glosario torax

8/7/2019 glosario torax

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P en nsy lva nia H osp ita l, 8 th an d S pru ce S ts ., P hila de lph ia , P A 1 91 07 .

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G lossa ry o f T e rm s fo r Tho rac ic R ad io logy :R ecomm enda tio ns o f th e N om enc la tu re C omm ittee o f theF le ischne r Soc ie ty1The F le is chne r S oc ie ty w as founded in 1 969 by a g roup o f

rad io log is ts to hono r the m em ory o f F e lix F le is chne r and top rom o te the exchange o f in fo rm a tion be tw een bas ic sc ien tis tsand c lin ic a l in ves tiga to rs in teres ted in ches t d isease . Todayth is m u ltid isc ip lina ry g roup is bes t know n fo r the S ym pos iaon C hest D isease tha t it c onduc ts annua lly , bu t it has sought,in the wo rds o f its m o tto , to advance know ledge o f theno rm a l and d iseased ches t in va r ious o the r ways . The G los -sa ry p resen ted he re rep resen ts one such e ffo rt.

T he G lossa ry w as o rig ina lly p roposed a t the firs t gene ra lm ee ting o f the Soc ie ty o f 1 971 in the be lie f tha t s tanda rd iza -t io n o f te rm s w ith respe c t to the desc rip tio n o f rad io g raph icfin d ings w ou ld fa c ilita te the exchange o f in fo rm a tion . V a riousm em be rs o f the Soc ie ty have con tribu ted to its deve lopm en tove r the in te rven ing yea rs , and though such an unde rta k ingis neve r tru ly com p le ted , the G lossa ry is now judged to besu ffic ien tly in c lu s ive to be o f gene ra l in te res t. T he Soc ie ty ,the re fo re , au tho r iz ed its pub lic a tion as a repo rt o f the Nom en -c la tu re C omm ittee in M ay 1983 .

The deve lopm en t o f a g lo ssa ry is a p rocess tha t cas ts ligh ton bo th the m ean ing o f w o rds and on the bas ic s of hum anbehav ior. T he use o f w o rds , it appea rs , is a h igh ly pe rsona la ttr ibu te o f the ind iv idua l, and any d isag reem en t w ith tha tusage is in s tin c tive ly v iewed as a pe rsona l assau lt: A nom en -c la tu re comm ittee does no t need a cha irm an; it needs apeace -keep ing fo rce ! It is , there fo re , a g rea t tribu te to thosew ho pa rtic ipa ted tha t they w e re u ltim a te ly ab le to pu t pe rsona lb ia s and na tiona l lin gu is tic d iffe rences as ide and to ag ree onthe de fin itio ns p resen ted he re .

The C omm ittee , com p ris ing m o re sp litte rs than lum pe rs ,has sough t to iden tify nuances o f m ean ing tha t d is tingu ishw o rds o f s im ila r conno ta tion and has sys tem a tica lly re je c tedthe a rgum en t tha t e ve ryone says it tha t w ay as a ju s tific a tionfor the m isuse o f a wo rd . It has a lso a ttem p ted to ind ica tewhe the r spec ific te rm s a re tru ly desc rip to rs o r a re , in fa c t,d iagnos tic conc lu s ions ; and if the la tte r, w he the r or no t theycan app rop r ia te ly be based so le ly on rad iog raph ic ev idence .It is hoped tha t pub lica tion o f th is G lossa ry w ill s tim u la tein te res t in the s tanda rd iza tion o f desc rip tive te rm ino logy inches t rad io logy , tha t som e w ill adhe re to the de fin itio ns p re -

sen ted he re , and tha t those w ho do no t w ill, a t leas t, becom em ore though tfu l in the ir cho ice o f w o rds .

T hanks a re due to those m em bers o f the Soc ie ty wholaunched th is e ffo rt: G o rdon C umm ing (M idhu rs t, E ng land )and E . Robe rt H e itzm an (S y racuse , N Y ); to those w ho sus-tam ed it: John J . F ennessy (C h icago , IL ), P au l J . F r iedm an(S an D iego , C A ), R ona ld G ra inge r(S he ffie ld , E ng land ), W ill iamH . No rthway , J r. (P a lo A lto , CA ), and the la te G eo rge Jacob -son (Los A nge les , C A ); and m ost pa rtic u la r ly to those onw hom fe ll the bu rden o f b r ing ing it to fru itio n : John H . M .A us tin (N ew Yo rk , N Y ), R obe rt G . F raser (B irm ingham , AL ),D av id H . T rapne ll (London , E ng land ) and M o rr is S im on (B os -ton , MA ).

Ed ito rs N ote

Wil l iam J . T u dd en ha mC ha irm an , N om enc la tu re C omm ittee

The F le isch ne r S o c ie ty

A t its re cen t m ee ting in S an ta Fe , the F le ischner S oc ie tyrea ffirm ed its hope th is G lossa ry w ill p ro ve he lp fu l in re fin ingthe rad iog raph ic vocabu la ry fo r desc rib ing and th in k ing abou ttho rac ic d isease . The Soc ie ty a lso rea liz es these de fin itio nsand commen ts on the ir u sage (eva lua tions) m ay no t sa tis fya ll rea de rs . A ce rta in dogm atism ha s been requ i red to reachfina l s ta tem en ts abou t te rm s tha t m ay be used d iffe ren tly byo the rs . T o ach ieve a w ide r consensus on the accep tance ofcon tro ve rs ia l te rm s, the Soc ie ty in v ite s com men ts , c r itic ism s,and suggested add itions . T hese m ay be d ire c ted to the AJRE dito ria l O ffice o r to D r. R obe rt F rase r (D epa rtm en t o fR ad io logy , U n ive rs ity o f A labam a M ed ica l C en te r, 619 5 . 19 thS t., B irm ingham , AL 35233 ). D r. F rase r is the new cha irm ano f the N om enc la tu re C omm ittee ; the comm ittee w illsyn thes ize cons tru c tiv e sugges tions in to rev is ions in theG lossa ry . R eade rs a re u rged to respond to th is in v ita tion andto he lp the S oc ie ty reduce im p rec is ion in ou r vocabu la ry sothe com p lex itie s o f tho rac ic d isease m ay be be tte r unde rs tooda nd c omm u ni ca te d.

M M F

1 A ddress re p rin t re que s ts to W . J . T uddenham , Depar tmen t o f R a d io lo g y.AJR 143 :509 -517 , Sep t embe r 1 9 8 4 0 3 6 1- 8 03 X / 8 4/ 1 43 3 - 05 0 9 0 Am eric an Roen tgen R a y S o ci et y


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Aabscess , n, -es . 1 . Patho l . A n in flam m ato ry m ass

w ith in lung p arenchym a , the ce n tra l pa rt o f w h ichha s u nd erg on e pu ru len t l iqu efa ction ne cro sis . Itm ay comm un ic a te w ith th e b ron ch ia l tre e . 2.Rad io ! . A m ass w ith in lu ng pare n ch ym a w hich , ifit c om m un ic ate s w ith th e b ro nc hia l tre e, c on ta in sa cav i ty . O the rw ise , a pu lm on ary m ass can becons ide r ed to re pre se nt a n a bsce ss in th e m or-p ho log ic se nse o nly b y in fe re nc e. -Qua l i f ie rs :E xp res s in g c lin ic a l cou rse : a cu te , ch ron ic . E x-pres s ing e ti ol og y: b ac te ri al , f un ga l, e tc . E x pr es s-i ng s it e o f invo lvem en t: lung , m ed ias tina l, e tc . -Eva lua t ion : A n i nf er re d co nc lus ion , th e u se o fwh ic h a s a rad io bog ic d ia gn os is is a pp ro pria teon ly w ith re fe ren ce to m a sse s o f p resum ed in fec -t io us o rig in ; c f. c av it y.

abso rbe r , n, -s. Rad io !phy s . A ny o bje ct th at a tte n-ua tes an x -ra y be am .ac ina r pa tte rn , n , -a . R ad io !. A c olle ctio n o f ro un d,p oo rly d efin ed , d is cre te o r p artly c on flu en t o pa c-it ies in th e lu ng , ea ch 4- 8 mm in d iam e te r an dt og eth er p ro du cin g a n e xt en de d, in ho m og en eo usshadow . -Sy n on yms : rose tte pa tte m, a cin on o-d os e p atte m (u se d spe c if ica lly w ith re fe re nce to

e nd ob ron ch ia l sp rea d o f tub e rcu los is ), a lve o la rpa ttem ( ina ccu ra te d es crip to r; no t re com -mended) . -Eva lua t ion : A n in fe rred con clu sio nusua l l y used as a d es crip to r. A n a cc ep ta ble te rm.

ac ina r sh ad ow , n , -a . R ad io ! . A round or o vo id ,poo rly de fined pu lm ona ry op ac ity 4- 8 mm ind iam ete r, p re sum ed to re p re sen t a n ana tom ica ci nu s r en d er ed o pa q ue b y c on so li da tio n. U s ua llyused on ly in the p resen ce o fm any s u c h o p a ci ti e s;c f. a cin ar p atte rn . -Eva lua t ion : A n in fe rre d co n-c lu sio n s om et im es a pp lic ab le a s a ra dio bo gic d e-sc r ip to r .

ac inus , n, -I . Ana t . T he part o f th e lun g d is ta l to ate rm in a l b ro nch io le . It con s is ts o f res p ira to ryb ro nc hio le s, a lv eo la r d uc ts , a lv eo la r s ac s, alveoli,an d th ei r b lo od v es se ls , l ym p ha tic s, a nd s up po rt-i ng t is su e s.

ae r a te , v. 1 . To fill w ith a ir . 2 . To expo se to air. 3.T o o xy ge n at e.

ae r a ted , ad j . 1 . In fla te d, f il le d wtih a ir ( lun gs ). 2 .A ir-con ta in ing (pa ranas al s inuses). 3. Expo se d toa i r ( b lo o d ).

ae r a t ion , n . Ph y s io l /r a d io l . 1 . T he s ta te o f co nta in -in g a ir . 2 . T he s ta te o r p ro ces s o f a dm ittin g o r o fb ein g fille d o r in fla te d w ith a ir. 3. Th e s ta te o rp rocess o f be in g e xposed to a ir. -Quali f iers :o ve r- ( pre fe rr ed ) o r h yp er- ; un de r- (p re fe rred ) o rhypo- . -Sy n on yms : in fla t ion . S ee a lso va nilla -hen , oxygena t ion . -Eva lua t ion : Accep tab lete rm w ith re fe re nce to in sp ira to ry ph ase o f re s-pirat ion. Inf lat ion is p re fe rred in sense 2.air, n . R a di o! . G as w ith in the bo dy , reg ard les s o f itscom pos ition o r s i te . -Sy n on ym : gas . -Eva lua -t ion: Th e word ai r sho u ld be us ed to re fe r only toin sp ir ed a tm o sp he ric gas . W ith re fe ren ce topneum otho ra ce s , sub cu tan eou s em physem a o rthe co n te n t o f the s tom a ch , co lon , e tc ., ga s ist he p re f er re d t e rm .ai r bronchogram, n , -a . R ad io !. T he r ad io g ra ph icsha do w o f an a ir-f ille d bronchus per iphe r a l to th eh ilum and su rro un ded by a ir les s lun g (w he th e r b yv ir tue of abso rp t ion o f a ir, rep la cem en t o f a ir o rbo th ); a find ing genera lly rega rde d as ev idenceof th e pa te ncy o f the m ore p rox im a l a irw a y ;hence , a ny b an d lik e ta pe rin g a nd /o r b ra nc hin glu ce nc y w ith in opa ca fled lu n g co rre sp ond ing ins ize an d dis tr ibut ion to a b ron chus o r b ron ch ian d p re sumed to r ep r esen t an air - f i l led segmen to f the bronch ia l t r ee . -Eva lua t ion : A s pe cif icfe atu re o f r ad iobog ic ana tom y w hose id e n tity iso fte n in fe r red . A u se fu l an d re com mended te rm.air-f lu id level, n, -s . Rad io ! . S ee flu id le ve l.

a i r s pace , n . A na t. Th e g as -c on ta in in g p ar t o f thelun g ex clu siv e o f the p ur ely c on du ct in g a irways ,

bu t inc lud ing the resp ira to ry b ro nch io les .- ad j. P a th o l/ P hy si ol /R a d io l. O f o r per ta in ing toa ny p ro ce ss be l iev ed to be con fin ed to the ana -t om ic a irs pa ce or to a p art th ere of(e .g ., a irs pa ceconso l ida t ion ) . -Synonyms : a c in a r, a l ve o la r . -Eva lua t ion : In fe rred c onc lus ion approp r ia te lyba se d on rad io log ic e v id en ce and an a ccep tab ledescr ip to r .a ir t ra p pi ng , n. 1. Pathophy s io l . T he re ten tio n o fex ces s ai r in a ll o r p a r t o f th e lun g as a re su lt o fa irw ay c lo su re du r ing the e xp ir ato ry m a ne uv er ;c la ss ica lly im plie s a n in c re as in g am oun t o f re -tam ed a ir a t e qu iva len t exp ira to ry pos itio ns insuccess ive e x pi ra to ry m a n eu v er s. 2. Rad io ! . Th ere te n tio n o f exc ess a ir in a ll o r in som e part o fth e lu ng at a ny s ta ge o f e xp ir ati on . -Eva lua t ion :2. A s p ec if ic r ad io lo g ic s ta te m e nt to be used on lyif e xce ss a ir re ten tio n is d em ons tra te d by a d y-nam ic s tu dy (e .g . , i ns pi ra ti on -e x pi ra ti on r ad io g -rap hy o r fluo ro scopy ). N ot to be u se d w ith re fe r-en ce to o ve nn f la t ion o f th e lun g a t fu ll in sp ira tion( to ta l l un g c a pa ci ty ).a i rway , n . A na t. 1. A co lle ctive te rm fo r the a ir-conduc t ing pa s sage s from the la ry nx to a nd in -d ud in g th e te rm in al b ro nc hio le s. 2. A n y a ir -c on -d uc tin g tu be o r p as sa ge .- ad j. P a th o l/ P hy si ol /R a di ol . O f o r pe r ta in in g toth e ana tom ic a i rway or a part t he r eo f ( e. g.. d o-s truc t ive a ir w ay d is e as e ). -Eva lua t ion : Infer redc on cl us io n a pp ro p ri at el y b as ed o n ra dio bo gic c vi-d an ce . A n acce pta ble de scr ip to r.

alveolar izat lon, n . R a di o! . T h e o p a ci fi ca ti o n of c lus-ters o f m inu te a irw ays (p re sum ed to be a lveo li)b y a co ntra st agen t . -Eva lua t ion : E xce ss iv e fi ll-ing o f p e riph e ra l a irw a ys b y a con tras t ag en tusua l ly used fo r b ro nc ho grap hy m ay o pa city re s-p i ra to ry bronch io les , bu t se ld om a lve o li. T hu s ,the co rrec t te rm is b ro nc hi ola r fil lin g o rb ro nc hio -lar opac if icat ion.

a lv eo la r p ore , n, -s. Ana t /Phy s io l . A mic r os cop iccommun ica t ion be tw ee n a lve oli. Toge the r withthe can a ls o f L am be rt a nd d ire c t a irw a y a na sto -m ose s, the a lv eo la r po res p ro v id e fo r th e co l la t -e ra l p as sa g e o f g as o r liqu id from one pu lmona r yun it to an othe r; o f. c o lla te ra l v en tila tio n. -Syn -o n ym : p ore o f K ohn .

an te r io r ju nc t ion lin e , n . R ad io !. A ve rtic ally o ri-e nte d lin ea r o r c ur vil in ea r opa c ity a bo u t 1 m mw ide and comm on ly p ro jec ted o n th e tra ch ea l ai rsh adow . It is p rod uced by th e sh ad ow s of th er ig ht a nd le ft p le ura e in in tim ate c on ta ct b etw ee nth e a e ra te d lu ng s a n te rio r to the g re a t v es se lsa nd som e tim es the hea rt; h ence , it ne ve r ex te ndsa bove th e sup ras tem a l no tch . -Synonyms : an -t er io r m e di as ti na l s ep tu m, a nte rio r m ed ia stin all ine . -Eva lua t ion : A spe cific fea tu re o f radiologicana tomy; prefer red t o c it ed s yn on ym s .

so rtie kn ob , n . R a di O! . Th at p art o f the a ortic a rc hth a t is se en end-o n in a fron ta l rad iog rap h . In th enorm al, i t is ch arac te riz ed by a sh arp ly d efine d,a rcu a te supe ro la te ra l b o rd e r a nd lie s to the lef to f the trach ea abo ve the m ain p ulm on ary a rte ry .-Synonyms : a or tic k nu ck le . -Eva lua t ion : As pe cifi c fe at ure of r ad iobog ic ana tomy . An a c-c ep ta bl e t er m .

aor top u lm onary w in dow , n. 1. Ana t . A med ias t i r t a ls pa ce b ou nd ed a nte rio rly b y th e a sc en din g a orta ;poster ior ly by th e d es cen din g a orta ; su pe rio rlyby th e ao rtic a rch ; in fe rio rly by th e le ft pu lmona r ya rt ery ; m e di ally b y th e le ft s id e o f th e tra ch ea ,le ft m ain b ron ch us , an d e sop hag us ; an d la te ra llyby th e le ft lun g. W ith in it a re s itua ted the du ctusl i gamen t . th e le ft re cu rr en t la ry ng ea l n erv e, ly mp hnode s, a nd fa t. 2 . Rad io ! . A zone of relat ivelucency in th e m e di as tin al shadow , w hic h is b es tse en in the le ft an te rio r ob liqu e p ro je ctio n a ndw hic h c orre sp on ds to th e a na to mic s pa ce d efin edabo ve . O n a fro n ta l ch es t rad iog rap h, the la te ra lm arg in o f th is spa ce con stitu te s the ao rto pu l-mona r y w in do w in te rfa ce . -Synonym: aor topu l -

m o nic w in do w. -Eva lua t ion : 2. A s p e ci fi c f e at u reof r ad io lo gic a na to m y. An a cce ptab le te rm .

a r te rlove no us fls tU la , n, - ae . 1. P atho l an at. Ad ire c t com mun ic a tio n be tw een an a rte ry a nd avein th at b yp ass es th e cap illa ry be d . 2 . Rad io ! . Ashadow comp le x , com pr is in g a n od ula r p ulm o-na ry opa c ity a sso c ia te d w ith d i la te d vas cu la rs hadows , tha t is p res um ed to rep resen t an a r te -r iov enous f is tu la in th e ana tom ic sen se . (S uchles ions a re o ft en m u lt ip le .) -Sy n on yms : ar ter io-v en ou s a ne ur ys m , a rte ri ov en ou s m a lfo rm a tio n.Arte r iovenous f is tu la o r an eu rysm re fe rs to ales ion of con gen ita l o r tra um atic o rig in ; a rte rio -v en ou s m alf orm a tio n shou ld b e re se rve d fo r le -s io n s o f co n g en i ta l or ig in . -Quali f iers : t r aumat ic ,c ongen i t a l . -Eva lua t ion : In con ve ntiona l rad i-o gra ph s, a n in fe rre d co nc lu sio n some t ime s jus t i-f led by th e ra diog ra ph ic e vid en ce a lo ne . In p ub -m ona ry a rte riog ra phy , a n e xp lic it rad io g ra ph icd iagnos is .

atelec tas is , n. 1. P ath ol p hys . Less tha n no rm a lk if lat ion o fa ll o r pa rt o fthe lun g w i th c o rr es p o nd -in g d im in u t ion in lu ng vo lum e. 2 . Rad io ! . Rad io -log ic ev iden ce o f d im in ishe d vo lum e a ffe c tin g a llo r pa rt o f a lu ng , w h ic h m ay or m a y no t inc lud eb ss o fn orm a l lu ce nc y in th e a ffe cte d p art o f lu ng .(T h is fin d in g is n o t to b e co n fuse d w ith d im in is hedvo lum e p roduced b y re se c tio n o f pu lm onary tis -sue .) -Quali f iers : E xp res s in g m echan ism : re -so rp tion (ob s truc t ive ), s econ dary to a irw a y ob -s truc tio n; re laxa tio n (p as s iv e , c om pre ss ion ), sec -ondar y to the e ffe ct o f a n a dja cen t sp ace -o ccu -py ing p ro ce ss ; s ur fa cta nt d efic it; c icatr izat ion( sc a r) , s e co n d ar y t o f ib ro ti c c on tr ac tio n. E x pr es s-in g d is trib u t ion : to ta l p u lm onary , bob ar , s egm en-ta l, s ubsegm en ta l, p la te like , d isc o id , p la tte r, b in -e ar. E xp re ss in g s ev er ity : m in or (m ild ), m od era te ,m a rk ed ( se ve re ), t ot al ( co m pl et e) . -Sy n on yms :a ne cta sis , lo ss o f v olum e, co llap se . A nec ta sis isusua l ly used in re fe re nc e to fa ilu re o f lu ng e xp an .s ion in the new bo rn ; a te le c ta s is a nd los s o f vo l-um e re fe r to acq uire d d im in utio n in lun g vo lumeand do n ot c on no te s ev erity . C olla ps e, in Amer i -ca n usag e , re fe rs to to ta l a te le ctas is ; in B ritis husage , collapse h as th e m ore g enera l m ean ing o fa te le cta sis (2 , a bo ve ). -Eva lua t ion : A conc lus ionco ncem ing p ath op hy s io bo gy th at is ap pro pr ia te lyba se d on ra d io g ra ph ic ev ide nce a lo ne .

a t t enua te , v . R a d io !p h y s. T o red uce the e ne rg y o fan x -ra y beam .a t tenua t ion , n . R ad io ! ph ys . A co lle c tiv e te rm fo rth e p ro ce sses (ab so rp t ion and sca tte r in g ) byw hic h the e ne rgy o f a n x -ra y b ea m is d im in ish edIn its pa ssag e th rou gh m atte r.

a zygoe so phagea l reces s , n. 1. Ana t . A sp ace orre ce ss in th e righ t s ide o f th e m ed ia s tin um in tow h ich th e m ed ia l ed ge o f the righ t b owe r lo b e(c r is ta pu lmon is ) ex tends . I t i s l im it ed s up er io rlyb y th e arch o f th e a z yg o s v e in , p o st er io rl y b y th ea zygo s ve in in fro n t o f th e ve rte b ra l c o lum n, an dm ed ia lly b y th e e so ph ag us a nd its a dja ce nt s tru c-tu re s . (Th e exac t re la tion be tw een the m ed ia ledge o f th e lu ng an d th e m ed ia stin al s tru ctu re sv ar ie s.) 2 . Rad io ! . I n a f ro nta l ch es t ra d io g rap h , av er tic ally o rie nte d in te r face be tw een a ir in ther ig ht lo we r lu ng a nd the ad ja ce nt m ed ia stin umtha t rep re sen ts th e m ed ia l lim it o f th e a na tom ica zyg oe so ph ag ea l re ce ss . -Eva lua t ion : 2 . A spa -c if ic fea tu re o f rad io log ic an a tom y. Th e u se o f theterm r eces s to ide n tify a lin ea r sh adow is m ap-propr iate; med ia l boundar y or l im i t or a z ygoe so -p h agea l r eces s i s p r e fe r re d .

azyg os ve in , n . R a di o! . A s l ight , o v oi d p ro m in e nc eo f the m ed ia s tina l sh ad ow com m on ly see n inf ron ta l c he st r ad io g ra p hs in th e a ng le fo rm ed byth e r ig h t m ain b ron chus and the trac hea . Th esh ad ow is p ro du ce d p rin c ip a lly by the azygosv eln p ro je ct ed e nd -o n, bu t a zyg os lym ph no de sm ay con tr ib u te to it. -Eva lua t ion : A fe a tu re o fra dio bo gic a na to my o f s om e d es cr ip tiv e v alu e re l-


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M R:1 43 , S ep te mb er1 98 4 FLE ISCHNER SO C IETY G LOSSARY 51 1

a tive to th e s ta tus o f th e s ys te mic v en ou s v olu meand pre ssu re and azyg os va in flow vo lum e; an- t e rm.

Bba nd sha dow , n, -s . Rad io ! . S ee l in e ar o p ac it y.b atw ln g d is tri bu tio n, n . R ad iO !. A s pa tia l a rra ng e-m ent o f ra d io g ra ph ic op ac ities in a fro n ta l ra d i-

ograph tha t b ea rs a v ag ue re se m bla nc e to theshape of a ba t in fl ig ht; s aid o f c oa le sc en t, p oo rlyd efi ne d o pa cit ie s th at a re n ea rly b ila te ra lly sy m-m etric an d th at a re c on fin ed to th e ce ntra l o ne -to two - th i rds of th e lu ng s. (L es io ns t ha t p ro du cesuch sha dow s a re n o t n e c e ss a ri ly per iph e ra l o rc en tra l in loca t ion . ) -Sy n on ym : b u t te r fl y d i st ri -bu t ion . -Eva lua t ion : A r ad io lo gic d es crip to r ofl im it ed u se fu ln e ss .

b lab , n , -a . 1. P ath o! a na t. A g as -c on ta in in g s pa cew ith in th e v isc e ra l p leu ra o f th e lu ng . A form ofpu lm onary a ir cys t . 2. Rad iO ! . A sha rp ly d em ar-ca ted , th in -w alle d luc en cy con tig uou s w ith thep le ura , u su ally at the lun g a pe x. -Synonyms :type I b u b la (Re id ) , b ulla , a ir cy st. -Eva lua t ion : 2.A n in fe rred con c lu s io n , se ldom jus tifie d b y ther ad io gr ap h a lo ne . Bu l la o r ai r cys t i s p re f er re d .

be l le , n, -a s . 1 . P ath o! an at. a. A sh arp ly d em ar-cated r eg ion o f em phy sem a 1 cm o r m ore ind iam ete r. b . A n abnorm al sp ace w ith in the lun g1 c m o r mo re in d iam ete r tha t m a y co n ta in on lyg as (typ e II o f R eid ), o r m ay co nta in , in a dd ition ,b loo d ve sse ls a nd ru p tu red a lv eo la r w a lls ( typ eI ll o f R eid ). A fo rm o fp ulm ona ry a irc ys t. 2 . Rad io ! .A ny sh arp ly dem arca te d lu cen cy 1 c m or m o re ind iam ete r w ith in the lu ng , th e w a ll o f w h ich is lessthan 1 mm th ick . -Quali f iers : sma l l , med i um ,l a r ge . -Synonyms : b lab , air c ys t; p n eu m at oc el eis no t a p roper s ynon ym . -Eva lua t ion : 2. A nin fe r red c on clu sio n. u su ally jus tified b y the radi-o g ra ph ic find ing s . A n ac ce p ta b le te rm .

b u tt er fl y d is tr ib ut io n , n . R a di o! . S ee b atw in g d is -th bu tlo n . (T o b e d is ting uish ed fro m th e us e ofth is te rm in g en era l m ed ic ine to de sc rib e th edis tr ibut ion o f c e rt ai n c uta ne ou s le sio ns .)

Ccalc if ic , ad j . 1 . O f o r p e rta in in g to depos its o f

in so lu ble c alc iu m sa l ts . 2. Rad io ! [said of asha dow ). a . S ig n ifican tly m ore op aque tha n sha d-ow s o f so ft t is sue s o f com parab le th ickn es s and ,th e re fo re , p resum ed to rep resen t a ca lc ifie d tis -s ue . b . S im ila r in op ac ity to sh ad ow s o f s t r u ct u r e so f c om pa ra ble th ic kn es s t ha t ar e k n own to b ecalc if ied.

calc if icat ion, n, -S . 1 . T he s ta te o r proces s o f b ein grendered ca lc a r eous by t he d e po si ti on of calc iumsa l ts . 2 . A ca lc ifie d s tru c tu re . Sp ec ifica lly : pu l-m o n ar y c al ci fi ca ti on , n. 1. Pathophys io l . a . T hep roces s b y w h ich on e or m o re de po s its o f c al-c su m s alts ar e fo rm ed w ith in lun g tiss ue o r w ith ina p ulm on ary le sio n. b . S uch a de po sit o f c a lc i umsa lts . 2 . Rad io ! . A ca lc if ic o pa city w ith in the lu ngt ha t m ay b e orga nize d in the s en se o f con ce ntriclam ina tio n , fo r exam p le , b u t w h ich d oe s no t d is -p la y th e tra be cu la r o rg an iza tio n of tru e b on e. -Qualif iers : e gg sh ell, p op co rn , e tc . ( q. v. ) -Eva l -ua t ion : An exp lic it s ta tem en t; m ay be use d as ade sc r ip to r. A us efu l t e rm. To be d is t ingu is hedfro m p ulm on ary o ss ific atio n (q.v.).

calc if ied, ad j . 1 . H av in g u nd erg on e c alc ific atio n;co n ta in ing ca lc ium sa fts . 2 . Rad io ! . Con ta in ingc al ci fi c s ha d ow s .

calc ify , v. To m ake or to b ecom e s ton y o r ca lca r-eous b y the d ep os itio n o r s ec re tio n of calc iumsalts .

ca rd ia c rn cisu ra , n . R ad io !. T he co ncav ity in th e

le ft h ea rt bo rd e r se en in the f ron ta l (o r rig h ta n te ri or o b li qu e ) c he st r ad io g ra p h ju s t b e low theleft h ilum and re p re se n ting th e jun c tio n b e tw eenth e m a in p u lm onary a rte ry an d th e le ft ventr icularm yo ca rd ium . Th e tip o f th e le ft a ti la l a p pe n da g em ay u nd erlie th e rn cisu ra . -Eva lua t ion : A featureo f rad io bo gic a na tom y. A n ac ce pta ble te rm .

sa# {241 }ns lang le , n . A n al /R a d io !. The ang le fo rm edbe tw een the rig h t a nd le ft m a in b ro nc hi in a f ro n ta lc h es t r a di og ra p h. -Synonyms : b ifu rca t ion an -g b, a ng le o f t r ac h e a l b i fu r ca t io n . -Eva lua t ion : Ad efin itiv e a na tom ic a nd ra dio lo gic m easure men t.

cav I ty , n , -le a. 1. P at Pio l e ns !. A ga s-fil le d sp acew ith in a zo ne o fpu lm ona ry con so lida tio n o r w ith ina m ass or n od ule , p ro du ce d by th e expu ls ion ofa n ec ro tic p art o f t he l es io n v ia the b rO nch ia l tree .2. Rad iO ! . A luc en cy w ith in a zon e of pu lmonar yconso lida tion , a m ass. o r a n od u le ; he nce , alu cen t a re a w ith in th e lu ng tha t m ay or m ay no tcon ta in a flu id leve l an d tha t is su rro un de d by aw a ll , u su a ll y of v ar ie d t hi ck ne ss . -Eva lua t ion : 2.An i n fe r re d co nc lus ion o fte n u se d as a descr iptor .T he te rm expre sse s pa th o lo g ic a na tom y w itho u tc au sa tiv e c on no ta tio n. It is a u se fu l ra dio bo gicde sc rip to r; it is no t syn onym ous w ith absces s ,wh ic h m ay e xis t w it ho u t c av it at io n .

c i r c umsc r ibed , a dj. R ad io !. P osses s in g a co rn -p le te ly o r ne a rly com p le te ly v is ib le b o rd e r . -Eva lua t ion : A n a cc ep ta ble d es crip to r: c f. d efin ed .

coa les cen t , a dj. R a dio !. Jo ined tog e the r; sa id ofm ult ip le o pa citie s jo in ed to fo rm a s ing le op ac ity ,b u t s tlH in d iv idu a lly iden tifiab le ; c f . co n flue n t,c ompos i t e . -Eva lua t ion : A n a cc ep ta bl e d es cr ip -to r .

c oin le sio n, n . R ad io !. A sh arp ly de fin ed , c ircu la ropa c ity w ith in the lung . sugges t i v e of th e a p -pea rance o f a co in and u sua lly rep re sen tin g asphe ric a l o r nod u la r les ion . -Synonyms : pu l -m onary n od u le , pu lm onary m a ss . -Eva lua t ion :A rad io lo g ic de sc r ip to r, th e use o f w hich is to b econ dem ned . T he te rm coin m ay be descr ipt ive ofth e s ha do w, bu t cer tainly no t o f the le s ion p ro -duc ing it.

c ompos i t e , a dj. R ad io !. C om pr is in g m ore th an onee lem en t; sa id of a shadow com p lex m ade up o fm ultip le con tig uo us o r su pe rim po sed e lem en tsth a t m ay or m ay no t b e s ep a ra te ly i de n ti fi ab le .

c onso l ida te , V. 1 . To be com e firm o r h a rd (as b yso lid ify ing ). 2 . T o cau se to be com e firm o r h ard .conso l ida ted , ad j . H av ing b ecom e firm o r so lid ;

h av in g u nd erg on e co nso lid atio n.c onso l ida t ion , n, -S . 1. Pathophy s io l . a . Th e pro -

nes s b y wh ic h a ir in the lun g is rep la ce d by th eproduc ts of d ise ase re nd erin g the lu ng so lid (asin p neum on ia ). b . T he s ta te o f pu lm ona ry tis sueso S olid ifie d. 2 . Rad io ! . A n e ss en tia lly h om og e-focu s o pa c ity in the lun g charac te rized b y l it tl eo r no loss o f v olu m e, e ff ac em e nt of b lo od ve sse ls ha dow s , an d som e tim es by th e p re sen ce o f anai r bronchogram ( q. v. ). A p p li ca b le on ly in a napp rop ria te c lin ic a l se ttin g when the o pa c ity ca nw ith re as on ab le ce rta in ty b ea ttrib ute d t o r e pl a ce -men t of a lve ola r a ir by exuda te , tran suda te , o rt issue. -Eva lua t ion : 2 . An in fe rre d con c lu s io n . Au se fu l te rm w hen used in s tr ic t a cco rd w ith th ede fin itiO n above . N o t to b e used w i th r ef er en c eto an y h om og en eo us o pa city .c on tra st m ed iu m, n, - Ia . Rad iO ! . A n ag en t adm in -is tered to re n de r th e lum en o f a h o ll ow s tr uc tu re ,ve sse l. o r v isc us m o re o r le ss o paque th an itss ur ro un df or th e p ur po se of ra dio gra ph ic im a gin g.-Synonyms : con tra s t a gen t, o paque m ed ium ,opaque . -Eva lua t ion : Th e use o f con tras t or dy eto re fe r to a co ntras t m ed ium is to b e con dem ne d,a s is the u se o f th e p lu ra l fo rm , co ntra st m ed ia ,to re fe r to a s in gle co ntra st a gen t.

c or p u lm o n al e, n. 1. P a th o! a n at /C li n. R ig h t v en tr ic -u la r h ype rtroph y a nd /o r d ila ta tion oc cu r rin g as aresult o f a n abnorma l i t y o f lun g s tru ctu re o r fu nc -tio n . 2 . Rad io ! . E vide nc e o f pu lm on ary a rte ria l

h ype rte ns ion w ith o r w ith ou t ev ide nce o f e n la r ge -mon t o f the righ t he a rt c ham bers oc cu rrin g ina sso c ia tio n w ith ev ide nce of ch r on ic lun g d is -ease . -Quali f iers : a cu te , c hro nic . -Eva lua t ion :2. An in fe rred ra dio log ic co nc lus ion th at de pe ndso n rad io g ra ph ic s ign s tha t a re u su a lly , bu t no tin va riab ly , re liab le ; a n ac cep ta b le des cr ip to r. D c -sp ite p a th o logy d e f. 1 , rad io log ic e v id en ce o fca rd io rn eg aly n eed no t b e presen t .

cys t , n, -S . 1 . P ath o! a na t. A c ircum sc rib ed sp ace ,1 c m o rm ore in d iam ete r, c on ta in ing ga s or l iquid,w ho se wa ll is g en era lly th in , w eN de fine d . andcom po se d o f a va rie ty o f c e flu la r e lem en ts . 2.Rad io ! . A c i rc um s c ri b ed lu cen cy o r o pa c ity w ith inth e lu ng o r m ed ia stin urn , 1 cm o r m o re in d i am -e te r , th at is p re su me d to re p rese n t a cy s t in thep ath olo gic s en se . -Quali f iers : 1. fo re gu t ( br on -c ho ge nic . e so ph ag ea l d up lica tio n); p os tin fe ctio n.2. air . -Eva lua t ion : 2. Th is te rm is a pp ro pria tefo r th e d es crip tio n o f an y th in -w alle d, g as -c on -tam in g p u lm onary spa ce o f u nc er ta in causew ho se w all is m o re tha n 1 m m th ick . T he te rm ise n t ire ly n on spe c if ic an d , if p oss ib le , a m ore spa -c if ic t er m (b le b , bu l ! a ,pneumatoce le ) i s p r e fe r re d .

Ddense , a dj . R ad io !. P oss es sin g d en sity ( q. v. ). U s u -a lly us ed in de scr ib in g o r co mp ar ing ra dio gra ph sor ra d io g raph ic sh ad ow s w ith re sp ect to the irl ig h t t ra n sm is s io n . -Synonyms : b la ck , h ea vilyexposed . -Eva lua t ion : A r ec o mm en d ed te rm ,rith e con text de fine d . S hou ld n o t b e used in re fe r-r ing to th e opa c ity o f a n ab so rb e r to x- radiat ion.S ee opaque , op ac ity .

dens i t y , n, -Is a . 1 . Pho tom/Rad io l . a . T he prope r tyof an expo se da nd pro ce sse d p ho tog rap hic emu l -s io n t h at d et e rm i n es i ts light abso rp t lon / t r ansmis -s io r i ch a ra c te ris tics ; h en ce : b . T he o pa c ity of arad iog rap hic sha do w to v is ible b ig ht ; f il m b la ck -en ing . 2. Rad iO ! . A quali tat ive exp re ss ion o f th edegree o f film b lac ken in g us ua lly e xp res sed int e rms of t he b la ck en in g o f one film o r sh adowrelat ive to ano the r. 3 . Pho t om . A q u an ti ta ti veexp res s ion o f th e degre e o f fi lm b lacken ing d e-fine d as: d en s ity = bog io X in ten s ity (in c id en tl ight)[ intensity (tra ns mitte d lig ht) ; o ptica l d en sity .4. Rad iO ! . The shadow o f an abso rbe r m oreopaque to x - rays th an its s u rrou nd ; a n opac ity o rrad iop ac ity : 5 . The d eg ree o f o pa c ity o f an a b-so r be r to x -ra ys , u sua lly e xp res sed in te rm s o fthe na tu re o f the a bso rb e r (e .g ., b on e dens i ty ) .6. Phys . The m ass o f a s ub sta nc e per un it vo l -ume . -Synonyms : 1 . l ig h t a b so rp ti on . f il m b la ck -en ing . 4. o pa cit y. ra dio pa cit y. -Quali f iers : 2.in cre as ed , d ec re as ed . 3. in cre as ed , d ec re as ed ,max imum . 5 . a ir , w ate r, m eta l, s oft t is su e, b on e,fat; in cre as ed , d ec re as ed , etc . -Eva lua t ion : Indo ts . 1 -3 , th e te rm re fe rs to a fun dam en ta l ch ar-ac ter is t ic o f th e ra dio gra ph . Th is use is r eco r n -mended . I n d ots . 4 an d 5, the te rm re fe rs to th echa rac te r o f a n ab so rbe r and ha s an exac tlyoppo s ite co nn o ta tio n w ith respe ct to f ilm b la ck -en ing . Be ca use o f th is p o ten t ia l c on fus ion , th ete rm sh ou ld ne ve r b e u sed to m ean an opac i t y( radiopac ity ) .

dif fuse, ad j . 1. Widesp read . 2. Pathophy s io i .Wide ly d is tr ib ute d th ro ugh an orga n or typ e o ft issue. 3. Rad io ! . W ide sp rea d a nd con t inuousLsa id o f s hadow s and , b y in fe ren ce , o f th e s ta tesor proces ses p ro du cin g t he m ). -Sy n on yms : dis -s em in ate d, g en era liz ed , s ys te mic , w id es pre ad . Inth e con tex t o f c he st ra dio lo gy , dif fuse conno tesw id es pre ad , a na to mic ally con tin uous , bu t n o tn ece ssa rily co mp le te in vo lv em en t o f the lu n g o ro th er th ora cic s truc tu re o r t issue; d is semina tedc on no te s w id es pr ea d bu t a na to m ic ally d is co ntin -u ou s i nv olv em e nt ; genera l i z ed co nn o tes co rn -


4/9

51 2 FLE ISCHNER SO C IETY G LO SSARY AJR:143 , S ep te mb er 1 98 4

p le te o r ne arly co mp le te in vo lve me nt, w here assystemic c on no te s in vo lve me nt of a thorac ics tru c tu re o r t is sue a s pa rt o f a p ro ce ss in vo lv in gthe en tire b od y. -Eva lua t ion : 3. A use fu l a n da ccep tab le te rm .-v . To spread , to e x te nd in co n tin u ity in a lld i rec t ions .dirty ches t , n . R a di o! . A n appea ran ce o f th e lu ng scharac ter ized by acom pbex o fa bn orm al s ha dow so f w id e d is tr ib u tion and va ry ing fo rm and cha r-acter . -Sy n on ym : dir ty lung . -Eva lua t ion : Aco lloq u ia l de scr ip to r so ind e f in ite a s to d e fy ac -cu ra te d efin ition . T o b e re jec te d in favo r o f m orep rec ise descr ip tors .

d is semina te , v. T o sp read , a s seed .d is semIna ted , ad j . 1. W idesp re ad ; s ow n a s seed .

2. Pathophy s io l . Wide ly b ut d is co ntin uo us ly d is -t r ibuted th rou gh an o rg an o r typ e o f tissu e . 3 .Rad io ! . W ide sp rea d bu t ana tomica l ly discont in-u ou s [sa id o f sh adow s and , by in fe ren ce , o f th es ta te s o r p ro ce ss es p ro du cin g t hem] . -Eva !ua -t ion : 3. A u se fu l a nd a cc ep ta ble t e rm.

d ou b lin g tim e, n , -a . R ad io !. Th e t ime in w h ich apu lm onary n odu le o r mas s doub les in vo lum e(in cre ase s in d iam ete r by a fa c to r o f 1 .25): asem iq ua ntita tive exp re ss ion o f th e g ro wth ra te o fa l es io n . -Eva lua t ion : A n a c ce p ta b le te rm . Th econcep t o f g row th ra te is o f ve ry l im ited va lu e asa cr iter ion f o r d i st in g u is h in g ben ign from m a lig -n a nt n o du le s.

Ee g gs he ll c al ci fi ca ti on , n . R a di o! . Th in , sha rp ly do -

fin ed , cu rv ilinea r, ca lc if ic op ac ities o ccu rrin g int he p e ri ph er y o f a les io n o r ana tom ic s tru c tu resuch a s a lym ph node . -Synonym: curv i l inearcalc if icat ion. -Eva lua t ion : A n ac cep tab le ra dio -l og i c d e sc ri pt o r.

embo l i sm, n. 1. Patho l . The com ple te o r p a rtia ld es tru ctio n o fth e lu me n o fa b lo od ves se l , usua l lya n a rte ry , b y the su dd en im pa ctio n o f f or eig nm ate ria l c a rr ied in th e b lo od s tre am ; c f. in fa rc -l ion. 2. Rad io ! . A comp lex o f r ad io gr ap hic a nd /o rsc int igraphic a bn orm alit ies p re sum ed to r ep r e -s en t em bo lism in the pa tho lo g ic sen se . -Eva lu -at ion: A n i nf er re d conc lus ion th a t in som e ca sescan b e ba sed on ra dio gra ph ic o r sc int igraphice vid en ce a lo ne .

embo l i z a t lon , n . P a th o l. Th e pa tho log ic p ro ce ss byw h ic h the lum en o f a b lo od ve sse l is su dden lyobstruc ted b y b lo od c lo t o r fo re ign m a te r ia l ca r-r ied o ut in th e b lo od stre am . -Qualif iers: t he r a -peu tic , re fe rrin g to th e tec hn iq ue b y w hich thel umen o f a b lo o d ve sse l is d elib era te ly o cc lu de dby th e in tro du ction o ffo re ign ob jec ts o r m ate ria ls .

embo lus , n. - i. 1 . Patho ! . A b lo od c lo t o r m ass o fforeign m ate ria l tha t h as been ca rrie d in th eb loods t r eam and th a t p a rtly o r com ple te ly cc -c iu de s the lu me n o f a b loo d ves se l; C f . t hr o m bu s .2. Rad io ! . A lu cen t d e fe c t o r o bstru ctio n w ith inan o pa cifled ves se l p re sum ed to r ep r esen t anem bo lus in th e p a th o log ic s en se . -Quali f iers :E xpress in g c lin ica l c ou rse : a cu te , ch ro n ic . E x-press ing na tu re o f e mb olic m ate ria l: a ir, fa t, a m-n io tic flu id , pa ra s itic , n eo p la s tic . tiss ue , fo re ig nm ate r ia ls (e .g ., iod ize d o il , m ercu ry , ta lc ). M is ce l-lan eo us: s ep t ic , th era pe ut ic , p arado xic . -Eva ! -ua t ion : 2 . A r ad io lo g ic conc lus ion th at m ay appro -pria te ly be based on a rte riog ra ph ic e v id e ncea lone .

emph y s ema , n. 1. P at ho l a na t. a. A m o rb id cond i -t ion o f th e lu ng charac te riz ed b y abno rm ally c x -panded ai r spaces d is ta l to the te rm ina l b ro n -ch ic le w ith o r w itho u t de s tru c t ion o f the a ir -sp acew alls (p e r C ib a C on fe re nce , 1 9 59 ). b . A s abo ve ,b ut wi th destruc t ion o f th e w alls o f in vo lve d a irspa ce s sp ec ifie d (pe r W orld H ea lth O rga n iz a -t ion, 1961 , and Am er ica n Thora c ic So c ie ty

[A TS ], 1 962 ) . 2 . Rad io ! . Hyper inf lat lon (q .v .) o fa ll o r p a rt o f on e o r b o th lu ng s . w ith o r w ith ou ta ss oc ia te d a lte ra tio n in p ulm on ary va scu la r pa t-tem , p res um ed to rep resen t m orp ho log ic e mp hy -se rna ; a pp lica b le o n ly in a n a pp ro pr ia te c l in icalsethng and , in the sen se of th e ATS def init ion,n ot a pp lic ab le to spasmod ic a sth ma o r c orn pe n-s a to r y h y pe r in f la t io n . -Q ua lifie rs : M orph o!. con -tr ibo bu la r, p an lob u la r, p a ra se p ta l, foc a l-dus t, a l-v eo la r d uc t, parac icatr ic ial, etc . ; Cl in . lo ca l, g en -ora l , b ob ar , s eg m en ta l, s en ile , c om p en sa to ry , su r -g ic al; m ild , m od era te , s ev er e, e tc . -Synonyms :N on e; o ve rin f la tion and hyp erae ra tion are no ts tric tly s yn on ym ou s w ith em ph ysem a; emphy -sematous lun gs a re inva riab ly o ve rin fla ted , b utove rm nfla te d lu ng s a re no t in va ria bly e mp hyse -matous . -Eva lua t ion : 2. A n i nf er re d conc lus ionaccep tab le on ly if use d in s tric t a cc ord an ce w ithth e d ef in it io n a bo ve .

exuda te , n, -S . 1. Pathophys io l . a . H ig hly pro te lna -00 0u s flu id tha t m ay o r m ay no t c on ta in in fla m-m ato ry c ells , is d erive d fro m th e b lo od , is e la bo -ra te d a s p art o f t he i nf la mm a to ry r esponse o f th elu ng . p le ura , o r o th er t issues , a nd is d ep os ite d inex tra vas cu la r t iss ue sp aces a nd on t issue su r -fac es . b . A n a ccu mu la tio n o fsu ch flu id . 2 . Rad io ! .A poor ly de fine d op ac ity in th e lun g t ha t n e it he rde stroys n o r d is pla ce s it s gros s arch i tec tu re ; ap -p l icab le on ly to a n opac ity th a t, on th e ba s is o fc lin ica l o r o the r ev id en ce , c an b e a ttr ibu ted w ithre as on ab le c ert ain ty to a pu lm onary in fec tio n o ro th er in fl am m a to ry p ro ce ss . -Eva lua t ion : 2 . A ni nf er re d c on cl us io n u su al ly u se d a s a d e sc ri pt or .A use fu l a nd a ccep tab le te rm when u se d in a c-co rdance w ith t h e d e fi n it io n a bo ve . T o b e d is tin -gu is hed f rom t ransuda te .

exuda t ion , n. T he p ro ce ss by w hic h e xu da te (vs . )i s f or m e d.

exuda t iv e , ad j . O f o r p er ta in in g to an exuda te .

Ff ibrocalc if ic , ad j . Rad io ! . O f o r p er ta in in g t o s h ar pl y

de fine d , line a r , an d /o r n od u la r o pa c ities con ta in -in g c ab clfic alio n(s )(q .v .), u su ally o cc ur rin g in th euppe r lob es a nd p re sum ed to re pre se nt o ld g ra n-uborna tous l es ions -Eva lua t ion : A w ide ly useda nd a cc ep ta ble ra dio bo gic desc r ip to r .flb ro no du la r,a dj. R ad io !. O fo rp erta in in gto s ha rp lyd e fi ne d , a p pr ox im a te ly c ir cu la r o pa cit ie s, o cc ur -rin g s in g ly o r in du s te rs , u su a lly in th e u pp erlobes o f th e lu ng s and a sso c ia te d w ith line a ro pa cities a nd d is to rtion ( re trac tion ) o f a dja ce nts truc tu res . A fin d in g usua lly p re sum ed to r ep r e -s en t o ld granubomatous d is ease , b ut n o i nf er en cec on ce rn in g th e a ct iv ity o f su ch a les io n is jus t i f iedo n the ba s is o f a s in gle r ad iog r aph -Eva lua t ion :A n i nf er re d co nc lu sio n u su ally u sed a s a ra d io -log ic d esc rip to r. Its u se is n ot r e c ommended .

f ibros is , n. 1. PotP ie ! . a . C e ll ul ar f ib ro u s tissu e o rdense a ce llu la r co l lag en ous tissu e . b . Th epro ce ss o f p ro life ra tio n o f fib rob la sts le ad in g tot he f or m at io n o f fib ro us o r co lla ge no us tissu e . 2 .Rad io ! . Any opa c ity p resum ed to rep resen t fi-b ro us o r c olla ge no us t i ssue ; app l i c ab le t o l in e ar ,nodu la r, o r s te lla te opa c itie s th a t a re sha rp lyde f ined , th at a re assoc ia ted w ith e vid en ce o f lo sso f vo lum e in the a ffe c te d pa rt o f the lu ng a nd /o rw ith d ef orm ity o f a d jace n t s truc tu re s , a nd tha tshow no change ove r a pe rio d o f m on ths o ryea rs . A lso a pp lica b le w ith cau tion to a d iffu sepa t tem o f o pa city if there is ev idence o f p r og r es -s ive bo ss o flu ng vo lu me or if th e p at te rn o f o pa cit yi s u n ch a n ge d o ve r t im e , w ith o r w itho u t com pen-satory ove rmn f la t ion . -Eva lua t ion : 2. A n in fe rr edconc lus ion o f ten used a s a r ad io b og ic d e sc ri pt or .An a cce p tab le te rm i f u se d in s tric t a cc ord an cew ith th e c rite ria c i ted .

f Ibrot ic , ad j . 1. Patho l . O f o r p erta in in g to f Ibros is

(v s.). 2 . Rad io ! . O f o r p erta in in g to a ny op ac ityor pa tte rn o f o pa c ities p resum ed to r ep r esen tf ib rous t i ssue-Eva lua t ion : 2. A n in fe rre d co nc lu -s io n u su a ll y u se d a s a ra dio bo gic descr iptor . Ac-cep tab le if used in s tric t a cco rd an ce w ith th ecr iter ia c i ted u nd er f ib ro si s (vs.).

f I lm, n , -a . RSd iO L 1 . T he generic te rm fo r a ra d ia -ho n-reco rd ing m ed iu m con sis tin g of a pho ton -se ns itiv e em uls ion co a te d on a fle x ib le ce llu lo seaceta te or M yl ar s up po rt . 2. A spec if ic rad ia t ion -re co rd in g m ed iu m coa ted w it h a n id en tifie d emu l -s ion a nd ha v in g p art icu la r , p red ic tab le imag ingprop e rt ies . (T h is film is m ore sens itive tha nthat . ) 3. A un it o r shee t o f su ch a ra d ia tionreco rd ing med i um . 4. A p ro ce ss ed ra dio gra ph(c o l!oq ).-E va lua tio n: F ilm proper ly re fe rs to th eune xposed , un p ro ce ssed raw m ate r ia l o f ra d i-o gra ph ic r ec ord in gs ; r ad iog r aph p ro pe rly re fe rsto th e expo se d , p roce ssed pro du ct o f ra d i-ogra ph ic reco rd in g . Th e u se o f film as a s ynonymfo r r ad iog r aph i n r ef er ri ng to a n expo sed andproces sed d ia g no s tic re co rd in g is n o t r eco in -mended .-v , -ad , - ing . Rad io ! . To re co rd o r e xam in er ad iog r aph ic a l l y ; t o e xp os e a r ad lo gr ap h. -S y n-on yms : to x -ra y , to rad io g raph , to e xpose a ra -d io gra ph , to re co rd a ra dio gra ph -E va lu atio n:Film in th is s en se i s u s u al ly u se d i n c on tr ad is ti nc -t ion to s c r een , to d is tin gu is h a r ad io gr ap hic f roma f luoroscopic p rocedure . Its u se is accep tab le(par t icular ly in B rit ish u sage ), b u t to e xp ose ar ad iog r aph is pre fe r red .fi lm co ntra st fa cto r, n . R ad io ! ph ys . T he s lop e ofth e f i lm cha ra c te r i st i c cu rve (a p lo t of dens i t y vs .bo g re la tive e xp osu re ); he nc e, th e ra te o f changeo f film b la cke nin g (op tica l d en sity ) a s a fu nc tio no f ex po su re -S ynon ym s: film gam ma, film g ra -den t; th ese te rm s are no t s tric tly s yn on ym o uswith f i lm con tras t fac to r, b ut a re c lo se ly re la te dto it in mean ing -Eva lua t ion : A fu nd am e nt alcharac ter is t ic o f a r ad io gr ap hic e m uls io n.fi lter, n, -s . 1. Rad io lphys . A dev ic e ( us u al ly s h ee ta lu min um o r c op pe r) p lace d in th e pr imary x- rayb e am fo r th e p urp os e o f p re fe re ntia lly a bs orb in glow -e ne rgy ph o to ns th a t o th e rw is e wou ld be ab -so r bed b y th e p atie nt. 2. A shaped m eta ll ic ab -so rbe r p la ced in th e p rim ary x-ray b eam to a tte n -u a te c er ta in a reas of th e b ea m p re fe re n ti al ly . S e et r ough f i l ter -Quali f iers : 1 . p ri m ar y, s e co n da ry ,m heren t, ad de d ; 2 . tro ug h , w edge .

f i l t rat ion, n. R ad iO ! p hy s. T he p ro ce ss o f a t te n u a t-rn g the x-ray be am pre fe ren tia lly w ith respec t top ho to n e ne rg y and/or s p a ti a l d i s tr i bu t io n - Q ua !-i f iers: in he re nt, a dd ed , t o t a l -Eva lua t ion : A fun -d am en ta l c on ce pt o f ra dia tio n p hy sic s o f c lin ic ali n ipo r tance in r ad ia ti on p ro te ct io n .f issu re , n, -S . 1. Ma t . A ny c le ft o r in fo ld in g o f th esu r face o f a s tru c tu re ; he nce , in the lu ng s , them fo ld in g o f v isce ra l p leu ra tha t se pa ra te s onelo be o r pa rt o f a lob e from a no the r. a . In te rlob arf is su re s a re produced b y tw o laye rs o f v isc e ra lp le ura . b . A no ma lo us f issu res m ay be comp le teo r i nc om p le te , u su al ly s ep ar at e se gm en ts ra th erth an lo be s a nd , in th e ca se o f th e az yg os f issu re ,m ay be f o rmed b y tw o lay e rs o f v isc e ra l an dp a ri et al p le u ra . 2. Rad io ! . A l in e ar o pa city n or ma lly1 m m or less in w id th tha t c o r respo nds in p os itio nan d ex te n t to the ana tom ic sepa ra tion o f pu lmo-n a ry lob es o r segmen ts -Qua l i f ie rs : m in or, m a-jo r, ho r izo n ta l, ob liqu e , ac ce sso ry , anom alo us ,a z ygo s , in fe r io r ac ce sso ry-S yno nym : la . in te r-loba r sep ta . -Eva !ua t ion : 2. A spec if ic fe atu re o fr ad iobog ic ana tom y; a n app ro p ria te a nd u se fu lt e rm.F le ls ch ne r l in e, n , -a . R ad io !. A stra ig ht, c urv ed , o rr r egu la r line ar o pa city th at is V is ib le in m ultip leprojec t ions ; is u su a lly s itu a te d in th e low er h a lfo f the lu ng ; is usu a lly ap p ro x im ate ly h o rizon ta l,bu t m ay be orien ted in a ny d ire c tio n ; a n d m ay o rm ay no t appear to ex te nd to th e p le ura l s urfa ce .


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A JR :1 43 , S ep te m be r1 98 4 FLEISCHNER SOCIETY GLOSSARY 51 3

S uch lines va ry m arke d ly in len g th an d wid th ;their e x a c t p a t ho l og i c s ig nifica nc e is u nk no wn .-Qualif iers : In ra dio lo gic d es crip tio n, th e lo ca tio n,len g th . w id th , a nd o rie n ta tio n o f su ch a l inesho u ld b e spec i f ied -Synonyms: N one ; p la te -l ike , d isc o id , an d p la tte r a te le c ta s is sh ou ld no t b eused as synonym s. In th e a bs en ce of c lea r h is -to lo gi c e vid en ce of t he s ig n if ic an ce o f F . lin es ,th is in fe rre d id en tif ic atio n of su ch line s w ith afo rm o f a te le ctas is is unwarran ted -Eva lua t ion :An a c c ep t ab l e te rm . Th e te rm l inearopac ity prop -e rl yq ua li fie d w it h r es pe ct to l oc at io n, d im e ns io ns ,an d or ientat ion is to b e p re fe rre d, h ow ev er.fluffy, a d j. R a d io ![ s ai d o f o pa cit ie s] . P o or ly d ef in ed ,lac k in g c le a r-cu t m arg ins ; resem bling dow n o rfluff. -Sy n on yms : sha gg y, poo rly de fin ed . -Eva lua t ion : An imp re c is e de s c ri p t o ro f l im i t e d use -fulness .

f lu id b eve l, n . R ad io !. Th e shadow comp lex pro -duced b y a ho riz on ta l x -ra y b eam t rav e rs ing asp ace con ta in in g bo th ga s and liq u id o r, le sso ften , tw o liq u ids o f d iffe re n t a tten ua tio n cha r-ac te ris tic s . H en ce , a h oriz on ta l in te rface b etw eenzo nes o f re la tive lu ce ncy ab ove and opa c ity be -low. -Sy n on yms : a ir -f lu id l ev el ( fl ui d le ve l is p ro -fer red) , g as -f lu id l ev el , g as -l iq ui d le ve l. -Eva lu -a t ion : A u se fu l a nd a cc ep ta ble d es crip to r.

Gg as sh ad ow , n. 1. Pathophys io l /C l in . A shadow o f

such ex cep tio na l luc en cy re la tive to a djace nt an -a tom ic sh adow s and to th e in fe rre d th ic kne ss o fthe ab so rbe r as to ex c lu de the p os s ib ility o f itsrep re sen tin g a so lid o r l iq u id a b s or b er . -Eva lu -at ion : A n in fe rre d c on clu sio n a pp ro pr ia te ly b as edon ra d iog ra ph ic e v id e nce a lo ne and use fu l as adescr iptor .

g r ound-g las s , a dj. R ad io ! [u su a lly w ith appear -ance ] . Any e x ten ded , fine ly g ra n u la r p a ttem o fpu lm ona ry o pa c ity w ith in w h ich no rm al a na tom icde ta ils a re pa r tly ob scu re d ; from a fan c ie d re sem -b lan ce to e tch ed o r a b rad ed g las s . -Eva lua t ion :A nonspec i f i c r a di o lo g ic d e s cr ip t or o flim ited u se -fu lnes s .

Hhear t fa i lu re , n. 1. Pathophys io ! /C in . I na bili ty o f t he

hear t to s atis fy th e c irc ula to ry need s o f th e tis -su es o f th e body w itho u t ra is in g ve n tr icu la r e nd -d ias to l ic p re ssu re ab ove 1 2 m m H g, e ven th o ughfi llin g p ressu re s m ay be adequa te . 2. Rad io ! . Thep resen ce w ith in th e th o ra x o f a com ple x o f s ig nso f pu lm on ary o r sys te mic v en ou s hy pe rten sionin c lu d ing , b u t n o t lim ited to , c ard io me ga ly , p ul-m onary b bo od flow re d is trib u t ion , in te rs tit ia l a nd /o r a lve o la r e dem a, genera lize d de cre ase in pub -m onary vo lum e, a nd , in th e c as e o f rig ht v en tric -u la r fa ilu re o n ly , g ene ra lize d sy s tem ic v enou sd is tens ion . -Qualif iers: E xp res s in g cou rse o fdeve lopmen t : a cu te , c hro nic . E xp re ss in g n atu reof in vo lve me nt: le ft, r ig h t, b i ve n tr ic u la r . -Syn -o n ym s : ca rd iac decom pensa tion , c a rd iac fa ilu re ,con ge stive h ear t fa ilu re . -Eva lua t ion : 1 . A n a c-cep ta bbe te rm u sed in th e c l in ic a l an d pa tho ph ys -iobog ic sense . 2 . A n in fe rred con c lu s io n ju s tif iedby th e p re se nc e o f c ited ra diog ra ph ic fin din gs ina n a pp ro pria te c lin ic al s ettin g. C ard iac de co m-pensa t ion or congest ive hear t fai lure ar e th e pro -fe rre d te rm s.

h er nia , h ern ia tio n, n . C li n/P at ho ! a na t/R ad io !. Thepro trus io n o f a ll o r p a rt o f a n o rg an o r tiss uet h r ough a n a bn orm al o pe nin g. -Eva lua t ion : A nin fe rr ed c on clu sio n to b e u se d on ly w ith in theprec ise te rm s o f th e de fin ition . T hu s, th e w ord isap p ro p r ia te in re la t ion to a d iap h ra gm atic h e rn ia ,

b ut s ho uld no t be used w ith re fe re nce to pu lmo-na r y overin f la t ion w ith m e dia st in al d is pla ce m en t.h i lum, n, -a . 1. Ana t . A dep res s io n o r p it in th at p arto f a n o rg an where the v es se ls a nd ner ves en te r .2. Rad io ! . T he c om p os ite shadow a t th e ro o t o feach lu ng pro du ce d by b ro nch i, a rte rie s a ndv eins , lym ph n ode s, n erve s, b rO nC hia l ve sse ls ,an d a ss oc ia te d a re ola r t issue. -Synonyms :h ilu s , -I , lun g ro o t. -Eva lua t ion : 2. A spec if ice le me nt o frad io log ic ana to my . Hi lum an d hila ar eprefer red to hilus an d hil i . -adj. hilar .

h omogeneou s , a d j. R a d io !. O f u n ifo rm opa c ity a ndte xtu re th ro ug ho ut. -An tonyms : i nho r noge-n eo us , n on ho m og en eo us , he te rogeneous . -Eva lua t ion : A n a cc ep ta ble ra dio lo gic d es crip to r.l n h o m o g en eo u s is th e p re fe rre d an ton ym as adescr iptor o f r ad io gr ap hic s ha do w s. -n . home -y.

h on eycom b pa tte rn . n. 1. Patho ! . A m ultitu d e o fi r regu la r c ys t ic s pa ces in pu lm ona ry tis su e tha tare genera lly lin ed w ith b ro nc hio la r e pit he liu mand have th icke ne d w a lls com pose d o f d en sef ib r ou s t is s ue , w ith o r w ith ou t areas o f c hr on icin flam ma tion . 2 . Rad io ! . A num be r o f c lose ly ap -p ro xim ate d rin g s ha do ws re pre se ntin g a ir s pa ce s5 -1 0 mm in d iam e te r w ith w a lls 2 -3 m m th icktha t re sem b le a true ho ne ycom b ; a f in d in g w h o seoccu rren ce im p lie s e nd -s tag e lung . -Sy n o -n ym s : None ; coa rse ret icular p atte rn a nd c oa rs er e t i c u lonodu la r pa ttem a re som etim e s used a ss ynonyms , bu t a re ina ccu ra te d es crip to rs in th isco nte xt a nd a re n ot r e c ommended . -Eva lua t ion :A ra dio bo gic d es ctip to rth at h as b ee n lo os ely u se din th e p ast a nd , the re fo re , w ith im p rec ise m ean -ing . It is r e c ommended th a t it b e used stric t ly inac co rda nce w ith th e d im ens ion a l l im its c itedabo ve , in w hich ca se it w il l h av e s pe cif ic s ignif i-c anoe .

H ouns fie ld u nit, n , -a . R ad io !p hy s. The un it (/o o o )o f an a rb itra ry sc a le o n w hich th e x- ra y a tte nu a-ho n o f a ir , w ate r, a nd com pac t b o ne are de fine dto be - 1000 , 0 , a nd +1000 , r es pe ct iv el y. E ac hsuch u n it r e p re s e nt s 0 .1% d if fe re nce in attenua-tio n w ith re sp ect to th at o f w ate r. Abbr: H .

hyperemia , n. 1. Patho ! . A n e xcess o f b loo d in apar t o f th e body ; engorgemen t . 2. Phys io l . In -c rea se d b loo d flow as p art o f the in fla mm ato ryre spo nse . 3 . Rad io ! . Apparen t in cre ase in n um be ror ca lib e r o f sm all ve sse ls secon da ry to an in flam -m a to ry p ro ce ss . yn o n ym : p leonemia . -Eva ! -uat ion : An in fe r red co nc lus ion ap pro p ria te ly u seda s a des c rip to r on ly in ar te r iog r aphy . - ad j .hyperemic .

hype r tens ion , n . C lin . G re ate r th an n orm al s ys to licand /o r d ias to lic p ressu re w ith in the s ys tem ic o rpu lmonar y vas cu la r b ed . G en era lly ac ce pte d e m-p ir ic al b o un d ar y le ve ls a re a s fo llo ws : s ys te micarte ria l h . , > 1 40 mm Hg sys to lic , > 90 m m H gd ias to lic ; sys tem ic ve no us h ., >1 2 m m Hg ; pu l-m onary a rte r ia l h ., >3 0 m m H g sys to lic , >1 5m m H g d ia st ol ic ; pu lmonar y venous h ., > 1 2 mmH g. -Eva lua t ion : A n in fe rred co nc lu sio n, bu t o x-cep t in th e c as e o f s ys te mic a rt e ri a l h y pe r te n si o n,it ca n b e app ro x im a te d w ith use fu l a ccu ra cy o nth e b as is o f r ad io lo gi c e vid en ce .

infarc t , n, -S . 1. Patho lanat . a . A re g io n o f isch em icn ec ro sis s urro un de d b y h yp ere mic tis su e re su lt-m eg f rom occ lu s io n o f the reg ion s fe ed ing ves se l,u sua lly by an em bo lus ; a comp le te in fa rc t. b . Aregion o f t is su e in ju ry an d h em orrha ge re su ltin gfrom oc c lu s ion o f th e re g io n s fee d in g ve sse l,usu a lly b y a n em bo lu s ; an incomp le te in fa rc t . 2 .Rad io ! . A p u lm o n ar y opac i ty tha t b y v irtue o f itstem po ra l d ev elop me nt a nd c lin ica l se tting is c on -s id e re d to re su lt f rom th rom boem bo lic o cc lus ion

o f a fee d in g ves se l. S uch a n opa c ity is c om mon ly ,b u t no t ex c lu s iv e ly , h um p-sha ped and p le u ra l-ba sed w hen see n in p ro file ; po o rly d e fine d an drou nd when v iew ed en fa ce . (S ub se quen t even tsm a y e s ta b li sh th at th e o pa city w as th e resu lt o fe ith e r hem orrh age or tis su e n ecros is .) -Sy n o -n ym : infarc t ion. -Eva lua t ion : 1 . In fa rc t is p ro -fer red to in fa rc tio n in th is se nse . 2 . A n in fe rre dcon c lu s ion , w h ich , in the p rop e r c lin ic a l se th ng ,m ay be ba sed on the rad io g raph . T he w ordshou ld no t be u sed in the ab se nce o f a p u lm onaryopac ity .-V. -ad . Patho l . To produce an in fa rc t, de f. 1above .

infarc t ion, n , -a . 1. P a th o l p h ys io l. T he pro ce ss o fin fa rc t fo rm ation . 2 . P ath o! a na t. A n i nf ar ct .bnf lhtrate, n , -a . 1. Pathophy s io l . a . A ny sub sta nceor type o f ce ll th a t o ccu rs w ith in o r sp readsth ro ug h th e in te rs tic es (in te rs t itiu m a nd /o r a lve oli)o f th e lu ng , th a t is fo re ign to the lun g , o r th a t

accum u la tes in g re a te r tha n no rm a l qu an t ityw ith in it. b . A n a cc um ula tio n o f s uc h a s ub sta nc eo r type of ce ll. 2 . Radio!. a . A poo rly de fine dop ac ity in the lun g tha t n e ith e r de s troy s no r d is -p laces t he g ro ss morpho logy o f th e lu ng and ispresumed to re p re sen t an in f iltra te in th e pa tho -ph ys io lo g ic sen se . b . An y po or ly de fin ed op ac ityin th e lung . -Eva lua t ion : M ajo rity : A n in fe rredan d o fte n unwa rra n ted co nc lus ion u se d as ad es cr ip to r. T h e term is a lm o st i nv ar ia bly used inse nse 2b , in w h ich it se rve s n o use fu l p u rp ose ,a nd lac k in g a sp ec ific c on no ta t ion is s o var iablyused a s to ca use g re a t c on fus ion . Its u se as ades c rip to r is to be condem ned . M in o rity : W ereth e te rm to b e used in s tr ic t a cco rd an ce w ithd e fin ition 2 a , it w o u ld be a u se fu l de sc rip to r tod is tin gu is h p ro ce sse s tha t do no t d is to rt lunga rch ite c tu re from expand ing p roce sses tha t do .-v . 1 . To p ene tra te the in te rs tice s o f. 2 . T os pre ad o r c au se to s pre ad b y in filtra tio n.

inf i l t rated, ad j . 1 . H a v in g en te red o r sp rea d b ypene t r a t ion of the in te rs tic es o f a tiss ue . 2. Hay -rn g u nd erg on e in filtr atio n.

inf i l t rat ion, n. 1 . The proce ss by wh ich su bs tan ce sand /o r ce lls s p re ad th rou gh lu n g tis su e v ia itsm te rs tice s w ith ou t d es tro yin g o r d is pla cin g itsn orm al a rc h itec tu re . 2 . S ee in filt ra te . de f . lb .

in f late, v. To expand , to sw ell w ith g as .inf lated, ad j . Expanded o r fille d w ith g as . -Qua l i -t iers: S ee b elo w.

inf lat ion, n . P t i ys i o !/ R ad io ! . The s ta te o r p roce ss ofbe in g expa nded o r fil led w ith g as ; used spe c if i-cal ly w ith re fe re nce to th e expans ion o f the lu ng sw ith a ir. -Quali f iers : o ve r- (p re fe rre d) o r h yp er -;u nd er- (p re fe rre d) o r h yp o- . yn o n ym s : aera -ton , inha la tion , in sp ira tion , v en t ila t ion . In f la tionconno tes expa ns ion w ith g as o r a ir. A e ra tioncon no tes the ad mis s io n o f a ir, e xp osu re to a ir.Inh a la tion re fe rs spe c if ica lly to th e ac t o f d raw in ga ir in to the lu ng s in th e p ro ce ss o f b re a th in g (asopposed t o e xh al at io n) ; a nd i ns pi ra ti on w ith re f-e r ence to b rea th ing , is s im ila r in conno ta t ion .Ven t i la t ion conno tes bo th the in ta ke an d expu b-si n o f a ir fro m th e lu ng s. -Eva lua t ion : Th e wo rdinf lat ion avo ids th e co nfu sion tha t s urro und s th em ean ing s o f ae ra tion a nd ve n tila tio n as a re su lto f c om m on m isusage . It is the p re fe rred te rm .in te r face , n . R ad io !. The boundary be tw een th es h a d ow s o f tw o j ux taposed s tr uc tu re s o r ti ss ue so f d iffe re n t te x tu re o r o pa c ity . - Syn o n ym s :ed ge . bo rde r, s ilh ou ette , jun ction . -Eva lua t ion :A u se fu l r ad io lo g ic d e sc ri pt or .

inters t i t lum, n . l .A n a t /R ad i o !. Acon t inuum o f l oo s econnec t i v e t is su e th ro ug ho ut th e lu ng compr is ingt hr ee s ub d iv is io n s: (i) the b roncho va scu la r (a x-la b), s ur ro un din g th e b ro nc hi, a rte rie s, a nd v ein sfrom th e lung roo t to th e le ve l o f the resp ira to ryb ron ch io le ; (2 ) the p are nchym al (a cin ar ). s i tua tedbe tween a lv eo la r a n d c a pi ll ar y ba sem en t m om -b ra ne s; an d (3 ) the su bp leu ra l, s itua te d be nea th


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51 4 FLEISCHNER SOCIETY GLOSSARY A JR :1 43 , S ep te m be r1 98 4

th e p le ura a s we ll a s in th e in te rlo ba r s ep ta . -Syn o n ym : in te rs tit ia l s pa ce . -Eva lua t ion : A use -fu l ana tom ic te rm . T he in te rs titiu m o f th e lun g isno t n o rm a ll y v is ib le r ad io g ra p hi ca ll y; i t b e co m e sv is ib le o nly w hen d isease(e .g . , e de m a) i nc re as esit s v olu m e a nd a tte nu at io n. - ad j . Inters t i t ia l.

KK erle y line , n, -5 [us ua lly in th e p lu ra l ] . Rad io ! . a.A sep ta l lin e (q .v .). b . A lin ea r opac ity , w hich ,

d epe nd ing o n its loca tion , ex ten t, an d o rie nta tio n,m ay b e fu rth er c la ss if ie d a s fo llo ws : K . A line : A ne ss en tia lly s tr aig ht lin ea r opac i t y 2 -6 cm longand 1 -3 m m w id e , u sua lly s itua ted in an uppe rlu ng zo ne , th at p oin ts tow ard th e h ilu m central lya nd is d ire cte d tow ard , bu t does no t e x ten d to ,th e p le u ra l s u rface pe riph e ra lly . K . B lin e : As tra igh t line a r o pa c ity 1 .5 -2 cm lon g and 1 -2m mwide , u sua lly s itua ted a t the lu ng ba se and o rb -e n te d a t righ t an g le s to the p le u ra l su rfac e w ithw h ich it is u su ally in con tac t per iphe ra l ly . K. Clin es [a lw a ys in the p lu ra l] : A g ro up o f b ra nch ing ,lin ea r o pa citie s p ro du cin g th e appea ra nce o f afine ne t, s itu a te d a t th e lu n g base and r ep r esen t -in g K . B line s seen en fac e . -Sy n on yms : sep ta llin es , lym pha tic lin es . E xcep t w hen it is e sse n tia lto d is ting u ish A , B , a nd C lin es , th e term seo ta !l ine is to b e p re fe rre d. Lymphat ic l ine is ana tom -ica l ly in ac cu ra te and sho u ld n eve r be use d . -Eva lua t ion : A spec if ic f e at u re o f p a th o lo g ic / ra d io -l og ic a na tom y. A n a cce pta ble b ut n ot p re fe rre dt e rm.

Ll ine , n . R a d io !. A n e x te n de d l ong i t ud ina l sh ad ow (inthe lun g o r m ed ias tinum , a n opac ity ) n o g re at ertha n 2 m m in w id th ; c f. s tr ip e. -Eva lua t ion : Au se fu l te rm a pp ro pria te ly u se d i n t he d es cr ip ti ono f ra dio gra ph ic s ha do ws w ith in th e m ed ia stin um( e. g. , a nt er io rju nc ti on l in e) or lu ng (e .g ., in te rl ob arf issures) .lin ea r o pa cI ty , n, -*5. Rad io ! . A shadow resem -b ling a lin e ; h en ce , an y e lon ga ted opa c ity ofa pp ro xim ate ly u nifo rm w id th . -Quali f iers : Th e

le ng th , w id th , an a tom ic loca tion , an d o rie n ta tio no f such a sh adow shou ld b e sp ec ifie d . -Syn -o n ym s : line , line sha dow , l ine a r s ha dow , b andsh adow . Band sh adow and lin e sh ad ow havebeen u se d b y som e to id e n tity e lo n ga ted shad -ow s mo r e th an 5 mm w ide a nd les s th an 5 mmw ide , re sp ect ive ly . L ine a r op ac ity qu a lif ied by as ta temen t of spe c if ic d im ens ion s is to be pro -fe r red . -Eva lua t ion : A g en e ri c r ad io lo g ic de sc np -to r o f g re a t u se fu ln es s . T he te rm inc lud es a va -r iety o f l in ea r s ha do w s w ho se an ato mic lo ca tion ,o rie n ta tio n , a nd d im ens io ns im ply the ir spe c if ica na to m ic o r p at ho lo gic s ignif icance ( e. g. , s e pt all ines ) . U ne ar o pa city is to b e p re fe r red to mo r espec if ic a na tom ic o r p atho log ic te rm s ( e. g. , d is -co ld a te le c ta s is ), un les s th e tru e na tu re o f th eshadow is kn ow n o r c an be in fe rred w ith rea son -ab le ce r ta in ty .boba r , a d j. A n a t/ R ad i ol . O f o r pe rta in ing to a lobe .

lobe , n, -5. 1. Mat/Rad io ! . O ne o f the p r inc ipa ldiv is ions o f the lu ng s (usua lly th re e on th e rig h t,tw o on th e le ft) ea ch o f w h ich is en ve lo ped b yv isc era l p le ura exc ep t a t the lu ng roo t an d in a nya re a o f deve lo pm en ta l de fic ien cy where a f issu rei s i nc om p le te . 2. Rad io ! . O ne o f th e p r inc ipa ldiv is ions o f the lu ng s (usua lly th re e on th e rig h t,tw o o n the le ft ) t ha t a re s ep ar at ed in w ho le o r inpa r t b y p le u ra l f is su re s .

lobular , a dj . A n at. O f o r p erta in in g to a p ulm on aryl obu le .

lobu le , n , -a . M a t. A un it o f lu ng s truc tu re . 1 .

Pr imar y : T he te rm in al un it o f a n a c inu s ; th e pa rto f th e lun g d is ta l to th e te rm ina l re sp ira to ry b ro n-c h io le . It c om pris es a lv eo la r d uc ts , a lv eo la r s ac s,a lveo li, an d the ir a ccom pan y in g b loo d ve sse ls ,lym ph atics , a nd s up po rt in g t is su es . 2 . S e c ond -ary : A var iable numbe r of ac in i (usua lly 3 -5 )b ou nd ed , in m o st ca se s, by th in co nn ect ive tis su esepta . -Eva lua t ion : 1 . A c inu s is th e p re fe rre dan a tom ic /p hy s io log ic un it o f lu ng s truc tu re . 2 .The wo rd lo bu le w hen unm od ifie d re fe rs to ase co ndary lo bu le . Th e co ncep t o f th e p rim arylo bu le a s d efin ed h as b ee n l ar ge ly a ba nd on ed .boca l , a d j. R a d io !. O cc up yin g o rc on fin ed to a l im it edsp ace w ith in a d e fined s tru c tu re ; c f . c ircum -s c r ibed . -Synonyms : l oc aliz ed , fo ca l. -M to -n ym s : g en era lize d, g en era l, w id esp re ad . -Eva l -uat ion : An a cc ep ta ble d es crip to r.

luc enc y . n, - lee. Rad io ! . 1 . T he c ap ac ity to t ransmi tlig ht ( tra ns lu ce nc y); h en ce , by ex ten s io n , the ca -pac ity t o t ra n sm i t x -r ad ia ti on . 2. T he d eg re e o f x -ra y tra ns mis sio n o f a n o bje ct, u su ally e xp re ss edin te rm s o f tran sm iss io n o f o ne ob jec t re la tive toano the r . 3 . Th e sh adow o f an abso rbe r tha ta tte nu a te s the p r im a ry x-ra y b eam le ss e ffe c-t ive ly th an do su rrou nd ing ab so rbe rs . H ence , ina ra dio gra ph , a ny c ir cu ms crib ed are a th a t a p -p ea rs m ore n ea rly b lac k ( of g re a te r pho tomet r i cdens i t y ) tha n its su rro un d. U su ally ap plie d to th es h a d ow s o f a ir o r fa t w hen su rro unded b y m oree f fec t ive ab so rbe rs such as m u sc le , e xu da te , e tc .

yn o n ym s : tra ns lu ce nc y, tra ns ra dia nc y. -Eva lua t ion : Th is t er m , u se d b y a na lo gy w it h opec -ity , is accep tab le in Am eric an u sa ge , a lth oug h iti s e ty mo bo gic ally in de fe ns ib le . In B ritish usa ge ,t ransrad iancy i s p r e fe r re d .

l uc en t , a d j. R a d io !. Capab le of tra nsm ittin g ra dia ntene rgy ; s pe ci fi ca ll y, x -r ad ia ti on .l ymphadenopa thy , n . C li n/ Pa th o ! a n at /R a di ol . Any

abnorma l i t y of lym ph no de s; by com mon usage ,u s u al ly r e st ri ct e d to e nla rg em en t o fly mp h n od es .-Sy n on yms : lym ph node en la rg em en t (p ro -f er re d ), a d en o pa th y. -Eva lua t ion : L ym ph nodesare no t g la n ds . Lymphadenopa thy an d ado -nopa thy are , th e re fo re , ina pp rop ria te te rm s andan y re fe ren ce to l ymph g lands is to be con-damned .

Mmark ing , n, -S [u sua lly in the p lu ra l]. Rad io ! . A

va gu e descrip to r va rio us ly use d w ith re ferenceto : (1) th e sh ad ow s p rod uced by n orm al p ulm o-na ry b loo d ves se ls ; (2 ) th e shadow s p rodu ced bya c om bin atio n o f n orm al p ulm on ary s truc tures(b lo od vesse ls , b ro nch i, e tc .), o r (3 ) ab norm a lpu lm ona ry sh ado ws o f n o spe cif ic ch arac te ris tic so f s i gn i fi c an c e . -Sy n on yms : opac ity , [usua l ly ]l inea r opac i t y . - Qua l i f ie rs : T he typ e , d im en-s ions , a nd a na to mic dis tr ib ut,o n o f s uc h s ha do wssh ou ld be spe cif ied (e .g . , bronchovas cu la r , tra-be cu la r) . T he te rm shou ld no t be u se d w ith ou tqua l i f ica t ion . -Eva lua t ion : W hen used a lo ne , av ag u e d e sc ri pt or o f n o va lu e ; n o t r e c ommended .W i th p ro pe r quali f Icat ion, th e term i s a c c ep t ab l e,bu t opac i t y or sh adow is us ua lly to be pre fe r r ed .

ma s s , n, -es . 1 . Morpho ! /Gen lmed . An y cO l le c ti o no f ti ss ue d if fe re nt ia te d f ro m s ur ro un din g t issues .2. Rad io ! . A ny pu lm on ary o r p le ura l les io n r ep r o -s en ted in a ra d iog ra ph by a d is c re te o pa c ityg re a te r th an 30 mm in d iam ete r (w ith ou t re ga rdto c on to ur , b ord er c ha ra cte ris tic s, o r h om og en e-ity ). b u t e xp lic itly sh ow n or p resum ed to be cx -t ended in a ll th re e d im ens io ns . -Qualif iers:Shou ld a lw ays be q ua lif ie d w ith r espec t to s iz e,loca tio n , co n to u r, de fin itio n , h om ogene ity , op ac-ity , a nd n um be r. -Synonyms : N one ; o f . nodu le .-Eva lua t ion : 2. A use fu l an d recom mended do-scr iptor .

m llia ry p atte rn , n , -a . R ad io !. A co llec t ion o f t iny

d is cre te pu lm on ary o pa cit ies th at a re g en era llyun ifo rm in s ize a nd w id esp re ad in d is trib u t ion an deach o f w h ich is 2 mm or le ss in d iam ete r. -Sy non ym : m ic ro no du la r p at te rn . -Eva lua t ion : Anacce p ta b le des cr ip to r w ith ou t ca usa tiv e conn o-tat ion.

m uco ld im pa ctio n, n . Pa t h o l/ R ad io l . A broad l inea rand /o r b ra nch in g o pa c ity ( I- , Y -, o r V -sh ape d)caused by th e presence o f t hi ck , t en ac io us m u-cu s w ith in a p rox im al a i rway ( bo b ar , s eg m en ta l,or sub se gm en ta l b ro nchus ) an d usua l ly assoc i -a te d w ith a irw ay dilatat ion. -Eva lua t ion : An in -fe rre d con clu sio n w itho ut p re cis e c au sa tiv e c on -no ta tio n . A u s e fu l d e s c ri p to r .

M iiIe r m an eu ve r, n . P h ys io l. In sp ira tio n a ga in st ac lo sed g lo ttis , u sua lly , b u t n ot n ec es sa rily , fro ma po s itio n o f re s id u a l vo lum e, fo r th e pu rp ose o fp rod uc in g tran sie nt d ec rea se i n i nt ra th o ra ci cp r es su r e .

Nn od ula r p atte rn , n . R a di o! . A c O ll ec ti on o f in nu m er -

a ble , sm all, rou gh ly c irc u la r, d is c re te pu lm ona ryopa c it ies ran g in g in d iam ete r from 2 to 10 mm ,genera lly u n ifo rm in s iz e , w id esp re ad in d is tribu -tion , a nd w ith ou t m arg in a l s p ic u la tio n ; c f. re tic u -b on od ula r p atte rn . -Eva lua t ion : An accep tab lera dio log ic d es crip to r w itho ut s pe cific p ath olo gicor c au sa tive im plica tion s. T he s ize o f th e nodu lessho u ld be sp ec ifie d , e ith e r as a ra ng e or a s anave rage .

nodu le , n, -s . 1 . M orp ho l/G en l m ed . Any sma l l ,n ea rly s ph eric al c olle ct io ns o f d iffe re ntia te d tis -s ue . 2 . Rad io ! . A ny pu lm ona ry o r p leu ra l les ionre pre se nte d in a ra dio gra ph b y a s ha rp ly d efin ed ,d is cre te , n ea rly c ircu la r op ac ity 2-30 mm in d i-ame te r . - Qualif iers : Shou ld a lw ays be quali f iedw ith r es pe ct to s iz e, lo ca tio n, b ord er cha rac te r -is t ics , num ber, an d opa c ity . -Sy n on ym : coinles ion (q .v .); c f. m ass . -Eva lua t ion : A u se fu la n d r ec om m e nd e d d es crip to r to be u se d in p re f-e r ence to c oin l es io n.

0o l igemia , n. 1. Phys io ! . Less th an n orm al b lo od f lowto th e lu n gs o r a pa rt the reo f. 2 . Rad io ! . Genera l

o r lo ca l d ec re as e in the ap pa re nt w id th o f v is ib lepu lmonar y ves se ls , su gge stin g le ss tha n n orm alb lo od flo w. -Quali f iers : acu te , c hr on ic , l oc al ,genera l . -Sy n on ym : re du ce d b lo od f low . -Eva lua t ion : A n in fe rr ed c on clu sio n approp r ia te lyba se d o n the rad io g ra ph ic a pp ea ran ce an d u su -a lly us ed as a d es crip to r. A n a cce pta ble te rm . -adj.Ol igemiC .

opac I t y . n. - bee . Rad io ! . 1 . Im perv Iou sn es s to ra -d en t e ne rg y; sp ec ifica lly , x -ra ys ; the cap ac ity toa tten ua te an x- ray b eam . 2 . T he degree o f x -ra ya ttenua t ion produced by an abso rb e r, us ua llyexp ressed in te rm s o f the a ttenu a t ion o f on eabso rbe r re la tiv e to ano th e r. 3 . T he shadow o fan ab so rbe r th a t a tte nua tes the x - ray be am m oree ffe c tiv e ly th a n do su rrou nd ing abso rbe rs .Hence , in a rad io g raph , a n y c ircum sc rib ed a reath a t a pp ea rs m ore ne arly w h ite ( of l es se r pho to -m etr ic d en sity ) tha n its s ur ro un d. U s ua lly a pp li edto the sha dow s o f no nspe c ific p u lm onary co lbe c-t ions o f flu id , tis su e, e tc ., whose a tte nu a t ion cx-c oeds th a t o f th e su rro u nd in g ae ra te d lu ng . -Syn o n ym : 3 . rad io pac ity ; c f . d en sity . -Eva lua -t ion : 3 . A n e ss en tia l a nd r e c ommended rad iobog icd es crip to r. In th e c on te xt o f r ad io lo gic repor t ing,r ad iopaque i s a cc ep ta ble b ut a pp ea rs r ed un da nt ,p arti cu la rl y s in ce radio- doe s no t se rve t o d is ti n-gu is h b e tw een the op ac ity o f an a bso rb e r to x-ray s an d opac ity o f a ra d iog ra ph ic shadow to


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v is ib le li gh t rays . Rad io p aque is p re fe rre d in But -is h u sag e , ne ve rth e le ss . D ens ity (q .v .) s ho u ldn ev er b e u se d in th is co nte xt.

o p a q u e , n, -S. Rad io ! . T h at w h ic h is op aq ue (W eb s-te r). S pec ifica lly , a co n tra s t m ed ium th a t isopaque to x -r ay s. -Synonyms : co n tras t m e -d iem , con tra s t a ge n t, con tras t mater ia l . -Eva l -ua t ion : A conc ise and a ccep tab le te rm . Con tras tmed i um , agen t , an d mater ia l a re p re fe rre d, h ow -eve r . N B.: T he te rm s contras t an d con tras t m e-di a (w he n re fe rrin g to a s in g le agen t) a re co lbo -q u ia l, g ram ma tica lly inc o r rec t, a nd shou ld no t b eused . - ad j . Rad io ! . Imper v ious to x -r ay s. -Sy non ym : rad lopaque . -Eva lua t ion : Opaque an dr ad iopaque ar e b oth a cc ep ta ble te rm s; opaque isp re fe rre d. S ee o pa city .

oss if ic , ad j . O f o r p e rta in ing to bon e .oss if icat ion, n, -5. Th e s ta te o r proces s o f b ein g

o ss ifie d. S pe cific ally : p ulm on ary o ss ifica tio n, n.1. Pathophy s io l . a . T he pro ce ss by w hich tra -be cu ba r b on e is fo rm ed w ith in lung tissu e . b . T hes ta te in w h ic h trab eC U la r b on e ex is ts w ith in th elu ng tis su e. c . A m a ss o rfo cu s o f tra be cu la r b on eo ccu rring in lu ng t is su e. 2 . Rad io ! . C ab ciflc o pa c.i t ies w ith in the lu ng tha t rep resen t trab ecu la rb o ne ; a p pl ic ab le to d iss em in ate d ca lc ific o pa citie stha t (1) d isp la y m orp ho lo gic c ha ra cte ris tic s offrab ec t ia r bon e ( i.e ., tra be cu la tio n a nd a de f inedco rte x ) o r, m ore o ften , (2) occu r in assoc iat ionw ith a les ion know n h is to lo g ica lly to producetrab ec t ila r bo ne w ith in lun g (e .g ., m itra l s teno sis ).-Synonyms : o ss ific no du la tio n , os s if ic n od -ube ( s ) . -Eva lua t ion : 2(i). A p rim ary ra d iob og icd ia gno s is . 2 (2 ) . A n in fe rre d con c lu s io n . In e ith e rc as e, a u se fu l r ad io bo gic t e rm; t o b e d i st in g u is h e dfrom p u lm o na ry c al ci fi ca ti on .

oss if ied, ad j . H av in g b ee n cha nged in to bon e .oss ify , v. To change in to o r fo rm b on e.

pp ara sp ln al l in e, n, -s. Rad io ! . A v er tic all y o rie nt ed

in te rface usua lly se en in a fro nta l ch es t ra di-ograph to th e le ft a nd ra re ly to th e rig h t o f th eth orac ic v e rteb ra l c o lu mn . It e x te nd s from th ea ort ic a rch to the d iap hrag m an d re prese nts co n-ta c t be tw een ae ra ted lu ng (o f a low er lo be ) a ndad jacen t med ias t ina l t iss ue s . O n the le ft, th ea na tom ic in te rface is s itu a te d pos te rio r to thedescend ing aorta , an d its ra diog rap hic sh ad ow isusua l ly s ee n b etw ee n th e le ft la te ra l m arg ins o fth e a ort a a n d s p in e . -Sy n on yms : l e ft p a ra s p in a lp le ura l r efle ct io n, le ft p ara sp in al in te rfa ce . -Eva lua t ion : A spec if ic f ea tu re in r ad io bo gi c ana t -om y. E ith e r o f th e s ynon ym s c ited is p re fe r red topa rasp ina l l i ne , i nasmuch as th e sh ad ow , in fa c t,re pre se nts a n in te rfa ce , no t a l in e.

parenchyma, n. 1. Ana t . T he g as-exc ha ng in g pa rto f the lun g con s is ting o f th e a lveo li an d the ircapil lar ies , e st im a te d t o c on st it ut e abou t 90% oft o ta l lu ng v olu m e. 2. Rad io ! . T he lu ng e xc lu siv eo f v is ib le pu lm ona ry ve sse ls a nd a irw ays . -Eva lua t ion : A use fu l a na to mic concep t . An ac-c ep ta ble ra dio lo gic d esc rip to r. -adj. parenchy -ma tous .

ph an tom tum o r, n, -s . Rad io ! . T he shadow pro -duced by a l oc al C O ll eC ti On o f f lu id in o ne o f theinterbobar f issures , u su al ly p os se ss in g a n e llip tic alco nfig ura tion in o ne p ro je ctio n (e .g .. th e la te ra l)an d a rou nd co nfig ura tio n in th e o the r ( e. g. . t hefro nta l v ie w). It is com mon ly cau sed b y ca rd iacde co mp en sa t ion a nd usua lly d is ap pe ars a ft er a p-p ro pria te th era py . -Sy n on yms : va nis hin g tu mo r,pseudo tumor . -Eva lua t ion : A d ia gn ost ic con clu -s ion th a t ca n on ly be in fe r red from a s in g le rad i-ograph , bu t m ay be e xp lic it b y th e p re sence o fs er ia l r ad io g ra p hs . In th e la tte r ca se , it is ana cc ep ta ble ra dio bo gic d es cri pto r.

p la te ilk e a te le cta sls , n . R a di o! . A lin ea r o r p lan ar

opac i t y of u nce rta in s ign ific an ce , p re su me d tore p rese n t d im in ishe d vo lum e in pa rt o f the lun gs ee n e nd -o n. -Synonyms : p la tte r, linea r, o r d is -cold ate lec tas is . -Eva lua t ion : A n in ferre d co n-c lus ion , usua lly n o t s ub jec t to p ro o f a nd oftenunwar r an ted . Its us e as a de sc r ip to r is n o t re c -ommended . L inea r opac ity , p la na r o pa city , e tc .a r e p r ef e rr e d.

p leonemla , n. 1. Phys io l . Inc rea sed b loo d flow toth e lu ng s o r a p ar t th er eo f. 2. Rad io ! . Gene ra l o rlo ca l increa se in the ap pa ren t w id th o f v is ib lep ulm ona ry ves se ls , s ug ge stin g g re ate r tha n no r-m el b loo d flow . -Synonyms : hyperemia , in -c rea se d b lo od flow . -Eva lua t ion : A n in fe rre dcon c lu s io n ap prop ria te ly b ased o n the rad i-og r aph ic f in din gs a lo ne . Because p le on em iase r v es to d is tin gu ish inc rea se d b loo d flow ofo th er c au se s f rom inc rea se d b lo od flow re su ltin gf rom in fla m ma tio n (h yp ere m ia ), i t is th e prefer redte rm in th is s en se . -adj. pbeon .m lc .

pneumatoce le , n, -s . 1 . Pa tho l ana t . a . A th in -w a lle d . ga s-f ille d sp ace w ith in th e lun g , u sua llyo ccu rrin g in a ssoc ia tio n w ith acute pneumon i a(m ost c om m on ly of s taph yb ococca l o rig in ) an da lm os t in va ria bly tran sien t. b . A form o f p ulm o-nar y a ir cys t. 2 . Rad io ! . A n a pp ro xi ma te ly r ou nd ,t ran s ie n t luc en cy w ith in th e lun g th a t is u sua llya sso c ia ted w ith , a rid a d ja cen t to , a zone o f re -so lv ing p u lm onary co nso lid a t ion tha t is presumedto re p rese n t a pneuma toce le in th e p ath olo gicsense . -Eva lua t ion : 2 . A n in fe rre d con clu sio n.A n accep ta b le de sc r ip to r on ly if u se d in a cco rd -a nce w ith th e p re cis e d efin ition .

pneumomed las t lnum, n. 1. Patho ! . A sta te cha r-a c te riz ed by the p resence o f g as in m ed ias tin a lt iss ues ou ts id e th e eso phagus a nd tra che ob ron -c hi al t re e . 2. Radio ! . T he p resen ce o fone or m orega s shadows w ith in th e m ed ias tin um th at d o no tco rrespon d in p os itio n a nd con tou r w ith gas inth e e so ph ag us o r tra ch eo bro nch ia l t ree . -Qua ! -i f iers : sp on tan eo us , traum atic , d iag no stic . -Synon ym : m ed ia st in al e mp hys em a. -Eva lua -t ion: A d i ag n o st ic con clu sio n a pp ro pria te ly ba sedon r ad io lo gic f in di ng s a lo ne . Pneumomed ias t inumis p re fe rre d to m e dia stin al e m ph ys em a .

pneumon ia . n, -s . 1 . Patho l . Infec t ion of lu ng p ar-e nc hy ma a nd /o r in te rs titiu m. 2. Rad io ! . COnSOI i -d a t ion o r an y o fva rio us o th e rfo rm s o f pu lmonar yo pa cif ica tio n p re su me d to re pre se nt p ne um on iain the pa tho lo g ic se nse . -Sy n on ym : pneumon i -t is . -Qualif iers: E xp res s in g tem pora l c ou rse :a cu te , ch ron ic . E xp re ss in g typ e o f p u lm ona ryinvo lvemen t : a irsp ac e, b ob ar , in te rs tit ia l, b ro nch o-(pn eu mo nia p lus b ron ch itis ) . E xp re ss ing cause :bac te r ia l, v ira l, fu nga l. m ycop lasm a. -E va lua -t ion: A n in fe rre d c on clu sio n; pneumon ia is th epreferredgeneric t e rm.

pneumoper lc a r d ium, ni . Patho l . A sta te ch arac -ter ized by the presence of gas w ith in the p er ica r-d ia l sp ac e. 2 . Rad io ! . T he p re se nc e o f g as withinth e pe ric a rd ium ; v is ib le on ly w he re th e ga ssha dow is see n in p ro file : la te ra lly in th e fro nta lv ie w, a nte rio rly o r p os te r io rly in th e la te ra l p ro je c-t ion. -Eva lua t ion : A d ia g no st ic con c lu s io n ap -p ro pr ia te ly ba sed on ra dio bo gic f in d in g s a lo n e.

pneumotho r ax , n, -a ces . 1 . Patho l . A sta te c ha r-acter ized b y th e presence o f g a s w ith in thep leu r a l s pa ce . 2 . Rad io ! . T he p re se nc e o f a gassha dow be tw een th e p er iph e ra l marg in of th elung (v isce ra l p le u ra ) a nd th e che st w a ll, c ia -p hragm , o r m ed ias t inu m(pa rie ta l p leu ra ). -Qua l -i f iers : spon taneous , t raumatic , d iag no stic , te n -s ion. -Eva lua t ion : A d iag no stic con c lus ion a p -p ro p ria te ly ba se d on r ad io bo gic e vid en ce a lo ne .

p op co rn c alc ific at io n, n . R ad io !. A c lu s te r o fsh a rp ly d e f ine d , irre gu la rly lo bu la te d , c a lc ificop ac ities su gg est ing the a ppea ran ce o f p op co rn .-Eva lua t ion : A n a cc ep ta ble d es crip to r.

pos te rio r jun c tio n lin e , n . R ad io !. A ver tica lly o il-en ted , lin ea r o r c u rv ilin ea r o pa c ity ab ou t 2 mm

w id e , com m on ly p ro je c te d on the trache a l a irs ha dow and usuaN y s ligh tly co nca ve to th e r ight.it is p ro d uced by th e shadow s o f the rig h t an dle ft p leu ra e in in t im a te con tac t be tw een th e a er-a tod lungs . It rep re sen ts th e p la n e o f co n ta c tbe tw een th e lun gs p os te r io r to the e so ph agu sa nd a nte rio r to the sp ine ; he nce , in co n tras t tothe a n te rio r ju nc t ion lin e , it m a y e xte nd bo tha bo ve a nd be low th e sup ras tem a l n o tc h an d m aybe se en abo ve a nd /o r b e low the az yg os an da o rt ic a rc he s. -Synonyms : p o st er io r m e di as ti na ls ep tum , p os te r io r m ed ias tina l l ine . -Eva lua t ion :A s p ec if ic feature of ra dlo lo gic a na to my . to b eprefer red t o t he s yn on ym s .

pos te rio r tra ch ea l s trip e , n . R ad io !. A v er ti ca ll yo rie n te d , lin ea r opa c ity ra ng ing in w id th from 2 to5 m m, e x ten d ing from the tho ra c ic i n le t to theb ifu rca t ion o fth etrach ea an d v is ib le o n ly i n l at er alr ad iog r aphs o f the ches t . It is s itu ate d b etw ee nth e a ir s ha do ws of th e tra che a and the righ t lu nga nd is fo rm ed b y th e p oste rio r t rache a l w a ll andcon tig uo us m ed ias t ina l in te rs t itia l tiss ue . -Syn -on ym : pos te r io r t rache a l ban d . -Eva lua t ion : Aspec if ic fe atu re o f ra dio lo gic a na to my. Pos te r io rtra ch ea l s trip e i s p re f er re d to p oste rio r t ra ch ea lb a n d .

p rim ary co mp le x, n. 1. Patho l . T h e c om b in a ti on ofa focu s o f p n eum on ia p ro du ced by a p rim arymfec t ion (e .g ., tu be rc ulo sis o r h is to pla sm os is )w ith g ranu bom as in the d ra ln rng h ila r o r m ed ias -t ina l lym ph node s. 2 . Rad io ! . a . T he co mb in atio nof one or m ore ir reg u la r pu lm onary pa renchym alopac it ies of v aria ble e xte nt a nd lo ca tio n a ss um edto rep resen t c onso lida tion w ith en la rg em en t ofth e d ra in in g h ila r o r med ia s tina l lym ph node s; ana pp ea ran ce a ssum ed to re p re sen t a n a c tiv e in -fec tio n. b . T he co mb in atio n o f a sm all, sh a rp lyd efin ed p are nc hy ma l o p a c it y (o f te n c a lc i fi e d) withcalc if icat ion o f the &a ln ing h ila r o r m ed ias t ina llym ph nodes; an ap pea ra nce usua lly re ga rde d asev idence o f an i na ctiv e p ro ce ss . -Synonyms :Ranke com p le x . G hon c om ple x. P rim ary c om ple xis to b e pre fe r red to R an ke com p le x , w h ic h isac ce p ta b le b u t ra re ly us ed , a nd Ghon comp le x ,wh ich rep resen ts an in ap pro p r ia te u se o f th eeponym and i s u n ac c ep ta b le . -Eva lua t ion : Au s ef ul i nf er re d c on c lu s io n .

pro fus ion , n . R a di o! . I. A q ua lita tiv e e xp re ss io n ofthe n um be r of sm a ll op ac itie s p e r un it a rea o rz one of lung . 2 . In the ILO /1 98 0 c la ss ific a tio n o frad iog ra phs o f the pn eum ocon io se s . the qu a I l-f lora 0 th rough 3 su bd Iv id e th e p ro fu sio n of sma l lro und ed and sm a ll i rr eg u la r o p ac it ie s in to fo urm ajo r ca teg o rie s . T hese m ay be fu rthe r su bd i-v ided to prov ide a 1 2 p oi nt s ca le : - /0 ,0 /0 ,0 /1 ;1/0,1/1,1/2;2/1, 2 /2 , 2 /3 ; 3 /2 , 3 /3 , 3 /k .

pseudocav l t y , n, - lee. Radio ! . Any shadow co rn -p le x tha t h as th e ap pe ara nce o f a g a s- co n ta in in gspa cew ith in a zon eo fco nso lid a tion , a p u lm onarym a ss , o r a no du le w hen , in fac t , no su ch spa ceex is ts ; h en ce : 1 . A ce ntra l luc en cy w ith in a no du leor mas s th at is p ro ve d b y co mp ute d to mo grap hyor p ath olo gic e xa m in atio n to rep res en t lip id . 2.A n a p pa re n tl y c ir cu m sc rib ed lu ce nc y c r ea ted byt he c on fl ue n ce o f s hadow s o f n o rm al a na tom ics truc tu re s, m os t com mon ly r ib s a nd pu lmonar yve sse ls , tha t d oe s no t , i n f ac t, rep re sen t a cav ity .-Synonyms : 2. com pos ite sh ad ow , sp u r iou scav ity . -Eva lua t ion : 1 . A n in fe rred con clu sio n,som etim es u se d a s a des c rip to r . T he te rm isw ith ou t ca usa tive co nn ota tio n. Its u se is no t rec -ommended .

pu lm ona ry b lo od f low re s thbu t ion , n. 1. Phys io l .A ny d ep artu re from th e norm al d is tr ibu tio n o fb lo od flow in th e lun gs , w he th e r p hy si olo gic o rpa tho lo gic . 2 . Rad iO ! . N arrow ing a nd red uc tion inth e nu mb er o f v is ib le p ulm o na ry va scu la r s ha d-ow s in o ne or m ore lun g re g io ns a ssoc ia te d withco rre sp ond ing w ide n in g an d in cre ase in th e num -ba r o f V is ib le p ulm on ary va scu la r shadow s in th e


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516 FLEISCHNER SOCIETY GLOSSARY A JR :1 43 , S ep te mb er 1984

re ma in in g lu ng re gio ns . -Eva lua t ion : A n i nf er re dconc lus ion , o f ten used as a d es cr ip to r a nd a pp ro -p ria te ly b ased on ra d io g ra ph ic ev ide nce a lo ne .

p u lm onary e dem a, n. 1. Pathophy s io l . The accu -mu la t ion o f fl ui d in t he in te rs ti ti al compar tmen t ofth e lu ng w ith o r w ith ou t assoc ia ted a lv eo la r fi llin g.S p ec ifi ca ll y, th e accumu la t ion of w a te r, p ro te in ,an d s o lu te s ( tr an s ud a te ) usua l l y due to (1 ) ri-c r eased p re ssu re in the m ic ro vas cu la r b e d ; (2 )inc r eased mic rovascu la r pe rm eab ility ; o r (3 ) im -paired lym ph atic d ra ina ge . A lso , th e a ccu mu la -t ion o f w ate r, p ro te in , s olu te s, a nd in fla mm ato ryce lls (e xu da te )in re sp on se to i n f lammat ion of an ytype (e .g . , in fe c tion , h yp e rs en s itiv ity , traum a. o rc irculat ing to xin s). 2 . Radio ! . A n in fe rre d c on clu -s io n a p pl ic ab le to a pa tte rn o f o pa c ity (o fte nb ila te ra lly s ym me tric a nd per ih iba r i n d i s tr ib u t io n )be l iev ed to re pre se nt a lv eo la r f il li ng a n d/ or i nt er -s tit ia l th ic ke n in g w hen asso c ia ted find ing s and /o r h is to ry s ugge s t o n e o f the proces ses enume r -a te d a bo ve . ualif iers: I . In te rs tit ia l ed em a:pu lm ona ry ed em a con fin ed t o t he i nt er st it ia l c o rn -par tmen ts o f th e lu n g ; in it ia ll y th e b ro nc ho va s-cube r in te rs titia l spa ce a nd its c on tinu um , sub se -q ue ntly th e a lv eo la r w a ll in te rs ti ti al s pa ce . A lv eo -l ar e d em a : pu l

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