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THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy
Community conservation and
livelihoods: complimentary or
tradeoffs?
13th Biennial Conference of the
International Association for
Study of the Commons
11 January 2011
Hyderabad, India
Governing Forest Commons in the Congo Basin:
Non-Timber Forest Product Value ChainsVerina Ingram Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) & University of Amsterdam
THINKING beyond the canopy
Background Congo Basin Forests
• High (67%) forest cover, globally 2nd largest intact humid forest, rich &
unique biodiversity, low but increasing degradation & deforestation
• Low levels development, 61% >$2 day, 46% population in/near forests
• High corruption, poor governance, high inequality, difficult business
environment
• Forests economic resource: commercial logging = export revenues
87.5 million US$ (1-6% of GDP), 23% forest cover allocated to timber
leases
• Under valued & unknown contribution of NTFPs: % of household
rural/urban incomes, multiple uses, level of household and ,business
dependence
THINKING beyond the canopy
A Congo cocktail..........• Take Cola (Cola acuminata, nitida & anomala, Garcinia
kola) caffeine rich nuts (a century’s old stimulant): alone or
in Coca-Cola
• Add the strong cultural associations when given &
consumed with palm wine made from indigenous raffia
(Raphia spp.), a traditional alcoholic beverage
• Mix palm wine with forest honey for ‘ntop mimbo‘, a
sweeter, stronger cocktail
• Stir in ground pygeum (Prunus africana) bark to treat
multiple aliments including prostate hyperplasia
• Drink from a bamboo (Yushina alpina) beaker
• Eat with eru (Gnetum spp): popular, nutritious leaves of
ancient vine, (also traditional medicine & wine) and safou
plums (Dacryodes edulis)
• Take bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) bark and eru
leaves if feeling sick or have a hangover afterwards!
• and safou if you have toothache or diarrhoea
Eru/fumbwa
Gnetum spp.
Cola acuminata
Bush mango
Irvingia spp.
Safou
Dacryodes
edulis
Wax, propolis &
honey
Apiculture
products
Raphia spp.Bamboo
THINKING beyond the canopy
Issues
Photo: K Stewart
• Despite their economic and cultural importance, recent,
reliable use, trade & income figures almost non-existent
• Values more than just economic: social, cultural, ecological
• Resource stocks largely un-quantified and cultivated stocks
(almost) completely unknown: How can manage what isn’t
measure?
• Despite this lack of data, some products highly regulated,
others in a formal void, others customarily governed
……although changes afoot regionally and nationally
• Conflicting interests: conservation lobby vs. immediate needs
vs. long term livelihood needs
• Fears that some NTFPs may become extinct as shifts from
subsistence to international trade lead to over-exploitation of
wild stocks + low levels domestication
• Market arrangements, especially international trade, appear
counterproductive to sustainable trade
• Lack of information exchange: actors, aspects and issues in
chain unknown largely to each other
Prunus africana
THINKING beyond the canopy
Aims & Research Questions
Gnetum africana
AimExplore interrelationships and impacts of the variety of governance arrangements onsustainable livelihoods of those engaged in forest product market chains originating from theCongo Basin.
Questions1. What do NTFPs contribute to the livelihoods (economic, socio-cultural & environmental) ofactors involved in the value chains? Especially the poorest and the forest based?2. What types of governance arrangements are found in NTFP market chains? and how and whydo they shape and affect NTFP chains, species survival and subsequent livelihoods?
THINKING beyond the canopy
Key concepts
Governance
Value chains
DETAILLANTS
Marche local BAS CONGO KINSHASA
PRODUCTEURS
GROSSiSTES DETAILLANTS
CONMMATEUR
DETAILLANTSAMBULANTS
MARCHE AUTOCONSOMMATION
DONS
GROSSISTES
Sustainable livelihoods
EconomicsCommons &
Game Theory
THINKING beyond the canopy
Dacrodyes edulisSafou
Safo
Cameroon
Democratic Republic Congo
Dacryodes edulis
Equateur
Bas Congo
Kinshasa
Cola spp.
Rhapia spp.
Stu
dy s
ites
from
sourc
e…
.
Cameroon
Extreme
North
NW, SW & West
Centre, Littoral, South East
Adamaoua
THINKING beyond the canopy
Stu
dy s
ites
to fin
al consum
er
THINKING beyond the canopy
Meth
odolo
gy
Selection•Actor sample and Production zone selection – Stakeholder interviews (2007)
Field work
• Inventory - transects 3 zones (2007-2008)
•Bark regeneration post-harvest study – 4 zones (2009)
VCA
2007-2009
• Structured Interviews (25% sample of actors in chains ) = 3424 actors & 632 consumers
• 40 focus group interviews &7 problem analysis workshops in 4 cities .
• 5 market surveys (2007-2008)
PAR
•Participatory action research: SWOTs, stakeholder analysis, Prunus africana: 6 working sessions stakeholder groups & 1 all stakeholder workshop, participatorily developed Prunus africana management plan. Honey: EU Export HMRP, Geographic Origin Indication , National Union, National honey profiling
•Capacity building events; group organisation, business skills. Harvest, production & processing (honey & Prunus )training, legal framework
Analysis
•Data analysis SPSS and Excel, TIAMA, interpretation satellite images, SWOT, GIS mapping
•Preliminary findings verified in meetings /workshops & peer cross-checked
Outputs
•Value chain maps: Visualisations
•Reports: Problem analysis workshop report, Inventory in NW & SW Cameroon, Guidelines for a National Management Plan for Prunus africana in Cameroon, Assessment sustainable harvest methods, Baseline study of Prunus africana chain, Domestication Guide (ICRAF), Harvest and inventory norms GTZ + CIFOR)
•Actors’ grouping: Prunus Platform, Scientific Group supporting CITES Authority,
•Policy brief: NTFPs in Cameroon & Product sheet: Prunus africana in Cameroon
Review• Literature review; NTFPs in Cameroon and VCsNTFPs in Cameroon & DRC, value chains
, 8 value chain reports, articles, presentations
(Prunus africana)
Apiculture Interprofession
Policy Briefs: DRC and Cameroon Product sheets: 8 in French & English
PAR
THINKING beyond the canopy
Key findings: Regulatory, institutional, policy framework
• Regulatory framework exists in Cameroon and DRC –
distinguishes between own use and trade, but is:
– Seldom implemented, largely un-enforced and ineffective
– Illogical, inconsistent, NTFPs ill defined confusing
– Not based on resource availability, nor location specific
quotas nor (for majority) any vulnerability assessment
– Highly susceptible to corruption
– Heavily mixed with overlapping layers of customary rules
and land tenure arrangement
• Policy timber focussed, doesn’t address actual situation, and
not aligned to business realities, cross border trade not
harmonised across region
• Institutional framework also timber focused, weakly
devolved & fragile institutions, donor-NGO lead, little
interaction between competent authorities. Although some
business associations in Cameroon and strong traders
unions in Nigeria, few in DRC
THINKING beyond the canopy
Gnetum spp.
Dacryodes
edulis
.
Garcinia kola
.
Irvingia spp.
• Positive impacts on forest based, rural & urban livelihoods
• Large and growing demand for NTFPs in rural, and especially,
urban areas
• Wide variances in sustainability of livelihoods and chains NTFPs
play a role in food security, health and providing cash income to
meet basic needs
• Organisation and efficiency of markets a function of local culture,
product & location, technologies, distance & access
• Lack of knowledge among actors about their chain
• Market information influences vertical integration
• Market Information System & actor Platforms show initial positive
results improving integration marginalised & profits
• Stakeholders shown openness to participate in formulating policy
and regulatory options
• Sustainable harvest techniques & domestication technologies
offer potential to increase profits – but needs wide scale
disseminating and enforcement
Key findings: Social and economic aspects
THINKING beyond the canopy
Beeswax
Values
Subsistence&
income
Average use of 9 NTFPs in Cameroon & DRC
by harvesters
- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
% Sold
% Consumed
% given as gifts
% barterd
% Perished
% of total production
Average annual household income from NTFPs
DRC and Cameroon (2007-2009)
- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AVERAGE DRC & CAM
Gnetum SW Lit
Apiculture NW, SW, A
Prunus NW SW
Irvingia SW, C, S, L, E
Gum arabic EN
Bamboo
Cola
Rhapia
AVERAGE CAMEROON
Fumbwa
Safou
Apiculture
AVERAGE RDC
NTF
P c
hain
% annual harvester's houshold income from NTFP
THINKING beyond the canopy
Numbers of actors per regional NTFP market chain
- 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
Gnetum SW Lit
Apiculture NW, SW, A
Prunus NW SW
Irvingia SW, C, S, L, E
Gum arabic EN
Bamboo NW SW C Litt
Cola NW W E
Rhapia NW W E
TOTAL CAMEROON
Fumbwa
Safou
Apiculture
TOTAL DRC
NTF
P ch
ain
No of direct actors per chain
Annual market value NTFP chains DRC & Cameroon 2007/2008/2009
- 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000
Gnetum SW Lit
Apiculture NW, SW, A
Prunus NW SW
Irvingia SW, C, S, L, E
Gum arabic EN
Bamboo NW SW C Litt
Cola NW W E
Rhapia NW W E
TOTAL CAMEROON
Fumbwa
Safou
Apiculture
TOTAL DRC
NT
FP
ch
ain
Annual market value US$
LivelihoodsEmployment & Production
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Customary rules fill some regulatory voids eg honey, bamboo & Prunus harvesting techniques
• Traditional systems also act as barriers: favouring existing actors and elites
• Technology & market changes however create new opportunities
• Decentralisation introduces new forms of control over resources
• Collective action increases negotiating power and access to information, prices and profits
Impacts of governance arrangements
• Unregulated access to Raphia leads to decreases in quantity and quantity
• Cola is planted upon the birth of the 1st son and trees are often ‘owned’
• Over 52 % of Prunus africana trees inventoried in wild forests are harvested, of which 60% unsustainably – compared to 40% planted Prunus of which 38% unsustainably
• 97% of eru harvesters indicate increasing scarcity & 45% is harvested using unsustainable techniques
• Beekeepers now planting hive material sources and avoiding using Kofia (Lophira lanceolota) as fuel wood to melt wax
Intermediaries and new markets increase honey buying price for honey up to
Illustrations
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Congo Basin NTFP trade under appreciated & insufficiently captured in economic,
employment, food security and health statistics
• Governance arrangements major impact on income equity & distribution, market
access & control and profit margins
• Power, relationships (lobby and government contacts) & tenure critical
• Overlapping & conflicting traditional, regulatory and devolved authorities cloud
governance
• Policy & regulatory extremes & inappropriate legal framework ripe for rationalisation
• Processing & storage important to add value locally (vertical integration)
• Domestication a good indicator of sustainability - cultivation decisive for long term
chain continuation
• Employment & profitability increase when sector professionalized - but access to
most profitable parts of chain may then be limited by powerful/elites
• Importance of business, capital, legal, infrastructure & technical support
• For long lived species, temporal consideration waiting long term impacts of
changing governance arrangements
• Raising awareness and enforcement of new policy regimes (honey, Prunus africana
etc.) will be critical in actualizing changes
Conclusions
THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy
The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
is one of the 15 centres supported by the Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Thank you!