GNH: Concept and Operationalization: Presented to the Consultative workshop on Measuring Progress in...

GNH: Concept and Operationalization:

Presented to the Consultative workshop on Measuring Progress in Post-2015 Development

Framework : Environmental Performance Indicators and Environmental Welfare Indicators

10-12 December 2013, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Gross National Happiness Commission, RGoB 2

Outline

GNH – An Introduction1

GNH – Index/survey findings and its Application GNH Policy Screening Tool – Its Application & GECDP Mainstreaming

Conclusion - Questions

2

3

4

GNH is a “development approach that seeks to achieve a harmonious balance between material

well-being and the spiritual, emotional and cultural needs of our society.”

GNH is based on the belief that since happiness is the ultimate desire of every citizen, it must be the

purpose of development to create the enabling conditions for happiness

GNH based on four pillars: 1. Sustainable and Equitable Socio-Economic Development,

2.Enivronmental Conservation, 3.Preservation and Promotion of Culture and 4. Good Governance

The Four Pillars are Specified by Nine Dimensions


What is Gross National Happiness (GNH)?

“Bhutan’s journey with GNH began more than four decades ago and more elaborate and precise metrics to measure GNH has been underway

since 2008”

Gross National Happiness Commission (GNHC) created to mainstream GNH

GNH indicators and Policy Screening Tools developed

GNH Survey carried out every three years to assess our journey towards GNH


How is GNH Operationalized?

“A composite statistic to measure Bhutan’s progress in enhancing the happiness of the people based on a holistic framework made

up of 9 domains and 33 indicators”

The GNH Index, its domains and indicators will be used to guide Bhutan’s development :

draw attention to areas that need to be addressed, basis for resource allocation etc.mainstream GNH into new policies & plans by screening the policies and projects using the GNH Policy and Project Screening Tools (PST)


What is GNH Index?

Gross National Happiness Commission, RGoB

GNH

Living Standard•Assets•Housing•Household per capita income

PWB•Life satisfaction

•Positive emotions

•Negative emotions

•Spirituality

Time Use• Work• Sleep

Education•Literacy•Schooling•Knowledge•Value

Culture•Speak native Language

•Cultural Participation

•Artistic Skills

•Driglam Namzha

GG•Gov’t performance

•Fundamental rights

•Services•Political Participation

Comm Vitality•Donations (time & money)

•Community relationship

•Family•Safety

Eco Diversity •Ecological Issues

•Responsibility towards environment

•Wildlife damage (Rural)

•Urbanization issues

Health•Mental health

•Self reported health status

•Healthy days

•Disability

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%


%People enjoying sufficiency in each indicator as per 2010 GNH Survey

Value

Spea

k na

tive

lang

uage

Disabi

lity

Urban

izatio

n iss

ues

Life

sat

isfac

tion

Health

y da

ys

Self

repo

rted

heal

th sta

tus

Slee

p

Comm

unity

rela

tions

hip

Artisa

n sk

ills

Posit

ive

emot

ions

Polit

ical p

artic

ipat

ion

Spiri

tual

ity

Housin

gW

ork

Scho

olin

g

Know

ledg

e0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100% Bhutanese enjoy highest sufficiency in values, safety, native language, family, mental health, etc.

The indicators in which Bhutanese lack sufficiency are knowledge, participation in festivals, schooling, donations, literacy and housing.


Of the nine domains, Bhutanese have the most sufficiency in health, followed by ecology, and psychological wellbeing but lacks in GG and Education

Urban areas do better in health, living standards and education, but lacks sufficiency in GG and community vitality. conversely Rural areas do better in community vitality, cultural resilience, and good governance but lacks sufficiency mainly in education and living standards

Happiness is higher among people with a primary education or above than among those with no formal education, but higher education does not affect GNH very much


Some Key Findings (GNH 2010 Survey)

Unmarried people and young people are among the happiest

The ranking of Dzongkhags by GNH differs significantly from their ranking by income and multidimensional poverty. Zhemgang for example, do far better in GNH than in income.


Key Findings contd.


GNH Index by Dzongkhag

Sufficiency Threshold◦ Shows how much is needed to enjoy sufficiency in

each of the 33 indicators Happiness Threshold

◦ 50%, 66%, 77%◦ Unhappy, narrowly happy, extensively happy, and

deeply happy◦ 41% of the population under 66%

.


Thresholds


Case Example – Accordingly 2010 GNH Survey Thimphu and other urban areas are behind in CV as compared to the rural areas

COMMUNITY VITALITY

RURAL PLACES URBAN PLACES

Policy and program response from the Government:• Establishment of recreation centers, children’s parks,

Mani Dungkhors etc• Eg: centenary park at Changlimithang, Chanjiji etc

According to 2010 GNH Survey results


Knowledge of Tsechu and Masked Dances

Possible policy and program responses by the Government:• more culture content in education• national and local holidays to promote attendance at

these festivals

34.96%

46.84%

18.21%

Poor

A verage

Good

The GNH Policy Screening Tool


WHAT IS GNH POLICY SCREENING TOOLS?

The GNH policy screening tools is an application to assess/review all draft policies through a GNH Lens

NOT- the determining factor for approving/endorsing a policy

Specific recommendations and feedback to review the policy within nine GNH domains

What is it?

What does it provide

?

What is it not?

Linkage Between Variables and GNH Indicators

22 variables1. Equity2. Economic Security3. Material wellbeing4. Engagement in productive

activities5. Decision-making opportunity6. Anti Corruption7. Legal Recourse8. Rights9. Gender 10. Transparency11. Skills and Learning12. Public Health13. Water and Air Pollution14. Land degradation15. Bio-Diversity Health16. Social support17. Family Interaction18. Leisure19. Culture20. Values21. Spiritual pursuits22. Stress

9 GNH Domains1. Living standard2. Good Governance3. Education4. Health5. Ecology6. Community vitality7. Time use and balance8. Culture9. Psychological wellbeing

151 variables

(2010 survey)

1 2 3 4

Negative Uncertain Neutral/Not Applicable

Positive

Rationale and Mitigation/Alterna

tives Rationale

Rationale

Calculation

1. A heterogeneous group comprising of people with skills/qualifications in various areas is formed.

2. Effort are made to ensure NCWC,RUB, and NEC are present for all screening exercises. Rest of the group dependent on the draft policy being discussed.

3. Transparent: No limitations who can participate.4. Try to have a minimum of 15 participants.5. Representatives of the proponent sector presents the draft policy to the

screening group. 6. Screening conducted during a joint sitting in the past, however shifted to

individual screenings.7. Results submitted to RED, Consolidated and Presented to the GNH

Commission.

Screening Process

1. Experiences from Field Testing – GNH Policy Screening Tools

Bhutan’s Accession to WTO

Voting based on discussions among 24 GNHCS officers

• Results: 19 for joining WTO – 5 against

GNH Policy Screening Tools used by the same 24 GNHCS officers

• Results: 19 against joining WTO – 5 for •Conclusion: Policy is Not GNH Favorable


Policies screened using PPST

21Gross National Happiness Commission, RGoB

Approved Policies

NHRD Policy 2010Tertiary Education Policy 2010National Irrigation Policy 2011National Health Policy 2011National Youth Policy 2011RNR Research Policy 2011CSMI Policy 2012Thromde Finance Policy 2012

Draft Policies

Mineral Development PolicyMSME PolicyNational Education PolicyNational OHS PolicyNational Population PolicyFNS Policy

An Example: The Mineral Development Policy


Policy Screening Tool:Application


0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

2.80

3.47 3.47 3.47

3.07

2.27

3.13

2.87

2.40

3.33

3.60

2.402.20

2.33 2.33

3.27

2.932.73 2.67

2.87

2.60 2.53

Variable Scores (GNHC): Mineral Development Policy


Livin

g st

anda

rd

Good

Gover

nanc

e

Educ

atio

n

Health

Ecol

ogy

Comm

unity

Vita

lity

Tim

e Use

and

Bal

ance

Cultu

re

Psyc

holo

gica

l Wel

lbei

ng0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

3.3

2.8

3.6

2.42.3

3.1

2.7 2.82.6

Domain Scores GNHC: Mineral Development Pol-icy

Rationales◦ No specific provision◦ Mining activities may favor men over women◦ Women may suffer indirectly (separation)

Alternatives/Mitigation Measure◦ May need specific provisions on the advancement

of gender equality (preference could be given to women for specific jobs)

◦ Promote female participation in HRD◦ Awareness on health and sexual issues


Rationale and Alternatives Example:Gender


Rationale and Alternatives Example:Gender

• Rationales– Mining will never be 100% clean– No limit on number of mines– Increased mining activities will lead to increased

green-house gas emissions, use of fossil fuels, water a

• Alternatives/Mitigation Measure– Strategic Assessment of the mining master plan

needed– May need to zone areas for mining operations– Need to review costing methods of mineral

resources

Based on the Following Rationales: Mainstreaming has to take place throughout the

policy and planning process from formulation to implementation for reasons of sustainability, effectiveness, and efficiency (assuming the process itself is fairly good)

Need to take a holistic view Need to be Proactive Everyone is responsible The ‘Stage or Level’ within the process determines

what action should be taken and associated indicators


GECDP Mainstreaming

Based on the Following Rationales: The actions taken are ‘interconnected’ and

‘inter-dependent’ Individual actions may contribute towards

GECDP Goals, but it would not be ‘sufficient’


GECDP Mainstreaming Rationales Contd.:

Based on the Following Rationales: The actions taken are ‘interconnected’ and

‘inter-dependent’ Individual actions may contribute towards

GECDP Goals, but it would not be ‘sufficient’


GECDP Mainstreaming Rationales Contd.:

Programmatic approach to GECDP Mainstreaming

Preparatory Phase

Phase 1

Phase 2

30

Sensitization & building implementation capacity • Develop GECDP indicators and

integrate with existing monitoring systems;

• Engage in budgeting process• Capacity building strategy

Integrating GECDP into national development processes • Influencing policy processes • Planning processes (both national

and LG levels)

Finding the entry points and making the case• Finding champions at the institutional

level – policy & planning agencies, human settlement &construction sector, Industries, finance, local government, training providers, etc.

Creating awareness across all levels of government Assessment of the Policy and Planning Process and

Identification of windows of opportunity Influencing Planning Guidelines and Key Result

Areas to integrate GECDP and other cross cutting concerns

Identification of GECDP and Other Cross Cutting Concerns within the central sectors and local governments and recommending interventions

Comments on draft 11th FYP & Mainstreaming frameworks for Sectors & LGs)


GECDP Mainstreaming Current Activities:

Review of policies for integration of GECDP and other cross cutting concerns

Providing support and inputs into the Introduction of GECDP modules in the curriculum of tertiary institutes: RIM, CST & Sherubtse College


GECDP Mainstreaming Current Activities:

33

Gross National Happiness

Health, Education

Transport,Communications,Human Settlement, Construction

Tourism, Private Sector, Trade & Investment, Agriculture, Energy

Culture, Governments (Central ministries/Agencies/Local Government)

Sustained economic growth

Poverty + Reduced/MDG + Achieved

Food Secure & sustainable Full Employment

Needs of Vulnerable Group addressed

Historical, cultural property and Bhutanese identity promoted and preserved.

Indigenous wisdom, arts and crafts promoted for sustainable rural livelihood

Carbon neutral/ Green & climate resilient development

Sustainable Mgt & utilization of natural resources

Integrated water utilization & Mgt

Imp. disaster resilience & Mgt mainstreamed

Improved public service delivery, motivated public servants GPMS

Democracy and Governance strengthened

Gender friendly environment for Women’s participationCorruption reduced

Pill 1: Sustainable and equitable socio-eco. Dev.

Pill. 2: Presv. and promotion of culture

Pillar 3 : Conservation and Sustainable Environment Mgnt.

Pillar 4: Good Governance

National KeyResult Areas(NKRAs)

1

2

6

7

8

9

12

14

National Key Result Areas

GNH Pillars

Delivered by

3

4

5

13

15

10

11

34

and Thromdes /municipalities

Does the dzongkhag include the 4 Class A Thromdes?

Plz. see


THANK YOU

For Further clarification, please visitwww.grossnationalhappiness.com

www.gnhc.gov.bt

http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/

http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/

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