GN I R WOE P - RE THE WIND POWER Excellent Potential for ... Urja/Akshay Urja_Aug'15_Eng...50...

Volume 9 • Issue 1 • August 2015

RE-POWERING THE WIND POWER Excellent Potential for the Future

August 2015 | Akshay Urja | 1

| Volume 9 • Issue 1 |AUGUST 2015

A bi-monthly newsletter of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India

(Published in English and Hindi)

CHIEF PATRONShri Piyush Goyal

Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, Coal, and New and Renewable Energy

PATRONShri Upendra Tripathy

Secretary, MNRE, New Delhi

EDITORDr Arun K TripathiMNRE, New Delhi

EDITORIAL BOARDD K KhareP DhamijaM R NouniB S NegiR K Vimal

PRODUCTION TEAMAnupama Jauhry, Sangeeta Paul,

Abhas Mukherjee, Anushree Tiwari Sharma, Santosh K Singh, Shilpa Mohan, R K Joshi,

Aman Sachdeva, TERI, New Delhi

EDITORIAL OFFICEDr Arun K Tripathi

Editor, Akshay UrjaMNRE, Block No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003

Tel. +91 11 2436 3035, 2436 0707Fax +91 11 2436 3035

E-mail: [email protected]: www.mnre.gov.in

PRODUCED BYTERI Press

TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC ComplexLodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003

Tel. +91 11 2468 2100, 4150 4900Fax: +91 11 2468 2144, 2468 2145

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PUBLISHER AND PRINTERMinistry of New and Renewable Energy

Disclaimer: The views expressed by authors including those of the editor in this newsletter are

not necessarily the views of the MNRE.

Published, printed, and edited for and on behalf of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, from B-14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, by Dr Arun Kumar Tripathi. Printed at Aravali Printers & Publishers (P) Ltd. W-30, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi - 110 020, India.

RE NEWS4 National

8 International

SPECIAL FEATURE16 Solar–Biogas Hybrid Refrigeration

Technology: For On-Farm Safe Transient Storage of Horticultural Produce

RE FEATURES

20 Anaerobic Septic Tanks: For Hygienic Sanitation and Generation of Green Energy

24 Solar Refrigeration: A Success Model

30 Role of Bagasse Drying in Controlling Uttar Pradesh Power Crisis

RE INSTITUTION36 The Rajiv Gandhi Renewable

Energy Park: Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Conservation, and Energy Efficiency

RE CASE STUDY38 MNRE Green Campus Master Plan:

A Participatory Approach

RE EVENTS43 Workshop on Grid Connected Solar

Rooftop Projects & Meeting with State Secretaries and Heads of State Nodal Agencies

43 Orientation Programme-Cum Interaction Meet on Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Systems

RE SUCCESS STORY44 Tribal Rural Houses in Gujarat

Illuminated with Sunlight

47 RE PRODUCT

48 CHILDREN’S CORNER

50 WEB/BOOK ALERT

51 FORTHCOMING EVENTS

52 RE STATISTICS

www.mnre.gov.inIn this Issue

In this article, Dr V Siva Reddy, Er Sampath Kumar, Er A K Joshi, and Er A Gokul Raj discuss about a research project sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), in which Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI) has developed a ‘Solar–biogas hybrid cold storage system’ for evaluation and demonstration.

Dr A Sajidas describes about anaerobic septic tanks for hygienic sanitation and generation of green energy, so that we can undertake corrective measures to overcome the spread of epidemics and water pollution due to unscientific sanitation practices.

Sarita Brara tells us that the RGREP was established in November, 2009 by HAREDA with the support of the MNRE, with the aim of creating awareness among the general public, corporate sector, academics, and students, on renewable energy, energy conservation, and energy efficiency.

362016

Special Feature 10RE-POWERING THE WIND POWERExcellent Potential for the Future

2 | Akshay Urja | August 2015

First of all thank you for all the efforts that you and your team put in the publication of the ‘Akshay Urja’ Magazine. You have an interesting table in the magazine which shows the total installations of renewable energy equipment on the grid scale and in the off-grid sector. With warm regards and best wishes.

Shantanu Jaiswal Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Parliament Street, New Delhi

eSa ^^v{k; ÅtkZ** dk fu;fer ikBd gw¡] ;g if=kdk u osQoy eq>s cgqr ilan gS cfYd esjs iwjs ifjokj dks Hkh cgqr T;knk ilan gSA cPpksa dks LFkkbZ LraHk ^^cPpksa dk dksuk** vR;f/d jkspd vkSj Kkuo/Zd gksrk gSA ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;ka fy, vkidh ;g if=kdk blh izdkj eqfnzr gksrh jgs] bUgha 'kqHkdkeukvksa osQ lkFkA

rfu"d eupank vjkoyh fjVªhV] xqM+xkao] gfj;k.kk

We would like to express our heartiest congratulations to the team for publishing this magazine. This is a very valuable knowledge bank for the solar power developer. New innovation is the key attraction of this magazine. Policy clarification and easy-to-understand language is the uniqueness of the magazine.

Milove Kothari Emeral Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat

fnukad 7 tqykbZ 2015 dks foKku Hkou esa vk;ksftr ,d lEesyu osQ nkSjku vkidh if=kdk ^v{k; ÅtkZ* i<+us dks feyh] bls i<+dj cgqr [kq'kh gksrh gS D;ksafd bl esa izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks cpkus ,oa ÅtkZ osQ u, Ïksrksa dks dke esa ykus ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk;k tkrk gSA bl if=kdk osQ vkus ls lkSj ÅtkZ] iou ÅtkZ ,oa tSfod ÅtkZ osQ {ks=k uohu ,oa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=kky; }kjk

fd, tk jgs fofHkUu dk;ks± dh iwjh tkudkjh feyrh gSA

y{e.k izlkn xkserh uxj] y[kuÅ] mÙkj izns'k

I am writing this letter to thank your magazine ‘Akshay Urja’ for giving me exposure in the renewable arena. It is a true trainer, guide, and inspiration in the renewable energy field. We get all our technical and statistical information updated on a day-to-day basis in all the wings of renewable energy through this magazine. Once again I would like to add that I am really grateful to you for publishing this excellent publication.

Rahul Malhotra Rasbihari Market, Kolkata, West Bengal

^v{k; ÅtkZ* fgUnh if=kdk gesa Hkkjr esa ^v{k; ÅtkZ* ds fodkl ij lEiw.kZ lkexzh nsrh gSA eSaus ;g if=kdk vius ,d fe=k ds ;gk¡ ns[kh Fkh] eSa bls fu;fer :Ik ls eaxokuk pkgrk gw¡A ÑIk;k gesa fujk'k u djsa vkSj ^v{k; ÅtkZ* fu;fer :Ik ls fHktokus dk d"V djsaA

foey vjksM+k lgkjuiqj] mÙkj izns'k

I am a regular reader of ‘Akshay Urja’ magazine. The magazine is very informative and useful for energy technologies. It gives information about government programmes, policies, and subsidies. I eagerly wait for the bi-monthly magazine issue. This shows the progress of the ministry for development of renewable energy sources for power generation to face the energy crisis. This magazine creates awareness about the potential of renewable energy for power generation and utilization.

Rajani Rastogi Haridwar, Uttarakhand

The June 2015 issue of ‘Akshay Urja’ is quite informative. It is heartening to read that the Indian Solar Power Market is all set to shine brightly in the years to come. I am optimistic about the fact that the environment is positive and the Indian solar programme should achieve the desired level or the target level of generation in the future. The installation of solar power plant at Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Railway Station is also a step in the right direction for India.

Abhishek Bhattacharya Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

^v{k; ÅtkZ* dk uohure vad (twu] 2015) dkiQh Kkuo/Zd ,oa jkspd yxkA ^osQjy esa nl gtkj :iQVkWi lkSj mQtkZ la;a=k* osQ ckjs esa i<+dj cgqr vPNk yxkA blls ;g Li"V gks x;k gS fd bl le; iwjs ns'k esa bl fn'kk esa dkiQh vPNk dk;Z py jgk gSA ^ck;ksekl vkiwfrZ Ük`a[kyk izca/u* ys[k bl rF; dh vksj bafxr djrk gS fd Hkkjr esa tSo mQtkZ mRiknu dh vikj laHkkouk gS ftlls vkxkeh le; esa isVªksy dh c<+rh dherksa ls futkr ik;k tk ldrk gSA

iz'kkar feJ t;iqj] jktLFkku

Mailbox www.mnre.gov.in

Dear Reader, Thank you very much for your suggestions and encouragement. The editorial team of Akshay Urja will make every effort to make this magazine highly informative and useful to all our readers. We welcome your suggestions and valuable comments to make further improvements in the content and presentation.

Editor, Akshay Urja

Send or email your letters to: Editor, Akshay Urja

MNRE, Block No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003

E-mail: [email protected]


Dear Readers,

India has set the ambitious target for installation of 175 GW renewable power by

2022. It includes 100 GW of grid connected solar power, 60 GW wind power, 10 GW

small hydro power, and 5 GW from biomass power. While on one side it will help

to provide clean power to the country and on the other side it is expected to boost

manufacturing in India in a very big way.

Solar photovoltaic technology has commercialized in a big way and a major

portion of solar power is coming through this technology. Currently, manufacturing

capacity of cells and modules in India is 1,386 MW and 2,756 MW respectively. Besides

modules, solar power plants require invertors, cables, support structures, transformers,

and switch gears. The target announced by India has generated a lot of interest

amongst manufacturers and several large companies from various countries such as

the USA, China, Japan, Germany, Canada, etc. All these countries have shown interest

in setting up manufacturing in India. The Indian manufacturers are also expanding

their manufacturing capacity. It is expected that the manufacturing capacity for

cells and modules will increase roughly by 2,500 MW and 5,000 MW per annum

respectively. This is expected to create 25,000 jobs in manufacturing sector and bring

in investment of about `30,000 crore in the country.

Similarly, wind power has a long history in India. Over the course of time, the

industry has made path-breaking enhancement in turbine efficiency and reliability.

Today, we have turbines that offer a viable investment in low wind sites while also

ensuring improved reliability. This advancement in technology also offers another

lucrative opportunity—Re-powering!! Re-powering in wind energy holds a very

significant place in renewable energy activities in India. It refers to replacement of

installed old wind turbines of lower capacity by modern turbines of higher capacity

normally in lesser numbers. It also refers to replace first generation turbines that were

installed more than 15 years back. Re-powering can contribute to achieve national

target of achieving installed capacity of 60 GW by the year 2022.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has also taken initiatives to

develop green campuses/townships under “Development of Solar Cities Programme”.

A green campus is a higher education community with optimum land use,

environmental planning, and resource management, i.e., improving energy efficiency,

conserving resources, enhancing environmental quality including habitat preservation,

healthy living environment, use of renewable energy and management of wastes, and

water recycling. The buildings within the campus should be based on green building

concepts to the extent possible. In a case study presented in this issue, readers will

read about a participatory approach to conduct energy and other resource audits of

the built infrastructure to identify suitable retrofit options for energy equipments.

I am sure that all the articles and information in the present issue will be a useful

reading material and you will find it informative and interesting as well. Please do not

forget to send us your views and suggestions.

Happy reading

ARUN K TRIPATHI

[email protected]

From the Editor’s Desk www.mnre.gov.in

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RE News

Renewable Energy NewsTo provide the renewable energy sector an institutional structure and to make it consolidated, the government has drafted National Renewable Energy Bill, 2015. The bill would be placed in the parliament in 2016. Once passed, it will help forming a National Renewable Energy Policy, Renewable Energy Corporation of India, an advisory group and a committee on the same. At present the Electricity Act, 2003 governs the renewable energy sector. A senior official in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) said, “Following the suggestions of the standing committee, a separate law for renewable energy is being drafted. The law would cover all aspects of the renewable energy supply chain”.

The government has announced scaling up the renewable power generation to 175 GW by 2022. Of this solar power will have a 100 GW share.As per the draft, the corporation would support project development and the advisory group will suggest amendments in the law and the policy from time to time. According to Vishal Pandya, Director and Co-founder, REConnect Energy Solutions, a Bengaluru-based renewable energy consultancy, “This is one piece that was missing from the growth of the renewable energy sector in India. The law makes it clear who will finance, who will plan and monitor and what support will come from where.

Source: www.business-standard.com

India’s private sector lender, YES Bank has raised $49.2 million or N315 crore from International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector financing arm of the World Bank. The funds are raised for a term of 10 years at 6.45 per cent. YES Bank will invest the proceeds from these bonds in energy efficiency projects and renewable energy projects mainly in the solar and wind sectors. "Addressing climate change is a priority for IFC in India, and the green 'masala bond' demonstrates the powerful role of capital markets in mobilizing international savings to help close the climate finance gap,"

said Jingdong Hua, IFC Vice President and Treasurer.

The bond has been issued under IFC’s commitment to raise $3 billion under its offshore rupee 'masala bond' programme. This is second green bond from YES Bank. In February this year also YES Bank had raised N1,000 crore from the market by issuing green infrastructure bonds. The bank had then said that it had made a commitment of 5,000 MW of renewable energy projects to the government which would be funded by the proceeds from these bonds.

Source: www.articles.economictimes. indiatimes.com

Law Proposed to Change Renewable Energy Landscape

YES Bank Raises Close to $50 Million Green Bond


Welspun Renewables, India’s largest solar energy generator has set up its first solar power project—the Bhatinda 34 MW (DC), in Punjab. This is the largest commissioned solar capacity to come up in the state. Like all its projects before, Welspun Renewables has developed it ahead of committed deadlines, in five short months. It will annually be feeding 48 million units of clean and emission free energy into the Punjab state grid, for the next 25 years. Spread across 140 acres in Bhatinda district, in the next 25 years the project will have mitigated 1,331,525 tonnes of CO

2 emissions.

Source: www.evwind.es

[ National ]

Two solar power projects were inaugurated by Shri Bikram Singh Majithia, Punjab New and Renewable Energy Minister, at Punjab’s Mansa district. Alianz Eco Power Limited and M/s Nextgen Solux Power Private Limited have set up the 2.10 MW and

1 MW solar projects at a cost of N15.50

crore and N8 crore, respectively. Bikram Singh Majithia said the district is emerging as the torch-bearer for solar energy with the 64 MW installed capacity of solar power.

Besides, Moserbaer company has also taken 150 acres of land at Mirpur Kalan on lease for setting up a 34 MW solar power project. Majithia said that a humble beginning three years ago in renewable energy sector has now became a movement as the solar power generation has touched 215 MW from just 9 MW with an

investment of more than N 1,500 crore. As many as 23 ground-mounted solar projects of 229 MW capacity

(N 1,600 crore) and four solar rooftop

projects of 65 MW (N300 crore) are under implementation.

Source: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

Mansa District gets Two More Solar Projects

Welspun Renewables Breaks Ground by Commissioning Punjab’s Largest Solar Project

A 200 kWp Grid interactive solar photovoltaic power plant at Athal, Dadra & Nagar Haveli was inaugurated by Hon’ble Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, Shri Haribhai P Choudhary. M/s Harsha Abakus Solar Pvt. Ltd,

Ahmedabad will take up the project at a cost of N 178 lakh and includes operation and maintenance of the plant for five years. The company was awarded the project through e-tendering of the said power plant.

The DNH Power Distribution Corporation Ltd. (DNHPDCL) of Dadra and Nagar Haveli has set up the solar plant at the 66/11 KV sub-station with the objective of injecting the power generated by the plant into its DNHPDCL grid. This will help it to meet the Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission‘s regulations of fulfilling the Renewable Power Purchase Obligation (RPO) towards Renewable Energy.

At the sub-station, a bi-directional energy meter and a state-of-the-art technology invertor have also been installed. The bi-directional energy meter will measure the energy generated by the solar power plant and energy injected from the grid. It will also be able to measure the solar power exported to DNHPDCL grid and the energy imported from the grid. The invertor will help in accessing the data of solar power generation and other operational parameters in line/through website.

Source: http:/powerdnh.nic.in

New Solar Power Plant Inaugurated at Athal, Dadra & Nagar Haveli


RE News

In one of the biggest ever investment plan in solar energy in India, SoftBank of Japan has decided to invest $20 billion in India’s renewable energy sector in the next 10 years. The investment will be done through SBI Cleantech, a three-way partnership between SoftBank, Bharati Enterprises, and Foxconn. SBI Cleantech, majorly owned by SoftBank, is looking for a 20 per cent share in India’s plan to add 100 GW of solar power capacity by 2022. Solar power parks will be set in India where the solar panels will be imported initially. At the beginning, SBI Cleantech will be investing in Andhra

Pradesh and Rajasthan. SoftBank also plans to build a similar 51.4 hectare solar park in Kagoshima, in Japan. Bharati Enterprises will have a strategic minority stake in the company. Through its tower business subsidiary, Bharati Enterprises’ interest in renewable energy has been limited. Foxconn, the third partner will be giving the crucial input to the project. The Taiwan-based company is to set up solar manufacturing facility in India. At present, the country imports more than half of its solar equipment.

Source: www.business-standard.com

The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) has started procuring solar

energy at about N6 per unit, in order to establish its green credentials. It is however claiming that the tariff will remain at the same level for the next 25 years. This initiative was taken as DMRC is saddled with high electricity

costs at about N7 per unit. The concept of the same tariff level for 25 years, though common for solar energy, has led to a situation where DMRC is paying lower tariff, albeit after including government subsidy. Incidentally, the Indian Railways is also

trying to procure solar power at N5.5/unit and is even experimenting with solar panels on train roofs to supply power for lights and fans.

Source: www.thehindubusinessline.com

Solar Energy Begins to Shine Despite Headwinds Delhi Metro Starts Buying Solar Energy at N 6 per Unit

The Adani Group and Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Ltd (Trangedco) have signed a

memorandum of understanding for setting up a N4,536 crore major solar park in Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu to generate 648 MW of solar power. According to R Viswanathan, Minister of Electricity and Non-Conventional Energy Development, Tamil Nadu plans to buy nearly 2,000 MW of solar power by the end of 2015 and has set up a target of buying approximately 1,000 MW of solar power every year.

Trangedco, based on the Solar Power Policy of 2012, will be purchasing solar power at 7.1 per unit. It has signed a power purchase agreement with 31 solar power producers for 436 MW solar power generation. The recent MoU with

Adani group takes it to 1,084 MW solar power at a total investment of N7,588 crore.Adani Group has set a target of 10,000 MW of solar power by 2022. With the Rajasthan Government, it has signed

a joint venture agreement to set up 10,000-MW solar park. The group claims this facility to be the largest integrated one in the country.

Source: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

Adani Group to Set Up N 4,536-Crore Solar Power Plants in Tamil Nadu


[ National ]

State-owned NTPC and PTC India have been given permission to charge dollar-linked tariffs for 1,000 MW each on a pilot basis. According to Shri Upendra Tripathy, Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Shri Piyush Goyal, the Minister of New and Renewable Energy, made the decision and the same tariff mechanism can be applied for up to 10,000 MW, if successful. The reason for suggesting that developers should get dollar-linked tariffs from distribution utilities was to get grid parity for solar power. Distribution utilities can quote tariffs in dollar-linked rates for 25 year contracts. Industry officials believe that charging dollar-linked tariffs

can bring down solar power costs to below N4.5 per unit. At present, solar

power is sold at around N6–7 per unit, coal-based power at N3–4 per unit,

and gas at around N4.7 per unit.The Government has reset its solar mission target to 100,000 MW

by 2022. Shri Tripathy added that "the Ministry's strategy to achieve the solar mission targets is to tender more than the next year's target in the current year. Next year our target is 12,000 MW. To achieve this, it takes 13 months of planning. We will tender 15,000 MW to meet this target," Out of the 5,000 MW that the MNRE plans to tender, Rajasthan has already tendered 450 MW while Andhra Pradesh has tendered 1,000 MW. In addition, 2,000 MW will be done by the Renewable Energy Corporation of India and 5,000 MW through viability gap funding is also on the anvil for tendering.


NTPC, PTC India Allowed Dollar-Linked Tariffs for New Solar Projects

The corporate sector is increasingly showing interest in the solar sector.

Orb Energy raised N12.3 crore in equity investment from FMO, Netherland’s development finance institution. Manufacturer and distributor of solar energy systems, it operates in seven States. The firm has installed over 55,000 systems over the last four years. Acme Solar

has secured a loan of N622 crore from the Asian Development Bank for construction of solar projects that have a capacity of 200 MW in India. Solairedirect, a French developer, has secured from PTC Financial and Axis

Bank N310 crore for the construction of three photovoltaic projects totalling 53 MW in Punjab and Rajasthan. French energy group Engie SA bought 95 per cent stake in Solairedirect for an estimated $222 million, in a bid to double renewable power capacity in Europe over the next decade, and expand in high growth countries such as India and Chile. The deal also includes a capital increase of € 130 million for Solairedirect.


For Corporates, Solar Sector is Shining Bright


RE News

Kenya’s Energy Ministry and SkyPower Global Ltd have signed a $2.2 billion agreement that paves the way for

the Canadian company to develop a 1-gigawatt solar project in East Africa’s biggest economy. The monumental US $2.2 billion agreement was signed in Nairobi, Kenya at the sixth annual Global Entrepreneurship Summit (GES). The solar project will be developed over five years in four phases. Kenya currently gets about two-thirds of its electricity from renewable sources, chiefly hydropower stations and geothermal wells. It has no solar developments of that scale.

Kenya in 2013 set out plans for an additional 5,500 megawatts of power, mostly from coal, geothermal sources and liquefied natural gas, to help boost the country’s economic growth to about 10 per cent annually from a projected 5.5 per cent to 6 per cent.The Toronto-based company SkyPower Global Ltd is the largest and one of the most successful developers and owners of utility-scale solar photovoltaic energy projects in the world.

Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com

In a first, the California state’s grid operator has approved rules allowing companies to buy electricity from numerous homes and commercial power systems, and then bundle it up to meet a threshold needed to sell energy on the wholesale market. Companies including utilities will be able to consolidate the output of rooftop solar systems, batteries and even plug-in electric vehicles. The shift demonstrates that small-scale power sources are becoming a more critical part of the state’s energy mix.

Some Californians are already helping juice the grid by participating in utility programmes that pay them for power from their solar panels that they don’t use, a service known as net metering.

The move by the grid operator “could ultimately benefit providers of distributed solar, because it creates the opportunity for an alternative source of revenue outside of net metering,” said Madeline Yozwiak, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com

SkyPower Signs $2.2 Billion Deal for Massive Solar Power Plant in Kenya

California Approves Distributed Energy Resource Providers to Aggregate Renewable Energy Generation

US renewables developer SunEdison Inc has struck a $2.2-billion deal to take over local residential photovoltaic (PV) systems installer Vivint Solar.

Under a separate deal, SunEdison will subsequently drop down Vivint’s 523-MW rooftop solar portfolio to its yieldco vehicle TerraForm Power Inc in exchange for a cash payment of $922 million.

In addition to expanding its existing residential and small commercial (RSC) business unit, the transaction will also accelerate SunEdison’s ongoing activities in the US, the UK, and Australia. “As of the fourth quarter of 2015, our organic growth and recent acquisitions will put SunEdison on track to deploy more than 1 GW per quarter,” said Ahmad Chatila, SunEdison CEO and TerraForm Power Chairman. As part of the share purchase agreement, Vivint Solar’s current shareholders will get $16.50 apiece, including $9.89 in cash, $3.31 in SunEdison stock, and $3.30 in convertible notes.

Source: www.seenews.com

SunEdison Seals $2-bn Deal to Buy Vivint Solar


[ International ]

A 100 MW new wind farm will be built in Kajiado County following a partnership by General Electric Africa (GE) and Kipeto Energy Limited. To undertake the project, the two partners signed a 15-year service

agreement worth $155 million with funding by Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) which is the US government’s development finance institute and part of the Power Africa

Initiative. The project will also see GE provide all equipment needed including 60 GE1.7-103 wind turbines.

Kipeto Energy Limited will undertake the project with

shareholders. These include Africa Infrastructure Investment Managers, Craftskills Wind Energy International Finance Corporate, and the Maasai community of Kipeto.

GE has been previously contracted in Sub-Saharan Africa in areas of transport, oil and gas, power generation, healthcare, and aviation. General Electric Africa will also launch a GE Healthcare, and Training Institute in Kenya, with a total investment of $13 million over the next 10 years, becoming the company’s first dedicated skill development facility in Africa.

Source: www.capitalfm.co.ke

The Solar Impulse 2, an airplane powered by the sun, landed in Hawaii, ending a nearly five-day,

8,200-kilometre flight from Japan—the longest and most dangerous leg in an attempt to fly around the world without a drop of fuel. The flight was the longest leg of an around-the-world voyage planned by two Swiss pilots, who took turns while flying the single-seat airplane. It is also the riskiest because the plane has no

place to land in an emergency. The wings of the carbon fibre aircraft have more than 17,000 solar cells. The plane flies up to about 28,000 feet during the day to recharge its batteries while descending to under 10,000 feet at night to minimize power consumption.

Source: www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com

GE, Local Partners in 100 MW Renewable Energy Project in Kajiado

Solar Impulse Sets Solo Flight Record

The World Bank will provide $15 million grant to increase access to clean energy for targeted rural areas in Bangladesh through Output-Based Aid (OBA) subsidies. The bank, acting as administrator for the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA), signed an agreement in this regard with Bangladesh.

The grant is expected to benefit 1.1 million people living in poor, remote areas of Bangladesh currently lacking grid electricity. This new project will make clean energy affordable to low-income households through off-grid solutions by buying down the capital cost of 225,000 Solar Home Systems (SHS) and 2,500 mini-grid connections. The grant will also facilitate investments in solar-pumped irrigation to 6,600 farmers, reducing the negative fiscal and environmental impact of diesel pumps. The grant will also improve family health by providing clean cooking solutions for over 9,850 households through biogas plants.

The Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) will implement the project, in partnership with micro-finance institutions, non-governmental organizations, and private sponsors.

Source: www.dhakatribune.com

The World Bank Grants $15m to Promote Renewable Energy in Bangladesh


RE-POWERING THE WIND POWERExcellent Potential for the Future

Dr Siraj Ahmed discusses about the concept of ‘re-powering’ in the wind energy sector which means replacement of installed old wind turbines of lower capacity by modern turbines of higher capacity normally in lesser numbers. He tells us about the Indian scenario in re-powering the wind turbines, while dwelling upon the issues and challenges and the techno-economic analysis in the field.

Special Feature


Re-Powering the Wind Power: Excellent Potential for the Future

The term ‘re-powering’ derives itself from the fossil fuel sector, where it describes the complete or partial replacement of items such as boilers, turbines and generators to improve output and efficiency, bring down emissions and reduce operating costs. Re-powering in wind energy means replacement of installed old wind turbines of lower

capacity by modern turbines of higher capacity normally in lesser numbers. It also refers to replace first generation turbines that were installed more than 15 years back. It has generally been accomplished by installing fewer, larger capacity turbines. The modern commercial grid connected wind turbines are multi-megawatt machines equipped with advanced operation and control systems. As per a study carried out at Risoe Laboratory, Denmark, the process of re-powering will double the capacity; triple the energy yield with half the infrastructure. Another report of Leonardo Energy outlines the re-powering programme for the following factors:

� More annual energy production from the same site and land area as capacity is multiplied without additional land.

� Fewer wind turbines than earlier which improves the appearance of landscape. The hub height is also increased after re-powering.

� Higher efficiency of individual turbines and higher array efficiency with usually reduced cost per unit energy generation.

� Better visual appearance as modern wind turbines rotate with lower rotational speeds.

� Possibly better grid integration due to improved power electronics and power quality from multi-megawatt modern turbines.

� Wind characteristics are known in terms of speed, direction, and turbulence, therefore, better prediction of annual energy generation of an existing site.

In one of the examples of re-powering in Germany in the year 2007 (Bundesverband Windenergie) the investment was increased by three fold, annual energy yield increased by four fold, installed capacity was increased by 3.5 fold for replacing 20 old turbines by seven new turbines.

The Indian ScenarioAccording to the Indian Wind Energy Institute, the gross wind power capacity in the country is estimated to be about 49 GW at 50 m elevation and 102 GW at 80 m elevation with the assumption of 2 per cent land availability. The installed capacity of wind power is more than 21 GW up to May 2014. It contributes about 67 per cent to the total renewable energy capacity of the country. More than 90 per cent of wind power potential is concentrated in southern and western states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. Wind farms in India were developed in the areas where the wind regime is often very good. Therefore, the best windy locations are occupied by old or first generation wind turbines. Wind energy development started in the early 1990s and these turbines are of lower hub height, lower capacity and with old technology in terms of generator, control mechanisms, power quality, etc. Therefore, land with good wind is occupied by older turbines of hub-height of 30–40 m. These sites could benefit by replacing old turbines by modern machines of hub height of more than 80 m. New locations for wind farms are becoming less and less available due to scarcity of land, environmental protection, green belt requirements and sometimes resistance from local people. Re-powering can contribute to achieve national target of achieving installed capacity of 60 GW by the year 2022 under the National Mission for Wind Energy of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India. It also contributes to reduction of the level of CO

2 emissions. Till date, approximately 25 per cent of the turbines in India have

rating below 500 kW of the total installed capacity in the order of 22,000 MW. It offers a huge opportunity and great technical and economic challenge to replace roughly 5,500 MW capacity old turbines. Re-powering priority is to be given for wind farms with Plant Load Factor (PLF) less than 12 per cent. Figures 1 and 2 represent a wind-farm in Madhya Pradesh in India, before re-powering and after the proposed re-powering.

Issues and ChallengesNormally, wind turbines are designed for a service life of 20–25 years. Replaced turbines due to re-powering are usually not installed on the same site, these can be sold for installation at some other place for their remaining service life or sold for scrap for recycling of different parts. In a wind farm, turbines are placed in rows, typically perpendicular to prevailing wind direction by micro-siting process involving flow modelling, micro surveys and wind monitoring and determining array efficiency and turbulence in the downstream.

There are many challenges for re-powering and some of these are as follows:

� Turbine ownership: Issue of ownership is to be resolved in cases where more number of turbines are replaced by a few and one-to-one replacement is not possible.

� Land ownership: Multiple ownership of wind farm land is to be resolved.

� Power purchase agreement (PPA): PPA might have been signed for a long duration and before the end of that period re-powering may pose difficulties.

� Electricity evacuation: The grid is designed to handle current power supply but enhanced power output due to re-powering may require modification or replacement of equipments and systems.

� Additional cost: The decommissioning cost of existing turbine is to be estimated.

� Disposal of existing turbines: Many options are to be analysed, such as, scrap value, buy-back by manufacturer, relocation, etc.

The barriers in the development of wind energy in the country are identified as follows:

� Lack of infrastructure in terms of proper roads to carry large blades and towers and poor communication network in remote areas.

� Forecasting of wind resource is inadequate through modelling and forecasting of wind resources for short term (up to 72 hours) and for long-term duration.

� For scheduling of power the outdated equipment is used as well as for forecasting of generation and its usage.

� Insufficient availability of grid infrastructure to accommodate power generation from wind energy.

� Insufficient transmission and distribution lines for wind farms in remote areas.


Special Feature

Figure 1: Wind-farm before re-powering (225 kW X 58 turbines = 13.05 MW)

Figure 2: Wind-farm after proposed re-powering (2.5 MW X 6 turbines = 15 MW)

AS PER A STUDY

CARRIED OUT AT

RISOE LABORATORY,

DENMARK, THE PROCESS

OF RE-POWERING WILL

DOUBLE THE CAPACITY;

TRIPLE THE ENERGY

YIELD WITH HALF THE

INFRASTRUCTURE.


Wind energy policy of the Government of India is very supportive and provides duty-free imports of selective turbine parts, accelerated depreciation, generation-based incentives, favourable state-wise tariff, evolving land allocation policy on footprint basis, renewable energy certificate scheme, etc.

Re-powering ApproachTo determine the re-powering potential of an existing wind farm site, the following technical aspects are to be considered:

� Wind resource of the site in terms of speed frequency distribution curve of the past several years, Weibull parameters, wind power density, turbulence intensity, power law index, wind rose (a wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location), prevailing wind direction, and other characteristics.

� Existing wind turbines, numbers of turbines, capacity, power curve, cut-in, rated and cut-out speed, rotational speed per minute, hub height, type of generator, rating, thrust and power coefficient, etc.

� Proposed wind turbine, capacity, and detailed specifications.

� Available area with necessary off-set from approach roads and dwellings.

� Estimation of annual energy production, gross and net energy production and array efficiency from proposed re-powering turbines at new hub height.

� Plan(s) of proposed wind turbines with micro-siting and turbine array spacing(s).

� Re-powering ratio of proposed turbines to existing turbines.

� Energy yield ratio from proposed and existing turbines for the same site or area.

� Economic analysis of unit cost of energy after re-powering, dismantling cost of existing wind turbines, cost of installation of new turbines, and commissioning and cost of other modified facilities.

It is expected that off-shore wind farms will be developed in the next 10 years in selected wind zones on the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. These wind farms will be repowered in the next 15–20 years in future. Therefore, it requires master plan approach to make the re-powering a dynamic exercise.

High capacity wind turbines are particularly well adapted for sites with higher average wind speeds. The report of Leonardo Energy outlines that: “for utilities trying to scale-up their capacity to achieve set target—there should be preference for larger wind turbines”. The practical reason is that power output of a wind turbine depends on square of rotor diameter; therefore, larger wind turbine is better than two smaller wind turbines of the same capacity. The larger wind turbines are preferred for off-shore applications as it minimizes installation cost per MW in terms of foundation cost which takes significant proportion of total cost of installation.

Techno-Economic AnalysisFlow modelling requires three essential set of technical data related to wind, site, and turbine. These are as follows:

� Wind characteristics: For the development of wind energy, the site characterization has to include the following major parameters and information— annual average wind speed (WAsP requires the wind data measured at 10-minute intervals by a meteorological mast in the same region), wind power density, wind rose, wind resource map, prevailing wind direction, speed frequency distribution and persistence, vertical wind speed profile, wind shear exponent, Weibull shape parameter (k), scale parameter (c), turbulence intensity, wind density and its variation vertically and seasonally, historical wind data (including frequency and intensity of past storms), etc.

RE-POWERING CAN

CONTRIBUTE TO

ACHIEVE NATIONAL

TARGET OF ACHIEVING

INSTALLED CAPACITY

OF 60 GW BY THE

YEAR 2022 UNDER THE

NATIONAL MISSION

FOR WIND ENERGY

OF THE MINISTRY OF

NEW AND RENEWABLE

ENERGY (MNRE),

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

IT ALSO CONTRIBUTES

TO REDUCTION OF

THE LEVEL OF CO2

EMISSIONS.



Special Feature

� Site characteristics: Location (latitude, longitude, and mean sea level), topographic maps provide the analyst with a preliminary look at the site attributes, including available land area, contour map, roughness class of the site, grid related data, transmission line map, positions of existing roads and dwellings, land cover (e.g., forests), political and administrative boundaries, parks, national parks, forest reserves, restricted areas, proximity to transmission lines, location of significant obstructions, potential impact on local aesthetics, cellular phone service reliability for data transfers, and other infrastructural facilities.

� Wind turbine and farm characteristics: Wind farm layout of existing and after re-powering, power and thrust curve of the turbine(s), hub height, rotor diameter, pitch mechanism, braking mechanism, generator type, gear or gearless machine, type of power electronics, cut-in, rated and cut-out speeds, capacity factor, etc.

In addition to the above, the parameters related to machine availability, grid availabilty, transmission losses and WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Programme) prediction error is to be considered for arriving at annual energy production value. The Annual Energy Production (AEP) of the wind farm after re-powering can be predicted by using industry standard WAsP and simulation can be performed by using MATLAB. The following parameters are to be determined after analysis for re-powering:

� Improvement in Plant Load Factor (PLF)

� Increase in AEP or energy yield

� Increase in installed capacity of wind farm

� Change in reactive power consumption.

Photographs of before and after re-powering of a wind farm.

WIND ENERGY POLICY

OF THE GOVERNMENT

OF INDIA IS VERY

SUPPORTIVE AND

PROVIDES DUTY-

FREE IMPORTS OF

SELECTIVE TURBINE

PARTS, ACCELERATED

DEPRECIATION,

GENERATION-

BASED INCENTIVES,

FAVOURABLE STATE-

WISE TARIFF, EVOLVING

LAND ALLOCATION

POLICY ON FOOTPRINT

BASIS, RENEWABLE

ENERGY CERTIFICATE

SCHEME, ETC.

BEFORE

AFTER


Replacement of old wind turbines with modern versions can be done in several ways. According to studies undertaken by Grontmij (Grontmij is a leading European design, engineering and management consultancy, employing over 11,000 experts) for replacement of existing wind turbines the following alternatives are suggested:

� One-to-one replacement of wind turbines with similar capacity but with newer machines

� One-to-one up-scaling of solitary wind turbines

� Replacement of two smaller wind turbines by one large wind turbine

� Clustering of solitary wind turbines into farms, e.g., clustering of 20 solitary wind turbines by clustering 6–10 wind turbines at one location

� One-to-one up-scaling of wind farms.

For each alternative, there is positive impact on landscape and increase in annual energy production. The best alternative is the fourth one of replacing larger cluster with small cluster. The capacity after re-powering will increase and quality of landscape will also improve.

ConclusionThe following conclusions are drawn from re-powering of existing wind farms:

� Annual energy production will increase as taller turbines access the increased wind speeds at higher altitude and thereby have better power-wind velocity curves

� The revenue generation will increase, so, business model will become more profitable in the majority of cases

� Landscape appearance will improve due to newer turbines

� Number of turbines will decrease and more land will be available

� Possible reduction in visual interference

� Possible reduction in noise level

� Possibly the new turbines will be placed at more acceptable locations.

Dr Siraj Ahmed, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]


IT IS EXPECTED THAT

OFF-SHORE WIND FARMS

WILL BE DEVELOPED IN

THE NEXT 10 YEARS IN

SELECTED WIND ZONES

ON THE INDIAN OCEAN

AND THE ARABIAN SEA.

THESE WIND FARMS WILL

BE REPOWERED IN THE

NEXT 15–20 YEARS IN

FUTURE. THEREFORE, IT

REQUIRES MASTER PLAN

APPROACH TO MAKE

THE RE-POWERING A

DYNAMIC EXERCISE.


Special Feature

India is blessed with good amount of solar energy in most parts of the country. To utilize this abundant energy there is a need to evolve some new and innovative projects. Dr V Siva Reddy, Er Sampath Kumar, Er A K Joshi, and Er A Gokul Raj discuss about a research project sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), in which Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI) has developed a ‘Solar–biogas hybrid cold storage system’ for evaluation and demonstration.

India is the largest producer of fruits and the second largest producer of vegetables in the world. In spite of this, the per capita availability

of fruits and vegetables is quite low mainly because of the post-harvest losses which account for about 20–30 per cent of the total production. Besides, by the time it reaches the consumer the quality of a sizeable quantity of produce also deteriorates to a greater extent. This is mainly because of the perishable nature of the produce which strictly requires a cold chain arrangement to maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life, if consumption is not meant immediately after harvest. Also, in the absence of cold storage facilities at the catchment area, the farmers are being forced to sell their produce immediately after harvest

SOLAR–BIOGAS HYBRID REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGYFOR ON-FARM SAFE TRANSIENT STORAGE OF HORTICULTURAL PRODUCE

Picture 1: Solar thermal field Picture 2: Biogas plant Picture 3: Vapour absorption machine


Solar–Biogas Hybrid Refrigeration Technology

which results in glut situations and low price realization. Moreover, in India energy expenses account for about 28–30 per cent of the total expenses in cold storage. Alternatively, running transient storage in production catchment area overcomes such obstacles. India is blessed with good amount of solar energy in most parts of the country (5–7 kWh/m2/day for 200–250 days/year). In the rural areas, due to cattle farming, animal dung—a natural microbe enriched resource—is also available in plenty and is being used as raw material for biogas generation.

Solar–Biogas Hybrid Cold Storage System

Under a research project sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI) has developed a ‘Solar–biogas hybrid cold storage system’ for evaluation and demonstration (Picture 1). The system has the potential to store 6–8 tonnes of horticultural produce for a period of 2–3 weeks at the desired temperatures of 12–16°C. The solar–biogas hybrid cold storage system, designed and

developed by SPRERI consists of the following five subsystems:

� Solar thermal collector: Forty-five Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) with heat pipe modules each of 3.27 m2 area (Picture 1) have been installed to supply hot water to the Vapour Absorption Machine (VAM). The ETC with heat pipe offers a unique advantage of attaining higher temperature of up to 90°C in a very short period as compared to the ETC water heater.

� Biogas plant: Biogas-based backup heating system has been set up to meet the thermal energy and power requirement during non-sun hours. Fifty m3/day capacities (Picture 2), low cost and easy to maintain—a fixed dome type biogas plant has been constructed and pipeline work is in progress.

� Vapour Absorption Machine (VAM): A lithium bromide-water based VAM of the capacity of 5 TR has been installed (Picture 3). It uses hot water (80–90°C), and produces chilled water (6–9°C). The prototype of low capacity VAM was developed by M/s Voltas Ltd for the first time in India exclusively for this project.

� Solar PV power plant: A 10 kW power plant (Picture 4) has been commissioned for meeting auxiliary power requirements (pumps and fan coil unit) of the system.

� Cold chambers: Three prefabricated cold rooms each of 3 tonnes (Picture 5) of loading capacity (size: 3 m x 3 m x 2.5 m height) have been installed.

The control panel was successfully programmed and installed for controlling the operation of the pumps, recording the temperatures and energy consumption data. Water is pumped from the hot storage tank through the pipes to collector header, where it is heated to 90oC and the returned hot water is collected in the same tank. Hot water is pumped from the storage tank to VAM generator at a temperature of 85–90oC and 80–85oC and the returned water is collected in the same tank. Between the hot water and VAM, a biogas-based backup burner has been installed as a backup source for heating of the water during those days that are not very sunny. For substituting sudden loads in cold rooms and effective use of solar energy, two chilled water

Picture 4: Solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant Picture 5: Cold chambers Picture 3: Vapour absorption machine


storage tanks have been installed (Picture 6). In the first chilled water storage tank (9–12oC) water pumps to VAM evaporator where it is cooled to 6–9oC and then pumped onto a second chilled water storage tank. For creating cooling effect in cold chambers, the chilled water at 6oC from second chilled water storage tank goes to air handling unit of the cold chambers (Picture 7). The heat gained by the returned water collects in the first chilled water storage tank. The total power supply to the pump motors with the control board maintains the design temperatures of system by controlling the flow.

Performance Evaluation of the Transient Storage Facility

Solar thermal fieldPerformance of the solar thermal field was evaluated for different average solar radiation. Monthly average solar radiation from January–April, 2015 is shown in Figure 1. The efficiency of the system was increased with solar radiation and the outlet temperature achieved 95oC at 5 m3/h flow rate of water (Table 1).

The time required to raise temperature of water in hot water tank was observed for full flow rate of pump for five rows and four rows of solar collector working condition. In five rows working condition at average 550 W/m2 solar radiation, it took

Table 1: Performance results of solar thermal collector (area: 147 m2)

In Temp. (oC)

Out Temp. (oC)

Flow Rate (m3/h)

Solar Radiation(W/m2)

Thermal Efficiency (η)

83.53 88.05 4.5 435.53 0.36

75.23 81.31 4.6 571.59 0.39

85.92 92.53 5.2 658.31 0.41

86.56 95.23 5.0 774.05 0.44

84.62 93.95 5.3 857.71 0.46

Table 2: Time taken for heating 1,500 L water stored in hot water tank

Solar Collector Area (m2)

Temperature (oC) Solar Radiation (W/m2)

Time Taken (min)Initial Final

117.6 35

75 784 68

80 794 80

85 801 92

90 810 103

147.0 55

75 502 44

80 552 59

85 589 73

90 582 88

Picture 6: Cooling tower, hot and chilled water storage tank integrated with VAM

Picture 7: Air handling unit

88 minutes and four rows working condition at average 800 W/m2 solar radiation, it took 103 minutes (Table 2).

Vapour absorption machine

During February–March, 2015 the VAM machine was tested for its performance at hot water inlet temperatures ranging in between 75–90oC giving Coefficient of

Performance (COP) in the range 0.58–0.71 (Table 3). It took around 4–2.5 hours to cool 3,000 L water from 17 to 8°C at different hot water inlet temperatures. During testing in winter it was observed that the VAM can be operated from 10:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., i.e., 7 hours, while in summer from 9:30 a.m. to 6:15 p.m., i.e., 8 hours 45 minutes with solar energy alone. Due to low radiation levels in the evening time the VAM utilizes the backup water inside the tank.

Special Feature


Solar PV power plantEnergy generation from solar PV power plant to inverter was observed for low- and high-load operation for a whole day (Figure 2). In case of low load, the total energy generated at the end of day was found to be 20.14 and 45.89 kWh, respectively, at average solar radiation of 660–670 W/m2.

Cold chambersThe temperature of the cold chambers dropped from 27°C to 12°C in 40 minutes without VAM support. During the process the temperature of the chilled water was found to increase from 8oC to 11°C. Temperature gradient was observed by installing sensors at four corners inside the cold room and found differing by 1oC as shown in Table 4.

Conclusion

� It was found that VAM gives higher COP at higher hot water inlet temperature. The recommended range for hot water inlet temperature and its efficient operation is concluded to be 85–90oC.

� Solar thermal field should be operated to give outlet temperature as 95oC to avoid the steam formation inside the collectors.

� Minimum radiation of 500 W/m2 is required to get the desired hot water temperature for VAM.

Solar–Biogas Hybrid Refrigeration Technology

Figure 1: Average global solar intensity (W/m2) for January–April 2015

Figure 2: Energy generated from solar PV for minimum and maximum load

Table 3: Performance results of VAM at different hot water inlet temperatures

Hot water Chilled water Cooling water COP

In Temp.(oC)

Out Temp.(oC)

Flow rate(m3/h)

In Temp.(oC)

Out Temp.(oC)

Flow rate(m3/h)

In Temp.(oC)

Out Temp.(oC)

Flow Rate(m3/h)

75.32 67.61 6.20 13.01 8.15 5.67 25.83 29.16 8.58 0.58

81.01 73.08 5.90 14.03 8.84 5.68 27.73 30.99 8.58 0.63

85.36 77.13 5.55 14.98 9.56 5.68 28.75 32.17 8.57 0.67

87.75 78.91 5.23 12.50 6.99 5.68 27.03 30.43 7.95 0.68

89.37 81.09 5.15 14.67 9.31 5.66 29.55 33.61 8.73 0.71

Table 4: Temperature gradient in cold room

Time (min)

Fan Coil Unit Main Sensor (oC)

Temperature at Different Cold Room Corners

1 2 3 4

0 24 25 26 26 25

5 20 20 22 21 20

10 17 18 18 18 17

15 16 17 18 17 16

20 15 16 17 16 15

25 14 15 16 16 14

45 14 14 16 15 14

55 13 14 15 14 13

65 13 14 15 14 13

75 13 14 15 14 13

� Inside the cold rooms, the temperature varied by ±1oC.

Future Plans for Solar–Biogas Hybrid Cold Storage System

The following is the future course of action and the future plans of work for solar–biogas hybrid cold storage system:

� Integration of biogas line to existing gas burner.

� Performance evaluation of system

at full load condition for different horticultural produce.

� Measuring quality of stored product for cold storage temperature of 12–16°C and maximum varying durations of storage for selected horticultural produce.

Dr V Siva Reddy, Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous), Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]; Er Sampath Kumar, Associate Scientist, Solar Energy Division, SPRERI; Er A K Joshi, Senior Scientist, Solar Energy Division, SPRERI; Er A Gokul Raj, Associate Scientist, Solar Energy Division, SPRERI.

RE Feature

Availability of sufficient energy, food, and waste disposal facilities are highly essential for the development of the community. In addition to these, sanitation is also one of the most important factors for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Most of the people living in the villages, coastal areas, and slum areas have no sufficient sanitation facilities. Unscientific sanitation leads to spread of epidemics and water pollution. Dr A Sajidas says that it is high time we undertake corrective measures to overcome this situation.

Anaerobic Septic Tanks For Hygienic Sanitation and Generation of Green Energy

Whenever slums are formed on the banks of water bodies, as a usual practice the discharges from the toilets are directly connected to the water bodies. This leads to severe water pollution including the spread of water-borne diseases. It is high time to undertake corrective measures

to overcome this situation. Otherwise, the precious drinking water sources including groundwater will be contaminated and the availability of drinking water will become a big problem.

Due to thick population in urban areas, the drainage lines are overloaded and the related issues are frequent and common. The existing drainage facilities are not quite


Anaerobic Septic Tanks : For Hygienic Sanitation and Generation of Green Energy

sufficient to meet the requirement compared to the growth in the population. Pretreatment of excreta before passing to the public sewage system is also one of the best options to mitigate this issue to a considerable extent. The scientific disposal of human excreta is a major problem. Many remarkable achievements to improve the sanitation have already been taken by government bodies as well as by many national and international organizations. A good number of public toilet complexes and individual toilets have been constructed with automatic/electronic system. But almost all the toilet complexes usually have traditional septic tanks only. Such septic tanks may be those constructed at the site or prefabricated ones. An exhaust pipe is seen connected with all septic tanks to release the gas generated inside the tanks. The gas generated from the septic tanks generally mixes with the atmosphere due to this arrangement.

As per scientific studies, it is understood that human excreta discharged by an adult person is capable of producing 29–30 litres of biogas every day. It is estimated that the excreta of an average family having five members will produce about 54 m3 of biogas per year. This is equivalent approximately to 27 kg of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). In other words, if we can capture this

biogas with the help of a biogas digester, it will be helpful for the conservation of LPG in urban areas and firewood in rural areas (Table 1).

Table 1: Conservation of LPG through the capturing of biogas from human excreta

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity

1. Biogas output from one person per day 30 L

2. Biogas output from a five-member family per day 150 L

3. Annual biogas output from a five-member family 54 m3

4. 54 m3 biogas is equivalent to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 24 kg

5. Annual savings of LPG for a five-member family 24 kg

Note: One m3 biogas is equivalent to 0.45 kg of LPG

Biogas is a good source of ‘green energy’, which can be used to meet all the energy requirements and needs. Due to unscientific design and construction of septic tanks, facilities are not sufficient enough for capturing the biogas from the septic tanks.If we allow releasing the biogas from septic tanks to the atmosphere, it will cause severe environmental pollution problems because of the presence of methane, which is the major content in the biogas.

The excreta of 35 people produces about 1,000 litres of biogas (1 m3) every day. The main content in the biogas is methane, which is 22 times more dangerous than CO

2 (Table 2). The biogas produced in one year from the excreta of 35 people will

be equivalent to the pollution caused by 3.5 metric tonnes of CO2. From this we

can imagine the quantity of methane being emitted in a country like India, with a total population of around 1.2 billion people. Considering the potential of capturing

Anaerobic septic tank ready for delivery

THIS ANAEROBIC SEPTIC

TANK WORKS UNDER

BIOMETHANATION

PROCESS. THROUGH

THE MICROBIAL ACTION

INSIDE THE ANAEROBIC

DIGESTER, THE SOLID

CONTENT IN THE

EXCRETA IS CONVERTED

INTO BIOGAS. IT IS

A COMPACT DEVICE

MADE OF FIBRE GLASS

REINFORCED PLASTIC

(FRP). INSTALLATION

TIME IS ALSO VERY

LESS AS COMPARED TO

OTHER SYSTEMS.


RE Feature

of methane in the form of biogas, it is high time for developing a compact device to capture methane from human excreta. Many schemes are available in the form of toilet linked biogas projects, to capture the biogas from human excreta. Due to various reasons, all these schemes are not picking up in accordance with the potential available. One of the main reasons attributable for this is that the level of the outlet pipeline from the toilets to the existing septic tank is very deep in the ground. So, the procedure of connecting the existing toilet to the biogas plants is not quite easy and practical. Therefore, many people are not willing to construct toilet-linked biogas plants. Lack of awareness of the people is also one of the factors for the non-cooperation of the people in this regard.

Table 2: Reduction of methane emission through the capturing of biogas from human excreta

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity

1. Biogas output from one person per day 30 L

2. Biogas output from a five-member family per day 150 L

3. Annual biogas output from a five-member family 54 m3

4. Biogas output from seven families per day (35 persons) 1,000 L

5. Annual biogas output from seven families 365 m3

6. 365 m3 biogas is equivalent to 3.5 tonnes CO2

Note: Methane is 22 times more dangerous than carbon dioxide (CO2)

Based on incessant and continuous research for years under the guidance of Dr A Sajidas, BIOTECH Renewable Energy has developed a new generation of anaerobic septic tank, which is suitable to link existing toilets and the newly constructed ones. BIOTECH Renewable Energy provides all technical support and guidance to those who are interested in undertaking commercial production of this anaerobic septic tank. This anaerobic septic tank works under biomethanation process. Through the microbial action inside the anaerobic digester, the solid content in the excreta is converted into biogas. It is a compact device made of Fibre glass Reinforced Plastic (FRP). Installation time is also very less as compared to other systems. The biogas produced from the anaerobic septic tank can be collected in an external balloon, or the gas collector of a floating dome gas model biogas plant.

For a family with five members, a 1,000 litre anaerobic septic tank will be sufficient. This volume takes into consideration the water discharged from the toilet. Table 3 presents the size of anaerobic septic tanks suitable for families. The strength of the body of the anaerobic septic tank is designed to withstand the ground pressure. To create anaerobic conditions, a water seal is provided in the top cover of the digester. This cover is designed with a special lock system to simplify the installation, activation, operation, and maintenance of the device. During the operation of anaerobic septic tank, it is advisable to use mild toilet cleaners instead of strong chemicals and acids to clean the toilets. The continuous use of strong chemicals to clean the toilets will destroy the presence of microbes in the septic tank. This will reduce the efficiency of the system. The expected lifespan of an anaerobic septic tank is more than 15 years.

Table 3: Size of Anaerobic Septic Tanks (AST) suitable for families

Sl. No. No. of persons Size in Cubic Metres

1. 1–5 1

2. 6–10 2

3. 10–15 3 Note: Size of digester is fixed considering the quantity of water discharged along with the excreta

DIFFERENT CAPACITIES

OF PREFABRICATED

ANAEROBIC SEPTIC

TANKS ARE AVAILABLE

TO MEET THE

REQUIREMENTS OF

ALL CATEGORIES

OF INDIVIDUALS,

FAMILIES, AND HOUSING

COMMUNITIES, ETC. THE

BIOGAS GENERATED CAN

BE USED FOR COOKING,

LIGHTING, AND FOR

THE GENERATION

OF ELECTRICITY

FOR INSTITUTIONAL

AND COMMUNITY

APPLICATIONS.

Toilet-linked biogas plant


Anaerobic Septic Tanks : For Hygienic Sanitation and Generation of Green Energy

Different capacities of prefabricated anaerobic septic tanks are available to meet the requirements of all categories of individuals, families, housing communities, etc. The biogas generated can be used for cooking, lighting, and for the generation of electricity for institutional and community applications. This anaerobic septic tank is one of the best options to mitigate river pollution. Through the use of anaerobic septic tanks in the houses and other buildings on the banks of the rivers, the discharge of human excreta directly to the rivers can be prevented.

The introduction of such a novel technology will definitely help to improve the living conditions of human beings. Toilets without proper septic tank or sewage system do not provide hygienic and environment-friendly performance. The introduction of anaerobic septic tanks is completely based on environment-friendly system. It will also help to generate green energy without any recurring expenses. With the introduction of anaerobic septic tanks, the surroundings of toilets can be kept clean and free of odour, compared with the surroundings of toilets with or without traditional septic tanks. The atmospheric pollution by the traditional septic tank can be controlled completely. It will also help to improve the health conditions of the common man.

If anaerobic septic tanks are made mandatory for all the houses, and public and private institutions, the entire solids in the human excreta will be treated aerobically and converted into fuel gas. By this process the treated liquid alone will be discharged from the digester to the public drainage system or to the sock pit. It will improve the smooth functioning of the public drainage system also. In the case of urban areas the treated liquid discharged from anaerobic septic tank will reach the centralized sewage treatment plant with less solid content. It will help to improve the efficiency of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) and the recurring expenses to maintain the STP can be reduced considerably. The quantity of treated sludge discharged from the STP will also be very less compared with traditional STP. This will help the local body institutions to reduce their recurring expenses to maintain the STP.

The Swachh Bharat Campaign of the Government of India envisages better sanitation for all the people in the country within a few years. Under this programme, the construction of toilets is one of the important aspects. Along with the toilets, septic tanks or drainage system are the necessary components. If anaerobic septic tanks can be included along with the toilet construction it will help to improve the sanitation and also help to produce biogas at the same time.

In consideration of the atmospheric pollution, and the increase in demand for green fuel, an initiative has to be taken on the part of Government to provide necessary support to the public, to construct anaerobic septic tanks, along with all existing and new toilets. BIOTECH Renewable Energy is providing every technical support possible to introduce anaerobic septic tanks to all the members of the public community.

Dr A Sajidas, Managing Director, BIOTECH Renewable Energy, Biotech Towers, PB No. 520, M P Appan Road, Vazhuthacadu, Thiruvananthapuram-695 014, Kerala, India. E mail: [email protected]

DIFFERENT CAPACITIES

OF PREFABRICATED

SEPTIC TANKS ARE

AVAILABLE TO MEET

THE REQUIREMENTS

OF ALL CATEGORIES

OF INDIVIDUALS,

FAMILIES, AND HOUSING

COMMUNITIES.

Installation of an anaerobic septic tank and biogas plant

Toilets directly connected to water bodies



RE Feature

Solar RefrigerationA Success ModelA large number of people in developing countries, such as India, still live in rural and remote areas where grid electricity is yet unavailable or not envisaged by the people. Due to shortage of electricity, vaccine preservation has become an important issue and one of the most important basic needs in rural areas. Solar power refrigeration is a promising option to resolve such a burning problem. Er Kapil Kumar Samar, Dr Surendra Kothari, and S Jindal describe the thermodynamic and economic results of developed solar photovoltaic panels operated 20-litre refrigerator system.

In the current situation, the energy demand is increasing with increase in the population and improvement in the living standards. Energy is a crucial input for the social, economic, industrial, and technological development of any country. A rational use of energy brings both economic and environmental benefits,

by reducing consumption of fossil fuels, electricity, and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The International Institute of Refrigeration in Paris (IIF/IIR) has estimated that approximately 15 per cent of all the electricity produced in the whole world is employed for refrigeration and air-conditioning processes. In a tropical country, such as India, refrigeration is most widely used and generally the most energy consuming process. In general, refrigeration is defined as any process of heat removal from a place for preserving foods and medicines by enhancing their shelf life. Immunization prevents illness, disability, and death from vaccine preventable diseases including diphtheria, measles, pertussis, pneumonia, polio, rotavirus diarrhoea, rubella, and tetanus. Immunization currently averts an estimated 2–3 million deaths every year but an estimated 22 million people from remote areas of developing countries worldwide are still missing out their routine vaccination programmes due to the lack in availability of the safe vaccines. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, vaccines should be stored in the temperature range of 0–8oC (Picture 1).

For the storage of life saving drugs or vaccines in the innumerable areas of the developing countries where power supply is still irregular, renewable energy has to be

Picture 1: Safe storage of vaccines


Solar Refrigeration: A Success Model

a central part of energy solution. Out of the various renewable sources of energy, solar energy proves to be the best candidate for cooling because of the coincidence of the maximum cooling load with the period of greatest solar radiation input. Cooling from solar energy has great potential for lower running costs, greater reliability, and a longer working life than other conventional cooling systems, whereas it may also contribute in the reduction of global warming (Picture 2).

Various researchers have broadly classified different technologies that are available to use solar energy for refrigeration. The article covers solar electric cooling, solar thermal cooling, and solar combined power cooling. A comparison between these different technologies is also described with the individual Coefficient of Performance (COP) value. Cooling system based on solar thermal technologies have less thermodynamic efficiency as compared to vapour compression refrigeration system because it is very difficult to keep the solar thermal system operating at steady condition throughout the day. Solar thermal based cooling systems are commercially available but mostly have a capacity of more than 20 TR because solar collector cannot scale down in size. Further, the small capacity of cooling system, solar photovoltaic vapour compression refrigeration system is deemed to be the most viable route.

Therefore, an attempt has been made to design and develop solar vapour compression refrigeration system at the Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The principle objective of this article is to

FOR THE STORAGE OF

LIFE SAVING DRUGS

OR VACCINES IN THE

INNUMERABLE AREAS

OF THE DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES WHERE

POWER SUPPLY IS STILL

IRREGULAR, RENEWABLE

ENERGY HAS TO BE

A CENTRAL PART OF

ENERGY SOLUTION.

OUT OF THE VARIOUS

RENEWABLE SOURCES

OF ENERGY, SOLAR

ENERGY PROVES TO BE

THE BEST CANDIDATE

FOR COOLING BECAUSE

OF THE COINCIDENCE OF

THE MAXIMUM COOLING

LOAD WITH THE PERIOD

OF GREATEST SOLAR

RADIATION INPUT.

Picture 2: Cooling from solar energy


RE Feature

describe the result of thermodynamic test conducted on the developed solar vapour compression refrigeration system.

System DescriptionThe solar photovoltaic based refrigeration system was designed, developed, and evaluated by the Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Udaipur, under no load and full load conditions (Pictures 3 to 5). A photovoltaic (PV) panel consisting of three modules (125 Watt peak each) connected in series was used to obtain the desired voltage and current, respectively. Three 12 V, 7 Ah sealed lead acid batteries were used to supply the power at starting time and ensure the smooth operation. The refrigerator operates on an alternative current based compressor, a compressor used in the common domestic refrigerators. Technical specifications of the solar refrigerator and Balance of System (BOS) for the power supply are given in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1: Technical specifications of solar refrigerator

Sl. No. Parameters Specifications

1. Storage capacity 20 litre

2. Door Front opening

3. Type of refrigeration Vapour compression refrigeration system

4. Compressor

Make Godrej 90

Power consumption 90 W

Refrigerant R134a

Operating voltage 230 V AC

5.Maximum and minimum internal temperature

-4oC to 4oC

6. Thermostat 3 setting

7. Cut in temperature 9oC

8. Cut out temperature 2oC

9. Insulation PUF, 2.5 cm thick

10. Dimension 37 cm × 19 cm × 20 cm

11. Weight 21.2 kg

Table 2: Technical specifications of the components for the power supply

Sl. No. Parameters Specifications

1. Number of panels 3

2. Make REIL, Jaipur

3. Max. power output 125 Wp

4. Size of the array (L×B) 1.67 × 3 m

5. Battery bank

Make Rocket ES7-12

No. of battery 3

Rated voltage 12 V DC

Rating 7 Ah

Type of the battery Sealed lead acid

6. Inverter cum charge controller

Make Radetron UPS

Rated capacity 1 KVA

Input voltage 36 V

(a) Scrap water dispenser

(b) Front view of the refrigerator

(c) Back view of the refrigerator

(d) 3D view of the proposed refrigerator

Picture 3: Pictures of the designed solar refrigerator



System PerformanceCoefficient of performance: The Coefficient of Performance (COP) is an index of performance of a thermodynamic cycle or a refrigeration system. COP is used instead of thermal efficiency. For the vapour compression refrigeration cycle, COP is defined as the amount of cooling produced per unit work supplied on the refrigerant. For a reversible or Carnot refrigeration cycle, it is expressed as:

=

Where,T

e = Evaporator temperature (oC)

To = Ambient/room temperature (oC)

But, all the real processes are irreversible processes. The actual COP of the refrigeration system was calculated with the help of pressure enthalpy curve produced by Hansen and Artu (Figure 1). The COP can be evaluated by using the formula:

Photovoltaic efficiency: The efficiency of the solar panels, is defined as the ratio of the electrical power produced to the incident radiation. It is expressed as:

�� = ��

Where, �� =

��

= Efficiency of photovoltaic system P

max = Maximum power from photovoltaic system (W)

S = Solar irradiance (W/m2) A

pv = Area of the photovoltaic system (m2)

Exergy Analysis Exergy is defined as the maximum amount of work that can be done by a system. Unlike energy, exergy is not subject to a conservation law; exergy is consumed or destroyed, due to the irreversibility’s presence in every real process.

(b) Battery bank and UPS system

(a) No load test picture

(b) Full load test picture

(a) Installed photovoltaic system used for the experiment

Picture 5: Photovoltaic system with battery bank

Picture 4: No load and full load test pictures

Figure 1: Pressure enthalpy diagram of operating system


Photovoltaic Exergy The energy of a PV module depends on two major components—electrical and thermal. While electricity is generated by the PV effect, the PV cells are also heated due to the thermal energy present in the solar radiation. The electricity (electrical energy), generated by a photovoltaic system, is also termed ‘electrical exergy’ as it is the available energy that can be completely utilized for useful purpose. Since the thermal energy available on the photovoltaic surface was not utilized for a useful purpose it is considered to be a heat loss to the ambient. Therefore, due to heat loss, it becomes exergy destruction. The exergy output of the photovoltaic system can be calculated as:

�� − �1 − �� − ��

where Vm, I

m h

c, A ,T

cell, and T

o are the maximum voltage and current of the photovoltaic

system, convective heat transfer coefficient from the photovoltaic cell to ambient, area of the photovoltaic surface, cell temperature, and ambient temperature (dead state temperature), respectively.

Exergy input of the photovoltaic system, which is the exergy of solar energy, can be calculated approximately as below:

�� 1 − 43 �

�� +

13 �

��

��

Where, TSUN

= temperature of the sun taken as 5,760 K Exergy efficiency of the PV system is defined as the ratio of total output exergy

(recovered) to total input exergy (supplied). It can be expressed as:

in

out

ExEx

PV=ψ

ConclusionEnergetic and Exergetic techniques help to evaluate the performance of the solar photovoltaic (SPV) refrigerator with a view to get better information about useful and lost work and design some remedial techniques in future to overcome these losses. The installed system of SPV refrigerator system is capable of cooling the vaccine for seven hours in a day. The pull down test indicates that 375 Wp photovoltaic capacity and 21 Ah battery bank is the least possible configuration required for this converted system. The average COP during no load and full load tests were found high as 3.37. Second law efficiency of the refrigerator system remains close to 55 per cent at no load and full load conditions. The photovoltaic conversion efficiency and exergy efficiency found nearer to 10 per cent and 8.5 per cent, respectively, in both no load and full load conditions. This indicates that the product load condition does not affect

RE Feature

THE SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC BASED

REFRIGERATION

SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED,

DEVELOPED, AND

EVALUATED BY THE

DEPARTMENT OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY

ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR

UNDER NO LOAD AND

FULL LOAD CONDITIONS.

A PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)

PANEL CONSISTING

OF THREE MODULES

(125 WATT PEAK

EACH) CONNECTED IN

SERIES WAS USED TO

OBTAIN THE DESIRED

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT,

RESPECTIVELY.


the PV system. The reason for lower overall efficiency is due to both the energy conversion efficiency and exergy efficiency of the PV system being low so that it can be said that exergy is destroyed highly in PV. The payback period of the proposed system was found to be six months. It is suggested that the design procedure may be improved by a variable speed compressor to cope with the variation of the refrigeration load due to different modes of operation. The performance curves are shown in Figures 2 to 6. Thus, we can conclude that cooling from solar energy has great potential for lower running costs, greater reliability and a longer working life than other conventional cooling systems.

Er Kapil K Samar, Research Engineer cum Programme Manager, Biogas Development and Training Centre (BDTC), CTAE, Udaipur, Rajasthan; Dr Surendra Kothari, Professor at Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan; and Mr S Jindal, Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.


Figure 3: Variation of solar photovoltaic exergy efficiency with time and solar intensity during no load condition

Figure 5: Cool down and warm characteristics of the refrigerator at full load condition

Figure 2: Cool down and warm characteristics of the refrigerator at no load condition

Figure 4: Variation of energy consumption and COP with time during no load condition

Figure 6: Energy and exergy efficiency with time and cell temperature during full load condition


RE Feature

Role of

BAGASSE DRYING in Controlling Uttar Pradesh Power Crisis

Uttar Pradesh is one of the states where acute deficit of power exists throughout the year. Even urban areas face power shedding for 4–5 hours daily. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh produces maximum sugarcane in India. After extraction of juice from sugarcane for producing sugar, the residue left over is known as bagasse, which is used as fuel for producing co-generation of power. In this article, Anoop Kr Kanaujia and D Swain review how power crisis in Uttar Pradesh can be resolved by improving efficiency of steam generators by way of bagasse drying in sugar plants.


Role of Bagasse Drying in Controlling Uttar Pradesh Power Crisis

Uttar Pradesh is one of the states where acute deficit of power exists throughout the year. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh produces maximum

sugarcane in India. After extraction of juice from sugarcane for producing

sugar, the residue left over is known as bagasse, which is used as fuel for

producing co-generation of power. This co-generated excess power after meeting

out the captive demand of sugar plant and its ancillary units is exported to national

grid. This exported power is not only accepted as clean and green form of renewable

power worldwide, but is also helpful for power starving Indian grid in improving its

load conditions to a great extent. This article reviews how power crisis in Uttar Pradesh

can be resolved by improving efficiency of steam generators by way of bagasse drying

in sugar plants.

Power demand and supply situation in the state of Uttar Pradesh is as follows:

Average peak demand — 13,089 MW; Average peak met — 12,327 MW; Average peak

deficit — 762 MW.

In the above, average peak met power of 12,327 MW contribution from bagasse

based co-generation power is 960 MW, i.e., 7.8 per cent on 160 days basis during

crushing season of the sugar factories.

Sugarcane crushed, bagasse produced, and exportable co-generation power in Uttar

Pradesh is as follows:

� Sugarcane crushed — 697.82 Lakh MT

� Bagasse produced @30 per cent on cane — 209.35 Lakh MT

� Grid connected interactive power — 960 MW

The objective of this article is dissemination of information

related to utilization of the available bagasse, which is one

of the major sources of renewable energy as fuel in an

efficient way and increase the exportable power. This can

be achieved in the way of drying of bagasse which increases

its calorific value, reduces losses occurred in the steam

generator, and increases its efficiency. Increased efficiency

leads to generation of more power per unit mass of fuel.

Losses in a Steam GeneratorThe different losses that occur in a steam generator range

from 35 per cent in low pressure/low temperature to

28 per cent in high pressure/high temperature conditions

taking in bagasse moisture content as 50 per cent.

Distribution of these losses is given in Figure 1 for a

moderate pressure/temperature boiler. In Figure 1 losses

indicate that more than 90 per cent of the losses are stack

losses and out of these stack losses, moisture loss is the

most significant one. Therefore, by reducing the moisture

content in the bagasse, losses can be reduced or efficiency

of the steam generator can be improved, thereby, getting more power per unit mass of bagasse.

Energy Recovery Configuration of Steam Generator

The energy recovery configuration of a steam generator is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1: Typical losses for bagasse-fired boiler

Figure 2: Energy recovery configuration

THE OBJECTIVE OF

THIS ARTICLE IS

DISSEMINATION OF

INFORMATION RELATED

TO UTILIZATION OF THE

AVAILABLE BAGASSE,

WHICH IS ONE OF THE

MAJOR SOURCES OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY AS

FUEL IN AN EFFICIENT

WAY AND INCREASE THE

EXPORTABLE POWER.


Bagasse Dryer OperationSchematic flow diagram of a bagasse dryer is presented in Figure 3.

A booster fan is installed to carry flue gases from existing flue gas duct to chimney through bagasse dryer tube. This bagasse from mill is fed into the bagasse dryer tube through rotary air lock valve. The flue gas and bagasse are mixed up in the dryer tube where both the temperature of flue gas and moisture content in bagasse is reduced. The dry bagasse and flue gas are then separated in the cyclone. The dry bagasse is discharged from the bottom of cyclone separator to the boiler through the belt conveyor. The flue gas is discharged to the atmosphere through chimney.

Bagasse dryer operation is controlled through control loop which regulates the quantity of bagasse fed to the dryer through Rotary Air Valve (RAV) and gate of bagasse elevator. The quantity of flue gas is controlled by regulating revolutions per minute (rpm) of dryer fan by using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) in order to keep the flue gas temperature close to 70°C. The bagasse dryer can be put in and out of operation without disturbing the boiler and does not require any extra manpower for operation.

Case Studies Dhampur Sugar Mills (Unit: Asmoli) (Table 1)

Table 1: Boiler pressure and temperature: 105 ata and 540°C

Particulars Unit Quantity

Capacity of bagasse dryer TPH 60

Flue gas temperature inlet °C 151

Bagasse moisture before installation of dryer (a) % Bagasse 49

Bagasse moisture after installation of dryer (b) % Bagasse 37

Reduction in moisture contents c=(a-b) % Bagasse 12

Flue gas temperature outlet °C 71.4

Power used at dryer ID fan (d ) kW 150

Power used at bagasse dryer conveying system (e) kW 44.4

Total power used at bagasse dryer f=(d+e) kW 194.4

Extra bagasse saved (g) TPH 4.11

Bagasse required to generate power for dryer (h) TPH 0.35

Net extra bagasse saved i=(g-h) TPH 3.76

Surplus power available for grid with bagasse saved (i) MW 2.13

Dhampur Sugar Mills (Unit: Rajpura) (Table 2)






Bagasse moisture after installation of dryer (b) % Bagasse 38.5

Reduction in moisture contents c=(a-b) % Bagasse 11.5

Flue gas temperature outlet °C 72

Power used at dryer ID fan (d) kW 150

BAGASSE DRYER

OPERATION IS

CONTROLLED THROUGH

CONTROL LOOP

WHICH REGULATES THE

QUANTITY OF BAGASSE

FED TO THE DRYER

THROUGH ROTARY AIR

VALVE (RAV) AND GATE

OF BAGASSE ELEVATOR.

THE QUANTITY OF FLUE

GAS IS CONTROLLED

BY REGULATING

REVOLUTIONS PER

MINUTE (RPM) OF DRYER

FAN BY USING VARIABLE

FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD)

IN ORDER TO KEEP THE

FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE

CLOSE TO 70°C.

Figure 3:General view of bagasse dryer

RE Feature










Mawana Sugars Limited (Unit: Titawi) (Table 3)



Capacity of bagasse dryer TPH 37.5


Bagasse moisture before installation of dryer (a) % Bagasse 50.5


Reduction in moisture contents c=(a-b) % Bagasse 8.5









DCM Sriram Industries Ltd (Unit: Daurala) (Table 4)







Reduction in moisture contents c=(a-b) % Bagasse 10



Power used at bagasse dryer conveying system (e) kW 0

Total power used at bagasse dryer f=(d+e)* kW 0*





*Same ID motor is being used, wet scrubber has been by-passed

UTTAR PRADESH

REGULARLY

EXPERIENCES

POWER CRISIS

BECAUSE DEMAND

FOR ELECTRICITY

FREQUENTLY EXCEEDS

SUPPLY SIGNIFICANTLY.

OVER THE LAST

20 YEARS, POWER

SHORTAGE HAS

REMAINED WITHIN THE

RANGE OF 10–15 PER

CENT, WHILE SHORTAGE

IN PERIODS OF PEAK

DEMAND REACHES AT

EVEN HIGHER LEVEL.


The expected improvements in exportable power after installation of bagasse dryer in Uttar Pradesh is given in Table 5 below.

Table 5: Expected improvements in exportable power after installation of bagasse dryer in Uttar Pradesh

Crushing Season

Sugarcane Crushed

Bagasse % Cane

Bagasse Produced

Surplus Power Available for Grid before Bagasse Dryer Installation

Surplus Power Available for Grid after Bagasse Dryer Installation

Improvements in Average Power Demand after Bagasse Dryer Installation

Unit Lakh MT % Lakh MT MW MW MW

2013–14 697.82 30 209.35 960 1,160 200

Averaging the figures from case studies, additional exportable power available for national grid may be calculated as under Table 6 below.

Table 6: Calculation of additional exportable power available for national grid


Average installed bagasse dryer capacity (a) TPH 47

Average extra bagasse saved after installation of bagasse dryer (b) TPH 3.36

Total bagasse available for bagasse dryer in Uttar Pradesh (c) TPH 5,452

Average surplus power available for national grid with bagasse saved, b MW 1.72

Total surplus power available for national grid with bagasse, c MW 200

Uttar Pradesh Power Scenario after Installation of Bagasse Dryers

Uttar Pradesh regularly experiences power crisis because demand for electricity frequently exceeds supply significantly. Over the last 20 years, power shortage has remained within the range of 10–15 per cent, while shortage in periods of peak demand reaches at even higher level.

The data in Table 7 indicates that during 2013–14, the average deficit in peak demand was 762 MW with maximum in the month of January in 2014, i.e., 1,935 MW and total deficit in power requirement is 13,277 MU with maximum of 1,508 MU in the month of September in 2013. This results in poor and unreliable power supply with ramp out power cuts and prolonged periods of low voltage. This situation also repeatedly forces Uttar Pradesh Government to purchase power at high prices from other states in India. This practice regularly incurs significant power losses to the State Electricity Board, which (in part) have to be borne by the Uttar Pradesh State government, constraining the state’s expenditures in areas of socials development such as education and public health.

Conclusions

� From the above analysis of data, it may be inferred that in Uttar Pradesh almost 3,600 MU of the power which is approximately 27 per cent of the total deficit of power (13,277 MU) as per Generation Balance Report 2014–15 of Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, can be met out by bagasse drying in sugar units.

� Owing to the budgetary constraints due to very low price of sugar, it is difficult for the sugar industries now to go for such equipments investing in high amounts.

RE Feature

OWING TO THE

BUDGETARY

CONSTRAINTS DUE

TO VERY LOW PRICE

OF SUGAR, IT IS

DIFFICULT FOR THE

SUGAR INDUSTRIES

NOW TO GO FOR SUCH

EQUIPMENTS INVESTING

IN HIGH AMOUNTS. IT

IS, THEREFORE, NEEDED

TO SUBSIDIZE THE

UNITS WITH AT LEAST

25 PER CENT OF THE

COST OF EQUIPMENT

BY GOVERNMENT

EXCHEQUER. THIS WILL

BOOST UP BAGASSE

DRYING AND DECREASE

THE POWER DEFICIT

IN UTTAR PRADESH.


It is, therefore, needed to subsidize the units with at least 25 per cent of the cost of equipment by government exchequer. This will boost up bagasse drying and decrease the power deficit in Uttar Pradesh.

� Instead of investing high amounts to the tune of up to N 1,400 crore for generating the same amount of power through fossil fuel based units, a subsidy of 1/10th of the amount will serve the purpose along with the following additional advantages:

» Getting clean and green form of power

» Getting power at the user end reducing losses

» Benefiting growers and sugar units by additional revenue generation

» Wet scrubber/Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) used for arresting suspended particulate matter is not required as the dryer itself contains cyclone separators and limits Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) to below 100 µg/Nm³.

Future ScopeThough bagasse drying is more effective in low pressure co-generation units, it gives better profit margin in high pressure units. In future, conversion of all the low pressure units to high pressure units through a workable funding model may increase the power export to a still higher value.

Mr Anoop Kr Kanaujia, Assistant Professor of Sugar Engineering, National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh; and Mr D Swain, Professor of Sugar Engineering, National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. India. Email: [email protected]


Table 7: Actual power supply position in Uttar Pradesh*

PeriodPeak

DemandPeak

AvailabilityPeak Deficit / Surplus (-/+)

Power Requirement

Power Availability

Power Deficit / Surplus (-/+)

Unit MW MW MW % MU MU MU %

2013–14 13,089 12,327 -762 -5.8 94,890 81,613 -13,277 -14.0

Apr-13 12,083 10,638 -1,445 -12.0 7,789 6,336 -1,453 -18.7

May-13 12,725 12,115 -610 -4.8 8,885 7,647 -1,238 -13.9

Jun-13 12,501 11,711 -790 -6.3 7,616 6,787 -829 -10.9

Jul-13 13,089 11,629 -1,460 -11.2 8,460 7,373 -1,087 -12.8

Aug-13 13,076 11,916 -1,160 -8.9 8,245 7,279 -966 -11.7

Sep-13 12,650 11,520 -1,130 -8.9 8,537 7,029 -1,508 -17.7

Oct-13 12,134 10,984 -1,150 -9.5 7,646 6,480 -1,166 -15.2

Nov-13 12,327 12,327 0 0.0 7,259 6,174 -1,085 -14.9

Dec-13 10,971 10,701 -270 -2.5 7,880 6,565 -1,315 -16.7

Jan-14 12,885 10,950 -1,935 -15.0 7,894 6,872 -1,022 -12.9

Feb-14 12,259 10,534 -1,725 -14.1 7,015 6,145 -870 -12.4

Mar-14 11,436 11,211 -225 -2.0 7,664 6,926 -738 -9.6

*(As per Load Generation Balance Report 2014–15 of Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, Government of India)


Sarita Brara tells us that the Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Park (RGREP) was established in November, 2009 by the Haryana Renewable Energy Development Agency (HAREDA) with the support of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), with the aim of creating awareness among the different sections of society, general public, corporate sector, academicians, students, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations on renewable energy, energy conservation, and energy efficiency.

RE Institution

The Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Park Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Conservation, and Energy Efficiency

It is peak of summer, time when load shedding and power cuts become inevitable with the sharp rise in the demand for electricity to beat the heat. Like most people Pankaj from Gurgaon too wants to buy an

inverter for use during power cuts. He has heard about solar powered inverter but to know more about it he visits the Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Park (RGREP). Tanmaya Dey, the project officer at RGREP while explaining the working of the inverter that is displayed at the energy centre informs him about its usage, the costs involved, the amount of subsidy he can get for the solar panel and how long the battery can run, and how he can reduce the consumption of power by using this inverter.

During winters, the inquiries from the general public are mainly about solar water heaters. Visitors also want to know about the other purposes for which solar energy can be used such as in a solar cooker, etc., and what kind of subsidies they can get and from where can they buy solar-powered devices.

The RGREP was established in November 2009 by the Haryana Renewable Energy Development Agency

(HAREDA) with the support of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), with the aim of creating awareness among the different sections of society, on renewable energy, energy conservation, and energy efficiency.

HAREDA appointed Advit Foundation as the managing partner and Green Stratos as the knowledge partner to run the Energy Centre.

These organizations were entrusted with the tasks to ensure that the objectives for which the centre was set up could be achieved, such as:

� Creating awareness, helping in capacity building, and educating general public and students about energy efficiency, through demonstration of various clean technologies, gadgets, and training.

Picture 1: The Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Park


The Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Park: Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Conservation, and Energy Efficiency

� To work with industry to enable adoption of newer and cleaner technologies, gain energy efficiencies, and in designing and implementing a sustainable development strategy.

� To try and create a market place to bring together Indian industry and international technology and solution providers.

� Provide a platform for clean technology innovators to find market, investors and support from national and international agencies.

� Serve as a capacity building and implementation agency for initiatives of bilateral and multilateral agencies.

� Serve as a lobbying body for the renewable and energy efficiency sector to help communicate with the State and Central governments on the needs

and recommendations. Assistance in implementing, monitoring, and improvising government programmes in the areas of renewable energy, energy conservation, and climate change.

More than 65,000 people have so far visited the RGREP

in Gurgaon since it was opened in November 2009.

On display at the Park are models of almost everything

that can be run on renewable energy whether it is solar

cookers, solar lanterns, solar lighting systems, solar

calculators, mobile chargers, fans, inverters, and

water pumps that run on solar power, biogas plants,

and biodiesel.

There are models at the energy centre that demonstrate

how wind and solar energy is produced, models of turbines

that can be used for tapping energy from running and

stored water. One can see how distilled water is produced through solar power and water pumps used through solar energy. The visitors can also take a ride on cars with solar powered batteries. These cars can run for 50–60 kilometres after these batteries are charged through solar power for about six hours.

While the Renewable Energy (RE) models in the exhibition

hall are only for display purposes, Advit Foundation

which runs and manages the Park provides information

and guidance to the interested parties. Advit Foundation

connects them to RE manufacturers from where they can

buy the products. Some of the smaller products, such as

lanterns, solar calculators, solar education kits, etc., are

available to be bought from the shop at RGREP.

In fact, RGREP serves as a platform to bring together

various manufacturers—domestic and international—from

the RE industry. It acts as a kind of connect between the

industries, community, and the government.

Spread over an area of 1.6 acres of land RGREP itself is

run on solar power. Solar power from a 10 kW capacity

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) plant is used to operate all the

electrical fixtures inside the buildings. In addition to lights

and fans, it is also used to run computers and projector.

The electricity from the grid is used mostly as backup, for

maintenance or failure of solar power plant. Roots Café

which is part of Park is also partly powered by solar energy.

According to Tanmaya Dey, by using solar power they are

saving at least N 10,000 every month that would have gone

for electricity bills. Twenty-five street lights have also been

installed at the park. Water is also pumped through solar

power. Various kinds of activities to create awareness about

renewable energy are organized round the year including

visits by school and college students.

Over the weekends, hands-on workshops for children

are organized. These workshops focus on energy efficiency

and conservation through resource conservation and

waste management. Over 10,000 students from more than

200 schools and colleges have so far visited the Park.

Some workshops that are regularly conducted at

RGREP are—solar cooking, making of solar cooker model,

making rainwater harvesting model, bird house from waste

material, etc. Interactive talk sessions are also organized

with short documentary screening, followed by a tour

of RGREP with explanation of all the RE models and

installations at RGREP.

Apart from the students, workshops, seminars, and

RE exhibitions for communities, corporate as well as

industries are also held. These workshops are either

held at RGREP or at other venues. RGREP also provides

information on the government schemes and subsidies

on RE (e.g., National Solar Mission), to anyone who is

interested in adopting RE technology at individual or

institutional level.

Platforms like the RGREP can help in the endeavour

of creating awareness on the use of renewable energy

and involve the stakeholders and manufacturers for the production of RE products.

Ms Sarita Brara, Senior Freelance Journalist, New Delhi, India. Email: [email protected]

Picture 2: Premises of RGREP


RE Case Study

MNRE GREEN CAM PUS MASTER PLANA Participatory ApproachSameeksha Gulati, Aastha Agarwal, and Gaurav Shorey describe how the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has initiated the ‘green campus’ concept under the programme 'Development of Solar Cities'. ‘The Green Campus Programme’ aims at encouraging existing campuses to conduct energy and other resource audits of their built infrastructure to identify suitable retrofit options for energy equipments as well as renewable energy integration to reduce their environmental footprint over the coming decade.

WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO

MAKE TOWNS AND CITIES

MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY

SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY

EFFICIENT, AND NOW

‘SMART’, THE GOVERNMENT

OF INDIA HAS INTRODUCED

MANY INNOVATIVE SCHEMES

AND POLICIES AT THE STATE

AND LOCAL LEVELS.

Buildings account for the highest consumption of electricity and other resources in the world

today. They use about 40 per cent of global energy, but they also offer the greatest potential to reduce energy consumption. Further, we can lessen the energy consumption in buildings to 30–80 per cent using proven and commercially available technologies.

Government’s Initiatives for Existing Buildings

With the objective to make towns and cities more environmentally sustainable, energy efficient, and now ‘smart’, the Government of India has introduced many innovative schemes and policies at the state and local levels.

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) have launched several programmes and models to promote energy savings in existing buildings.

As a step towards fulfilling the sustainable habitats mission, the MNRE has initiated the ‘green campus’ concept under the programme 'Development of Solar Cities'.

MNRE Green Campus Programme

The idea‘The Green Campus Programme’ aims at encouraging existing campuses to conduct energy and other resource audits (water, waste, carbon emissions, etc.) of their built infrastructure to identify


MNRE Green Campus Master Plan: A Participatory Approach

MNRE GREEN CAM PUS MASTER PLANA Participatory Approach

suitable retrofit options for energy equipments as well as renewable energy integration to reduce their environmental footprint over the coming decade.

The idea is to encourage university campuses to develop a ‘green master plan’ for their entire estates, keeping in view the overall reduction in fossil fuel based energy by 25 per cent within the next five years.

Programme outlineThe MNRE has announced an

incentive of N5 lakh as funds to:

� Conduct detailed energy and water audit on campus,

� Develop a ‘green’, and campus-level master plan to identify areas of potential energy and resource optimization, and

� Develop five Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) with action plans for implementation of energy efficient technologies and systems on campus in the areas identified in master plan.

Energy Audits and Building Retrofits

Retrofitting an existing building for energy efficiency and resource optimization requires measuring (auditing) of the current levels of resource consumption. This creates opportunities for the entire architectural/engineering/construction (A/E/C) team to work closely with one another and influence a significant decrease in energy and water consumption and waste generation.

There are three basic types or levels of energy audits: Level 1 (The Walk-through Audit), Level 2 (Standard Audit), and Level 3 (Simulation- based Audit).

Pre-empting the Green Campus Master Plan Programme

This article brings attention to a possible approach involving students of a university to develop a green master plan. This exercise was attempted in January 2014, as part of the studio curriculum, a few months before MNRE launched its initiative on developing green campuses in India.

The exercise mentioned in this article resulted from the interest of faculty at the School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), New Delhi.


Team members of PSI Energy, who also serve as visiting faculty at SPA since 2010 contributed to the structuring and roll-out of the exercise and the on-ground conduct of the energy and resource audit, data analysis, report development, and so on.

At that time, without the much-needed MNRE funding, the students conducted all the data collection and analyses on campus using rudimentary equipment and basic survey techniques. They lacked technical auditing equipments for equipment performance monitoring, but generated impressive results.

Possible Methodology for Resource Auditing: A Participatory Approach

The students of SPA, New Delhi adopted the ‘participatory’ or ‘inclusive approach’ for the auditing of SPA Residential Complex. The participatory approach allowed the auditing team to work with the potential in-house team that understood the nuances of detailed energy and resource auditing. The approach was a step to educate students and build a sustainability-oriented culture on campus. Students exhibited great enthusiasm towards the whole process and came up with innovative grass-root level recommendations.

Resource Audit for the SPA Residential Complex

The SPA Residential Complex is located in Maharani Bagh, New Delhi. It provides accommodation to the faculty, staff, and students of SPA and has been operational since 1992.

The faculty team guided the whole scheme at SPA Residential Complex with an intention to equip students with the requisite skills to conduct building resource audits, and get hands-on experience of the auditing process.

The faculty incorporated ‘Building resource audits’ as part of a studio

Table 1: Lesson-plans and audit implementation

Week 1 Introduction to input and output flows from buildings, human comfort (visual and thermal) and resource consumption, energy and power system dynamics

Week 2 Briefing about water supply and waste water systems along with energy and water audit equipments. Audit teams were created within the batch of students—each headed by a faculty member

Week 3 Taking measurements using audit equipments and analysing variation in usage patterns based on a detailed, household-level survey of energy and water bills and equipments

Week 4 Scrutiny of products available and detailed analysis of audit results

Week 5 Innovating retrofitting options for energy and water systems and submitting an implementation plan to the authorities/management

exercise for the sixth semester students of Bachelors of Architecture programme. The exercise succeeded despite limitations such as lack of high-end audit equipments and non-technical (engineering) background of students.

Audit timeline and methodology

The exercise took place over a period of five weeks, all-inclusive. Every week, professionals from PSI Energy conducted classes on various concepts and processes of energy auditing (Picture 1). Table 1 highlights the lesson-plans and audit implementation.

The whole process was almost a zero-budget exercise. PSI Energy members procured low-cost, second-hand equipment, such as lux meters, thermo-hygrometers, non-contact type thermometer, and so on, for the

students to use and collect data. The team also borrowed a clamp meter from an electrical contractor for the purpose of the exercise.

Although this approach has its shortfalls (instrument accuracy, calibration, etc.), it serves the purpose of basic data collection for a student-driven, audit exercise.

Audit observations and analysis

The students conducted various surveys to analyse energy and water consumption, visual comfort, and thermal comfort.

Energy Consumption The objective behind calculating the electricity consumption was to detect any hidden losses or leakages and correlate various parameters, such as radiant temperature, orientation of dwellings, number of occupants and equipments, and energy consumption.

Picture 1: PSI Energy team member delivering a lecture on visual comfort analysis in boy’s hostel

RE Case Study


Some of the observations were:

� Discrepancy in power factor—Power factor of 0.95 at supply-side was reduced to 0.65 at distribution end as Automatic Power Factor Controller (APFC) was not installed.

� High variation in the range of Energy Performance Index was observed.

Figure 1 shows the area-wise distribution of electricity use (2012–13) in the MBRC. After calculating the net estimated electricity use, it was observed that estimated values were about 10–15 per cent of the billed values except for the months of June and July. The actual consumption in June and July was higher than expected inspite of summer break (Figure 2). The analysis indicates that the data collected through the participatory approach is nearly accurate when compared with the electricity bills of 2012.

Solid Waste Management

Students did a manual inspection of garbage disposal. Route of garbage from pick up to drop off point was identified, at both hostel block level and campus level. Garbage,

Picture 2: Garbage from all houses being dumped along the road and segregated later

Picture 3: Inorganic waste being taken to raddiwala

Figure 1: Area-wise distribution of electricity use (2012–13) in the MBRC

at collection point, was manually segregated into organic and inorganic (Pictures 2 and 3).

Visual ComfortThe lux levels were studied in relation with orientation of rooms (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Comparison of metered electricity use and estimated electricity use through usage audit assumption (2012–13)

Figure 3: Lux levels recorded in 18 sample hostel rooms for daylight and artificial light (2012–13)

MNRE Green Campus Master Plan: A Participatory Approach


TERI PRESS TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC ComplexLodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003Tel: +91 11 2468 2100, 4150 4900Fax: +91 11 2468 2144, 2468 2145Email: [email protected]: www.teriin.org

The need to have a sustainable energy supply necessitates the exploration of available energy sources, and among these, renewable resources are at the forefront. It is now an established fact that RE (renewable energy) can be an integral part of sustainable development because of its inexhaustible nature and environment-friendly features. RE can play an important role in resolving the energy crisis in urban areas to a great extent. Today RE is an established sector with a variety of systems and devices available for meeting the energy demand of urban inhabitants, but there is a need to create mass awareness about their adoption. Akshay Urja is an attempt to fulfil this need through the dissemination of 20,000 copies (bilingual) in India and abroad. The magazine publishes news, articles, research papers, case studies, success stories, and write-ups on RE. Readers are invited to send material with original photographs and statistical data. The photographs should be provided in high resolution files on a CD or through email. Akshay Urja will pay an honorarium of N2,500 to the authors for each published article of 1,500 words and above. The publication material in two copies, along with a soft copy on CD/DVD/email may be sent to:

The daylight level measurements seemed adequate in the entire campus but the artificial lighting system was inadequate and inefficient and required to be enhanced to improve the quality of light.

Thermal ComfortFor thermal comfort survey, students measured:

� Radiant temperature

� Room air temperature

� Relative humidity with the aid of a non-contact type thermometer and thermo-hygrometer with respect to orientation of rooms.

The readings were averaged out to find mean radiant temperature of the surfaces and analysed to check the thermal comfort level (Figure 4).

Recommendations

� Due to the lack of a year-round energy audit (taking into account seasonal variations), the final recommendations for this exercise were restricted to student-driven design interventions and engineering retrofit options were not explored.

� Students came up with various innovative and low-cost recommendations that SPA can adopt in the campus.

Conclusions

� The results and findings from this study were shared at the first kick-

Figure 4: Temperature and relative humidity (2012–13) were measured for 18 sample rooms

off meeting for the Green Campus Master Plan held at IIT Mumbai in May 2014. The work done by the students and faculty of SPA was appreciated by all present.

� Based on the final report prepared by PSI Energy professionals (visiting faculty members) with the studio faculty at SPA, this method of incorporating the Green Campus Master plan into the academic curriculum worked successfully. The only drawback was the paucity of time within the curriculum, due to which the students carried out the study during winter months in Delhi, which resultantly gave us instrument-based audit results for winters alone.

� In continuation of this scheme, the next step is to take this study as a reference and conduct a participatory resource audit at the SPA main campus at ITO, New Delhi and prepare five DPRs of implementable schemes with details of strategies to be executed along with a detailed cost analysis and timeline.

� The involvement of students in the energy audit resulted in accurate data collection, especially via primary surveys where the target population felt comfortable interacting with fellow residents of the campus rather than third party (external) surveyors.

� Thus, the participatory approach in the preparation of green campus master plan is a successful and

economical process for the energy auditing of the institute and may be adopted in the development of other green campuses. Also, this helps in creating awareness and implementing measures to address energy challenges at community level. Additionally, students with their innovative ideas established a benchmark for the community to follow.

Ms Sameeksha Gulati, Executive Team Member at PSI Energy; Ms Aastha Agarwal, Director—Green Master Plan Projects at PSI Energy; Mr Gaurav Shorey, Executive Team Member at PSI Energy, Member—Technical Advisory Committee—GRIHA, GRIHA-LD, SVA-GRIHA, Visiting Faculty at SPA, New Delhi, India.

RE Case Study


RE Events

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) organized a Workshop on Grid-Connected Solar Rooftop Projects and Meeting with State Secretaries and Heads of State Nodal Agencies on July 7, 2015 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Shri Piyush Goyal, Hon’ble Minister for Power, Coal and New & Renewable Energy (IC) inaugurated the workshop and Shri P K Sinha, Cabinet Secretary addressed the participants.

The Government of India has set a target of 100,000 MW grid connected Solar Power in the country, out of which 40,000 MW has to come from Solar Rooftop systems. The event focused on how to achieve this target and motivate the Ministries/Departments of the Government of India and the State governments.

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency’s (IREDA) loan scheme for Rooftop Solar PV Power Projects was also launched, which will provide loans at an interest rate of 9.9–10.75 per cent to the system aggregators and the developers. So far, 19 states have notified the regulations for net-metering/feed-in-tariff, grid connectivity, and the metering arrangements. It was also emphasized that the Distribution Companies should implement these regulations and develop suitable and simple mechanisms to promote the solar rooftops in the country. The MNRE has provided

the financial assistance of N 1 crore to each Ministry of the Government of India to install minimum 1.0 MW solar plants on their roofs/lands and also in their associated institutions. Some success cases, including Chandigarh Solar City and Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), were presented and illustrated.

ORIENTATION PROGRAMME-CUM INTERACTION MEET ON Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Systems

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in association with the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) organized an orientation programme-cum interaction meet with empanelled channel partners, new entrepreneurs and government agencies on “Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Systems” on July 22, 2015 at SCOPE Complex, New Delhi.

The objective of the event was to encourage the empanelled Channel Partners, New Entrepreneurs, and Government Agencies to achieve India’s most ambitious target of implementation of 40 GWp rooftop Solar Systems.

The programme was chaired by Shri Upendra Tripathy, Secretary, MNRE. In addition Shri Tarun Kapoor, JS, MNRE; Dr A K Tripathi, Sr Director, MNRE; Shri Rakesh Kumar, Director, SECI; and Shri B V Rao, Director, IREDA also graced the occasion by sharing the dais. More than 350 participants joined the programme.

The Secretary, MNRE, in his introductory speech, highlighted the ambitious target of rooftop Solar Systems under National Solar Mission (NSM) and appealed to all the channel partners/new entrepreneurs/government agencies to contribute their best in achieving the overall objective of NSM.

Shri Tarun Kapoor also highlighted about the various policy supports and benefits which are being provided by the Ministry for promoting the rooftop solar systems and encouraged the participants with his inspirational thoughts.

Dr A K Tripathi congratulated all the channel partners/new entrepreneurs, and discussed about the roadmap of implementation of rooftop solar programme. After this the floor was opened for an interactive session.

GRID CONNECTED SOLAR ROOFTOP PROJECTS & Meeting with State Secretaries and Heads of State Nodal Agencies

WORKSHOP ON


Tribal Rural Houses in Gujarat Illuminated

with SunlightT

he interior spaces of the tribal rural houses in north Gujarat get negligible sunlight even during peak sunshine hours and, therefore, electric/kerosene lamps are used for carrying out various

domestic activities inside the house. A simple, low cost, easy-to-practice, and innovative method that lets the sunlight into their houses in abundance during day time, has been developed and successfully demonstrated in the selected three villages of Dahod and Chhota Udaipur districts.

Adequate light is desirable in all the work areas in homes, offices, stores, industries, etc., to perform the activities with minimum strain on eyes and also ensures a check on one’s energy expenditure (physical, mental, and temporal). Low light intensity, results in many health problems, such as eye strain, headache, etc. Provision of adequate natural lighting and ventilation is an important consideration in building design. However, design of the houses in rural areas to a large extent is also guided by local social considerations.

The Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI) has been implementing a Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, project ‘Renewable Energy Intervention for Rural Development’ in selected tribal villages of Dahod and Chhota Udaipur districts of Gujarat State since May 2010 (Table 1). All the selected villages are fairly large in size and comprise a few hamlets. The houses are scattered and are, in general, located on the farmlands. The hamlets are normally connected with a

network of motorable roads. However, a few houses could be reached only by foot (distances of up to 250 m) and are also not covered by the state electricity board grid supply. Almost all the houses in the area have solid walls. There are no windows or ventilators on the walls, primarily because of the theft consideration, which is a menace in this area (Picture 1). Therefore, there is negligible light inside the houses while the sun shines the brightest during the months of May and June every year.

Table 1: Information about the villages selected for the programme

Particulars Villages in Dahod district

Simal Faliya village in Chhota Udaipur

district Chillakota Dageria

Population 9,100 1,400 5,800

No. of households

850 260 700

Area under farming (ha)

824 125 325

Source of irrigation

Mostly rain-fed and a few diesel/electrical pump sets for lifting groundwater from open wells

Mostly rain-fed and a few diesel/electrical pump sets for lifting groundwater/canal water

Major crops Gram/wheat/paddy/soybean/pigeon pea

RE Success Story

Picture 1: View of a typical tribal rural house in Dageria village—all walls are solid without any window or ventilator

Description of the HousesAll the walls of the houses are normally made of bricks laid in mud or cement–sand masonry. The roofs are, in general, covered with rectangular clay tiles, each of average 395 mm length, 230 mm width, 20 mm thickness, and 1.90 kg mass (Picture 2). There are no windows or ventilators in the walls/roof. Only one entrance with wooden door and lock and key arrangement is provided. The only source of natural light inside the house is through the entrance and the minor slits between the clay tiles. The variation of average intensity of the light with the daytime for a typical house during June 2014 is


involved very low. Replacement of a few roof clay tiles with fibre glass sheet had been tried by a Non-Government Organization (NGO) in a few houses. That did not get the acceptance of the villagers, primarily because of the high cost involved and the cumbersome process in carrying out the modifications in the clay tile roof.

After a lot of efforts, SPRERI scientists could locate glass tiles of almost the same configuration as the clay tiles used on the roof. Five pieces of the glass tiles (Picture 3) were procured from a Mumbai based firm. Their average length of 400 mm and average width of 230 mm were found to be almost the same as that of the clay tiles. However, their average thickness was 25 mm as against 20 mm for the clay tiles and average mass was 2.91 kg as against 1.90 kg for the clay tiles. However, there was no problem in replacing a few roof clay tiles with the glass tiles. The light transmittance of the glass tiles was measured and found to be average 67 per cent as against nil for the clay tiles.

Two houses with approximately 5.0 m x 4.5 m floor area were selected in the village Dageria and two roof clay tiles of each of the two houses were replaced with the glass tiles. With this change, the interior of the house got brightened up with sunlight (Picture 4). The variation of the light intensity with the sun hours for one particular day in the month of June is shown in Figure 2. The highest light intensity was 1,320 lux at 12:45 hours as against 4 lux for the clay roof tiles, i.e., an increase by 339 times. The light intensity at 8:30 hours and 17:38 hours was found to be 170 lux, which is more than the minimum 150 lux as per the Illuminating Engineering Society Standard. The occupants of the houses, particularly women, girls, and children were highly delighted with the change. Use of electric/kerosene/solar lamp during daytime was not required. Besides, the

shown in Figure 1. The highest average intensity of the natural light inside the house was found to be 4 lux as compared to the minimum requirement of 150 lux (Source: Illuminating Engineering Society: IES Lighting Handbook Application, 2000). The visibility inside the houses is very low and, therefore, an electric or kerosene lamp is used for carrying out the activities. The village women and girls normally carry out most of the activities, except cooking, outside even during the summer months when the sun is the brightest. Some of the farmers owned solar lanterns for use during night or early morning hours. Those solar lanterns were, however, found being used during daytime. Therefore, the solar lanterns did not provide the required service during night/morning hours.

Innovative SolutionThe solution was to be found keeping in view that the farmers were resource poor and the area was affected by menace of theft. Provision of window or ventilator in the walls was not acceptable to the villagers. Besides, it was felt that the modifications should be simple and the cost

Figure 1: Variation of the average intensity of the natural light inside the house covered with roof clay tiles

Picture 2: View of the clay tile used for covering the roof

Picture 3: View of the glass tiles selected for replacement of clay tiles

Tribal Rural Houses in Gujarat Illuminated with Sunlight


RE Success Story

villagers appeared fully satisfied with the fittings and the easy process involved in replacement of the clay tiles with the glass tiles.

Encouraged with the results and the initial feedback, 100 more pieces of the identical glass tiles were procured and 2–4 pieces of the opaque roof clay tiles were replaced with the glass tiles in the selected 40 houses in Dageria and Chillakota villages in Dahod district and Simal Faliya village in Chhota Udaipur district during June–August, 2014. The programme was implemented in participatory mode. All the occupants of the houses were very happy and fully satisfied with the modification. There was no complaint even during the rainy months of July and August. The maximum light intensity at noon time varied between 700 to 1,400 lux depending upon the season and the solar intensity. A large number of people from the selected villages as well as other villages in the area, who have known/witnessed this development, are interested to adapt this simple solution for illuminating their houses with the natural light during solar hours.

ConclusionA simple, low cost, easy-to-practice, and innovative method for illuminating the tribal rural houses in north Gujarat with abundance of natural sunlight during daytime has been developed and successfully demonstrated in the selected three villages of Chhota Udaipur and Dahod districts.

Mr Samir Vahora and Mr M Shyam, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI), Gujarat, India. Email: [email protected]

Picture 4: Interior view of the house in Dageria village after two clay tiles of the roof were replaced with the glass tiles

Figure 2: Variation of the average intensity of the natural light inside the house after the replacement of the two roof clay tiles with the glass tiles

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy“PRAKRITIK URJA PURASKAR YOJNA”Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, is operating ‘Prakritik Urja Puraskar Yojna’ to encourage original book-writing in Hindi/translation of books in Hindi in the field of New and Renewable Sources of Energy. Under the scheme, there is a provision to award a first prize of Rs.1.00 lakh, second prize of Rs.60 thousand and a third prize of Rs.40 thousand for the books originally written in Hindi. For the books translated into Hindi, the amount of first, second and third prize are Rs.50,000/-, Rs.30,000/- and Rs.20,000/- respectively. All authors, whether Government employees or Non-Governmental persons, can participate in the scheme. Entries are invited for the award for the calendar year 2014. Under the Scheme, books originally written in Hindi or translated into Hindi should be published within 5 years of year of award (between the year 2010 and 2014). The last date of receipt of entries is Aug. 31st, 2015. Entries will be accepted in prescribed proforma only. For further details, please contact Scientist ‘D’ and Incharge (OL)/Hindi Section, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Block No.14, C.G.O. Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110003 (Phone No. 011 24360707 / 2027) or visit this Ministry’s website www.mnre.gov.in

******


RE Product

A number of urban poor are involved in vending in poor living conditions, as their income is insufficient due

to the loss of quality of their produce. Vendors use wet gunny bags and sprinkle water on their produce to keep it fresh. This leads to spoilage of the vegetables, particularly the leafy ones and tomatoes, cucumber, etc., as these vegetables have a short shelf life. They rot, thus, causing loss of income to the vendors as customers refuse to buy these items.

In a bid to help the poor vegetable vendors, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries has come up with a new solar-powered vending cart. The cart (Rehri), designed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), can curb the wastage of vegetables and fruits by keeping them fresh for up to five days,

thus reducing losses caused to the vendors. The mobile vending cart has been designed to store fresh fruits and vegetables safely for two to five days. The modern technology preserves fresh fruits and vegetables by controlling the environment around them. IARI has plans to license the cart. It is available with the division of agricultural engineering. These carts have also been distributed to vendors for making the concept popular. The price of the vending cart has been

fixed at N30,000.The solar cart is capable of reducing

temperature of the storage chamber by 5–8°C and increasing relative humidity by 15 to 30 per cent points. It thus enhances the storage life of fresh fruits and vegetables to up to five days as it reduces evaporative losses vis-à-vis consumers’ satisfaction. It maintains freshness of the produce,

in terms of colour, texture, and coarse appearance, for up to five days which fetches more net income. It is also useful during the winter season when the ambient condition is dry which induces deterioration in the appearance of fresh vegetables.

Source: www.indiatoday.intoday.in

MOBILE SOLAR VENDING CARTTo keep vegetables fresh for five days

Interested organizations may write to

TERI PRESS | TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex | Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003 Tel. +91 11 2468 2100, 4150 4900 | Fax: +91 11 2468 2144, 2468 2145 | Email: [email protected] | Web: www.teriin.org

Akshay Urja (bilingual) is widely circulated to all stakeholders of renewable energy. We invite advertisements (in colour) from interested organizations, manufacturers, institutions, etc. The advertisement tariffs are as follows:

Ad Position Single Issue Three Issues Discount Offer Six Issues Discount Offer

Inside front cover (N ) 50,000 150,000 142,500 300,000 276,000

Inside back cover (N ) 50,000 150,000 142,500 300,000 276,000

Inside full page (N ) 40,000 120,000 114,000 240,000 220,800

with US


Children's Corner

Materials

� Four small square cardboard boxes of the same size

� Four 1-litre bottles of water

� Four inexpensive thermometers

� Plastic wrap

� Thin curtain material

� Heavy, insulated curtain material

� Ruler

� Pencil

� Scissors

� Tape

� Small funnel

� Double-sided sticky tape

� Duct tape or packing tape

� Cooking pot

� Stove

� Water

Procedure

� Cut a large 'window' into the same side of each of three of the cardboard boxes. Each window should be the

same size, so you’ll want to use the ruler to measure and

mark with a pencil before cutting. Do not cut a window

in the fourth box—this box will model a room that has

no windows.

� Cover the inside of your windows with plastic wrap,

taping it into place on the inside of the box.

� Cut curtains from the two types of curtain material

that will completely cover your plastic wrap window.

Secure the thinner curtain material in place with

double-sided sticky tape over the inward-facing surface

of one of the box’s windows. On the next box’s window,

secure the heavier insulated curtain material in the same

way. For the third box, leave the plastic wrap window

unadorned.

� Pour the bottles of water from the plastic bottles

into the pot and ask a parent to bring the pot to boil.

Allow the water to cool slightly so it won’t scald if it

splashes on you.

� With your parents’ help, use the funnel to pour the hot

water back into each of the bottles so that about the

same amount of water is in each bottle. Some water

may have evaporated when you boiled it, so the bottles

will not be completely full.

� Insert a thermometer into each bottle and record the temperature reading in your notebook.

ENERGY EFFICIENT

WINDOWSHave you ever wondered why rooms with thick curtains tend to stay warmer in the winter? If you’re interested in reducing your family’s carbon footprint or simply want to help your family save a little money, then knowing how to insulate your windows is really important! Which type of window covering will keep a room the warmest?


Children's Corner

Illustration: VIJAY NIPANE

Hey Kamla, Why are you still

using this traditional chulha? Don't you know

that the high smoke emission would lead to eye irritation and respiration-related disorders in you and

your child.

Thank you for your suggestion Chachiji. This biomass stove is really

wonderful. We don't have to inhale the harmful smoke

now and this cookstove is very efficient and useful.

� Remove the thermometers from the bottles.

� Place each bottle into a box and seal each box closed with duct tape. Leave the boxes outside in the evening, preferably at a time when the sun is setting. Remember, we’re trying to determine how much heat each box loses, so we don’t want the boxes to cook in the sun.

� After three hours, open the boxes and take a temperature reading for each of the bottles. Remember to record the results each time you take a reading.

� What do you notice about how long the bottles stay warm? Which boxes are more efficient than others at keeping the heat inside the bottle?

Results

� Any type of window allows heat to escape, so the box without any window at all should have retained the most heat. However, for the boxes with windows, a heavier fabric helps retain heat better than a thinner one. The box with no curtain should have lost the most heat.

Why?

� Insulated curtains are more energy efficient than curtains made of regular material. Why? One of the ways heat travels is through conduction, when heat moves from a warmer area to a cooler one. However, thicker materials are better insulators—that is, they tend to prevent conduction from occurring as rapidly. Interestingly enough, the best insulator is nothing at all, because heat can’t travel by thermal conduction through a vacuum!

� You may also find other methods to help save some money on your family’s energy bill. Use your creativity, and apply what you’ve learned about heat and heat conduction!

Source: www.education.com


Renewable Energy Resources 3rd Edition

John Twidell and Tony Weir Routledge (2015) | 816 pages

Renewable Energy Resources is a numerate and quantitative text covering the full range of renewable energy technologies and their implementation worldwide. This Third Edition is extensively

updated in light of various developments, while maintaining the book’s emphasis on fundamentals, complemented by analysis of applications. Renewable energy helps secure national resources, mitigates pollution and climate change, and provides cost-effective services. These benefits are analysed and illustrated with case studies and worked examples. The book recognizes the importance of cost-effectiveness and efficiency of end-use. Each chapter begins with fundamental scientific theory, and then considers applications, environmental impacts, and socio-economic aspects before concluding with Quick Questions for self-revision and Set Problems. The book includes reviews of basic theory underlying renewable energy technologies, such as electrical power, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and solid-state physics.

Bioenergy: Opportunities and Challenges R Navanietha Krishnaraj and Jong-Sung Yu Apple Academic Press | 340 pages

Conventional fossil fuels are being depleted at rapid rates, and the use of conventional sources, such as coal or nuclear sources cause several hazards to the environment. New sources of fuel, such as bioenergy, are an ideal option for fulfilling ever-increasing energy demands. This book offers an exploration of these alternate fuel sources, including biohydrogen, microbial fuel cells, bioethanol, and biodiesel

production, focusing on the challenges and factors hindering the real-time application of these bioenergy sources. The book offers engineers and technologists from different disciplines valuable information on this multifaceted field. The field of bioenergy is interdisciplinary, requiring the knowledge of biologists, chemists, physicists, and engineers. Exploring the current trends and future prospects for biofuels, the information presented in this book will be valuable to the international industrial community.

Energy IntermittencyBent Sorensen | CRC Press | 275 pages

The first book to consider intermittency as a key point of an energy system, Energy Intermittency describes different levels of variability for traditional and renewable energy sources, presenting detailed solutions for handling energy intermittency through trade, collaboration, demand management, and active energy storage. This book provides a comprehensive overview of all the causes and remedies of energy intermittency, presents

detailed solutions for handling energy intermittency through trade, collaboration, demand management, and active energy storage. It also describes different levels of variability for traditional and renewable energy sources. The book discusses the conditions for establishing such systems in terms of economic requirements and regulatory measures.

Web/Book Alert

www.aprekh.org

Asia-Pacific Renewable Energy Knowledge Hubwww.aprekh.orgApart from servicing distributed and remote electrical loads, renewable energy resources are capable of supplying grid-quality electric power to the national grids thereby complementing the mainstream grid power to tide over energy-deficit as well as in substituting conventional fuels for power generation. This not only results in greater security in terms of energy supplies but also in mitigating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Being modular in nature, and considering the short gestation period vis-à-vis conventional power plants; such plants may be taken up in a manner to suit specific requirements. Different renewable options for supplying power to grid are described in various sections.


Forthcoming Events

August 21–23, 2015 | New Delhi, India

World Renewable Energy Technology CongressWebsite: www.wretc.in

September 7–8, 2015 | Hyderabad, India

RE-Agri 2015Website: www.ecosureexpo.com

September 15, 2015 | New Delhi, India

Conference on Plug-and-Play Mode Solar Parks in IndiaWebsite: http://www.phdcci.in/index.php?route=event/event&event_id=259

September 15–17, 2015 | New Delhi, India

2nd National Biogas Convention for Sustainable Energy Access in Rural Areas : Current and Emerging Trends in Indian Biogas and Bio-fertilizer Development (CETIBBD-2015)Website: https://www.iitd.ac.in./cws_details

September 18–20, 2015 | Bangalore, India

Electrical Electronics & Energy Expo & ConferenceWebsite: http://10times.com/electrical-electronics-energy-expo-conference

September 23–25, 2015 | Greater Noida, India

Renewable Energy India ExpoWebsite: http://10times.com/renewable-energy-india

August 4–6, 2015 | Olinda, Brazil

Green ExpoWebsite: http://10times.com/green-expo-olinda

August 18–20, 2015 | Guangzhou, China

Guangzhou International Solar Photovoltaic ExhibitionWebsite: http://10times.com/guangzhou-solarpv-expo

August 24–26, 2015 | Honolulu, USA

Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and ExpoWebsite: http://10times.com/asiapacific-cleanenergy-summitexpo

September 1–3, 2015 | Bangkok, Thailand

Renewable Energy World Asia 2015 Website: www.renewableenergyworld-asia.com

September 14–16, 2015 | Dubai, UAE

GulfSol 2015Website: www.gulfsol.com

October 26–28, 2015 | Jerusalem, Israel

14th World Wind Energy Conference & ExhibitionWebsite: http://www.worldwindconf.net/?gclid=CPeL2oCF_cYCFVUHvAoddE0OGQ

Nat

ion

alIn

tern

atio

nal

RE Statistics

Cumulative Installed Capacity (MW) of Grid Interactive Power

Cumulative Installed Capacity (MWeq) of Off-Grid Captive Power

Cumulative Installed Capacity of Other Renewable Systems

Source: MNRE

Renewable Energy at a Glance: India


WHAT ACHIEVED SO FAR?RE-INVEST 2015

For more information, please contact:RE-INVEST Helpdesk at IREDAPhone: +91 11 24682206 - 10Email: [email protected]

RE-INVEST Secretariat Ministry of New and Renewable EnergyPhone:91 11 2436 2360 Email: [email protected]://www.RE-INVEST.in; www.mnre.gov.in

https://www.facebook.com/REInvest2015

https://twitter.com/ReInvest2015Photo © Dhiraj Singh/ UNDP India

• Increased participation in Tenders generated.

• Brought States and developers together.

• Increased collaboration between various stakeholders.

• Expedited capacity addition of grid connected; rooftop and off grid solar projects.

• Utilization of 25 years old NTPC coal power based stations for bundling with solar capacity.

• Generated confidence among foreign investors.

• Developed confidence amongst financial institutions to lend to the renewable energy sector.

• Reduced perceived risks in the renewable energy sector.

• Inclusion of cost of rooftop solar system as part of home loan and consequently ensuring eligibility for tax benefits as under home loans.

• Announcement of new loan scheme to promote rooftop solar photovoltaic

power projects by the Indian Renewable Energy Devlopment Agency. The scheme will provide loans at interest rates between 9.9 and 10.75 per cent to system aggregators and developers.

• Helped States bring out their renewable energy policies.

• Generated awareness on India’s commitment to Renewable energy.

• Increased awareness about policies and programmes of the Government of India and State Governments.

• Achievement of priority sector lending status for renewable energy (RE) resulting in which banks can provide loans of INR 15 crore to RE generators, non-conventional energy based public utilities and upto INR 10 lakh per borrower for individual households.

• Issue of tax free bonds of INR 5000 crore for renewable energy by CPSEs in FY 2015-16.

India has an ambitious target of installing 175 GW of renewable capacity by 2022. Achieving this calls for US$ 120 billionin capital investment and equityof US$ 40 billion.

There’s never been a better time to “Make in India”.

RE-INVEST 2016 is a global meet of investors designed to showcase India’s renewable energy potential, demonstrate technologies and innovations, and deliberate on what it will take for India to meet this target.

In partnership with

Venues:Inaugural Session - Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi on 18 Feb. 2016 at 10:00 Hrs (Participation by Invitation only)Conference - Ashoka Hotel, New Delhi 18-20 Feb. 2016 (Participation by Invitation only)Exhibition - Pragati Maidan, New Delhi 18-20 Feb. 2016

RE-INVEST in 2015attracted: Participants

3000

41Participants

Exhibitors oftechnology and innovation in renewable energy

119

of Renewable Energy capacity

283 GWDevelopersCommitments from:

62 GWManufacturers

Banks & Financial Institutions

76 GWFunding

Green energy commitments byglobal and domesticcompanies

458

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