GNSSvulnerability
MIDANPIRGCNSSG/7MeetingCairo,Egypt31May-2June2016
Egypt
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PresentationOutlineGNSSinAviationOperationalbenefitsFourpillarsofGNSSservicesChicagoconvention&GNSSGNSSVulnerabilitiesSpectrumregulationsGNSSVulnerabilitiesmitigationICAO/ANC12&GNSSvulnerabilitiesmitigationchallengesConclusion
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GNSSinAviation
• Direct,obvioususesofGNSS:1) AircraftNavigation:Ø SupportsAreaNavigation,UserPreferredRouteØ Universalcoverageworldwide- Terrestrial, OceanicØ Accuracyadequate forallopsexceptPrecisionApproachØ ProvenveryhighAvailability,Continuity,Accuracy&Integrity
2) AircraftAutomaticPositionReporting:Ø ADS-B– broadcast– usedbyotheraircraftandATCØ ADS-C– contract– usedbyATC
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GNSSinAviation
• NotsoobvioususesofGNSS– Timing:Ø Clocks– ATC&SystemmonitoringofflightprogressØ Multi-Radar/ADS-BTrackingØ CommunicationBearersØ Multi-Lateration – TimedifferenceofArrival
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GNSSinAviation
Navigationwithgroundbased
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GNSSinAviation
NavigationwithSatellitebasedCNSSG/7Cairo,Egypt31May– 2June2016
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Operationalbenefits
benefits
Safety
UnderconsiderationofGNSS
vulnerability
Capacity
Traffic increase
Efficiency
Betterroutes
Environment
Noisecomplaints&emissionsreeducation
AccesstoAirspace
Increaseairspaceaccessibility
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FourpillarsofGNSSservices:
accuracy Availability
Continuity Integrity
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FourpillarsofGNSSservices:1) Accuracy:
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FourpillarsofGNSSservices:2) Availability:
Proportionoftime theSystemisavailabletothetime ithadbeenplannedforthesystemtobeavailable
planned
available
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FourpillarsofGNSSservices:3) continuity:
Theprobabilitythatasystemwillperformitsrequiredfunctionwithoutunscheduledinterruption.
ImagesourcefrompocketGPSworldwebsite
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FourpillarsofGNSSservices:4) Integrity:
Theleveloftrustthaterrorswillbecorrectlydetected
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Chicagoconvention&GNSSArticle28ofChicagoconvention:Airnavigationfacilitiesandstandardsystems:EachcontractingStateundertakes, sofarasitmayfindpracticable, to:a)Provide, initsterritory,airports, radioservices,meteorological services andotherairnavigationfacilities tofacilitateinternationalairnavigation, inaccordancewiththestandardsandpractices recommended orestablished fromtimetotime,pursuant tothisConvention;b)Adoptandputintooperation theappropriate standardsystemsofcommunicationsprocedure, codes,markings, signals,lightingandotheroperationalpracticesandruleswhichmayberecommended orestablished fromtimetotime,pursuant tothisConvention;C)Collaborate ininternationalmeasures tosecure thepublicationofaeronauticalmapsandcharts inaccordancewithstandardswhichmayberecommended orestablished fromtimetotime,pursuant tothisConvention.Reference: ICAODOC.7300/9
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Chicagoconvention&GNSSImplicationsofArticle28oftheChicagoConvention:"Astate maydelegate theprovisionfunction toanotherentity, includingacommercialorprivateoperator..." TheState”nevertheless remains responsible forsettingandmaintainingthestandardsoftheservices providedandforthequalityofservices provided.
Under thosecircumstances, therelevant Statescontinuetoberesponsible underArticle28oftheChicagoConvention, “regardlessofsuchdelegation.”
Reference: ICAODOC.7300/9
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Chicagoconvention&GNSSImplicationsofArticle28oftheChicagoConvention:
TheimplementationofGNSSleavesunaffected theresponsibilityofStatesunderArticle28,therefore aStateusingthesesignalsforprovidingAirNavigationServicesremained responsible under thisArticledespite thefactthat itdidnotcontrol suchsignals.
ICAO,AirNavigationServicesEconomicPanel,Reportonfinancialandrelatedorganisational andManagerial AspectsofGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(GNSS)Provision andOperation, ICAODoc.9660
Reference: ICAODOC.7300/9
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Chicagoconvention&GNSS
Reference:AN-Conf/11-WP/160presentedbytheUnitedStates
Differentpointofviews:
USA:Ø Noprobleminlegalframeworkorsettingthelawbutthe
problemsduetotechnicalnatureoramatterofthelackofresourcesandpoliticalwill.
Ø WorkonlegalissuesmustnotbepermittedtodelaytechnicalimplementationofCNS/ATM
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Chicagoconvention&GNSS
Reference:AN-Conf/11-WP/153presentedbyEUROCONTROL
Differentpointofviews:EUROCONTROL:Ø mostStateswillnotbedirectlyinvolvedintheoperationof
GNSSsystems...Airnavigationwithintheirsovereignairspacewillconsequentlyrelyheavilyonfacilitiesbeyondtheirdirectcontrol.
Ø Statesneedtobesatisfied..thattheGNSSsignalsandservicesofferedwithintheirairspacemeettheappropriateperformancerequirementsintermsofintegrity,reliability,accuracyandcontinuityandthattheirliabilityisclearlydefined.
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AfricanStatesØ stateswhobythemselvescannotprovidetheGNSSservices
butyetcannotberelievedoftheirresponsibilitiesundertheChicagoConvention.
Ø authorizetheuseofthesystemoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.
Ø committingbothprovidersanduserstoacceptcertaininternationalrightsandresponsibilitiesinaformofabindingandenforceablelegalinstrumentwhichshouldclearly“spellouttherightsandresponsibilities”.
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Chicagoconvention&GNSS
Reference:AN-Conf/11-WP/143presentedbyAFI
Differentpointofviews:
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GNSSvulnerabilities:Vulnerability:referstotheinability(ofasystemoraunit)
Interference
unintentional Intentional
q Ionosphereq Solarstormq mobileandfixedVHFcommunications,q harmonicsoftelevisionstations,q certain radars,q mobilesatellite communicationsand
military systems.
q Jammingq Spoofing
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Ø Late2009;engineersnoticedthatsatellite-positioningreceiversfornavigationaidinginairplanelandingsatNewarkairportinUSweresufferingfrombriefdailybreaks.
Ø FAAafter2mothsinvestigationtrackdowntheproblem.
Ø AcheapGPSjammerontruckpassedbyonnearbyhighway.
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GNSSvulnerabilities:Jamming:
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GNSSvulnerabilities:Spoofing:isthebroadcastofGNSS-likesignalsthatcauseavionicstocalculateerroneouspositionsandprovidefalseguidance.
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GNSSvulnerabilities:
Whatactionshallbetakingbystates????
Ø identifythevulnerabilitiesofthissystem;and
Ø developthenecessarymitigations
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SpectrumregulationsØ Statesshouldprohibitallactionsthatleadtodisruptionof
GNSSsignals.Ø Statesshouldtodevelopandenforceastrongregulatory
frameworkgoverningtheuseofintentionalin-bandradiatorsincluding:q GNSSrepeaters,q pseudolites,q Spoofers&jammers
Ø Alsoin-bandradiatorsincludingcertaintelevisionbroadcastchannelsandotherindustrialapplications.
Ø ICAOElectronicBulletinEB2011/56InterferenceØ statesshouldestablishregulationsthatforbidtheuseof
jammingandspoofingdevicesandregulatetheirimportation,exportation,manufacture,sale,purchase,ownershipanduse.
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SpectrumregulationsØ SomeStatesprohibitallactionsthatleadtodisruptionofGNSS
signalsandprescribeseverepenaltiesforthepurchaseoruseofjammers.
Ø Statesshoulddevelopthemeanstodetectinterferencesourcesinsupportofenforcementprograms.
Ø StatesshouldtakemorepreventivemeasurestoreducethelikelihoodofGNSSdisruptiontoaviationbynon-aviationusers.
Ø ICAODOC.7300&ITURegulationsprotectGNSSfrequenciesforaviationuseespeciallyforelectromagneticspectrumofnewapplicationlikemobilephonesandbroadbanddataservicewhichemitsignalsstrongerthanGNSSsignals
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SpectrumregulationsØ futuremulti-constellationandmulti- frequencyGNSS
equipmentforaviationwillbedesignedtomaximizeinterferencerobustnessasmuchasreasonablypossible,itisimportantthatnewspectrumservicesdonotneutralizetheseimprovements.
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GNSSvulnerabilitiesmitigation
Ø Installationandoperation:qOn-aircraftinterference:canbepreventedbyproper
installationofGNSSequipment,itsintegrationwithotheraircraftsystems(e.g.antennaseparation,out-of-bandfiltering)andrestrictionsontheuseofportableelectronicdevicesonboardaircraft.
q Spectrummanagement:creationofregulations/lawsthatcontroltheuseofspectrum;enforcementofthoseregulations/laws;andvigilanceinevaluatingnewRFsources(newsystems)toensurethattheydonotinterferewithGNSS.
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GNSSvulnerabilitiesmitigation
ØNewsignalsandconstellations:Strongersignals,diversefrequencies,additionalsatellites/constellations,futureGEOsatellitesusingsatelliteswhichlinesofsightareseparatedbyatleast45°
Ø Inertialnavigationsystems(INS)andreceivertechnologies:qUseofINSRNAVcapabilityafterthelossofGNSSorother
positionupdatingqUseoftechnologiesthataddrobustnesstoGNSSreceivers
tomitigateinterference:Anti-jamtechnologiesincludeadvancedantennasandreceiversignalprocessingtechniques
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GNSSvulnerabilitiesmitigation
Ø Proceduralmethods:Aircraftcanrevertvisualnavigation,ATC,air-to-aircommunicationswithinnon- ATCornon-radarairspace
Ø Terrestrialradionavigationaids:RNAVDMEsupportinginfrastructure(enroute,TMAandapproachwithinareacoverage),orILS/MLSinfrastructureforprecisionapproach.
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ICAO/ANC12andGNSSvulnerabilitiesmitigation:
Ø Recommendation6/7–AssistancetoStatesinmitigatingGNSSvulnerabilities
Ø Recommendation6/8–PlanningformitigationofGNSSvulnerabilities:
Ø Recommendation6/9–IonosphereandspaceweatherinformationforfutureGNSSimplementation:
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ChallengesØGNSSNOTAMsØMitigationprocessØGNSSRegionalMonitorØ ICAOGuidanceMaterialsØ StateGNSSregulationØNationalspectrumregulation(maybedifferentpartiesareinvolved– notlimitedtoCAAsandTRAs)
Ø IncompletePBNimplementationnationalplans
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CONCLUSION
ØGNSShasalotofoperationalbenefits.ØGNSSismustbuthowcanweimplement!!!!ØHowtomitigateGNSSVulnerability.ØConventionalorterrestrialNav.Aidsbecamenotenoughtomeetaviationrequirementswithreasonablecost(especiallythirdcountries).
ØTomorrow,spacealsowillbemorecongestedthanairspace.
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Thankyou
EhabRaslanAssistantMinisterofEgyptiancivilaviationEmail:[email protected]