property to force changes in society•Usually done to get policies changed, but they are increasingly a result of radical religious or cultural groups whose goal is to destroy things they consider “forces of evil”

•Modern terrorism has increased in frequency and damage

Types of Terrorism•While typically violent (bombs and bullets), some are becoming more sophisticated (biological and chemical weapons)

•Cyberterrorism has become increasingly “popular”•Attacking the information systems of people/nations

Responses•While countries respond differently, most respond harshly

•Example: Sept. 11, 2001•Create the Dept. of Homeland Security

• Invaded Afghanistan to take down the center of the al-Qaeda network, led by Osama bin Laden

•Passed the USA PATRIOT Act• Detain foreigners for 7 days without

charges• Tap all phones, e-mails, internet

traffic• Investigate large bank accounts that

are foreign• No time restrictions or limits on

terror suspect’s trials