GMEI Final Report 16,51h Monday

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GMEI FINAL REPORT 2012

June 11, 2012: Tyler Wunsch, Vasiliy Bogdanov, Joao Miguel Santos Ferreira, Yan Chen, Ana Oliveira

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Renewable Energy Cluster Solutions and Competitive Advantage for Portugal

The world population has surpassed 7 billion people and of those 7 billion, Portugal represents just over

10 million, or 0.0014%. Portugal, which is slightly smaller than Indiana, USA has a an area total: 92,090 sq

km, 1,793 km of beautiful coastline, and an extremely diverse location with a maritime temperate

climate that is cool and rainy in the north, warmer and drier in the south and topography that is

mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south. In majority, the urban population

represents 61%, so most people live in city infrastructures. The energy structure of Portugal is tough to

be adverse to renewables with 0 BBL proven reserves in oil, 0 CU M of natural gas production, and 0 CU

M of natural gas proven reserves. Plus, add these facts to the bottom-line that the country needs toimport all fossil fuels, especially considering the balance of trade.

Portugal once was, just like most of the world is today, addicted to fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are carbon,

and carbon is dirty. Coal is dirty. Oil is dirty. Natural gas is less dirty. When the industrial revolution

started we used coal. This carbon powered the industrial revolution and then in 1918 coal production

peaked and has declined ever since. The next move was oil and gas. In 2000, oil and gas production

peaked and is now on the decline. These observations about easily accessible fossil fuels are over and we

need to think about how to get off of them, and also the effects we have on the climate.

Energy is a vital element to the functioning and sustainability of societies. Life, as we know it would not

be possible without the existence of electrical equipment, transports, logistic chains which bring

consumer goods to our homes. Understanding this, the production of electricity and fuel is a constant

challenge. Global output, growing economies, negative effects on the environment of fossil fuels and the

growing consumer demands are issues that cannot be ignored. Renewable energy sources such as water,

wind, sun, sea movement and biomass are abundant in Portugal - they make up over 50% of the

electricity mix. For a country without oil, alternative solutions must be paramount on a road toward

long- term sustainability and security. Its crucial to continuing investment in developing techno logies and

implementing energy use solutions that add to the effective and efficient management of these

renewable resources. Portugal is know as a pioneer and can become a great leader in innovating,

producing and using renewable electricity.


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Portugal must create and transform the national energetic sector with innovation, technology and

competitiveness in the global market. Picking just one silver bullet is almost impossible, but priorities can

and must be established even further than they currently are. Of course, this poses a particular

challenge. Several ways to do this are to invest in innovation and technology capabilities, foster

innovation and entrepreneurship between scientific and business communities and increase renewables

as a source of inspiration and a catalyst for big action. Portugal is a future model for what similar

developing countries can look to emulate while also being a key driver for a struggling economy. Its also

important to identify low-hanging fruit such as buildings - where over 60% of the electricity consumption

rests.

The Portuguese energy cluster is already underway and making great gains regarding development. In

addition, in the European and even international context the right balance and cluster performance

requires further developing. The right path is to pick the best of the best and utilize them based on

Portugals climate, terrain and location. We believe that the energy synergy mix yields the greatest

potential with wind, hydro, solar and natural gas. In addition, the education, engineering and technical

know-how of the energy sector will flourish in parallel.

Renewable energies produce electricity intermittently and with a very limited storage capability and

capacity. The electricity transport and distribution networks have to be prepared so that consumers

never, ever go without electricity. This is a very complex task that demands intelligence, innovation and

development. What we are dealing with in energy is extremely complex, but the more the consumer

becomes aware of the amount of energy they are using for example, in the washing machine, roasting a

chicken, charging cell phones and laptops, or something similar, and what the impact and costs are, and

if they are wasting energy, is the solution to the problem. The next significant item is renewables and

how much of the energy mix or portfolio is derived from clean sources to reduce C02 emissions, without

sacrificing natural resources, damaging natural systems and eliminating additional environmental side-

effects. As the world becomes more connected, especially the Pan-European grid, environmental goals

will be much easier to satisfy with the energy mix we will outline below.

1 -INTRODUCTION TO HYDROELECTRIC POWER

Hydro-electric power, using the potential energy of rivers, now supplies 17.5% of the world's electricity

(99% in Norway, 57% in Canada, 55% in Switzerland, 40% in Sweden, 7% in USA). Apart from a few


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countries with an abundance of it, hydro capacity is normally applied to peak-load demand, because it is

so readily stopped and started. It is not a major option for the future in the developed countries because

most major sites in these countries having potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either being

exploited already or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. Growth to

2030 is expected mostly in China and Latin America.

Hydro energy is available in many forms, potential energy from high heads of water retained in dams,

kinetic energy from current flow in rivers and tidal barrages, and kinetic energy also from the movement

of waves on relatively static water masses. Many ingenious ways have been developed for harnessing

this energy but most involve directing the water flow through a turbine to generate electricity. Those

that don't usually involve using the movement of the water to drive some other form of hydraulic or

pneumatic mechanism to perform the same task (source: Woodbank Communications Ltd.).

1.1 How does Hydroelectric Power works

Like steam turbines, water turbines may depend on the impulse

of the working fluid on the turbine blades or the reaction

between the working fluid and the blades to turn the turbine

shaft which in turn drives the generator. Several different

families of turbines have been developed to optimize

performance for particular water supply conditions (source:

Woodbank Communications Ltd.).

Hydroelectric Power Generation Efficiency

Hydroelectric power generation is considered

by far the most efficient method of large

scale electric power generation. Energy flows

are concentrated and can be controlled. The

conversion process captures kinetic energy

and converts it directly into electric energy.

There are no inefficient intermediate

thermodynamic or chemical processes and

no heat losses.

Source: How Stuff Works
http://www.mpoweruk.com/steam_turbines.htm#principlehttp://www.mpoweruk.com/steam_turbines.htm#principle


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Picture 2: Theoretical Efficiency of converting various

Energy Sources

The conversion efficiency of a hydroelectric power plant

depends mainly on the type of water turbine employed and

can be as high as 95% for large installations. Smaller plants

with output powers less than 5 MW may have efficiencies

between 80 and 85 %. It is however difficult to extract power

from low flow rates.

Picture 3: A Hydropower Turbine Main Components

1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Hydroelectric Power Generation

As any other source of Electric Generation, Hydro has advantages and disadvantages, some of the

advantages of this type of generation, are:

The clean transformation of a natural electrical resource that is water

No pollution from the process

Low operation costs and fast ON and OFF to supply to demand

The dam can be used for other purposes as for example irrigation, water sports, fishing, etc

Increase of tourism in the areas of implementation of dams.

Water is a renewable source

But as any type of generation also Hydro has disadvantages:

Occupy extensive areas of food production and also of forests

They change considerably the surrounding landscape

Soil erosion, forests in decomposition may produce large quantities of methane

The pluviosity changes during the year and may be low in some years

Source: Euroelectric

Source: Wikipedia


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1.3 The Hydroelectric Generation in

Portugal

Portugal is a country with a territory rich in hydro

energy, having mountain chains that allow the

existence of strong water currents, rivers, etc.

Presently around 30% of the electrical power

consumed in Portugal has as origin the Hydro

generation, with major presence in the Center and

North of Portugal as we may observe in the Figure 4

below (source: Energias Renovveis website).

Picture 4: Main Hydro Power Plants in Portugal

http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/

2 -INTRODUCTION TO WIND POWER

Renewable sources of energy have been the driver of much of the growth in the global clean energysector since the year 2000. Recent years have seen a major scale up of wind and solar photovoltaic

technologies. Other renewable technologies, including hydropower, geothermal and biomass

continued to grow from a strong established base, adding thousands of megawatts of new capacity

worldwide.

Success of wind and solar PV has been driven by policy support, which has grown considerably in the last

decade. Policies continue to evolve to address market developments and costs reductions. In the case of

solar PV energy, at least ten countries now have sizeable domestic markets. Both utility scale and

rooftop solar PV generation have seen a major scale up in the past few years, resulting from market

creating policies that led to an extraordinary decline in the cost of PV modules. Wind power also

experienced dramatic growth over the last decade; global installed capacity at the end of 2011 was

around 240 GW, up from 18 GW at the end of the year 2000.

Source: Energias Renovveis website
http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/


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Commercial wind farms now operate in close to 80 countries, and present many benefits for both

developed and developing countries: increased energy security; stable power prices; economic

development which both attracts investment and creates jobs; reduced dependence on imported fuels;

improved air quality; and, of course, CO 2 emissions reductions. Each of these factors is a driver in

different measure in different locations, but in an increasing number of countries they combine to make

wind power the generation technology of choice.

Global wind power markets have been for the past several years dominated by three major markets:

Europe, US, and Asia (mainly China and India). While these three markets still accounted for 86% of total

installed capacity at the end of 2011, there are signs that this may be changing. Emerging markets in

Latin America, Asia and Africa are reaching critical mass and we may be surprised to see one or more of

them rise to challenge the three main markets in the coming years.

Picture 2.1: Global wind energy installed capacity


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2.1-How does wind power works

Wind is the ultimate renewable resource. Wind is caused by differences in temperature and air pressure

(due to the sun's heating of the Earth's surface). Air tends to flow from areas of higher pressure to areas

of lower pressure... hence, generating wind. Wind can be used in order to generate electricity. Thekinetic energy of the wind can be changed into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy.

Picture 2.2: Transformation of energy

Blowing wind spins the blades on a wind turbine. The blades of the turbine are attached to a hub that is

mounted on a turning shaft. The shaft goes through a gear transmission box where the turning speed is

increased. The transmission is attached to a high-speed shaft, which turns a generator that makes

electricity. If the wind gets too high, the turbine has a manipulator of the blades position and a brake

that will keep the blades from turning too fast and

being damaged.

Picture 2.3: A Wind Turbine Main Components

Source: http://www.alternative-energy-news.info

Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single

wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and

generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these

turbines is collected together and sent through a

transformer. There the voltage is increase to send it

long distances over high power lines. Then electricity isfed into a utility grid and distributed to customers, just

as with conventional power plants.

The best places for wind farms are in coastal areas, at the tops of rounded hills, open plains and gaps in

mountains - places where the wind is strong and reliable. Some are offshore.


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The only problem with wind is that it is not windy all the time. Wind has to be within high speed to turn

the turbines fast enough to generate electricity. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the

horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis

design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern

wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.

Wind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. Individual wind turbines

have been steadily growing in terms of their nameplate capacity the maximum electricity output they

achieve when operating at full power. While the average size of turbines still differs dramatically from

country to country, there has been a market trend towards bigger turbines across all markets. The

largest machine has blades that span more than the length of a football field, stands 50 building stories

high, and produces enough electricity to power 5000 homes. A small home-sized wind machine has

rotors between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet and can supply the power needs

of an all-electric home or small business. Utility-scale turbines range in size from 1000 to 3000 kilowatts

for onshore wind farms and from 2500 to 7500 kilowatts for offshore. Single small turbines, below 50

kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.

Picture 1.4: General layout and parts of modern wind turbine

Source: Vestas.com

The growth of the

market for wind energy

is being driven by a

number of factors,

including the wider

context of energy supply

and demand, the rising

profile of environmental

issues, especially climate

change, and the

impressive

improvements in the


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technology itself. These factors have combined in many regions of the world to encourage political

support for the industrys deve lopment.

2.2 - Advantages and Disadvantages of the Wind Power Generation

Wind power generation has a significant number of advantages and some minor disadvantages.

There are some of the advantages:

The clean transformation of a natural electrical resource that is wind

No pollution from the generation process

Low impact on environment (just a small spot for turbine foundation, noise and visual effect)

Low operation costs

The most scalable type of generation (from one megawatt to thousands)

Wide availability of wind resources sufficient for energy generation (on-shore and off-shore)

But as any type of generation also Wind has disadvantages:

Dependence from availability and power of wind

Not predictable and vulnerable

Higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators (CAPEX)

Due to the demographical problem the world is facing the great challenges of energy shortage and

climate change, and these challenges will remain in the foreseeable future. The fast environmental

deterioration and endless natural disasters have evidenced that human society has no way to follow the

traditional route of development, and has to renew concepts and accept transformation. Only in this

way can we hand over a better world to our children with dignity. Fortunately, we have wind, the

inexhaustible resource given by nature, and wind flies our visions high enough to see clearly a cleaner

and more prosperous future of the whole being on the planet. To make this day happen as early as

possible, what we need to do now is to break the boundaries and support each other by multilateral

cooperation during the long journey of wind energy development, and we do believe we will make it.


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3 -INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY

Photovoltaic technology generate electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current

electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect it is designated Photovoltaics.

This type of clean energy generate employs on the producing of solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.

Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon,

amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide.

Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and

photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.

All buildings will be built on the future combining energy-efficient

design and construction practices and renewable energy technologies

for a net-zero energy building. In effect, the building will conserve

enough and produce its own energy supply to create a new

generation of cost-effective buildings that have zero net annual need

for non-renewable energy.

Photovoltaics research and development will continue intense

interest in new materials, cell designs, and novel approaches to solar

material and product development. It is a future where the clothes you wear and your mode of

transportation can produce power that is clean and safe.

Technology roadmaps for the future outline the research and development path to full competitiveness

of concentrating solar power (CSP) with conventional power generation technologies within a decade.

The potential of solar power in the Southwest United States is comparable in scale to the hydropower

resource of the Northwest. A desert area 10 miles by 15 miles could provide 20,000 megawatts of

power, while the electricity needs of the entire United States could theoretically be met by a

photovoltaic array within an area 100 miles on a side. Concentrating solar power, or solar thermal

electricity, could harness the suns heat energy to provide large -scale, domestically secure, andenvironmentally friendly electricity.

The facility consists of five Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS), with a combined capacity of 150

megawatts. At capacity, that is enough power for 150,000 homes. The facility covers more than 1000

acres, with over 1 million square meters of collector surface. (Kramer Junction Company / PIX11070)

The price of photovoltaic power will be competitive with traditional sources of electricity within 10 years.


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Solar electricity will be used to electrolyze water, producing hydrogen for fuel cells for transportation

and buildings. hydrogen fuel cell buses to their fleets and set up infrastructure facilities for fueling and

maintenance.

The hydrogen is produced at the site using solar-powered electrolysis and natural gas reforming.

Because fuel cell buses arent yet commercially available , these demonstration projects are used to

better understand the technology and plan for the future.

3.1 -How does photovoltaic works

We could call to Photovoltaic a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into

direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a

photovoltaic material.

For photovoltaics the material presently used include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon,

amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide.

As we see, in our recent years, the growing demand for renewable energy sources increase and the

manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably.

In the end of 2011, this technology represents 0,5% of worldwide electricity demand and in capacity we

have almost 67,400 megawatts.

The total power output of the worlds PV capacity run over a calendar year is equal to some 80 billion

kWh of electricity.

In general, this is sufficient to cover the annual power supply needs of over thereabout 20 million

households in the world. More than 100 countries using solar P.

Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into

the roof or walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics).

Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of

photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured and the liberized cost of

electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of

geographic regions.


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Pgina 13 de 20

And its a common opinion that production in Chi na increases to much and they win all the market with

low prices.

Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity,

have supported solar PV installations in many countries, money from the governments.

With current technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in more less 1

to 4 years.

Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under standardized test conditions

(STC) in "Wp" (Watts Peak).

The actual power output at a particular point in time may be less than or greater than this standardized,

or "rated," value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other

factors.

Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is lower than many other

industrial sources of electricity.

The ratio of output power to input power from the sunlight, i.e., what percentage of light energy that

hits the panel gets converted into electricity. The higher the efficiency value, the more electricity

generated in a given space. You must be aware, however, that the solar cell efficiency doesnt equal the

panel efficiency. The panel efficiency is usually 1 to 3% lower than the solar cell efficiency due to glass

reflection, frame shadowing, higher temperatures.

When we apply this technology we know that the impact on the space will be very danger. This kind of

technology needs space and need a clean area where the sun shines with a strong intensity.

Sometimes, places change a lot with the environment that could reduce a perfect intervention on

architectural intervention.

In some locations, PV has reached grid parity, which is usually defined as PV production costs at or below

retail electricity prices (though often still above the power station prices for coal or gas-fired generation

without their distribution and other costs).

Photovoltaic power is also generated during a time of day that is close to peak demand (precedes it) in

electricity systems with high use of air conditioning. More generally, it is now evident that, given a

carbon price of $50/ton, which would raise the price of coal-fired power by 5c/kWh, solar PV will be


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cost-competitive in most locations. The declining price of PV has been reflected in rapidly growing

installations, totaling about 23 GW in 2011.

Although some consolidation is likely in 2012, due to support cuts in the large markets of Germany and

Italy, strong growth seems likely to continue for the rest of the decade.

Already, by one estimate, total investment in renewable for 2011 exceeded investment in carbon-based

electricity generation.

3.2 -Advantages and Disadvantages of the Wind Power Generation

Sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful, almost 6,000 times more than the 15 TW

equivalent of average power consumed by humans.

Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density among renewable energies.

Solar power is pollution-free during use.

End-of-use recycling technologies are under development and policies are being produced that

encourage recycling from producers.

PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention after their

initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are

extremely low compared to existing power technologies.

Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research money has been invested in

the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement.

And some of the Advantages:

In most of the countries, much of the investment in a home-mounted system may be lost if the

home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller. Some solutions

all around the world developed an innovative financing method to remove this limitation, by

adding a tax assessment that is transferred with the home to pay for the solar panels.

As we know, this is an expensive solution for producing clean energy. Normally, government

from the countries has to participate with a percentage transforming the intervention economic

sustainable. This is a point, when normally, this kind of intervention decrease when government

stop helping because pass for economic problems or dont put in first choice this type of solution


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Pgina 15 de 20

4 -Natural Gas

4.1- What is natural gas?

Natural gas is a mix of light hydrocarbons

found in the subsoil, where methane has a 70% presence in volume

The composition of natural gas changes according to the production field, the production process, the

conditioning, the processing and the transportation.

Natural gas is found in the subsoil in accumulations in porous rocks that are isolated from the exterior by

impermeable rocks and may be related or not to oil deposits. It is the outcome of the aerobical

degradation of organic matter that comes from extraordinary amounts of microorganisms that wereaccumulated by the sea coast in prehistoric times. This organic matter was unburied from great depths.

Therefore, its degradation occurred without contact with air, at high temperatures and under high

pressure.

Natural gas has a methane content over 70% of its composition, density lower than 1 (lighter than air)

and a higher heating value between 8,000 and 10,000 kcal/ m3, depending on the content of heavies,

namely ethanol and propane, and inerts, namely nitrogen and carbon gas.

Natural gas is one of the main primary energy sources and in 2009 it was responsible for 24% of the

primary energy consumption in the world.

4.2 - The market in Portugal

Natural gas was introduced in Portugal in 1997 in order to provide a competitive, convenient and

ecological energy source. Besides allowing the diversification of Portugal's energy resources, natural

gas reduces oil dependence and increases the competitiveness of the Portuguese industry

Galp Energia was the leader of this national project and participated in every development stage of this

sector in Portugal, both in the construction of high and low-pressure infrastructures and in the creation

of the Portuguese natural gas market.


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Organisation of the natural gas market in Portugal

Retrospective

Until February 2006, the Portuguese natural gas market was organized in two large areas:

1. The activities of import, storage, transportation and regasification of natural gas or liquefied

natural gas were subject to a sole concession awarded to Transgs, a subsidiary of the Galp

Energia group.

2. The local and regional distribution was made under concession or license awarded to local or

regional distribution companies, where Galp Energia holds a significant stake, except Portgs.

Natural gas consumers with annual consumption levels lower than two million m3 were supplied by

regional distribution companies concessionaires and local distribution companies licensees while

consumers with annual consumption levels equal or higher than two million m3 were directly supplied

by Transgs.

For large customers, with consumption higher than 50 thousand m3, prices were not regulated and were

set according to a free-market logic, competitive with other energy products and based on individual

contracts. For customers with consumption levels lower than 50 thousand m3, the pricing formula and

the updates arising from the inflation rate and the price of natural gas were built in the concessionagreements.

Schedule of the sector liberalization

The new law also set the schedule of the sector liberalization, which should occur until early 2010.

Value chain of

the natural gas

sector in

Portugal


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Pgina 17 de 20

Supply of natural gas

The natural gas enters the Portuguese market through Spain by the international pipelines that connect

Tarifa to Crdoba

(Gasoducto Al

Andalus) and Crdoba

to Campo Maior

(Gasoducto

Extremadura) or

through the Sines LNG

regasification terminal.

The international

pipelines that connects

Portugal to Spain transports the natural gas acquired to Sonatrach, in Algeria, which enters Spain

through the Europe- Maghreb gas pipeline. This pipeline connects the natural gas fields of Hrassi RMel in

Algeria to the natural gas

transportation network of Spain.

The Sines LNG regasification

terminal receives tank ships mainlyacquired to NLNG in Nigeria.

Transportation and distribution of

natural gas

The regulated distribution

networks in Portugal are organized in three categories: high pressure, medium pressure and low

pressure. Tariffs for network use are determined by the regulator.

The high-pressure network is held by Redes Energticas Nacionais . This network is typically used to


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transport large amounts of natural gas through long distances.

The medium-pressure network connects the high-pressure network to the low-pressure network. It is

the backbone that conducts the low-pressure network.

The low-pressure network is held by distribution companies and connects each customer to the medium-pressure network.

The distribution of natural gas in Portugal is provided by six distributors - five of which are Galp Energia

subsidiaries - that operate under concession contracts and four so-called autonomous natural gas

distribution units, where Galp Energia also has equity holdings and which operate under licence.

Sales of natural gas in Portugal

The sales of natural gas in Portugal are organised in three large segments: the electricity segment, which

includes the electrical plants of Tapada do Outeiro and TER (Termoelctrica do Ribatejo), the industrial

segment, which includes several industries such as ceramic, textiles, the food industry and the glass

industry, and natural gas marketing companies that supply customers with lower consumption levels,

such as residential customers and small enterprises.


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Pgina 19 de 20

Conclusion

Portugal is evolving toward a strategic plan that adds up - one thats research driven while being

collaborative, innovative, international, competitive and smart. As we can see, the country is not only

looking to see what new ideas and technologies are emerging from around the world, but also picking up

its fair share by promoting the pavilion at trade shows called Renewables from Portugal and flagship

projects like Windfloat.

Together, with the strategy of developing energy technologies based on renewable resources, Portugal

also invests in the rational use of energy as a means of reducing consumption and becoming more

efficient in the residential, services, and industrial sectors. In addition, reducing per capita consumption

of energy in transport, heating - space heating and water heating and reduce leakiness of your home. For

example, Caixa Geral Depositos has solar collectors and is one of the largest solar plant in all of Europe.

Also, encourage people to read your own meter and people need to figure out how much energy they

are actually using. Switching off vampire electronics only to when we need them will add up to huge

gains. Whats important is to boost national initiatives which allow people to become aware of the

energy they are using and also offer a choice. A goal should be to help everyone better understand as

best they can how to become more efficient and engage the public in the challenge. The recognition of

renewables and there importance is developing at an enormous pace. The opportunities being revealed

in foreign markets, and the opportunities being revealed in Portugal are extremely evident of this factand able to take advantage of it. In terms of energy dependency, competitiveness and in terms of

sustainability, the renewable energy mix we outlined in this report makes sense for Portugal.

More than ever, the greatest challenge and opportunity is to contribute in a competitive and useful way

to the development of a modern and sustainable energy infrastructure. Its time that Portuga l takes

advantage of the immense opportunities afforded in the profound transformation of the energy sector.

Each of the energy priorities we previously mentioned each pose a particular challenge, but in the short

run, the challenge is consensus of the sub sectors and market niches in the national economy. Its the

right of every Portuguese to have a better future. The challenges in an ever changing world are many,

but so are the opportunities. Portugal must develop its economy and for a future that can off er the

coming generations greater wealth and health.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Woodbank Communications Ltd http://www.mpoweruk.com accessed on June 2012.

How stuff Works http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropower-plant1.htmaccessed on June 2012 .

Energias Renovveis website http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/ accessed on June 2012
http://www.mpoweruk.com/http://www.mpoweruk.com/http://www.mpoweruk.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/http://livepage.apple.com/http://livepage.apple.com/http://www.mpoweruk.com/

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