gp.ypl;.> jkpo; (Kjyhz;L) DJL13 : jhs; - 2 ,yf;fzk; 2 1 ... Year - DJL13 - Ilakkanam 3... ·...

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 1

gp.ypl;.> jkpo; (Kjyhz;L) DJL13 : jhs; - 2 ,yf;fzk; 2

1.ahg;G E}y; 2.mzp E}y; ghlq;fs; 1-20

nghUslf;fk;

vz; ghlq;fs; gf;f vz;

1. ghlk; 1: nra;As; cWg;Gfs; 2. ghlk; 2: mir> rPh;

3. ghlk; 3: jis> mb> njhil 4. ghlk; 4: ntz;ghtpd; tifAk; ,dKk; 5. ghlk; 5: Mrphpag;ghtpd; tifAk; ,dKk;

6. ghlk; 6: fypg;ghtpd; tifAk; ,dKk; 7. ghlk; 7: tQ;rpg;ghtpd; tifAk; ,dKk; 8. ghlk; 8: kUl;gh 9. ghlk; 9: jz;bayq;fhuk; - nra;As; tiffs;

10. ghlk; 10:jz;bayq;fhuk; - nra;As; newpfs; 11. ghlk; 11:jz;bayq;fhuk; - jd;ik mzp>

ctik mzp

12. ghlk; 12:cUtf mzp> jPtf mzp> gpd;tUepiyazp

13. ghlk; 13:Kd;d tpyf;F mzp> Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;gzp

14. ghlk; 14:Ntw;Wik mzp> tpghtid mzp> xl;lzp> mjpra mzp

15. ghlk; 15:jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp> uJ mzp> El;g mzp

16. ghlk; 16:,Nyr mzp> epuy;epiwazp> Mh;tnkhop mzp> Ritazp

17. ghlk; 17:jd;Nkk;ghl;Liu mzp> ghpahamzp> rkhapj mzp> cjhj;j mzp

18. ghlk; 18:mtEjp mzp> rpNyil mzp> tpNrl mzp> xg;Gikf; $l;l mzp

19. ghlk; 19:tpNuhj mzp> khWgL Gfo;epiy mzp

20. ghlk; 20:Gzh;epiy mzp> ghptUj;jid mzp> tho;j;jzp> rq;fPuz mzp> ghtpf mzp


ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif – E}y; mwpKfk ;

cyf nkhopfSs; xg;gw;w nkhopahf tpsq;FtJ jkpo;nkhop> ,jw;F ,U

fz;fshf ,yf;fpaKk; ,yf;fzKk; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,j;jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk;

njhlf;fj;jpy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd %d;whfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;

ahg;G> mzp vd Ie;jhf tphptile;jJ. ,t;ite;ijAk; njhFj;Jk; jdpj;Jk;

tpsf;Ffpd;w E}y;fs; gy. mtw;Ws; nra;As; ,yf;fzkhfpa ahg;igg; gw;wpj;

jdpj;Jg; NgRtJ ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif vd;Dk; E}yhFk;. ,J ahg;G E}y;fSs;

jiy rpwe;jjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; top

,dpnjd tpUk;gpf; fw;Nghh; gyh;. mth;fs; midtUk; nra;As; ,yf;fzj;ij

ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpifapd; Jiz nfhz;Nl mwpa tpUk;Gth;. mj;jF rpwg;G tha;e;j

,e;E}y;> Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjyhf ,d;Wtiu jdf;nfdj; jdpj;jNjhh; ,lj;ijg;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif – ngah;f;fhuzk;:-

ahg;gUq;fyk; vd;Dk; E}Yf;Fj; Jiz [rhh;G] E}yhf vOjg;gl;lNj

ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif MFk;. fhhpif vd;gjw;Ff; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw vd;gJ

nghUshFk;. ahg;G gw;wpa tpjpfisf; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwahy; vLj;Jiug;gjhy;

,e;E}y; ahg;ghy; (ghtifahy;) ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. ngz;zhfpa fhhp;ifia

Kd;dpWj;jpg; (kf^c Kd;dpiy) NgRtjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ vdg; nghUs; $WtJ

nghUe;jhjjhFk;. ahg;ghfpa nghpa flw;gug;igf; flg;gjw;F xU kuf;fyk; Nghd;wJÉ

ahg;gpidg; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y;fSs; mhpa mzpfyd; Nghd;wJ vd

ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpif vd;Dk; ngaUf;Fg; nghUs; $Wth;.

E}y; mwpKfk;:-

,e;E}y; cWg;gpay;> nra;Aspay;> xopgpay; vd;Dk; %d;W ,ay;fisAk; 44

fhhpiffisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; Kjy; ,ay;

20 fhhpiffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nra;Aspd; tiffisAk; ,dq;fisAk; tpsf;Fk;

nra;Aspay; 15 fhhpiffisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t;tpU ,ay;fspYk; $wg;glhj

nra;jpfis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; xopgpay; 9 fhhpiffshy; mike;jJ> xt;nthU ,aypd;

,WjpapYk; ,ay; fhhpiffspd; Kjw; rPh;fisj; njhFj;J mikf;fg;ngw;w xU

fhhpif ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. cjhuz Kjy; epidg;Gf; $Wfpd;w fhhpiffs; (khtho;

ePq;fyhf) 15. ,tw;iwAk; $l;l ,e;E}ypd; fz; mike;j fhhpif 59.


E}yhrphpah;:-

ahg;gUq;fyk;> ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif vd;Dk; ,uz;L E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpath;

mkpjrhfuh; Mthh;. mkpjrhfuh; vd;Dk; ngaUf;Fg; ngUq;fly; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.

kpjk; - msTf;F cl;gl;lJ. mkpjk; - msTf;F cl;glhjJ. rhfuk; - fly;.

,g;ngahpy; ,Ue;J ,t;thrphpahpd; gue;Jgl;l mwpit mbg;gilahf itj;Jr;

#l;lg;ngw;w rpwg;Gg; ngah; vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,th; rkzrkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;

vd;gijj; jw;rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpd; top mwpayhk;. ,tUila fhyk; fp.gp.10 Mk;

E}w;whz;lhFk;. ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpajw;fhff; Fsj;J}h; vd;Dk; Ciug; ghprhfg;

ngw;whh;. mt;T+h; fhhpif Fsj;J}h; vd toq;fg;gl;lij eP^h;f; fy;ntl;bd; top mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. Fsj;J}h; njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhff; Fwpf;fg;gLtjhy;

,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; njhz;il kz;lyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; vdf; fUjyhk;.

ciuahrphpah;:-

mkpjrhfuhpd; ,uz;L E}y;fSf;Fk; vOjpath; Fzrhfuh;. Fzrhfuh;

vd;gjw;Ff; Fzf;fly; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ,tiug; gw;wpa tuyhW KOikahfj;

njhpatpy;iy. MapDk; ,t;Tiuahrphpah; gz;il ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis

Muha;e;J fw;wth;. ,th;jk; ciuahdJ RUf;fk;> El;gk;> njspT Mfpatw;iw

xUq;Nf nfhz;ljhFk;.


ghlk; - 1

nra;As; cWg;Gfs;

vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil Mfpa MWk; nra;ASf;Fhpa

cWg;GfishFk; vd;W ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif $Wfpd;wJ.

vOj;J

(mirf;F cWg;ghFk; vOj;Jf;fs;)

fhw;iwf; fPopUe;J Nky; vOg;gp cz;lhf;Ffpd;w fhuzj;jhYk; (xyp tbtk;)

vOJfpd;w fhuzj;jhYk; (thptbtk;) vOj;J mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;

vOj;Jf;fs; Fwpy;> neby;> Mtp(caph;)> Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>

Ma;jk;> nka;> ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;> ,ilapdk;> caph;nka;> msngil vdg;

gjpd;%d;W tifg;gLk;. ,g;gjpd;%d;W tif vOj;JfSk; mirf;F cWg;ghFk;

vOj;JfshFk;. ,t;ntOj;J gw;wpa nra;jpfs; xU fhhpif top vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gLfpd;wd.

“Fwpy; neby; Mtp FWfpa %Taph; Ma;j nka;Na

kWtW %tpdk; ikjPh; caph;nka; kjpkUl;Lk;

rpWEjw; Ngukh;f; fl;nra;a thiaa Ez;zpilaha;

mwpQh; ciuj;j msTk; mirf;FWg; ghtdNt.”

ah.fhhpif – 4

1. Fwpy;:-

xU khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;Fk; capnuOj;Jfshfpa m> ,> c> v> x

vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;JfSk; „Fwpy;‟ vdg;gLk;. ,it Fw;Waph; vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

2. neby;:-

,uz;L khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;Fk; capnuOj;Jfshfpa M> <> C> V>

I> X> xs Mfpa VO vOj;JfSk; „neby;‟ vdg;gLk;. ,it nel;Laph; vdTk;

toq;fg;ngWk;.


3. Mtp:-

Mtp vd;gJ capnuOj;J MFk;. mit „m‟ fu Kjy; „xs‟ fhuk; <whf

cs;s gd;dpuz;L vOj;JfshFk;.

“xsfhu ,Wtha;

gd;dPh; vOj;Jk; caph;vd nkhopg”

(njhy;.9)

4. Fw;wpaypfuk;:-

epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;J Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> tUnkhop Kjypy;

„a‟fuk; te;jhy;> epiynkhopapd; <w;wpYs;s Fw;wpaYfuk; Fw;wpaypfukhf khWk;.

(v.L)

ehF +ahJ ehf; +,+ahJ ehfpahJ

muf;F +ahJ muf;fpahJ

tuF +ahJ tufpahJ

Kd;dpiy Vty; tpidapd; <w;wpy; tUk; „kpah‟ vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy;ypy;

„k‟fuj;ij Ch;e;J tUk; ,fuKk; Fw;wpaypfukhFk;.

(v-L)

Nfz;kpah> nrd;kpah.

5. Fw;wpaYfuk;:-

neby;> neby; xw;W> Fwpypiz> Fwpypiz xw;W> Fwpy; neby;> Fwpy;neby;

xw;W> Fw;nwhw;W Mfpa ,tw;iwaLj;J> MW ty;nyOj;ijAk; Ch;e;J cfuk;

te;jhy;> mJ Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.

v-L

1. neby; mLj;J ehF>fhR>fhL>fhJ>fhG>fhW

2. neby; xw;iw mLj;J ehf;F>fhr;R>fhl;L>fhj;J>fhg;G>fhw;W

3. Fwpypiz mLj;J tuF>KuR>kUL>kUJ>JuG>ftW

4. Fwpypiz xw;iw mLj;J muf;F>nghhpr;R>njUl;L>FUj;J>nghUg;G>rpuw;;W

5. Fwpy; nebiy mLj;J mNrhF>gyhR>kyhL>nflhJ>GjhG>tpuhW

6. Fwpy; neby; xw;iw mLj;J jkhf;F>jlhr;R>gdhl;L>flhj;J>Gjhg;G>tpuhw;W

7. Fwpy; xw;iw mLj;J mf;F>fr;R>fl;L>fj;J>fg;G>fw;W


njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ed;D}Yk; <w;Wf;F may; vOj;ij Nehf;fpf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

MW tif vdf; $Wfpd;wd.

Ifhuf;FWf;fk;:-

msngLf;Fk; NghJk;>jdpNa nrhy;Yk; NghJk; Mfpa ,U epiyfSk; my;yhj

epiyapy; tUk; Ifhuk; jd;dstpy; RUq;fp xd;wiu khj;jpiuAk;> xU

khj;jpiuAkhff; FWFk;. Ifhuk; FWFkplj;J nkhop Kjy;> ,il> fil vd

%d;wplj;Jk; FWFk;.

(v.L)

nkhopf;F Kjypy; Ig;grp> ikg;Gwk;

nkhopf;F ,ilapy; ,ilad;> kilad;

nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; Ftis> jtis> jpid> gid

Ma;jk;

Ma;jk; vd;gJ Kg;ghw;Gs;spahFk;. ,J nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; kl;LNk tUk;.

,J jdpepiy> m/Nfdk;> Gs;sp> xw;W vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

(v.L)

v/F> f/R> f/L> f/J> f/G> f/W

“Fwpajd; Kd;dh; Ma;jg; Gs;sp

capnuhL Gzh;e;jty; yhwd; kpirj;Nj”

(njhy;.38)

nka;:-

„f‟fuk; Kjyhf „d‟fuk; <whf cs;s gjpndl;L vOj;JfSk; nka;naOj;Jfs;

vdg;gLk;. nka;naOj;Jfs; Gs;sp ngw;W epw;Fk;. ,k;nka;naOj;Jfs; clk;G>

cWg;G> xw;W> Gs;sp vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

“dfhu ,Wtha;g;

gjpndz; vOj;Jk; nka;vd nkhopg”

(njhy;.9)

ty;ypdk;:-

f>r>l>j>g>w vd;Dk; MW nka;naOj;JfSk; ty;ypdk; vd toq;fg;ngWk;.

“ty;nyOj;J vd;g frl jgw”

(njhy;.19)


nky;ypdk;:-

q>Q>z>e>k>d vd;Dk; MW nka;naOj;JfSk; nky;ypdk; vd toq;fg;ngWk;.

“nky;nyOj;J vd;g qQz ekd”

(njhy;.20)

,ilapdk;:-

a>u>y>t>o>s vd;Dk; MW nka;naOj;JfSk; ,ilapdk; vd toq;fg;ngWk;.

“,ilnaOj;J vd;g auy tos”

(njhy;.21)

fhhpifapy; „kWtW %tpdk;‟ vd;W rpwg;gpj;j mjdhy;> gjpndl;L

nka;naOj;JfSk; caph;nka;ahfpa NghJk; mg;ngauhNyNa toq;fg;ngWk;.

caph;nka;:-

capUk; nka;Ak; $l;b cr;rhpf;fg;gLfpd;w „f‟fuk; njhlq;fp „d‟fuk; <whf

cs;s ,UE}w;Wg; gjpdhW vOj;JfSk; caph;nka;naOj;Jfs; vdg;gLk;.

fhhpifapy;> “ikjPh; caph;nka;” vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> nka;apd;

kPJ Vwpa caphpd; msNt caph;nka;f;Fk; msthFk; vdf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

msngil:-

khj;jpiuAk; FiwAk; NghJ> rPh; Fd;wpj; jis nfl epd;w ,lj;J> ahg;G

mopahik nghUl;L vOj;njhypfs; jk; khj;jpiuapdpd;W ePz;L xypj;jy; msngil

vdg;gLk;. ,t; msngil capusngil> xw;wsngil vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

Capusngil:-

capnuOj;Jfspy; M><>C>V>I>X>xs vd;Dk; nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk;

msngLf;Fk;. mit msngLf;Fk; NghJ> „I‟fhuk; „,‟fuj;NjhLk;> „xs‟fhuk;

„c‟fuj;NjhLk; msngLf;Fk;. kw;wit jkf;F ,dkhd Fw;nwOj;JfNshL

msngLf;Fk;. mit jdpepiyAk;> xU nrhy;ypd; KjdpiyAk;> ,ilepiyAk;> ,Wjp

epiyAk; Mfpa ehd;fplj;Jk; te;J msngLf;Fk;.


(v-L)

jdpepiy - Mm> <,> Cc> Vv> I,> Xx> xsc

Kjy;epiy - Mmhplk;> <,hpiy> Cchplk;> Vvhpfs;

,ilepiy - glhmif> ghP,ak;> f*ckzp> tis,ak;

,Wjpepiy - flhm> FhP,> f*c> fil,

xw;wsngil:-

nka;naOj;Jfspy; q>Q>z>e>k>d>t>a>y>s vd;Dk; gj;Jk;> Ma;jKk; Mfpa

gjpndhU vOj;JfSk;> Fwpiy mLj;Jk;> Fwpypizia mLj;Jk; te;J msngLf;Fk;.

xw;wsngil nra;Aspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. cyf tof;fpy; thuhJ

(v-L)

FwpiyaLj;J - kq;q;fyk;> kQ;Q;R> kz;z;Z> ge;e;J> mk;k;G

Fwpypiz mLj;J - muq;q;fk;> KuQ;Q;R> Kuz;z;L> gUe;e;J> mUk;k;G

fhhpifapy;> „mwpQh; ciuj;j msGk;‟ vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpajdhy;>

Fw;nwOj;J> xw;wsngil - xU khj;jpiu

nel;nlOj;J - ,uz;L khj;jpiu

capusngil - %d;W khj;jpiu

Ma;jk;> nka;> Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk; - miu khj;jpiu

Ifhuf;FWf;fk; - xd;wiu khj;jpiu

kfuf;FWf;fk; - fhy; khj;jpiu

ngWk; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.


ghlk; - 2

mir

vOj;J xd;Nwh gyNth mirj;J ,ir nfhs;tjpdhy; mir vdg;ngah;

ngWfpwJ.

“vOj;J mirj;J ,irNfhlypd; mirNa” vd;W ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jpapd;

ciu Nkw;Nfhs; $WfpwJ.

mir Neuir> epiuair vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

“FwpNy nebNy Fwpypiz Vidf; Fwpy;nebNy

newpNa thpDk; epiue;Jxw;W mLg;gpDk; Neh;epiuvd; (W)

mwp Nta; GiuAk; nkd;Njhsp cjhuzk; Mop nts;Nty;

ntwpNa Rwhepwk; tpz;Njha; tpshk; vd;W Ntz;LtNu”

(ah.fhhpif-5)

Neuir:-

Fwpy; jdpj;J thpDk;> neby; jdpj;J thpDk; Fwpiy mLj;J nka;naOj;J

thpDk;> nebiy mLj;J nka;naOj;J thpDk; NeuirahFk;.

(v-L)

M - neby; jdpNa ve;Js;s Neuir

op - Fwpy; jdpNa te;Js;s Neuir

nts; - Fwpiy mLj;J nka;naOj;J te;Js;s Neuir

Nty; - nebiy mLj;J nka;naOj;J te;Js;s Neuir

epiuair:-

Fwpy; ,ize;J thpDk;> Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J thpDk;> Fwpypizia

mLj;J xw;nwOj;J thpDk;> Fwpy; nebiy mLj;J xw;nwOj;J thpDk;

epiuairahFk;.

(v-L)

ntwp - Fwpy; ,ize;J te;Js;s epiuair

Rwh - Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J te;Js;s epiuair

epwk; - Fwpypizia mLj;J xw;nwOj;J te;Js;s epiuair

tpshk; - Fwpy;nebiy mLj;J xw;nwOj;J te;Js;s epiuair


rPh;

Xh; mir jdpahfNth> gy mirfs; Nrh;e;Njh nra;As; mbfspy; miktJ rPh;

vd toq;fg;ngWk;. xU rPhpy; xd;W Kjy; ehd;F mirfs; tiu mike;jpUf;Fk;.

rPh;fspd; ngaUk; tifAk ;

“<uir ehw;rPh; mftw;F chpa ntz;ghtpdthk;

Neuirahy; ,w;w %tifr;rPh; epiuahy; ,Wg

thuir nkd;Kiy khNj! tFj;j tQ;rpf;F chpr;rPh;

Xh; mirNa epd;Wk; rPuhk; nghJnthL ehyirNa”

(ah.fhhpif-6)

rPh;fSf;Fhpa tha;ghL

“Njkh Gspkh fUtpsk; $tpsk; rPh; mftw;F

Mk;;Mk; filfha; milapd; ntz;ghtpw;F me;jk;fdpahk;

thkhz; fiymy;Fy; khNj! tFj;j tQ;rpf;F chpr;rPh;

ehkhz;G ciuj;j mirr;rPh;f;F cjhuzk; ehs;kyNu”

(ah.fhhpif-7)

tiffs;:-

rPh; ehd;F tifg;gLk; mitahtd: Xuirr;rPh;> <uirr;rPh;> %tirr;rPh;>

ehyirr;rPh;.

Xuirr;rPh;:-

Xuirahy; Mfpa rPh; Xuirr;rPh; vdg;gLk;. ,jid mirr;rPh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

ntz;ghtpd; ,Wjp Xuirr;rPuhy; KbjYk; cz;L. mg;NghJ mJ

NeuirahfNth epiuairahfNth jdpj;J epd;W rPuhf mikAk;. ,e;epiyapy;

Neuirf;F „ehs;‟ vd;gJk;> epiuairf;F „kyh;‟ vd;gJk; tha;ghLfshFk;.

(v-L)

Neh; (ehs;)

thnyap Y}wpa ePh;

epiu (kyh;)

neQ;rj; jty kpyh;


<uirr;rPh;:-

,uz;L mirahy; mikAk; rPh; <uirr;rPuhFk;. ,r;rPh; ,aw;rPh;> mftw;rPh;

vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;. ,uz;L mirahyhfpa ehd;F rPUk; Mrphpachpr;rPuhFk;.

,r;rPUf;Fj; Njkh> Gspkh> fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; tha;ghLfshFk;.

rPh; tha;g;ghL

Neh;> Neh; Njkh

khr;rPh; epiu> Neh; Gspkh

epiu> epiu fUtpsk;

tpsr;rPh; Neh;> epiu $tpsk;

(v-L)

Fd;/wf; - Neh;> Neh;

Fw/td; - epiu> Neh;

kl/kfs; - epiu> epiu

rh/ays; - Neh;> epiu

%tirr;rPh;:-

<uirr;rPh; ehd;fpNdhLk; Neuir Nrh;e;jhy; tUfpd;w %tirr;rPh; ehd;F.

,jid fha;r;rPh; vd;Wk;> ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

rPh; tha;ghL

Neh;> Neh;> Neh; - Njkhq;fha;

epiu> Neh;> Neh; - Gspkhq;fha;

epiu> epiu> Neh; - fUtpsq;fha;

Neh;> epiu> Neh; - $tpsq;fha;

(v-L)

fps;/sp/Ngh; - Neh;> Neh;> Neh;

Gd/dh/ld; - epiu> Neh;> Neh;

Gid/fow;/fhw; - epiu> epiu> Neh;

Co;/cyf;/if - Neh;> epiu> Neh;

<uirr;rPh; ehd;fpNdhLk; epiuair Nrh;e;jhy; tUfpd;w %tirr;rPh; ehd;F. ,J

fdpr;rPh; vd;Wk;> tQ;rp chpr;rPh; vd;Wk; toq;fg;ngWk;.


rPh; tha;g;ghL

Neh;> Neh;> epiu - Njkhq;fdp

epiu> Neh;> epiu - Gspkhq;fdp

epiu> epiu> epiu - fUtpsq;fdp

Neh;> epiu> epiu - $tpsq;fdp

(v-L)

G+e; /jh/kiug; - Neh;> Neh;> epiu

tpidf; /fk; /giy - epiu> Neh;> epiu

ts/ta/ypil - epiu> epiu> epiu

Ngh/jy/kuj; - Neh;> epiu> epiu

ehyirr;rPh;:-

ehd;F mirfshy; Mfpa rPh; nghJr;rPh; vdg;gLk;. Nkw;$wg;ngw;w %tirr;rPh;

vl;bd; ,WjpapYk;> „NeUk; epiuAk;‟ jdpj;jdpNa mLj;J tUfpd;w gjpdhW rPh;fSk;

„nghJr;rPh;‟ fshFk;.

“jz;zpoy; jz;G+ eWk;G+ eWepoy; je;Jcwo;e;jhy;

vz;zpL ehyirr; rPh;te;J mUFk; ,dpmtw;Ws;

fz;zpa G+tpdk; fha;r;rPh; mida fdpnahL xf;Fk;

xz;zpoy; rPh; mirr;rPh; ,aw;rPh; xf;Fk; xz;jisf;Nf”

(ah.fhhpif -8)

,aw;rPUf;Fhpa tha;ghLfshd Njkh> Gspkh> fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd;Dk;

ehd;Fld; jz;zpoy;> jz;G+> eWepoy;> eWk;G+ vd;Dk; ehd;F tha;ghLfisAk;

KiwahNd je;J cwo;e;jhy;> gjpdhW ehd;firr;rPh; tUk;. ,t;thW tUfpw gjpdhW

ehd;firr;rPh;fSk; nghJr;rPh; vdg;gLk;.

Neh; Neh; Neh; Neh; - Njkhe;jz;G+

epiu Neh; Neh; Neh; - Gspkhe;jz;G+

epiu epiu Neh; Neh; - fUtpse;jz;G+

Neh; epiu Neh; Neh; - $tpse;jz;G+

Neh; Neh; epiu Neh; - Njkh eWk;g+

epiu Neh; epiu Neh; - Gspkh eWk;G+

epiu epiu epiu Neh; - fUtps eWk;G+

Neh; epiu epiu Neh; - $tps eWk;G+


Neh; Neh; Neh; epiu - Njkhe;jz;zpoy;

epiu Neh; Neh; epiu - Gspkhe;jz;zpoy;

epiu epiu Neh; epiu - fUtpse;jz;zpoy;

Neh; epiu Neh; epiu - $tpse;jz;zpoy;

Neh; Neh; epiu epiu - Njkh eWepoy;

epiu Neh; epiu epiu - Gspkh eWepoy;

epiu epiu epiu epiu - fUtps eWepoy;

Neh; epiu epiu epiu - $tps eWepoy;

fhhpifapy; „G+tpsk; fha;r;rPh; mida‟ vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sikahy; ehyirr;rPh;

gjpdhwDs;Sk;> „G+‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; ,Wjpahfpa Neh; <w;Wk; nghJr;rPh; vl;Lk;> fha;

vd;Dk; nrhy; ,Wjpahfpa ntz;gh chpr;rPiug; Nghyf; nfhz;L> tUQ;rPh;

KjyirNahL xd;WtJ ntz;lisahfTk;> xd;whjJ fypj;jisahfTk;

toq;fg;ngWk;.

„fdpNahL xf;Fk; xz;zpow;rPh;‟ vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> „epoy;‟ vd;Dk;

nrhy; ,Wjpahfpa epiuaPw;Wg; nghJr;rPh; vl;ilAk; tQ;rpAhpr;rPiug; Nghyf; nfhz;L>

tUQ;rPh; KjyirNahL xd;wpDk; xd;whtpbDk; tQ;rpj;jis vd;W toq;fg;ngWk;.

,e;j ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhWk; ntz;ghtpy; thuh. fypg;ghtpYk; Mrphpag;

ghtpYk;> rpWghd;ik Fw;wpaypfu> Fw;wpaYfuq;fs; te;jtplj;J kl;LNk tUk;.

tQ;rpg;ghtpy; kl;Lk; ngUthhpahf tUk;.


ghlk; - 3

jis

jis vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Ff; fl;LtJ my;yJ nghUe;JtJ vd;gJ nghUshFk;.

rPh;fs; xd;nwnahd;W njhlUk; Kiwf;F ahg;G E}yhh; jis vdg; ngahpl;ldh;.

,iriaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;w rPh;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W $l;lg;gl;L ,ir njhlh;r;rp Njhd;w

mikf;fg;gLtNj jisapd; gadhFk;. epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUQ;rPhpd; KjyirAk;

xd;wpNah xd;whkNyh mikapDk; mJ jis vd;Nw toq;fg;gLk;. epd;w rPhpd;

<w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;whf miktJ xd;wpa jisahFk;. khWgl;L

miktJ xd;whj jisahFk;.

“jz;rPh; jdnjhd;wpy; jd;jisahkÉ; jzthj tQ;rp

tz;rPh; tpfw;gKk; tQ;rpf; Fwpj;J ty;Nyhh; tFj;j

ntz;rPh; tpfw;gk; fypj;jis aha;tpLk; ntz;jisahk;

xz;rPh; mfty; chpr;rPh; tpfw;gKk; xz;ZjNy.

(ah.fhhpif-10)

jisapd; tiffs;:-

1.Nenud;whrphpaj;jis 2.epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 3.,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4.ntz;rPh;

ntz;lis 5.fypj;jis 6.xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7.xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis – vdj;

jisfs; VO tifg;gLk;.

xd;wpa jisfs;:-

Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis> epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis> ntz;rPh; ntz;lis> xd;wpa

tQ;rpj;jis Mfpa ehd;Fk; xd;wpa jisfshFk;.

xd;whj jisfs;:-

,aw;rPh; ntz;lis> fypj;jis> xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis Mfpa %d;Wk; xd;whj

jisfshFk;.

Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis:-

MrphpaThpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPh; Kjy; milNahL Neuha; xd;WtJ

Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ kh Kd; Neh; tUtJ.


(v-L)

Ne Ne Ne

cs;Æshh; nfhy;ÆNyh

epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis:-

MrphpaThpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPh; Kjy; mirNahL epiuaha; xd;WtJ

epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ tps Kd; epiu tUtJ.

(v-L)

epiu epiu epiu‟

jpUÆkio jiyÆ,a

,aw;rPh; ntz;lis:-

MrphpaThpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPh; Kjy; mirNahL xd;whjJ ,aw;rPh;

ntz;lis vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ kh Kd; epiuAk;> tps Kd; NeUk; tUtJ.

(v-L)

Neh; epiu Neh;

gh ÆnyhL Njd; Æfye;

-tpsk; Kd; Neh; te;Js;sJ.

Neh; Neh; epiu

jw; ÆNw gzp Ænkhop

ntz;rPh; ntz;lis:-

ntz;gh chpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPh; KjyirNahL xd;WtJ ntz;rPh;

ntz;lis vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ fha; Kd; Neh; tUtJ.

(v-L)

epiu epiu Neh; Neh;

rpiy Ætpyq; ÆF ePs; ÆGUtk;

- kh Kd; epiu te;Js;sJ.


fypj;jis:-

ntz;gh chpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPhpd; KjyirNahL xd;whjJ fypj;jis

vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ fha; Kd; epiu tUtJ.

(v-L)

Neh; Neh; Neh; epiu

nry; Ætg; ÆNghh;f; fjf; Æfz;zd;

xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis:-

tQ;rp chpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mirNahL xd;WtJ xd;wpa

tQ;rpj;jisahFk;. mjhtJ fdp Kd; epiu tUtJ.

(v-L)

Neh; Neh; epiu epiu

ntz; Ærh Ækiu Gil Ængah;jur;

xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis:-

tQ;rp chpr;rPh; epd;W> jd; tUQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mirNahL xd;whjJ xd;whj

tQ;rpj;jis vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ fdp Kd; Neh; tUtJ.

(v-L)

Neh; Neh; epiu Neh;

thd; Ængha;g; ÆgpD jhd; Ængha;ah

mb

,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l rPh;fs; njhlh;e;J epw;gJ mb vdf;

$wg;gLfpwJ. rPh;fs; ,ize;j jisfs; nghUe;jp epd;W mLj;J elg;gjhy; mb

mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Xubapy; mikAk; rPh;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g mbfs;

gy ngah;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. mtw;iw Ie;J tifahfg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.


“FwspU rPub rpe;JKr; rPub ehnyhUrPh;

miwjU fhiy msnthL Neub InahUePh;

epiwjU ghj nebybahk; neLnkd; gizj;Njhs;

fiwnfO Ntw;fz; ey;yha; kpf;f ghjk; fopnebNy”.

(ah.fhhpif-12)

mbapd; tiffs;:-

Fwsb> rpe;jb> mstb> nebyb> fopnebyb vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

Fwsb:-

,uz;L rPh;fshy; tUk; mb Fwsb vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

jpiuj;j rhypif

epiuj;j Nghdpue;

jpiug;g Njd;fNs

tpiuf;nfhz; khiyaha;

(#shkzp> rPatij – 172)

rpe;jb:-

%d;W rPh;fshy; tUk; mb rpe;jb vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

,UJ Ntw;Wik ,d;ikahw;

RUjp Nkw;Wwf; fj;jpNdh

lhpJ Ntw;Wik ahfNt

fUJ Ntw;wlq; ifapdha;

(#shkzp> rPatij – 170)

mstb ÆNeub:-

ehd;F rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mb mstb vdg;gLk;. ,t;tb Neub vdTk;

toq;fg;ngWk;.


(v-L)

cynf yhKzh;e; Njhjw;f hpatd;

epyT yhtpa ePh;kyp Ntzpad;

myfpy; Nrhjpad; mk;gyj; jhLthd;

kyh; rpyk;gb tho;j;jp tzq;Fthk;.

(nghpa-1)

nebyb:-

Ie;J rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mb nebyb vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

ntd;whd; tpidapd; njhifaha tphpe;J jd;fz;

xd;wha;g; gue;j czh;tpd; xopahJ Kw;Wk;

nrd;whd; jpfOQ; Rlh;# nohsp%h;j;jp ahfp

epd;whd; mbf;fPo;g; gzpe;Njhh; tpidePq;fp epd;whh;

(#sh.fhg;G)

fopnebyb:-

Ie;J rPUf;Fk; mjpfkhd rPh;fisf; nfhz;L tUfpd;w mb fopnebyb

vdg;gLk;.

ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jp> MWrPh; Kjyhfg; gj;Jr;rPh; ,Wjpahf tUk; mbfisAk;>

gj;Jr;rPUf;F mjpfkhfTk; gjpd;%d;W rPUf;F kpfhkYk; tUk; mbfisAk;>

fopnebybahf toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.

vl;Lr; rPUf;F mjpfkhd rPh;fisf; nfhz;L tUfpd;w mbfs; rpwg;gpy;yhjit

vd;W fhf;ifg;ghbdpahh; $Wfpd;whh;.

MWrPh; Kjyhfg; gjpNdhU rPh; <whff; fopnebyb mikAk; vd;W tPuNrhopa

ciu $Wfpd;wJ.


(v-L)

,iuf;F kQ;rpiwg; gwitf nsdg;ngah;

,itz;L Gil#o

Eiuf;fs; vd;Dkf; Fok;Gfs; jpfo;e;njo

Elq;fpa tpiyaj;jhy;

(#sh.fy;ahzr;-51)

,g;ghly; mWrPh;f; fopnebybahy; mike;Js;sJ.

fzpnfhz; lyh;e;j ewNtq;if NahL

fko;fpd;w fhe;j spjohy;

mzpnfhz; lyh;e;j tdkhiy #b

mfpyhtp FQ;rp fko

(#shkzp> murpay;-197)

,g;ghlypy; xt;Nthh; mbapYk; VO rPh;fs; mike;Js;sd.

njhil

xU nra;Aspy; mike;j mbfSk; mt;tbfspy; ,lk; ngw;w rPh;fSk; xd;NwhL

xd;W nghUj;jKwj; njhLf;fg;gLtJ njhilahFk;. kyh;fshy; njhLf;fg;gLk;

khiyiag;Nghy mbfshy; njhLf;fg; gLtJ njhilahFk;.

„vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; - vd;gdtw;iw xUtpj xOq;fpy; epWj;jp> mbNahL

mbapilj; njhLf;fg;gLk; nra;As; cWg;G njhil vdg;gLk;‟ vd;W

fhf;ifg;ghbdpahh; $Wfpd;whh;. nra;Aspd; rpwg;gpw;Fk; Xir eaj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilaha;

tpsq;FtJ njhilahFk;. “njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;” vd;Dk; gonkhop

njhilapd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;.

njhilapd; tiffs;:-

Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG> Kuz;> msngil> me;jhjp> ,ul;il> nre;njhil

vdj; njhilfs; vl;L tifg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy; Kjypy; cs;s Ie;J njhilfSk;

Kjd;ikj; njhilfs; vd;Wk; $wg;ngWk;.

“vOtha; vOj;njhd;wpd; Nkhid ,Wjp ,iagpuz;lhk;

tOth vOj;njhd;wpd; khNj vJif kWjiyj;j


nkhopahd; thpDk; Kuz; mbNjhWk; nkhopKjw;fz;

mopahJ msngLj; njhd;WtjhFk; msngilNa”

(ah.fhhpif-16)

“me;jk; Kjyhj; njhLg;gJ me;jhjp mbKOJk;

te;j nkhopNa tUtJ ,ul;il tud;Kiwahd;

Ke;jpa Nkhid Kjyh KOJk; xt;thJ tpl;lhy;

nre;njhil ehkk; ngWk; eWnkd;Fby; NjnkhopNa”

(ah.fhhpif-17)

Nkhidj; njhil:-

mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPhpYs;s Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbNkhidj;

njhil vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

khTk; Gs;Sk; tjptapw; glu

khePh; tphpe;j G+Tq; $k;g

khiy njhLj;j NfhijAq; fko

khiy te;j thil

khNahd; ,d;Daph;g; Gwj; jd;Nw

vJifj; njhil:-

mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPhpYs;s Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J

xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbnaJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp

gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF.

,iaGj; njhil:-

mbNjhWk;> ,Wjpr; rPhpYs;s ,Wjp vOj;Njh nrhy;Nyh xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ

mb ,iaGj;njhil vdg;gLk;.


(v-L)

,d;difj; Jth;tha;f; fpstpAk; mzq;Nf

ed;kh Nkdpr; Rzq;Fkh uzq;Nf

Mlikj; Njhsp ClYk; mzq;Nf

mhpkjh; kiof;fZk; mzq;Nf

Kuz;njhil:-

mbNjhWk;> Kjw;rPhpd; Kjw;fz; epd;w nrhy;iyNah nghUisNah jk;Ks;

khWglj; njhLg;gJ mbKuz; njhil vdg;gLk;. ,j;njhil ,uzj;njhil vdTk;

$wg;ngWk;.

(v-L)

,Us;gue;jd;d khePh; kUq;fpd;

epyTf;Ftpj;jd;d ntz;kz nyhUrpiw

,Uk;gpdd;d fUq;Nfhl;Lg; Gd;id

nghd;dpdd;d Ez;jhJ ,iwf;Fk;

msngilj; njhil:-

mbNjhWk;> Kjw;rPhpd; Kjw;fz; msngil xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ

mbasngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

Mm mspa mytd;jd; ghh;g;gpNdhL

<,h; ,iuAk; nfhz;Bh; misg; gs;spAs;

J}ce; jpiuaiyg;gj; JQ;rh(J) ,iwtd; Njhs;

me;jhjpj; njhil:-

Xh; mbapd; <w;wpYs;s vOj;J> mir> rPh; Mfpatw;wpy; xd;wid> mLj;j

mbapd; Kjw;fz; xd;wp tuj; njhLg;gJ me;jhjpj; njhil vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

cyFld; tpsf;Fk; xspjpfo; mtph;kjp

kjpeyd; mopf;Fk; tsq;nfO Kf;Fil

Kf;Fil ePoy; nghw;Gil Mrdk;


,ul;ilj; njhil:-

ehd;F rPh;fisf; nfhz;l Xub KOtJk;> xU rPNu jpUk;gj; jpUk;g

tuj;njhLg;gJ ,ul;ilj; njhil vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

xf;FNk xf;FNk xf;FNk xf;Fk;

tpsf;fpdpw; rPnwhp xf;FNk xf;Fk;

Fsf;nfhl;bg; G+tpd; epwk;.

nre;njhil:-

,ay;ghf tUtJ nre;njhilahFk;. Nkhid> vJif Kjyhfpa njhilfSk;>

,iz> nghopg;G Kjyhfpa njhif tpfw;gq;fSk; ,d;wp ,ay;ghfj; njhLg;gJ

nre;njhil vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

G+j;j Ntq;if tpad;rpid Vwp

kapypdk; mfTk; ehld;

ez;Zjy; nfhbr;rp kdj;jfj; NjhNd.

njhil tpfw;gk;:-

Xubf;fz; mike;Js;s rPh;fs; NjhWk; Nkhid> vJif> Kuz;> ,iaG>

msngil Mfpad xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ njhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;. njhil

tpfw;gkhdJ ,iz> nghopg;G> x&c> $io> Nkw;fJtha;> fPo;f;fJtha;> Kw;W vd

VO tifg;gLk;.

,UrPh; kpir ,iz MFk; nghopg;G ,ilapl;L x&cthk;

,UrPh; ,ilapl;lJ <wpyp $io Kjy; ,Wtha;

tUk;rPh; may;,y Nky; fPo; tFj;j ikjPh;fJtha;

tUk;rPh; KOtJk; xd;wpd; Kw;whk; vd;g kw;witNa.

(ah.fhhpif-19)

,iz:-

xubapy; mike;Js;s Kjy; ,UrPh;fz;Zk; (1>2) Nkhid Kjyhfpa njhilfs;

xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ ,iz vdg;gLk;.


nghopg;G:-

Xubapy; mike;Js;s Kjw;rPhpYk; %d;whk; rPhpYk; (1>3) Nkhid Kjyhfpa

njhilfs; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ nghopg;G vdg;gLk;.

x&c:-

Xubapy; mike;Js;s Kjw;rPhpYk; ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; (1>4) Nkhid Kjyhfpa

njhilfs; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ x&c vdg;gLk;.

$io:-

Kjy; %d;W rPh;fspYk; (1>2>3) Nkhid Kjyhfpa njhilfs; xd;wptuj;

njhLg;gJ $io vdg;gLk;.

Nkw;fJtha;:-

,uz;lhk; rPh; jtpu> xope;j %d;W rPh;fspy; (1>3>4) Nkhid Kjyhfpa

njhilfs; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJtha; vdg;gLk;.

fPo;f;fJtha;:-

%d;whk; rPh; jtpu> xope;j %d;W rPh;fspy; (1>2>4) Nkhid Kjyhfpa njhilfs;

xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; vdg;gLk;.

Nkhid tpfw;gk;:-

mzpkyh; mNrhfpd; jsph;eyk; ftw;wp - (,iz Nkhid)

mhpf;Fuy; fpz;fpzp muw;Wk; rPub - (nghopg;G Nkhid)

mk;nghd; nfhoQ;rp neLe;Njh; mfw;wp - (x&c Nkhid)

mfd;w my;Fy; me;Ez; kUq;Fy; - ($io Nkhid)

mUk;gpa nfhq;if mt;tis mikj;Njhs; - (Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid)

mth;kjp mida jpUEjy; mhpit - (fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid)

mapy;Nty; mDf;fp mk;giyj;J mkh;e;j - (Kw;W Nkhid)


,iaG tpfw;gk;:-

nkha;j;Jld; jtOk; KfpNy nghopNy - (,iz ,iaG)

kw;wjd; maNy Kj;Jwo; kzNy - (nghopg;G ,iaG)

epoNy ,dpajd; mayJ flNy - (x&c ,iaG)

khjh; efpNy ty;Ny ,aNy - ($io ,iaG)

tpy;Ny EjNy Ntw;fz; faNy - (Nkw;fJtha; ,iaG)

gy;Ny jstk; ghNy nrhy;Ny - (fPo;f;fJtha; ,iaG)

GaNy FoNy kapNy ,aNy - (Kw;W ,iaG)

vJif tpfw;gk;:-

nghd;dpd; md;d nghwpRzq;F Ve;jpg;

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

FWtpdhf;fs;:-

1. nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; ahit?

2. mirf;F cWg;ghFk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?

3. mir – tpsf;Ff.

4. mb vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:-

1. rPh;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? tiffis tpsf;Ff.

2. njhil gw;wp tpsf;fp tiuf.

3. jisfis tpsf;fpf; fl;Liutiuf


ghlk; - 4

myF – 2

nra;Aspay;

ghTf;Fhpa mbAk; XirAk;:-

ghf;fspd; tiffisAk; ,dq;fisAk; $wte;j Mrphpah; mg;ghf;fSf;Fhpa

mbtiuaiwiaAk; XiriaAk; Kjw;fz; xU fhhpifapy; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

“ntz;gh mfty; fypg;gh mstb tQ;rp vd;Dk;

xz;ghmb Fws; rpe;J vd;Wciug;g xypKiwNa

jpz;gh kypnrg;gy; rPh;fhy; mfty; nrd;W Xq;FJs;sy;

ez;gh mike;j eykpF J}q;fy; eWEjNy”

(ah.fhhpif-21)

ehy;tifg;ghf;fSf;F chpa mb:-

ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh Mfpa %d;W ghf;fSk; ehd;F rPh;fisf; nfhz;l

mstbahy; tug;ngWk;. tQ;rpg;gh ,uz;L rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mbahYk;> %d;W

rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mbahYk; tug;ngWk;.

fhhpifr; nra;Aspy; „tQ;rpnad;Dk; xz;gh‟ vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$wg;ngw;Ws;sjhy;> ntz;ghtpd; <w;wbAk;> Nehpir Mrphpag;ghtpd; <w;waybAk;> fyp

ntz;ghtpd; <w;wbAk; %d;W rPh;fshy; tug;ngWk; vd;gJk;> ,izf;Fws;

Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,ilapYs;s mbfs; ,uz;Lk; gyTk; FwsbahYk; rpe;jbahYk;

tug;ngWk; vd;gJk; fypg;ghtpDs; xUrhh; mk;Nghjuq;f cWg;G ,UrPubahYk;

Kr;rPubahYk; tug;ngWk; vd;gJk;> muhf cWg;Gfs; mstb Kjypa vy;yh mbahYk;

tug;ngWk; vd;Dk; fUj;Jk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

ehy;tifg; ghf;fSf;F chpa Xir:-

ntz;ghtpw;F chpa Xir nrg;gNyhir MFk;. Mrphpag;ghtpw;Fhpa Xir

mftNyhir MFk;. fypg;ghtpw;Fhpa Xir Js;sNyhir MFk;. tQ;rpg;ghtpw;Fhpa

Xir J}q;fNyhir MFk;.


ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa Xir:-

fhhpifapy; „jpz;ghkypnrg;gy;‟ vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;ngw;Ws;sjhy;>

ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa nrg;gNyhirahdJ Ve;jpirr; nrg;gy;> J}q;fpirr; nrg;gy;> xOfpirr;

nrg;gy; vd %tifg;gLk;.

Ve;jpirr; nrg;gy;:-

ntz;rPh; ntz;lis kl;Lk; tUk;. cae;njhypg;gJ Ve;jpirr; nrg;gyhFk;.

(v-L)

ahjhD ehlhky; Cuhkhy; vd;ndhUtd;

rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj MW.

J}q;fpirr; nrg;gy;:-

,aw;rPh; ntz;lis kl;Lk; tUk;. jho;e;njhypg;gJ J}q;fpirr; nrg;gyhFk;.

(v-L)

ghnyhL Njd;fye; jw;Nw gzpnkhop

thnyap E}wpa ePh;.

xOfpirr; nrg;gy;:-

ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk;> ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; tputp tUk;. fye;njhypg;gJ

xOfpirr; nrg;gyhFk;.

(v-L)

nfhy;yhd; Gyhiy kWj;jhidf; if$g;gp

vy;yh capUe; njhOk;.

Mrphpag;ghtpw;Fhpa Xir:-

fhhpifapy; “rPh;rhy; mfty;” vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;ngw;Ws;sikahy;>

Mrphpag;ghtpw;Fhpa mfNyhirahdJ Ve;jpir mfty;> J}q;fpir mfty;> xOfpir

mfty; vd %tifg;gLk;.


Ve;jpir mfty;:-

Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis kl;Lk; ngw;W tUk;.

(v-L)

“NghJ rhe;jk; nghw;g Ve;jp

Mjp ehjw; Nrh;Nthh;

Nrhjp thde; Jd;DthNu”

J}q;fpir mfty;:-

epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis kl;Lk; tUk;.

(v-L)

kzpjpfo; mtpnuhsp tujidg;

xOfpir mfty;:-

Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jisAk; epiunahd;whrphpaj;jisAk; tputp tUk;.

(v-L)

“Fd;wf; Fwtd; fhjy; klkfs;”

fypg;ghtpw;Fhpa Xir:-

fhhpifapy; “nrd;Nwhq;F Js;sy;” vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;ngw;Ws;sikahy;

fypg;ghtpw;Fhpa Js;sNyhir Ve;jpirj; Js;sy;> mfty; Js;sy;> gphpe;jpirj; Js;sy;

vd %tifg;gLk;.

Ve;jpirj; Js;sy;:-

fypj;jis kl;Lk; tUk;.

(v-L)

“KUftpo;jh kiukyh;Nkd; KbapikNahh; GiltuNt

mfty; Js;sy;:-

ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk; fypj;jisAk; tputp tUk;.

(v-L)

nry;tg;Nghh;f; fjf;fz;zd; nraph;j;njwpe;j rpdthop


gphpe;jpirj; Js;sy;:-

fypj;jisNahL gyjisfSk; tputp tUk;.

(v-L)

“kzpfpsh; neLKb khatDk; jk;KDk;Nghd;(W)

tQ;rpg;ghtpw;Fhp Xir:-

fhhpifapy; “ez;ghtike;j eykpF J}q;fy;” vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$wg;ngw;Ws;sikahy; tQ;rpg;ghtpw;Fhpa J}q;fNyhir Ve;jpirj; J}q;fy; mfty;

J}q;fy;> gphpe;jpirj; J}q;fy; vd %tifg;gLk;.

Ve;jpirj; J}q;fy;:-

xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis kl;Lk; tUk;.

(v-L)

“tpidj;jpz;gif tpor;nrw;wtd;.

mfty; J}q;fy;:-

xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis kl;Lk; tUk;.

(v-L)

“thNdhh;njho tz;jhkiuj;

gphpe;jpirj; J}q;fy;:-

gy jisAk; tputp tUk;.

(v-L)

njhbAila Njhs; kze;jdd;

(Gwk;-239)

ntz;ghTk; ,dKk;

ehd;F tifg; ghf;fSs; jiyikj; jd;ik cilajhfr; rpwg;Gg; ngw;W

tpsq;FtJ ntz;gh MFk;. ,jw;F nts;isg;gh> me;jzh;gh vd;Dk; NtW

ngah;fSk; cz;L.


ntz;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk;:-

nrg;gNyhir ngw;W tUk;. <w;wb Kr;rPuha; Vidab ehw;rPuha; mikAk;. Njkh

Kjyhd ,aw;rPh; ehd;ifAk; Njkhq;fha; Kjyhd ntz;rPh; ehd;ifAk; rPuhfg; ngWk;.

ntz;rPh; ntz;lis> ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis vd;Dk; ,uz;L jisfis kl;LNk

nghUe;jp tUk;. gpw jisfis Vw;fhJ. ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk;

tha;ghLfisg; ngw;w rPh;fs; ehd;fDs; xd;iwf; nfhz;Nl KbTWk;.

nrg;gNyhirAilajha;> <w;wb %d;W rPh;fisf; nfhz;ljha;> Vida mbfs;

ehw;rPh;fis cilajha;> ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk; ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; gapd;W>

Ntw;Wj;jis tputhJ ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;lhy; KbtJ

ntz;ghthFk;.

ntz;ghtpd; tiffs;:-

ntz;gh 1.Fws; ntz;gh> 2.Nehpir ntz;gh> 3.,d;dpir ntz;gh> 4.rpe;jpay;

ntz;gh> 5.g/nwhil ntz;gh vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

Fws; ntz;gh:-

ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzq;fisg; ngw;W> ,uz;L mbfisf; nfhz;L tUk;

ntz;ghtpidf; Fws; ntz;gh vd;gh;.

(v-L)

cilahh; Kd; ,y;yhh;Nghy; Vf;fw;Wq; fw;whh;

filaNu fy;yh jth;.

Nehpir ntz;gh:-

,uz;L Fws; ntz;ghtha; eLtpy; Kjw;nwhilf;F Vw;w jdpr;nrhy;yhy; mb

epug;gpr; nrg;gNyhir Fd;whJ Kjypuz;lbAk; Xh; vJif ngw;Wk;> gpd;dpuz;lbAk;

kw;Nwhh; vJif ngw;Wk; tUkhapDk;> ehd;F mbfSNk xNu vJif ngw;W

tUkhapDk; m/J ,UFws; Nehpir ntz;gh my;yJ Nehpir ntz;gh vd;W

$wg;ngWk;.

(v-L)

jlkz;L jhkiuapd; jhjh(L) mytd;

,lkz;br; nry;tjidf; fz;L – ngilnQz;L

G+opf; fjtilf;Fk; Gj;J}Nu Ngha;fbe;(J)

Cop ehlhapdhh; Ch;.


Mrpil Nehpir ntz;gh:-

,uz;L Fws; ntz;ghtha; jdpr;nrhy;yhy; mbia epug;gp> Kjw;Fwl;ghtpd;

<w;Wr;rPUk; jdpr;nrhy;Yk; jisg;nghUj;jkpd;wp ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa nrg;gNyhir

khWgl;L xypf;Fk; NghJ> Kjw;Fwl;ghtpd; ,Wjpr;rPNuhL xd;Nwh ,uz;Nlh mir

$l;lg;ngWk;. ,jid Mrpil Nehpir ntz;gh vd;gh;.

(v-L)

jhkiuapd; jhjhbj; jz;Jtiyr; Nrwise;J

jhkiuapd; ehw;wNk jhd;ehWk; - jhkiuNghy;

fz;zhd; Kfj;jhd; fujyj;jhd; Nrtbvk;

fz;zhh;tk; nra;Ak; fUj;J.

(eh-Neh;> Wk;-Neh;-<h;MR)

,d;dpir ntz;gh:-

Nehpir ntz;ghitg; Nghy ehd;fbfisf; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;ngWtJ ,d;dpir

ntz;ghthFk;. xU tpfw;gNkh gy tpfw;gNkh ngw;Wj; jdpr;nrhy; ngwhky; tUtNj

,d;dpir ntz;gh vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

Jfs;jPh; ngUQ;nry;tk; Njhd;wpaf;fhy; njhl;Lg;

gfL ele;j$o; gy;yhNuh(L) cz;f

mfLw ahh;khl;Lk; epy;yhJ nry;tk;

rflf;fhy; Nghy tUk;.

rpe;jpay; ntz;gh:-

ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa nghJ ,yf;fzj;ijg; ngw;W> %d;W mbfshy; tUk;

ntz;gh rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vdg;gLk;. ,r;rpe;jpay; ntz;gh Nehpirr; rpe;jpay;

ntz;gh> ,d;dpir ntz;gh vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh:-

Nehpir ntz;ghg; Nghy> ,uz;lhk; mbapd; ,Wjp jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W %d;W

mbapy; tUtJ Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vdg;gLk;. ,t;ntz;gh xU

tpfw;gj;jhYk; ,uz;L tpfw;gj;jhYk; tUk;.


(v-L)

mwpe;jhid Vj;jp mwpthq;(F) mwpe;J

rpwe;jhh;f;Fr; nrt;td; ciug;g – rpwe;jhh;

rpwe;jik Muha;e;J nfhz;L.

-xNu tpfw;gj;jhy; te;jJ.

(v-L)

ew;nfhw;w thapy; eWq;Ftisj; jhh;nfhz;L

Rw;Wk;tz;L Mh;g;g Gilj;jhNs – nghd;Njuhd;

ghiyey; thapy; kfs;.

-,U tpfw;gj;jhy; te;Js;sJ.

,d;dpirf; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh:-

,d;dpir ntz;ghitg; Nghyj; jdpr;nrhy; ,y;yhky; xU tpfw;gNkh gy

tpfw;gNkh ngw;W %d;W mbfshy; miktJ.

(v-L)

Ky;iy KWtypj;J fhl;bd – nky;yNt

Nrapjo;f; fhe;js; JLg;G <d;w – Nghapdhh;

jpz;Njh; tuTiuf;Fk; fhh;.

-gy tpfw;gj;jhy; te;Js;sJ.

g/nwhil ntz;gh:-

ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa nghJ ,yf;fzj;ijg; ngw;W> ehd;F mbapd; kpf;f gy

mbahy; tUtJ.

Fws; ntz;ghtpd; ,dq;fs;:-

ntz;nre;Jiw> Fws;jhopir ,it ,uz;Lk; Fws; ntz;ghtpd; ,dq;fshFk;.

Fws; ntz; nre;Jiw:-

,uz;L mbaha;j; jk;Kd; msnthj;J tUtJ ntz;nre;Jiw. ,jidr;

nre;Jiw nts;is vd;Wk; $Wth;.


(v-L)

Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl; nfy;yhk;

Xjypw; rpwe;jd;W XOf;f Kilik.

Fws; jhopir:-

ehd;F rPh;fspd; kpf;Fg; gy rPuhy; te;j mb ,uz;lha;> <w;wb Fiwe;J

tUtdTk;> ntz;nre;Jiwapy; rpije;J tUtdTk;> nrg;gNyhir rpije;J tUk;

Fws; ntz;ghitf; Fws; jhopir vd;gh;.

(v-L)

gpz;bapd; ePoy; ngUkhd; gplh;j;jiy‟

kz;lyk; Njhd;Wkhy; thop md;dha;.

ntz;ghtpd; ,dq;fs;:-

ntz;lhopir> ntz;Liw> ntsp tpUj;jk; Mfpa %d;Wk; ntz;ghtpw;Fhpa

,dq;fshFk;.

ntz;lhopir:-

%d;wbahy;> <w;wb ntz;ghg; Nghy %d;W rPh;fisf; nfhz;L KbtJ

ntz;lhopir vdg;gLk;. ,J nts;nshj;jhopir vd;Wk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

(v-L)

ez;gp njd;W jPa nrhy;yhh;

Kd;G epd;W Kdpt nra;ahh;

md;G Ntz;L gth;.

ntz;Liw:-

%d;W mbr; rpWikaha;> Vobg; ngUikaha;> ,ilapil ehd;fbahDk;>

Ie;jbahDk;> MwbahDk; te;J gpd;dh; rpy mb rpy rPh; Fiwe;J tUtd ntz;Liw

vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

“jhshh; my;yhjhh; jhk;gyh; Maf;fhy; vd;dhk; vd;dhk;

Mspiaf; fz;lQ;rp ahidjd; NfhL ,uz;Lk;

gPypNghy; rha;j;JtpOk; gpspw;wp ahq;Nf”


ntsptpUj;jk;:-

%d;W mbfisf; nfhz;Lk;> ehd;fbfisf; nfhz;Lk; jk;Ks; msnthj;J

Kbe;J> mbNjhWk; ,Wjpf;fz; xU nrhy;Ny jdpr;nrhy;yha; tUtJ ntsptpUj;jk;

vdg;gLk;.

“nfhz;ly; Koq;fpdthy; Nfhgk; gue;jdthy;- vd;nra;Nfhahd;

tz;L thpghl thh;jstk; G+j;jdthy; - vd;nra;Nfhahd;

vz;jpirAk; Njhif ,Ue;(J) mftp – vd;nra;Nfhahd;

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

FW tpdhf;fs;:-

1. ehd;F tifg;ghf;fSf;Fhpa mbfis vOJf.

2. ehd;F tifg;ghf;fSf;Fhpa Xiria vOJf.

3. Fws; ntz;ghtpd; ,dq;fs; ahit?

4. ntz;ghtpd; ,dq;fs; ahit?

5. ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

fl;Liu tpdh:-

1. ntz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; $wp> mjd; tiffis tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.


ghlk; - 5

Mrphpag;ghTk; ,dKk;

ehy;tifg; ghf;fSs; ngUikkpf;f ghthf tpsq;FtJ Mrphpag;gh MFk;. gy

nghUs;fisAk; Mrphpaidg; Nghyr; nrhy;Yk; Mw;wyhy; Mrphpag;ghthapw;W. ,jid

murh;gh vd;Wk; mftw;gh vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLth;.

nghJtpyf;fzk;:-

mftNyhiriag; ngw;W> ehd;F rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mstbahy; mikAk;.

Njkh Kjyhd <uirr;rPh;fs; ehd;ifAk; kpFjpahfg; ngw;W> fha;r;rPh;fisf;

Fiwthfg; ngWk;. Mrphpaj;jisfis kpFjpahfg; ngw;W tUk;. ntz;lis>

fypj;jis Mfpa ,uz;Lk; tputp tUk;. fUtpsq;fdp> $tpsq;fdp Mfpa

tQ;rpAhpr;rPh;fSk; tQ;rpj;jisAk; Mrphpag;ghtpy; ,lk; ngwhJ. ,itNa

Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk; MFk;.

tiffs;:-

1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh – Xirahy; ngw;w ngah;

2. ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh – mbahy; ngw;w ngah;

3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh – nghUshy; ngw;w ngah;

4. mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh – njhilahy; ngw;w ngah;

vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

Nehpir Mrphpag;gh:-

Mrphpag;ghtpw;Fhpa nghJ ,yf;fzq;fisg; ngw;W> <w;wayb %d;W rPh;fisf;

nfhz;L> Vida mbnay;yhk; ehd;F rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ Nehpir Mrphpag;gh

vd;ggLk;.

(v-L)

epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpDk; Mus tpd;Nw rhuy;

fUq;Nfhw; FwpQ;rpg; G+f;nfhz;L

ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng”.

(FWe;-3)


,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh:-

KjybAk; ,WjpabAk; xj;J ,ilapy; epw;Fk; mbfs; ,uz;Lk; gyTk; xU rPh;

Fiwe;Jk; ,UrPh; Fiwe;Jk; tUkhapd; mJ ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

ePhpd; jz;ikAk; jPapd; ntk;ikAk;

rhur; rhh;e;J

jPuj; jPUk;

rhuy; ehld; Nfz;ik

rhur; rhur; rhh;e;J

jPuj; jPuj; jPh;nghy; yhNj”.

epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh:-

vy;yh mbfSk; jk;Ks; xj;J ehw;rPubahy; tUtJ epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh

vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

“Ntuy; Ntyp Nth;f;Nfhl; gytpd;

rhuy; ehl nrt;tpia MFkjp

ahu/ jwpe;jprp NdhNu rhuy;

rpWNfhl;Lk; ngUk;gok; J}q;fp ahq;fpts;

caph;jtr; rpwpJ fhkNkh nghpNj”.

(FWe;-18)

mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh:-

vy;yh mbAk; jk;Ks; msnthj;J tpUg;gk; Nghy; mbfis Kjy;> eL>

,Wjpahf khw;wp vg;gb mikj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk; gpioglhJ tUtJ mbkwp

kz;by Mrphpag;gh vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

“#uy; gk;gpa rpWfhd; ahNw

#uu kfsph; Muzq; fpdNu

thuy; vdpNd ahd;mQ; RtNy

rhuy; ehl ePtu yhNw”.


Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,dq;fs;:-

Mrphpaj; jhopir> Mrphpaj;Jiw> Mrphpa tpUj;jk; Mfpa %d;Wk;

Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,dq;fshFk;.

Mrphpaj;jhopir:-

xU nghUs;Nky; %d;wLf;fp tUtNjhL %d;wbaha;j; jk;Ks; msnthj;J

tUtd Mrphpaj; jhopir MFk;. Mrphpaj; jhopir jdpNaAk; tug;ngWk;.

Mrphpaj;Jiw:-

ehd;fbaha; <w;wayb Fiwe;J tUtdTk;> ehd;fbaha;> <w;wayb Fiwe;J

,ilklf;fha; tUtdTk;> ehd;fbaha; ,ilapil Fiwe;J tUtdTk;> ehd;fbaha;

,ilapil Fiwe;J ,ilklf;fha; tUtdTk; Mrphpaj;Jiw MFk;.

Mrphpa tpUj;jk;:-

fopnebyb ehd;F jk;Ks; msnthj;J tUtd Mrphpa tpUj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

“jUf;fpay; jhopir %d;wb xg;gd; ehd;fbaha;

vUj;jb iee;Jk; ,ilklf;fhAk; ,il,ilNa

RUf;fbahAk; Jiwahk; Fiwtpy; njhy;rPh; mfty;

tpUj;jk; fopneby; ehd;F xj;J ,WtJ nky;ypaNy

(ah.fhhpif-29)

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

2. Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit?

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:

1. Mrphpag;ghtpd; ,dq;fis tpthpf;f.

2. Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffis tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.


ghlk; - 6

fypg;ghTk; ,dKk;

ehy;tifg; ghf;fSs; Xirahy; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;FtJ fypg;gh MFk;. ,jid

tzpfh;gh vdf; $Wth;.

fypg;ghtpd; nghJtpyf;fzk;:-

Js;sy; Xiriaf; nfhz;L> NehPw;W ,aw;rPUk; epiu eLthfpa tQ;rpAhpr;rPUk;

thuhJ. epiu Kjyhfpa ntz;ghchpr;rPh; kpFe;J jd;jisAk; maw;wisAk; nghUe;jp

tUjNyhL> juT> jhopir vd;Dk; KjYWg;Gk; muhfk;> mk;Nghjuq;fk;> jdpr;nrhy;>

Rhpjfk; vd;Dk; JizAWg;G cilajha; tUtJ fypg;gh.

tiffs;:-

fypg;ghthdJ xj;jhopirf; fyp> ntz;fyp> nfhr;rff;fyp vd;Dk; %d;W ngUk;

gphpTfisAk; gy cl;gphpTfisAk; cilaJ.

xj;jhopirf;fypg;gh - (cWg;gpdhy; ngw;w ngah;)

1. Nehpir xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh

2. mk;Nfhjuq;f xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh

3. tz;zf xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh

vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

ntz;fypg;gh – (Xirahy; mike;j ngah;)

nfhr;rff; fypg;gh – (nghUshy; te;j ngah;)

1. juT nfhr;rff; fypg;gh

2. jutpizf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh

3. rpy;jhopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh

4. gy;jhopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh- cWg;gpdhy; ngw;w ngah;

5. kaq;fpirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh – nghUshy; ngw;w ngah;

vd;gdthFk;.


fypg;ghtpd; cWg;Gf;fs;:-

1.juT:-

fypg;ghtpd; Kjy; cWg;ghf tpsq;FtJ> nra;Aspy; $wg;NghFk; nra;jpiaj;

njhlq;fp itg;gJ ,jd; gzpahFk;. jutpw;F vUj;jk; (gplhp) vd;Dk; NtW

ngah;fSk; cz;L.

2.jhopir:-

jho;e;J xypf;fpd;w ,ay;GilaJ jhopir vd;Dk; Kjd;ik cWg;ghFk;.

jutpw;Fk; Rhpjfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtjhy; ,jid ,ilepiyg;ghl;L vd;Wk;

$Wth;.

3.jdpr;nrhy;:-

nghUs; njhlh;Gilajha; XuirahfNth xU rPuhfNth epw;gJ jdpr;nrhy;

MFk;. ,jw;F tpl;bir> jdpepiy> $d;> mirepiy vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk;

cz;L.

4.Rhpjfk;:-

fypg;ghtpd; Jiz cWg;Gf;fSs; xd;W RhpjfkhFk;. ,J ghtpd; <w;wpy;

miktjhFk;. ePh;r;Rop Nghd;W RUq;fpg; nghUis Kbf;Fk; ,jid KbTiuahff;

nfhs;syhk;. ,jw;F mlf;fpay;> thuk;> itg;G> Nghf;fpay; vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk;

cz;L.

5.muhfk;:-

fypg;ghtpd; Jiz cWg;Gf;fSs; muhfKk; xd;W. ,r;nrhy;ypw;F ,ir

vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ,t;TWg;Gf; fUtpsr;rPh;fis kpFjpahfg; ngw;W tJk;. ,J

tz;zfk;> mLf;fpay; KLfpay; vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fshYk; Rl;lg;ngWk;.

6.mk;Nghjuq;fk;:-

muhfj;ij mLj;J mikAk; cWg;G mk;Nghjuq;fk; MFk;. jhopirf;Fk;

jdpr;nrhy;ypw;Fk; ,ilapYk; tUk;. muhfj;jpw;Fk; jdpr;nrhy;ypw;Fk; ,ilapYk;

tUk;. mirab> gphpe;jpirf; Fws;> nrhw;rPub> vz; vd;gd mk;Nghjuq;fj;jpd; NtW

ngah;fshFk;.


xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh

1.Nehpir xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh:-

Kjypy; xU juT te;J> mjd; gpd; %d;W jhopir te;J> mjd;gpd; xU

jdpr;nrhy; te;J mjid mLj;J Mrphpag;ghthYk; ntz;ghthYk; xU Rhpjf

cWg;Gg; ngw;Wr; nrhd;d jd;ikapy; jphpahJ tUkhdhy; mJ Nehpir xj;jhopirf;

fypg;ghthFk;.

2.mk;Nghjuq;f xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh:-

fiurhuf; fiurhu xUfhiyf;F xU fhy; RUq;fptUk; ePuiy Nghy

ehw;rPubAk;> Kr;rPubAk;> ,U rPubAkhfpa> mirabfisj; jhopirf;Fk;

jdpr;nrhy;Yf;Fk; eLNt njhLj;Jj; juT> jhopir> mk;Nghjuq;fk;> jdpr;nrhy;>

Rhpjfk; vd;Dk; Ie;J cWg;Gf;fis cilajhf tUkhdhy; mJ mk;Nghjuq;f

xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh vd toq;fg; ngWk;.

3.tz;zf xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh:-

mk;Nghjuq;f cWg;Gf;Fk; jhopirf;Fk; eLNt muhf cWg;Gg; ngw;Wj; juT>

jhopir> muhfk;> mk;Nghjuq;fk;> jdpr;nrhy;> Rhpjfk; vd;Dk; MW cWg;Gf;fisAk;

cilajhf tUtJ tz;zf xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh vdg;gLk;.

ntz;fypg;gh:-

fypj;jis nghUe;jpf; fypNahir jOtpAk;> ntz;lis jl;L nts;Nshir

jOtpAk; te;J <w;wb %d;W rPhpdhy; KbAnkd;why; mJ ntz;fypg;gh MFk;.

,jidf; fypntz;gh vdTk; NtW ngahpl;Lf; $Wth;.

nfhr;rff; fypg;gh:-

xU juT te;Jk;> ,uz;L juT te;Jk;> jhopir rpy te;Jk;> jhopir gy

te;Jk;> juT Kjypa MW cWg;Gk; jk;Kd; kaq;fpAk;> ntz;ghNthLk;

Mrphpag;ghNthLk; kaq;fpAk;> jdpr;nrhy; ,ilapilNa te;Jk;> mk;Nghjuq;fKk;

RhpjfKk; mUfp te;Jk;> fypg;ghtpw;Ff; $wg;ngw;w nghJ Kiwapy; khwptUtd

nfhr;rff; fypg;gh MFk;.


1.juT nfhr;rff; fypg;gh:-

xU juT kl;Lk; tUtJ juT nfhr;rff; fypg;gh MFk;. mj;juNthL

jdpr;nrhy;> Rhpjfk; vd;Dk; cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L miktJk; cz;L.

2.jutpizf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh:-

,uz;L jutpidg; ngw;W> Rhpjfk; ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tUtJ jutpizf;

nfhr;rff; fypg;gh vdg;gLk;.

3.rp/whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh:-

rpy jhopirfs; ngw;W tUtJ> jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> Nehpir xj;jhopirf;

fypg;ghtpd; ,yf;fzj;jpy; NtWgl;L> %d;W jhopirfisg; ngw;W tUtJ

rp/whopirf; (rpy;jhopir) nfhr;rff; fypg;gh vdg;gLk;.

4.g/whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh:-

gy jhopirfisg; ngw;W tUtJ g/whopirf; (gy; jhopir) nfhr;rff; fypg;gh

vdg;gLk;.

5.kaq;fpirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh:-

juT Kjy; Rhpjfk; <whff; $wg;gl;l cWg;Gf;fs; epw;Fk; KiwapypUe;J

khwpAk; fye;Jk; Fiwe;Jk; kpFe;Jk; tUtJ kaq;fpirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh MFk;.

fypg;ghtpd; ,dq;fs;:-

fypg;gh fypj;jhopir> fypj;Jiw> fyp tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; %d;W ,dq;fis

milaJ.

fypj;jhopir:-

,uz;Lk; ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l mbfisg; ngw;Wk; <w;wb kpFe;J kw;iwa

mbfs; xj;Jk; xt;thkYk; mikAk;. ,JNt fypj;jhopir MFk;.


fypj;Jiw:-

Ie;J rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mb ehd;fha;> xU tpfw;gkhf epfo;tJ fypj;Jiw

vdg;gLk;.

fyp tpUj;jk;:-

ehd;F rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mstb ehd;fhy; miktJ fyp tpUj;jk; MFk;.

“mbtiu ,d;wp msnthj;Jk; me;jb ePz;L ,irg;gpd;

fbjy; ,y;yhf; fypj;jhopir MFk;; fypj;JiwNa

nebyb ehd;fha; epfo;tJ; Neub <h; ,uz;lha;

tpbd;mJ MFk; tpUj;jk;; jpUj;jF nky;ypaNy”.

(ah.fhhpif-33)


ghlk; - 7

tQ;rpg;ghTk; ,dKk;

ehd;F tifg; ghf;fSs; ,Wjpahf ,lk; ngWtJ tQ;rpg;gh. ,J Fwsb>

rpe;jb my;yhj gpw mbfis vy;yhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shky; ngha;j;J (tQ;rpj;J)

tUtjhy; tQ;rpg;gh vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,jid Ntshsh; gh vd;Wk; $Wth;.

nghJtpyf;fzk;:-

tQ;rpg;gh J}q;fNyhiriag; ngw;W> ,uz;L rPh;fisf; nfhz;l FwsbahYk;>

%d;W rPh;fisf; nfhz;l rpe;jbahYk; tug;ngWk;. fha;r;rPUk; fdpr;rPUk; kpFe;J

tUk;. tQ;rpj;jisfs; gapd;Wk;> gpw jisfs; mUfpAk; tUk;. jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W

Mrphpar; Rhpjfj;jhy; KbT ngWk;.

tQ;rpg;ghtpd; tif:-

tQ;rpg;gh Fwsb tQ;rpg;gh> rpe;jb tQ;rpg;gh vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

Fwsb tQ;rpg;gh:-

Fwsbahy; %d;W Kjy; gymb nfhz;L> mLj;Jj; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> mLj;J

Mrphpar; Rhpjfj;jhy; KbtJ Fwsb tQ;rpg;gh vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

G+e;jhkiug; Nghjykuj;

Njk;Gdypil kPd;jphpju

tstaypilf; fstapd;kfpo;

tpidf;fk;giy kdr;rpyk;gTk;

kidr;rpyk;gpa kzKunrhyp

taw;fk;giyf; fayhh;g;gTk;

ehSk;>

kfpOk; kfpo;J}q; $ud;

Gfo;j yhdhg; ngUtz; ikaNd.

,g;ghly; Fwsbahy; MW mb ngw;W> mLj;J „ehSk;‟ vDk; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W>

Mrphpar; Rhpjfj;jhy; Kbe;Js;sJ.


rpe;jb tQ;rpg;gh:-

%d;W rPh;fisf; nfhz;l mbfis cilajha;j; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W> Mrphpar;

Rhpjfj;jhy; KbtJ rpe;jb tQ;rpg;gh vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)

njhd;dyj;jpd; Gyk;giyg;gj; njhbj;Njhz;Nky;

gd;dyj;j fye;njhiyag; ghpnta;jp

vd;dyj;jif apJntd;ndd ntopy; fhl;br;

nrhd;dyj;jifg; nghUs; fUj;jp dpw;rpwe;jhq; nfdg; nghpJk;>

fyq;fQ nua;jp tpLg;gTk;

rpyk;gpilr; nryTQ; Nrzpte; jw;Nw

,g;ghly; rpe;jbaha; ehd;F mb ngw;W> mLj;J „vdg;nghpJk;‟ vd;w

jdpr;nrhy;iyg; ngw;W Mrphpar; Rhpjfj;jhy; Kbe;Js;sJ.

tQ;rpg;ghtpd; ,dq;fs;:-

tQ;rpj; jhopir> tQ;rpj;Jiw> tQ;rp tpUj;jk; Mfpa %d;Wk; tQ;rpg;ghtpd;

,dq;fshFk;.

tQ;rpj;jhopir:-

,UrPh;fisf; nfhz;l Fwsb ehd;fpidg; ngw;W xUnghUs; Nky; %d;wha;

mLf;fp tUtJ tQ;rpj; jhopirahFk;.

tQ;rpj;Jiw:-

,UrPh;fisf; nfhz;l Fwsb ehd;fha;> xU nghUs; gw;wp xU ghlyha;j;

jdpj;J tUtJ tQ;rpj;Jiw MFk;.

tQ;rp tpUj;jk;:-

%d;W rPh;fisf; nfhz;l rpe;jb ehd;fha; tUtJ tQ;rp tpUj;jkhFk;.

“Fwsb ehd;fpd %d;WxU jhopir Nfhjpy;tQ;rpj;

JiwxUthJ jdptUkha; tpbd; rpe;jbehd;F

miwjU fhiy mKNj tpUj;jk; jdpr;nrhy; te;J

kiwjypy; thuj;jpdhy; ,Wk;tQ;rp tQ;rpf;nfhbNa

(ah.fhhpif-34)


ghlk; - 8

kUl;gh

kUl;gh jdpj;jFjpAila gh md;W. Kd;dh; rpy ntz;gh mbfSk;> gpd;dh;

rpy mftybfSk; kaq;fp tUk; fyitg; ghNt kUl;gh vd;W toq;fg; ngWfpd;wJ.

ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh Mfpa ,Utifg; ghf;fspd; ,iztpdhy; Njhd;Wk; GjpanjhU

„xl;Lg;gh‟thf kUl;ghtpidf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntz;gh mbAk; Mrphpa mbAk;

rkkhf xj;J tUtJ rkdpiy kUl;gh; rkkpd;wp xt;thJ tUtJ tpadpiy kUl;gh

vdg;gLk;.

kUl;ghtpd; tiffs;:-

kUl;gh Gwepiy tho;j;J kUl;gh> thAiw tho;j;J kUl;gh> nrtpawpTW}c

kUl;gh> iff;fpis kUl;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

“gz;ghh; Gwepiy ghq;Filf; iff;fpis thAiw tho;j;J

xz;ghr; nrtpawpT vd;W ,g;nghUs;kpir Cdk; ,y;yh

ntz;gh Kjy;te;J mfty; gpd;dhf tpisAk; vd;why;

tz;ghy; nkhopkltha; kUl;gh vd;Dk; itafNk”.

(ah.fhhpir-35)

Gwepiy tho;j;J kUl;gh:-

topgL nja;tj;ijg; glh;f;ifahfg; Gwj;Nj epWj;jp> mj;nja;tj;jhy; gad;ngw

Ntz;bepw;Fk; xUtid Kd;dpiyahf;fpf; $wypd;> Gwepiy tho;j;J vdg;gLfpwJ. eP

tzq;Ffpd;w nja;tk; cdf;Fr; rpW ,ilA+Wk; tuhky; ghJfhg;gjhf! eP ngWfpd;w

gopaw;w nry;tk; cd; jiyKiwapdUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;gb rpwe;J tho;f vd

tho;j;Jk; jd;ikapy; miktNj Gwepiy tho;j;J kUl;ghthFk;.

thAiw tho;j;J kUl;gh:-

xUtUf;F nrhy;yhfpa kUe;jhy; ed;ik Njhd;wg;ghLtJ thAiw tho;j;J

MFk;. Ntk;igAk; fLf;fhiaAk; Nrh;j;Jr; nra;j kUe;J cz;Zk; NghJ frg;Gk;

Jth;g;Gk; cilajha;j; Njhd;Wk;. gpd;dh; mJ clYf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk;.

mJNgh;yr; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy; nrtpf;Ff; ifg;gpDk; caph;f;F cWjp mspj;J

kWikf;Fg; ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk;gb $WtNj thAiw tho;j;J kUl;ghthFk;.


nrtpawpTW}c kUl;gh:-

nrtpf;F mwpTWj;Jtjhy; ,J nrtpawpTW}c vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. xUtd;

jd;idj; jhNd Gfo;e;J nfhs;shky; rhd;Nwhh;f;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L mlq;fp elj;jiyf;

flikahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jd;ik Gyg;glf; $WtNj nrtpawpTW}c kUl;gh

MFk;.

iff;fpis kUl;gh:-

xj;j jiytDk; jiytpAk; ,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rpf;F Kd; Kjd;Kjyhf xUtiu

kw;nwhUth; fhz;gh;. mt;thW fhZk; NghJ mt;tpUthpy; xUthplj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;

Ntl;ifNa iff;fpis MFk;. ,jid xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;W $Wth;. Mz;

Ntl;if nfhs;tJ Mz;ghw; iff;fpis> ngz; Ntl;if nfhs;tJ ngz;ghw;

iff;fpis MFk;. ,g;nghUz;ikapidg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ iff;fpis kUl;gh MFk;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. fypg;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

2. fypg;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit?

3. fypg;ghtpd; cWg;Gfs; ahit?

4. fyp ntz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

5. tQ;rpg;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

6. Fwsb tQ;rpg;ghtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpthpf;f.

7. kUl;ghtpd; ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:

1. fypg;gh Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. nfhr;rff; fypg;ghtpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

3. fypg;ghtpd; ,dq;fis tpsf;fp tiuf.

4. tQ;rpg;gh Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

5. tQ;rpg;ghtpd; ,dq;fis tpsf;fp tiuf.

6. kUl;ghtpd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.


myF-3

jz;bayq;fhuk;-E}y; mwpKfk;

xU nra;AspYs;s nrhw;fisAk; nghUisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;b>

mtw;wpYs;s moF> eyk; Kjyhdtw;iw vLj;Jf;$WtJ mzpapyf;fzkhFk;.

tlnkhopapy; mzpapyf;fz E}y;fs; gy cs;sd. jkpopy; jzpbayq;fhuk;>

khwdyq;fhuk;> Ftyahee;jk;> tPuNrhopak;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;>

Kj;JtPhpak; Mfpa VO E}y;fs; mzpapyf;fzj;ijf; $Wfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak;

$Wk; ctikazpapypUe;Nj kw;w mzpfs; Njhd;wpd. Mjyhy; mzpapyf;fzj;ijf;

$wpa Kjy; jkpo; E}yhfj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijf; nfhs;syhk;.

jkpopy; toq;Fk; „jz;bayq;fhuk;‟ vd;Dk; mzpapyf;fz E}y; jz;b

vd;gtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; nkhopngah;g;G tifiar; Nrh;e;jJ. ,e;E}Yf;F

KjD}y; „fht;ahjh;rk;‟ vDk; tonkhop E}yhFk;.

fht;ahjh;rj;ij mg;gbNa jOtp> me;E}ypy; ehd;F gphpTfspy; $wg;gl;bUf;Fk;

,yf;fzr; nra;jpfis %d;W gphpTfspy; mlf;fpj; jkpo;j; jz;bayq;fhuk; rpwg;ghf

,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;E}ypy; 125 #j;jpuq;fs; cs;sd. nghJtzpapay;> ngUszpapay;>

nrhy;yzpapay; vDk; %d;W gFg;Gfis cilaJ. jz;bahrphpah; mzpfSf;F

,yf;fzk; $wpaNjhL> mtw;iw tpsf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lr; nra;As;fisAk; jhNk

,aw;wpapUf;fpwhh;.


ghlk; - 9

nra;As; tif

nra;As; Kj;jfk;> Fsfk;> njhifepiy> njhlh;epiy vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

nra;As; vd;git njhpTw tphpg;gpd;

Kj;jfk; Fsfk; njhif njhlh;epiyvd

vj;jpwj; jdTk; <h;,uz;(L) MFk;.

(jz;b.E}w;gh-1)

Kj;jfk;:-

xU fUj;J xU ghlypy; Kw;Wg; ngWtJ Kj;jfkhFk;.

mtw;Ws;

Kj;jfr; nra;As; jdpepd;W KbAk;.

(jz;b.E}w;gh-2)

ehd;Ftifr; nra;As;fSs; Kj;jfr; nra;AshtJ jdpNa epd;W xU

nghUisj; je;J KbtjhFk;.

(v-L)

vd;Nda; rpyklthh; va;jw;(F) vspaNth

nghd;Nd mdghad; nghd;neLe;Njhs; - Kd;Nd

jdNta;vd; ehSk; rakle;ij Njhshk;

GdNta; kpile;j nghUg;G.

Fsfk;:-

xU fUj;J xU ghlypy; Kbahky; gy ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;L tpidahNyh

ngauhNyh Kbf;fg; ngWtJ FsfkhFk;.

“Fsfk; gyghl;(L) xUtpid nfhs;Sk;”

(jz;b-3)

gy ghl;lhy; epd;W xU tpidiaf; nfhz;L Kbf;fg; ngWtJ Fsfr;

nra;AshFk;.


(v-L)

Kd;Gyfk; VopidAk; jhaJTk; %Jzh;Nthh;

,d;Gwf;fq; fhejpia <d;wJTk; - ed;gujd;

fz;bUg;g itfpaJk; fhd;Ngh aJk;mkph;jk;

cz;bUg;Nghh; cl;nfhz; lJk;.

nte;j fhpajid kPl;Lkf thf;fpaJk;

me;jr; rpiyapidg; ngz; Mf;fpaJk;-nre;jkpo;Njh;

ehtyd;gpd; Nghe;jJTk; ed;dPh;j; jpUtuq;ff;

fhtytd; khtytd; fhy;‟.

njhifepiy:-

jdpj;jdpr; nra;As;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;L njhFf;fg;gLtJ njhifepiyr;

nra;AshFk;.

“njhifepiyr; nra;As; Njhd;wf; $wpd;

xUth; ciuj;jTk; gy;Nyhh; gfh;e;jTk;

nghUs; ,lk; fhyk; njhopy; vdehd;fpYk;

ghl;bDk; mstpDk; $l;ba MFk;.

(jz;b-4)

,j;njhifr; nra;As; KOtJk; xUth; ghba nra;AshfNth> gyh; ghba

nra;AshfNth mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,J nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> njhopy;> ghly;> msT

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; njhFf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

(v-L)

xUtuhy; ciuf;fg;gl;lJ - jpUf;Fws;

gyuhy; ciuf;fg;gl;lJ - gj;Jg;ghl;L

nghUs; gw;wpj; njhFf;fg; ngw;wJ - GwehD}W

,lk; gw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;lJ - fstop ehw;gJ

fhyk; gw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;lJ - fhh; ehw;gJ

njhopy; gw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;lJ - Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ

ghly; gw;wpj; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ - fypj;njhif

msT gw;wpj; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ - FWe;njhif

njhlh;epiy:-

xd;iwg; gw;wpa fUj;jpidr; rq;fpypj; njhlh; Nghd;W njhlh;r;rpahfr;

nrhy;YtJ njhlh;epiyr; nra;AshFk;.


“nghUspYk; nrhy;ypDk; ,Utif njhlh;epiy”

(jz;b-5)

nghUshy; njhlh;e;J nrhy;yg;ngWtJ nrhy;yhy; njhlh;e;J nrhy;yg;ngWtJ

vdj; njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; ,Utifg;gLk;.

nghUs; njhlh;epiyr; nra;As;:-

nghUs; njhlh;epiyr; nra;As;> ngUq;fhg;gpak;> fhg;gpak; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

“ngUq;fhg; gpaNk fhg;gpak; vd;whq;(F)

,uz;lha; ,aYk; nghUs;njhlh; epiyNa”

(jz;b-6)

ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzk;:-

“mtw;Ws;

ngUq;fhg; gpaepiy NgRk; fhiy

tho;j;J tzf;fk; tUnghUs; ,tw;wpd;xd;(W)

Vw;Gilj;(J) Mfp Kd;tu ,ad;W

ehw;nghUs; gaf;Fk; eilnewpj;(J) Mfpj;

jd;dpfh; ,y;yhj; jiytid cilj;jha;

kiy fly; ehL tsefh; gUtk;

,URlh;j; Njhw;wk; vd;(W) ,idad Gide;J

ed;kzk; Gzh;j;jy; nghd;Kb ftpj;jy;

G+k;nghopy; Efh;jy; Gdy;tpis ahly;

Njk;gpop kJf;fsp rpWtiug; ngWjy;

Gytpapy; Gyj;jy; fytpapy; fspj;jy; vd;(W)

,d;id Gide;j ed;eilj;(J) Mfp

ke;jpuk; J}J nry(T) ,fy; ntd;wp

re;jpapy; njhlh;e;J rUf;fk; ,yk;gfk;

ghpr;Nrjk; vd;Dk; ghd;ikapd; tpsq;fp

neUq;fpa RitAk; ghtKk; tpUk;gf;

fw;Nwhh; GidAk; ngw;wpa(J) vd;g>

tho;j;J> tzf;fk;> ciuf;Fk; nghUs; czh;j;jy; vd;Dk; gyTk;

nghUe;Jtdthf Kd;tu ,J elf;Fk;> mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; ehd;F

cWjpg; nghUs;fisAk; $Wk;. jd;dpfhpy;yhj; jiytid cilaJ. kiy> fly;>


ehL> tsefh;> gUtk;> #hpa re;jpuh;fspd; Njhw;wk;> kiwT vd;W ,d;Ndhud;d

tUzidfis cilajha; tUk;. jpUkzk;> ,y;tho;f;if> fy;tp> Kb#l;L> nghopy;

Efh;r;rp> Gdy; tpisahl;L> cz;lhl;L> kf;fl;NgW> Gytpapw; Gyj;jy;> fytpapw;

fspj;jy; vd;gd Gide;Jiuf;fg;gl;L ,lk; ngWk;. ke;jpuhNyhrid> J}J> xw;wiu

MSjy;> epiuNfhly;> Nkw;Nrwy;> kjpw;Gwj;jpWj;jy;> fsk; tFj;Jg; nghUjy;> ntw;wp>

epiyahikia kpFj;Jf; $Wjy;> iff;fpis vd;gd fijianahl;b mikAk;.

rUf;fk;> glyk;> ,yk;gfk;> ghpr;Nrjk;> fhz;lk; vDk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;L „re;jp‟

vd;w ehlf cWg;igj; jOtp> vz;tifr; RitAk; nka;g;ghLk; Nfl;Nghh; kjpf;FkhW

Gytuhy; Gidag;gLk; jd;ikia cilaJ. ,j;jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ

ngUq;fhg;gpak; MFk;.

(rpW) fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzk;:-

“mwk;Kjy; ehd;fpDk; Fiwgh(L) cilaJ

fhg;gpak; vd;W fUjg;gLNk”.

(jz;b-9)

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;gd cWjpg; nghUs;fs; MFk;. ,e;ehd;fDs;

xd;Wk; gyTk; Fiwe;J miktJ fhg;gpak; vd;W fUjg;gLk;.

nrhy;njhlh; epiyr; nra;As;:-

“nra;As; me; jhjp nrhw;nwhlh; epiyNa”

(jz;b-11)

xU nra;Aspd; ,Wjp> mLj;J tUfpd;w kw;nwhU nra;ASf;Fj; njhlf;fkhf

mikj;Jg; ghlg; ngWtJ nrhw;nwhlh; epiyr; nra;AshFk;.

(v-L)

me;jhjp> fyk;gfk;> ,ul;il kzpkhiy> Kk;kzpf; Nfhit> ehd;kzp khiy

Kjyhd E}y;fshFk;.


ghlk; - 10

nra;As; newp

nra;As; newp itjUg;gk;> nfslk; vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

itjUg;g newp:-

tpjh;g;g ehl;lhh; gpd;gw;Wk; newp itjUg;g newpahFk;. mJ njspT> msT>

fw;gid vd;gdtw;iw Xnuy;iyf;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;.

“nrwpNt njspNt rkepiy ,d;gk;

xOfpir cjhuk; ca;j;jypy; nghUz;ik

fhe;jk; typNa rkhjp vd;whq;(F)

Ma;e;j <h;Iq; FzDk; capuh

tha;e;j vd;g itjUg; gk;Nk”

(jz;b-13)

nrwpT> njspT> rkepiy> ,d;gk;> xOfpir> cjhuk;> ca;j;jypy; nghUz;ik>

fhe;jk;> typ> rkhjp Mfpa gj;Jf; Fzq;fisAk; capuhff; nfhz;L eilngWtJ

itjUg;gnewpahFk;.

1.nrwpT:-

“nrwp(T) vdg; gLtJ nefpopir ,d;ik”

(jz;b-15)

nrwpT vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ nefpo;e;j ,irapd;wp tuj; njhLg;gjhFk;.

(v-L)

rpiytpyq;F ePs;GUtk; nrd;(W)xrpa Nehf;fp

Kiytpyq;fpw;(W) vd;W Kdpths; - kiytpyq;F

jhh;khiy khh;g! jdpik nghWf;FNkh

fhh;khiy fz;$Lk; NghJ>

2.njspT:-

“njsp(T) vdg; gLtJ nghUs;Gyg; ghNl”

(jz;b-16)


ftpQdhy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; Nfl;Nghh; kdj;jpy; vspjpy; tpsq;fpj; Njhd;WtNj

njspT vdf; $wg;gLk;.

(v-L)

gpwh;f;fpd;dh Kw;gfy; nra;apd; jkf;fpd;dh

gpw;gfy; jhNk tUk;.

3.rkepiy:-

%tif nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; jk;Kd; rkkha; epw;fg; ngWtJ rkepiy MFk;.

“tputj; njhLg;gJ rkepiy MFk;”

(jz;b-17)

ty;nyOj;J> nky;nyOj;J> ,ilnaOj;J vd;Dk; %d;W ,dq;fSk; jk;Ks;

fye;J tuj; njhLg;gJ rkepiy MFk;.

(v-L)

Nrhfk; vtd;nfhy; ,jopnghd; J}f;fpd Nrhh;Foyha;

Nkfk; Koq;f tpiu#o; jstk; nfhb vLg;g

khf neUq;ftz; lhdk; fsptz;L ghlvq;Fk;

Njhif elk;nra;Ak; md;gh; jpz;Njh;,dpj; Njhd;wpaNj”

4.,d;gk;:-

,dpikglj; njhLg;gJ ,d;gkhFk;.

“nrhy;ypDk; nghUspDk; Ritgly; ,d;gk;”

(jz;b-18)

nrhy;ypdhy; Ritglj; njhLj;jy;> nghUspdhy; Ritglj; njhLj;jy; Mfpa

,uz;Lk; ,d;gk; vdf; $wg;gLk;.

nrhy;ypd;gk;:- topNkhid Kjyhapd tuj; njhLg;gJ

(v-L)

Kd;ddj;jk; rpw;wpy; Koq;F flNyhjk; %o;fpg; Nghf

md;idf;F ciug;gpd; mwptha; flNy vd;(W) mywpg; NgUk;

jd;ik klthh; jsh;e; JFj;jntz; Kj;jk; jaq;F fhdy;

Gd;id mUk;(G) Va;g;gg; Nghthdug; NghJWf;Fk; GfhNu vk;Ch;Ks;


nghUspd;gk;:- kJ fhuzkhf kJfuq;fSf;F (tz;Lfs;) tUk; kfpo;r;rp Nghyr;

nra;As; Nfl;Nghh;f;F tUk; ,d;gk;.

(v-L)

nghw;nwhbg; Gjy;th; Xb MlTk;

Kw;wpio kfsph; Kfpo;Kiy jpisg;gTk;

nrQ;rhe;J rpije;j khh;gpd; xz;G+z;

mhpkh md;d mzq;Filj; Jg;gpd;

jpUkh tstd; njt;thh;f;F Xf;fpa

NtypDk; nta;a fhdk; mtd;

NfhypDk; jz;zpa jlnkd; NjhNs.

5.xOfpir:-

“xOfpir vd;gJ ntWj;jpir ,d;ik”

(jz;b-19)

xOfpir vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ ntWf;fj;jf;f ,d;dhj Xirapd;wp (,dpa

,ir) tuj; njhLg;gjhFk;.

(v-L)

,ikath;fs; nksyp ,izkyh;j;jhs; #lr;

rikak; njhWk;epd;w ijay; - rpika

kiykle;ij thr kyh;kle;ij vz;vz;

fiykle;ij ehtNyhh; fz;.

6.cjhuk;:-

ftpQd; jhd; $Wfpd;w Fwpg;gpdhy; xU rpwg;Gg; nghUis ntspg;gLj;JtJ

cjhukhFk;.

“cjhuk; vd;gJ Xjpa nra;Aspy;

Fwpg;gpd; xUnghUs; newpg;glj; Njhd;wy;”

(jz;b-20)

ftpQdhy; nrhy;yg;gl;l nra;ASs; nrhw;fs; xU nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jk;.

mg;nghUNs my;yhky; mjd; Fwpg;gpdhy; NtnwhU rpwg;Gg; nghUisAk; newpg;glj;

Njhd;wr; nra;tJ cjhuk; MFk;.


(v-L)

nrUkhd Nty;nrd;dp njd;cwe;ij ahh;jk;

ngUkhd; Kfk;ghh;j;j gpd;dh; - xU ehSk;

G+jyj;Njhh; jk;ikg; nghUs;eirahy; ghuhthk;

fhjypj;Jj; jho;e;(J) ,ug;Nghh; fz;.

7.ca;j;jypy; nghUz;ik:-

“fUjpa nghUisj; njspTw tphpj;jw;(F)

chpanrhy; cila(J) ca;j;jypy; nghUz;ik”.

(jz;b-21)

ftpQd; jd;dhy; fUjg;gl;l nghUis tpsq;FkhW vLj;Jiug;gjw;F chpa

nrhw;fis mr;nra;ASs; (gpw nrhy;ypd; Jiz ehlhj gb) nga;J itj;jNy

ca;j;jypy; nghUz;ikahFk;.

(v-L)

,d;(W) cikahs; khrpyh thz;Kfk;fz;(L) Vf;fw;Nwh

md;wp tplmuit mQ;rpNah-nfhd;iw

csuhM NwhLk; xsph;rilaPh; nrd;dp

tsuhth(W) vd;Ndh kjp.

8.fhe;jk;:-

“cyfxOf;(F) ,Wth(J) cah;Gfo; fhe;jk;

(jz;b-22)

xd;wid cah;j;jpg; Gfo;fpd;w NghJ cyf eilf;F khwhky; Gfo;tJ

fhe;jkhFk;.

(v-L)

“xUNgh; czh;TlNd xz;zpiwAk; Nja

tUNk Jw(T) vd;ghy; itj;j – xU Ngij

NghjsT thrg; GhpFoy;#o; thz;Kfj;Jf;

fhjsT ePz;(L) cyTk; fz;.

9.typ:-

td;ik cilajhfr; nra;ag;gLtJ typahFk;.

“typvdg; gLtJ njhifkpf tUjy;”

(jz;b-23)


njhifr; nrhw;fis kpFjpahf mikj;Jg; ghLtJ typ vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik

cUG> ctkcUG> ck; Nghd;wit kiwe;J tUtd njhifr;nrhw;fshFk;.

mr;nrhw;fs; kpFjpahf mikag; ghLtJ typahFk;.

(v-L)

fhd;epkph;e;jhy; fz;ghpt ty;ypNah? Gy;yhjhh;

khd;midahh; kq;fyehz; my;yNth? – jhd

kioj;jlf;if thh;fow;fhy; khdNtw; fps;sp

Gioj;jlf;if ehy;tha;g; nghUg;G.

10.rkhjp:-

xU nghUisg; gpwpnjhU nghUNshL xw;Wikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ rkhjpahFk;.

“chpanghUs; md;wp xg;Gilg; nghUs;Nky;

jUk;tpid Gzh;g;gJ rkhjp MFk;”

(jz;b-24)

Kjd;ik ngw;w xU nghUSf;F chpa tpidia> mjndhL xg;Gik cila

gpwpnjhU nghUs;Nky; je;J Nrh;j;Jf; $WtJ rkhjp MFk;.

(v-L)

mfypU tpRk;gpy; ghapUs; gUfpg;

gfy;fhd;W vOjUk; gy;fjph;g; ghpjp

nfslnewp:-

nfsl ehl;lhh; gpd;gw;wpa nra;As; newp nfsl newpahFk;.

“nfslk; vd;gJ fUjpa gj;njhLk;

$lh(J) ,aYk; nfhs;ifj;(J) vd;g.”

(jz;b-14)

nfsl newp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; newpahtJ itjUg;g newpf;Ff; $wg;gl;l

gj;Jf;Fzq;fSs; rpytw;iwj; jOtpAk; gytw;iwj; jOthkYk; elf;Fk; jd;ik

ngw;wJ.

itjUg;g newp gj;jDs;> nghUs; fhuzkhd ,d;gk;> xOfpir> cjhuk;>

ca;j;jypy; nghUz;ik> rkhjp Mfpa Ie;ij kl;Lk; nfsl newpahh; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;.


gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. Kj;jfr; nra;Ais tpsf;Ff.

2. Fsfk; vd;why; vd;d?

3. njhifepiyr; nra;As; vd;why; vd;d?

4. njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; vd;why; vd;d?

5. nfsl newpiag; gw;wp tpsf;fk; jUf.

6. nrwpT vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

7. fhe;jk; tpsf;fk; jUf.

8. itjUg;g newpia tpsf;fp tiuf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:

1. ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.

2. nra;As; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

3. nra;As; newp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?


ghlk; - 11

nghUszpapay;

nghUspdhy; MFk; jzpfspd; ,ay;igf; $Wtjhy; ,t;,ay; nghUszpapay;

vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;wJ.

nghUszpfspd; tiffs;:-

“jd;ik ctik cUtfk; jPtfk;

gpd;tU epiyNa Kd;d tpyf;Nf

Ntw;Wg; nghUs;itg;Ng Ntw;Wik tpghtid

xl;Nl mjprak; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;

VJ El;gk; ,Nyrk; epuy;epiw

Mh;t nkhop Rit jd;Nkk; ghl;Liu

ghpah ak;Nk rkhapjk; cjhj;jk;

mhpJzh; mtEjp rpNyil tpNrlk;

xg;Gikf; $l;lk; nka;g;gL tpNuhjk;

xg;Gikf; $l;lk; nka;g;gL tpNuhjk;

khWgL Gfo;epiy Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp

epjhprdk; Gzh;epiy ghptUj; jidNa

tho;j;njh(L) rq;fPuzk; ghtpfk; ,it

Vw;w nra;Al;(F) mzpVo; Ie;Nj”.

(jz;b-26)

jd;ikazp> ctikazp> cUtfmzp> jPtftzp> gpd;tUepiyazp>

Kd;dtpyf;fzp> Ntw;Wg;;;; nghUs;itg;gzp> Ntw;Wikazp> tpghtizazp> xl;lzp>

mjpratzp> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wtzp> VJtzp> El;gtzp> ,Nyrtzp> epuy;epiwazp>

Mh;tnkhopazp> Ritazp> jd;Nkk;ghl;Liuazp> ghpahatzp> rkhapjtzp>

cjhj;jtzp> mtEjpazp> rpNyilazp> tpNrltzp> xg;Gikf; $l;ltzp>

tpNuhjtzp> khWgL Gfo;epiyazp> Gfohg; Gfo;r;rpazp> epjhprd tzp>

Gzh;epiyazp> ghptUj;jidazp> tho;j;jzp> rq;fPuztzp> ghtpf mzp vd;Dk;

Kg;gj;ije;J mzpfSk; nghUj;jKila nra;Al;F chpad MFk;.

jd;ikazp

xU nghUspd; ,ay;Gj; jd;ikia Nehpy; fz;lhw; Nghy cs;sgb tpsf;FtJ

jd;ikazp MFk;.


“vt;tifg; nghUSk; nka;tif tpsf;Fk;

nrhd;Kiw njhLg;gJ jd;ik MFk;.

(jz;b-27)

vt;tifg;gl;l nghUshf ,Ug;gpDk; mg;nghUspd; jd;ikia cs;sij

cs;sthNw tpsf;fkhfr; nrhw;fshy; Kiwahfj; njhLg;gJ jd;ikazp MFk;.

jd;ik mzpapd; tiffs;:-

mJNt

nghUs; Fzk; rhjp njhopnyh(L) Gydhk;

(jz;b-28)

jd;ikazpahtJ nghUs;> Fzk;> rhjp> njhopy; vd;Dk; ehd;fpd;

mbg;gilapy; Gyg;gLk;.

nghUs; jd;ik:-

xU nghUsplj;J cs;s gytif ,ay;GfisAk; khwhky; cs;sgb

moFgLj;jpf; $WtJ nghUs; jd;ik MFk;.

(v-L)

ePy kzpkplw;wd; ePz;l rilKbad;

E}y; mzpe;j khh;gd; Ejy;tpopad; - Njhy; cilad;

ifk;khd; kwpad; fdy;kUtd; fr;rhiy

vk;khd; ,ikNahh;f;F ,iw.

rptngUkhidr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; ,g;ghlypy; fz;lk; Kjyhd gy nghUl;fspd;

jd;ikfs; cs;sgb fhl;lg;gl;likahy; nghUs; jd;ikahapw;W.

Fzj;jd;ik:-

Fzj;jpd; cs;s gy;tifj; jd;ikfis cs;sgb moFw vLj;Jiug;gJ

Fzj;jd;ik MFk;.

(v-L)

cs;sk; Fspu cNuhkk; rpyph;j;(J) ciuAk;

js;s tpop ePh; mUk;gj; jd;kwe;jhs; - Gs; miyf;Fk;

Njd;jh kiutay;#o; jpy;iyj; jpUelk; nra;

G+e;jh kiunjhOj nghd;.


,r;nra;As; jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhdpd; jpUf;$j;ijf; fz;L njhOj

ngz;zpd; kfpo;r;rpahfpa Fzj;ij vLj;Jiug;gjhy; Fzj;jd;ikahapw;W.

rhjpj;jd;ik:-

xU rhjpaplk; (,dk;) fhzg;ngWk; gytifj; jd;ikfis cs;sthW

myq;fhpj;Jf; $WtJ rhjpj; jd;ikahFk;.

(v-L)

gj;jpj; jfl;l fiwkplw;w igtphpAk;

Jj;jpf; fitehj; Jisvapw;w – nka;j;jtj;Njhh;

Mfj;jhd; mk;gyj;jhd; Muh mK(J) mzq;fpd;

ghfj;jhd; #Lk; gzp.

gzp vd;Dk; nrhy; ghk;G vd;Dk; rhjpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ghk;G ,dj;jpd;

jd;ik $wg;ngw;wjhy; ,J rhjpj; jd;ikahFk;.

njhopy; jd;ik:-

njhopypy; cs;s gy;NtW jd;ikfis cs;sgb moFgLj;jpf; $WtJ

njhopy; jd;ikahFk;.

(v-L)

#o;e;J Kud;(W) mztp thrk;Jije;(J) Mbj;

jho;e;J kJEfh;e;J jh(J) mUe;Jk; - tPo;e;jngUk;

ghrj;jhh; ePq;fhg; guQ;Rlhpd; igq;nfhd;iw

thrj;jhh; ePq;fhj tz;L.

,g;ghlypy; Njid cz;Zjypy; eilngWk; gytifj; njhopy;fspd; jd;ik

Ngrg;gLtjhy; njhopy; jd;ik Mapw;W.

ctikazp

xUtd; jhd; fUjpa nghUis mjNdhL xg;Gik cila kw;nwhU

nghUNshL ,iaGgLj;jpf; $WtJ ctik mzpahFk;. gpw mzpfSf;F vy;yhk;

jhahf tpsq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.


“gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDk; vd;(W) ,tw;wpd;

xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUNsh(L) nghUs; Gzh;j;(J)

xg;Gik Njhd;wr; nrg;Gt(J) ctik.

(jz;b-29)

gz;G> njhopy;> gad; Mfpad fhuzkhf xd;whfpAk; gythfpAk; tUk;

nghUNshL nghUis ,iaa itj;J xg;Gik Gyg;glg; ghLtJ ctik vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;.

xg;Gik Gyg;gLj;Jjy;:-

gz;G ctik:-

1. gtsj; jd;dp Nkdp – epw ctik

2. Nta; Giu gizj;Njhs; - tbt ctik

3. njk;Kid ,lj;jpy; Nra;nfhy;

mk;kh mhpit mth;nrd;w ehNl – vy;iy ctik

njhopy; ctik:-

mhpkh md;d mzq;Filj; Jg;gpd;

jpUkh tstd;.

gad; ctik:-

khhp ad;d tz;dfj;

Njh;Nts; Miaf; fhzpa nrd;Nk

,iaa itj;jy;:-

1.xU nghUSf;F xU nghUs;

(v-L) nrt;thd; md;d Nkdp

2.xU nghUSf;Fg; gy nghUs;:-

(v-L) mt;thd;

,yq;Fgpiw md;d tpsq;Fthy; it vapw;W.


3.gy nghUSf;Fg; gy nghUs;:-

(v-L)

fspW vwp

Rwtpdj; jd;d thNshh; nkha;g;g

khP,Nahh; mwpahJ ike;Jgl; ld;Nw

4.gy nghUSf;F xU nghUs;:-

(v-L)

ngUk;ngah;f; fhpfhyd; Kd;dpiyr; nry;yhg;

gPbd; kd;dh; Nghy

XLit kd;dhy; thileP vkf;Nf.

ctikapd; tiffs;:-

mJNt

tphpNa njhifNa ,ju tpjuk;

ciungW rKr;rak; cz;ik kWnghUs;

Gfo;jy; epe;ij epakk; mepakk;

Iak; njhpjU Njw;wk; ,d;nrhy;

va;jpa tpghPjk; ,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if

gynghUs; tpfhuk; Nkhfk; mG+jk;

gytapd; Nghyp xUtapd; Nghyp

$lh ctik nghJePq;F ctik

khiy vd;Dk; ghyJ MFk;.

(jz;b-30)

ctik mzp> tphp ctik> njhif ctik> ,ju tpju ctik> rKr;ra

ctik> cz;ik ctik> kWnghUs; ctik> Gfo;jy; ctik> epe;ij ctik>

epak ctik> mepak ctik> Ia ctik> njhpjUNjw;w ctik> ,d;nrhy;

ctik> tpghPj ctik> ,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if ctik> gy nghUs; ctik> tpfhu

ctik> Nkhf ctik> mG+j ctik> gytapd; Nghyp ctik> xUtapd; Nghyp

ctik> $lh ctik> nghJ ePq;F ctik> khiy ctik vd;Dk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F

tifg;gLk;.

1.tphp ctik:-

nghUSf;Fk; ctikf;Fk; ,ilapy; nghJj;jd;ik ntspg;gl;L epw;gJ> gz;G

Kjypad ntspg;gl;L epw;gJk; tphp ctikahFk;.


(v-L)

ghy;NghYk; ,d;nrhy; gtsk;Nghy; nre;Jth;tha;

Nry;Nghy; gpwOk; jpUneLq;fz; - Nkyhk;

Gay;Nghy; nfhilf;ifg; Gdy;ehld; nfhy;yp

may;NghYk; tho;t(J) mth;.

2.njhif ctik:-

gz;G> njhopy;> gad; Mfpa jd;ikfs; kiwe;J (njhf;F) epw;gJ njhif

ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

jhkiu thz;Kfj;Jj; jz;jhsk; Nghy;KWty;

fhkU Nta;GiuNjhs; fhhpifaPh; - NjkUTk;

G+q;Foypd; thrg; nghiwRke;J nehe;jNjh

ghq;FoYk; njd;wy; ghpR.

3.,ju tpju ctik:-

nghUs; Xhplj;J ctikahfTk;> ctik Xhplj;Jg; nghUshfTk; xU

njhlUf;Fs;Ns ,uz;lbfsha; mikag;ghLtJ ,jutpju ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

fspf;Fk; fay;NghYk; Ek;fz;Ek; fz;Nghy;

fspf;Fk; faYk; fdptha;j; - jsph;f;nfhbaPh;

jhkiuNghy; kyUk; Ek;Kfk; Ek;Kfk;Nghy;

jhkiuAk; nrt;tp jUk;”.

4.rKr;ra ctik:-

xd;iw xg;gJ xU fhuzj;jhy; md;wp NtW gytw;whDk; xf;Fk; vdf; $WtJ

rKr;ra ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

msNt tb(T) xg;g(J) md;wpNa gr;ir

,sNta; epwj;jhDk; Va;f;Fk; - JsNta;

fiyf;Fkhp Nghh;Jsf;Fk; fhh;mTzh; tPuk;

njhiyf;F(k;) mhp VWifg;ghs; Njhs;.


,g;ghlypy; %q;fpyhdJ fiykfspd; NjhSf;F mstpdhYk; tbtpdhYk;

xg;ghtNjhL gRikahd epwj;jpdhYk; xg;ghFk; vdf; $wg;gl;ljhy; rKr;ra

ctikahapw;W.

5.cz;ik ctik:-

xU nghUSf;F NtnwhU nghUis ctikahff; $wpg; gpd;dh; mjid

kWj;Jg; nghUisNa $wp Kbg;gJ cz;ik ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

jhkiu md;W KfNk<J <q;(F) ,itAk;

fhkUtd;(L) my;y fUneLq;fz; - NjkUT

ty;ypapd; my;ys; ,ts;vd; kdk;ftUk;

my;yp kyh;f;Nfhij ahs;.

,g;ghlypy; jhkiu> tz;> ty;ypf;nfhb Mfpait ngz;zpd; cWg;gpw;F

ctikahff; fhl;lg;gl;ld. gpd;dh; mit kWf;fg;gl;L Kfk;> fz;> ngz; vdf;

$wg;gl;ljhy; ,J cz;ik ctikahapw;W.

6.kWnghUs; ctik:-

xU nghUSf;Fg; gpwpnjhU nghUis ctikahff; $wp mg;nghUSf;F

epfuhtnjhU nghUisg; gpd;dUk; itj;J ctkpg;gJ kWnghUs; ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

md;idNghy; vt;capUk; jhq;Fk; mdghah

epd;idahh; xg;ghh; epyNte;jh; - md;dNj

thhpGil #o;e;j itafj;jpw;F ,y;iyahy;

#hpaNd NghYk; Rlh;.

,g;ghlypy; jha;f;F ,izahf Kd;dh; itf;fg;gl;l nghUs; mdghar; Nrhod;.

gpd;dh; itf;fg;gl;l nghUs; #hpad;. vdNt ,g;ghly; kWnghUs; ctikahapw;W.

7.Gfo;jy; ctik:-

(v-L)

,iwNahd; rilKbNky; ve;ehSk; jq;Fk;

gpiwNah; jpUEjYk; ngw;w – jiwfly;#o;


G+tyak; jhq;Fk; mutpd; glk;GiuAk;

ghitepd; my;Fy; gug;G.

,jpy; cgkhdkhf ,Uf;Fk; MjpNrlidg; Gfo;e;J $Wtjhy; ,J Gfo;

ctik mzpahFk;.

8.epe;ij ctik:-

xU nghUSf;Ff; $wg;gLk; ctikg;nghUisg; gopj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ epe;ij

ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

kWg;gapd;w thz;kjpAk; mk;kjpf;Ff; Njhw;Fk;

epwj;jyUk; Neh;xf;F NkDk; - rpwg;(G) cilj;Jj;

jpy;iy ngUkhd; mUs;Nghy; jpUNkdp

Ky;iyg;G+q; Nfhij Kfk;.

jiytpapd; Kfj;jpw;Ff; fsq;fKila re;jpud;> FtpAk; jhkiu vd;Dk;

gopg;gpw;Fhpa nghUs;fis ctikfshff; fhl;lg;gl;ld. Mjyhy; ,g;ghly; epe;ij

ctikahapw;W.

9.epak ctik:-

,e;jg; nghUSf;F ,e;jg; nghUNs ctikahFk; md;wpg; gpwnghUs;fs;

ctik MfhJ vd;Dk; nghUs;glj; Njw;Nwfhuk; nfhLj;Jj; JzpT glf; $WtJ

epak ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

jhJxd;W jhkiuNa epd;Kfk; xg;gJkw;(W)

ah(J) xd;Wk; xt;th(J) ,sq;nfhbNa – kP(J)cah;e;j

NfNy gzpag; Gypcah;j;j nrk;gpah;Nfhd;

NtNy tpopf;F epfh;.

,g;ghlypy; Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiuNa> tpopf;F NtNy! vd ctikg;nghUs;fs;

Njw;Nwfhuk; nfhLj;J rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J epak ctikahapw;W.


10.mepak ctik:-

Kd;G $wpa ctikiaj; jtpu NtW nghUSk; ctikahFk; vdf; $WtJ

mepak ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

ft;it tphpjpiuePh;f; fhtphp#o; ed;dhl;L

kt;ty; fkOk; Foy; kltha; - nrt;tp

kJthh; ftpNuepd; tha;Nghy;t(J) md;wp

mJNghy;t(J) cz;L vdpDk; Mk;.

,g;ghlypy; tha;f;F vd epakpf;fg;gl;lJ KOf;f kyuhFk;. mjNdhL (mjid

xj;j) gpwTk; ctikahFk; vdf; $wpajhy; ,J mepak ctikahapw;W.

11.Ia ctik:-

nghUisAk; mjw;Ff; fhl;lg;gLk; ctikiaAk; cWjpahff; $whky;

,JNth? mJNth? vd Iag;ghL Njhd;w ciug;gJ Ia ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

jh(J) mstp tz;L jLkhWk; jhkiunfhy;

khjh; tpopcyT thz;Kfk;nfhy; - ah(J) vd;(W)

,Ughy; fth;cw;(W) ,ilCry; Mb

xUghy; glh(J)vd; csk;.

jhkiuf;Fk; Kfj;jpw;Fk; NtWghL mwpahtz;zk; Iag;glf; $Wtjhy;

,g;ghly; Ia ctikahapw;W.

12.njhpjUNjw;w ctik:-

ctikiaf; $wpg; gpd; IAw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J khwpr; rpy fhuzq;fisf;

nfhz;L ,JNt vdj; Jzpe;J njsptJ njhpjUNjw;w ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

jhkiu ehz;kyUk; jz;kjpahy; tP(W) mopAk;

fhkh; kjpAk; fiwtpuTk; - Mk; ,jdhy;

nghd;id kaf;Fk; GidRzq;fp dhh;KfNk

vd;id kaf;Fk; ,J.


fhiy kyUk; jhkiu kyUk; Fsph;e;j kjpapdhy; moF mopAk;> mofpa

kjpapy; fsq;fk; cz;L. ,f;Fiwfs; ,y;yhikahy; mtd; KfNk cah;e;jJ vdj;

Jzptjhy; njhpjUNjw;w ctik MFk;.

13.,d;nrhy; ctik:-

xU nghUSf;F mjdpDk; rpwe;j xd;iw Kjypy; ctikahf;fpf fhl;l

Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; mt;ctikapd; rpwg;G> nghUSf;F xg;ghFNk md;wp cah;thfhJ

vdr; rkg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ ,d;nrhy; ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

khd;tpop jhq;Fk; klf;nfhbNa epd;tjdk;

khd; KOJk; jhq;fp tUkjpak; - MdhYk;

Kw;wpio ey;yha;! Kfk; xg;g(J) md;wpNa

kw;(W) cah;r;rp cz;Nlh kjpf;F.

ngz;> khd; tpopia kl;Lk; jhq;fpAs;shs;. Mdhy; re;jpuNdh me;j khidNa

KOikahfj; jhq;fp cs;sJ. re;jpuDf;F mg;ngUik ,Ue;jhYk; mJ ngz;zpd;

Kfj;jpw;F ctikahfpwJ. mijj; jtpu NtW rpwg;G ,y;iy vd;gjhy; ,J

,d;nrhy; ctikahapw;W.

14.tpghPj ctik:-

njhd;Wnjhl;L ctikahf tUtdtw;iwg; nghUshfTk; nghUshf

tUtdtw;iw ctikahfTk; khw;wp ciug;gJ tpghPj ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

jpUKfk; Nghy;kyUk; nra;a fkyk;

fUneLq;fz; NghYk; fay;fs; - mhpit

,ay;NghYk; kQ;iQ ,ilNghYk; nfhk;gh;

kay;NghYk; ahk;Nghk; top.

neLq;fhykhfg; ngz;fspd; Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiu> fz;fSf;Ff; fay;kPd;fs;>

rhaYf;F kapy;> ,ilf;Ff; nfhk;G vd;gd ctikfshff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mt;

,ay;gpypUe;J gpwo;e;J Kfk;> fz;> rhay;> ,il Mfpa nghUs;fis ctikahf;fpf;

$wpajhy; ,J tpghPj ctikahapw;W.


15.,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if ctik:-

ctNkakhfpa xU nghUis ,d;d nghUs;Nghy ,Uf;fpwnjd;W nrhy;y

tpUk;Gfpd;wJ vd; cs;sk; vdf; $WtNj ,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

ed;WjPJ vd;(W) czuh(J) vd;Dila ed;ndQ;rk;

nghd;Jije;j nghw;Rzq;fpd; G+q;nfhbNa – kd;wy;

kLj;jije;j jhkiuepd; thz;Kfj;jpw;(F) xg;(G) vd;(W)

vLj;J ,ak;g Ntz;Lfpd;w(J) ,d;W.

,g;ghlypy; Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiuia xg;ghfr; nrhy;y tpUk;Gfpd;wJ vd;

cs;sk; vdf; $wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J ,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if ctikahapw;W.

16.gynghUs; ctik:-

xU nghUSf;Fg; gy nghUs;fis ctikahff; fhl;LtJ gy nghUs;

ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

NtYk; fUtpisAk; nkd;khDk; fhtpAk;

NrYk; tLtfpUk; nrQ;ruKk; - NghYkhy;

NjkUtp cz;L rpiw tz;L miw $e;jy;

fhkUT G+q;Nfhij fz;.

G+q;Nfhijapd; fz;fSf;F Nty;> fUtpiskyh;> khd;> fhtp kyh; Mfpa

gytw;iw ctikahff; $Wtjhy; ,J gynghUs; ctik mzp MFk;.

17.tpfhu ctik:-

xU nghUSf;F xg;Gikahff; $wg;gLk; ctikapypUe;J xd;iwg; gphpj;J

$WtJ tpfhu ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

rPj kjpapd; xspAk; nrOq;fkyg;

Nghjpd; GJkyh;r;rp Ak;nfhz;L – Ntjhjd;

ifk;kyuhd; md;wpf; fUj;jhy; tFj;(J) mikj;jhd;

nkha;k;kyh;g; G+q;Nfhij Kfk;.


Kfj;jpw;F ctikahff; $wg;gLtd re;jpud;> jhkik> mtw;wpypUe;J gpuk;kd;

Kfj;ijg; gilf;ftpy;iy. khwhfr; re;jpudpy; ,Ue;J xspiaf; nfhz;lhd;>

jhkijapypUe;J kyh;r;rpiaf; nfhz;lhd;. ,t;tpuz;lhy; cUthf;fpdhd; vd Kfk;

NtW tpjkhff; $wg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J tpfhu ctik Mapw;W.

18.Nkhf ctik:-

xU nghUspd; Nky; vOe;j Mir kpFjpapdhy; te;j kdkaf;fk; Njhd;w

ciug;gJ Nkhf ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

fay;NghYk; vd;Wk;epd; fz;gopg;gy; fz;zpd;

nray;Nghy; gpwOk; jpwj;jhy; - fay;Gfo;ty;

Muj;jhy; NehkUq;Fy; mk;jus thz;KWty;

<uj;jhy; cs;ntJk;Gk; ahd;.

,g;ghlypy; fz;zhfpa nghUis> ctikahfpa fay; kPDld; kaf;fk;

Njhd;w ctkpj;Jf; $wypd; ,J Nkhf ctikahapw;W.

19.mg+j ctik:-

Kd; ,y;yhj xd;iw ctikahf;fp ciug;gJ mG+j ctik MFk;. ,jid

„,y;nghUs; ctik‟ vdTk; toq;Fth;.

(v-L)

vy;yhf; fkyj;J vopYk; jpuz;L xd;wpd;

tpy;Nyhh; GUtj;J Nty;neLq;fz;-ey;yPh;

Kfk; NghYk; vd;d KWtypj;jhh; thOk;

mfk;NghYk; vq;fs; mfk;.

,g;ghlypy; vy;yhj; jhkiufspd; moFk; xd;wpdhw; Nghd;W miktJ

vt;tplj;Jk; ,ayhjjhFk;. Mjyhy; ,J mG+j ctikahapw;W.

20.gytapw;Nghyp ctik:-

xU njhlh;nkhopf;fz; gy ctikfs; tUk;. mt;thW tUk; ctikNjhWk;

ctkcUG Njhd;WkhW mikg;gJ gytapd; Nghyp ctik MFk;.


(v-L)

kyh;thtp Nghy;thud; khjh; fky

kyh;NghYk; khjh; tjdk; - kyh;#o;

mspf;Fyq;fs; NghYk; mdfk; mjDs;

fspf;Fk; fay;NghYk; fz;.

,g;ghlypy; kyh;thtp Nghy;th;> fkykyh; NghYk;> mspf;Fyq;fs; NghYk;> fay;

NghYk; vd ctkpf;fg;gl;l ehd;F ,lq;fspYk; Nghy vd;Dk; ctkcUG te;jjhy;

,J gytapw; Nghyp ctikahapw;W.

21.xUtapw;Nghyp ctik:-

ctikNjhWk; ctikr; nrhy; Njhd;whky; Xh; ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; ctikr;nrhy;

Njhd;w mikg;gJ xUtapd; Nghyp ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

epow;Nfhgk; ky;f epiwkyh;g;G+q; fhah

Row;fyt Nky;tphpj;j Njhif-jow;FyT

jPk;Gif Cl;Lk; nrwpFoyhh; NghYk;fhh;

ahk;gphpe;Njhh;f;(F) vd;dhk; ,dp.

,g;ghlypy; nrwpFoyhh; NghYk; fhh; vd;gjpy; NghYk; vd;Dk; ctkcUG>

Xhplj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jPk;Gif (Nghd;w) Njhif> kapy; (Nghd;w) ngz;>

,e;jpuNfhgk; (Nghd;w) neUg;G vd;gd ctk cUGfNshL Nrh;j;J vLj;Jiuf;fg;

ngwhjjhy; ,J xU tapw; Nghyp ctikahapw;W.

22.$lh ctik:-

xU nghUSf;Fg; nghUe;jhj jd;ik xd;widg; nghUe;Jtjhff; nfhz;L

mjid xd;ww;F ctikahf;fp ciug;gJ $lh ctik MFk;.

(v-L)

re;jdj;jpy; nre;joYk; jz;kjpapy; ntt;tplKk;

te;jdNt NghYkha; Ek;khw;wk; - ige;njhbaPh;

thtpf; fky kjpKfq;fz;(L) Vf;fWthh;

Mtpf;(F) ,itNah muz;.

,g;ghlypy; re;jdj;jpy; neUg;Gg; gpwj;jYk; re;jpudpy; nfhba eQ;R gpwj;jYk;

,y;iy. vdNt $lh ctikahapd.


23.nghJePq;F ctik:-

xd;ww;Ff; $wg;gl;l ctikia kWj;Jg; gpd; mg;nghUs; jhNd jdf;F

epfuhFk; vd;W Nkk;ghL Njhd;wf; $WtJ> mjhtJ nghUisNa ctikahf;FtJ

nghJ ePq;F ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

jpUkUT jz;kjpf;Fk; nre;jh kiuapd;

tpiukyh;f;Fk; Nkyhk; jifahy; - fUneLq;fz;

khNd ,Us; msfk; #o;e;jepd; thz;Kfk;

jhNd ctik jdf;F.

,g;ghlypy; Kfj;jpw;F ctikahfr; re;jpud;> nre;jhkiu Mfpatw;iw

Kd;dh;f; $wpg; gpd; kWj;J Kfj;Jf;F KfNk xf;Fk; vdf; $wpajhy; ,J nghJ

ePq;F ctikahapw;W.

24.khiy ctik:-

xU nghUSf;Fg; gy ctik mikAk;. mtw;iw xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf

,iltplhJ njhlh;r;rp ciladthfr; Nrh;j;J ,Wjpf;fz; nghUs; $l;b Kbg;gJ

khiy ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

kiyaj;J khjtNd Nghd;Wk; mtd;ghy;

miyflNy Nghd;Wk; mjDs; - FyTk;

epytya NkNghd;Wk; Nehpad;ghy; epw;Fk;

rpiynfONjhs; Nte;jh; jpU.

Nrhoid tpl;L ePq;fhj nry;tj;jpw;F mfj;jpaDk; mtNdhL njhlh;Gila

flYk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila G+kpAk; (G+nthL G+ Nrh;e;J epw;Fk; khiy Nghyj;)

njhlh;e;J epd;wd. ,tw;why; ,g;ghly; khiy ctikahapw;W.

ctikmzp gpw mzpfNshL $b tUjy;

“mw;Gjk; rpNyil mjprak; tpNuhjk;

xg;Gikf; $l;lk; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;

tpyf;Nf VJ vd Ntz;lTk; gLNk.”

(jz;b-31)


ctik mzp gytifg;gl;Lj; jdpj;J tUk;. mj;Jld; mw;Gjk;> rpNyil>

mjprak;> tpNuhjk;> xg;Gikf; $l;lk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> tpyf;F> VJ Mfpa vl;L

mzpfNshL $bAk; tUk;.

mw;Gj ctik:-

xU nghUspd; Fzq;fis ctikapy; Vw;wp tpag;gilAk; gbahfr;

nrhy;YtJ.

(v-L)

FiomUF jhof; FdpGUtk; jhq;fp

cioah; caph;gUfp ePz;l – tpop cilj;jha;

tz;Nl ,Us;msfk; #o tUkjpxd;(W)

cz;Nly; ,td;Kfj;jpw;(F) xg;G.

nghUshfpa ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cWg;Gf;fis ctikahfpa

re;jpuDf;F Vw;wpf; $wp tpaf;Fk;gb xg;Gikg;gLj;jpajhy; ,J mw;Gj ctik

Mapw;W.

rpNyil ctik:-

rpNyilahtJ xU nkhopaha; epd;W gy nghUs; jUtjhFk;. mJ

1.nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil ctik 2.gphpnkhopr; rpNyil ctik vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

1.nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil ctik:-

xU jd;ikj;jhf epd;W nghUSf;Nfw;gr; nrhw;fisg; gphpf;fhky; nrhw;fs;

fple;jthNw gynghUs; Gyg;gLtJ nrk;nkhop. mk;nkhopiaf; nfhz;L ctkpg;gJ

nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

nre;jpUTk; jpq;fSk; G+Tk; jiyrpwg;gr;

re;jj; njhilNah(L) mzpjOtpr; - nre;jkpo;E}y;

fw;whh; GidAk; ftpNghy; kdq;ftUk;

Kw;wh Kiyahs; Kfk;.

,g;ghly; ftpijf;Fk; Kfj;jpw;Fk; rpNyilaha; mike;Js;sJ.


nrhw;fs; ftp(ghl;L) Kfk;

re;jk; - xir - epwk;

njhil - nrhw;Nfhit - khiy

mzp - nrhy;>nghUs; mzpfs; - moF

Gytuhy; nrhy;yg;gLk; ftpijiag; Nghyg; ngz;zpd; Kfj;ijf; fhl;bajhy;

,J nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil ctik Mapw;;W.

gphpnkhopr; rpNyil ctik:-

gphpj;Jg; nghUs; fhZk; tz;zk; miktJ gphpnkhopr; rpNyil MFk;.

njhlh;fisg; gphpj;J xd;ww;F xU tpjkhfTk; Ntnwhd;ww;F kw;nwhU tpjkhfTk;

nghUs;gl miktJ gphpnkhop> mk; nkhopia ctkpg;gNj gphpnkhopr; rpNyil

ctikahFk;.

(v-L)

espjlj;j ty;ypapd; fz;nefpo Qhyj;J

mstpd; epiwflhk; rpe;jpf; - fspW ,fYk;

fe;j kiyah epyTk; ftL mira

te;j kiyah epyk;>

,g;ghly; ahidf;Fk; njd;wYf;Fk; rpNyilaha; mike;Js;sJ. ahidiag;

Nghyj; njd;wy; fhw;W te;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; ,g;ghly; ,U nghUSf;Fk; Vw;wgb

gphpj;Jg; nghUs; fhZk; tz;zk; mike;jJ. gpd; xd;W kw;nwhd;Wf;F

ctikahdJ. vdNt ,g;ghly; gphpnkhopr; rpNyil ctik Mapw;W.

nrhw;fs; ahid khw;wk; njd;wy;

esp - nrwpT - - - ngUik

jlk; - ngUik - - - ngha;if

ty;yp - tpyq;F - (my;yp) - G+

fz; - %l;Ltha; - (fs;) - Njd;

nefpo;jy; - foYjy; - - - Nrhh;jy;

fe;J - fl;Lj;jwp - (fe;jk;) - kzk;

ftL - Guirf;fapW - - - kuf;nfhk;G


mjpra ctik:-

Md;Nwhh; tpaf;FkhW GJik Njhd;Wk;gb ctkpg;gJ.

(v-L)

epd;cioNa epd;Kfk; fhz;Lk; neLe;jlk;

jd;cioNa jd;idAk; fhz;Ftk; - vd;Dk;

,Jxd;W Nkmd;wp Ntw;Wik cz;Nlh

kJxd;W nre;jh kiuf;F.

,g;ghlypy; jhkiuf;F xg;ghf xU ngz;zpd; Kfk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kfj;jpw;Fk;> mjw;F xg;Gikf;fhl;lg;gLk;. jhkiuf;Fk; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; ,lq;fisj;

jtpu NtW Ntw;Wik ,y;iy vd tpag;gilAk;gb $wpajhy; ,J mjpra

ctikahapw;W.

tpNuhj ctik:-

ctikAk; nghUSk; jk;Ks; khWgl;l FzKilajhff; fhl;LtJ.

(v-L)

nrk;ik kiukyUk; jpq;fSk; Ek;KfKk;

jk;kpd; giftpisf;Fk; jd;ikaNt – vk;Kila

itg;ghFk; nrd;dp tsk;Gfhh; Nghy; ,dpaPh;

xg;ghFk; vd;ghh; csh;.

gifif cila jhkiu kyUk;> re;jpuDk; ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F ctik

vd;gjhy; ,J tpNuhj ctik MFk;.

xg;Gikf;$l;l ctik:-

xg;Gik cila nray;fisf; nfhz;l nghUs;fisf; $l;b ctkpj;jy;.

(v-L)

tpz;zpd;Nky; fhty; Ghpe;J cwq;fhd; tpz;zth;Nfhd;

kz;zpd;Nky; md;id taNte;Nj – jz;zspapy;

Nruh mTzh; Fyq;fisAk; Njth;Nfhd;

Neuhh;Nky; mj;jifia eP.


,e;jpuDk; NrhoDk; fhf;Fk; njhopyhy; xg;Gik cilath;fs;. gifth;fisg;

Nghh; nra;J mopf;Fk; jpwj;jhYk; xg;Gik cilath;fs; vd;gjhy; ,J

xg;Gikf;fg;gl;l ctikahapw;W.

jw;Fwpg; Ngw;w ctik:-

nghUSf;F Nkd;ik Njhd;Wk; tz;zk; ftpQd; jhd; epidj;j ctikapd;

kPJ gpwpnjhd;iw Vw;wpf; $WtJ.

(v-L)

cz;ePh;ik jhq;fp cah;e;j newpxOfp

ntz;ePh;ik ePq;fp tpsq;Fkhy; - jz;zPh;j;

juk;NghYk; vd;dj; jUflk;ig khwd;

fuk;Nghy; nfhil nghopthd; fhh;.

kio nghopAk; Nkfk; thdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;> jd; cs;Ns ePiug; ngw;wpUf;Fk;

ntz;zpwk; ePq;fpj; jpfOk;. ,it Nkfj;jpd; ,ay;G. ,jid khw;wp khwdpd;

ifNghy ,Ue;J nfhLf;f vd;gjw;fhf ,k;%d;W ,ay;GfisAk; Nkfk; ngw;wpUe;jJ

vdf; fw;gpj;Jf; $wp ctikahf;fpajhy; ,J jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w ctikahfpwJ.

tpyf;F ctik:-

ctikia tplg; nghUSf;Fr; rpwg;Gj; je;J> mjdhy; ctik xt;thJ vdf;

$WtJ.

(v-L)

FionghOJ ePz;L Fkpo;Nky; kwpah

cionghU(J)vd; cs;sk; ftuh – kioNghy;

jUneLq;ifr; nrd;dp jkpo;eh(L) midahh;

fUneLq;fz; NghYk; fay;.

,t;thW $wpajhy; fhjpy; mzpe;Js;s FioNahL Nrh;e;J tsh;e;jJ fz;.

mJ %f;fpw;F NkNy jhTfpd;w jd;ikAilaJ. khdpd; tpopiag; gifg;gJ> vd;

cs;sj;ijf; ftUk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ vdg; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fz;Zf;Ff; fhl;lg;gl;l kPdhfpa ctikapDk; nghUNs rpwe;jJ vd

ctikia tpyf;fpajhy; ,g;ghly; tpyf;F ctikahapw;W.


VJ ctik:-

,d;dpd;d fhuzq;fshy; ,jid ,/J xf;Fk; vdf; fhuzk; Gyg;glf;

$WtJ.

(v-L)

ths; mutpd; nrk;kzpAk; td;dp,sk; ghrpiyAk;

ehs; ,isa jpq;fs; eifePyTk; - ePs;xspahy;

Njd;cyT G+q;nfhd;iwj; Njth;Nfhd; nrQ;rilNky;

thd;cyTk; tpy;Nghy; tUk;.

,g;ghlypy; rptngUkhdpd; rilf;F ctikahff; fhl;lg;gl;l nghUs;

thdtpy;> thdtpy;ypy; gy tz;zq;fs; ,Ug;gJ Nghyr; rptngUkhdpd; rilapYk;

gy epwq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. rilapy; rptg;G> gRik> ntz;ik> kQ;rs; epwq;fs;

Njhd;Wtjw;Fr; nrk;kzp> jsph;> gpiw> nfhd;iwg;G+ Mfpatw;iwf; fhuzkhff;

fhl;bajhy; ,J VJ ctikahapw;W.

ctk tOtikjp

“kpFjYk; FiwjYk; jho;jYk; cah;jYk;

ghy;khW gLjYk; ghFghL cila

Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l ctikazp> kpFe;J tUjy;> Fiwe;J tUjy;> jho;e;J

tUjy;> cah;e;J tUjy;> ghy; khWgLjy; vd;Dk; ghFghLfis ciladthk;.

kpFjy;:- cgkhd cgNkaq;fs; xd;ww;F xd;W milfshy; kpFe;J tUjy;.

Fiwjy;:- mit xd;ww;F xd;W milfshy; Fiwe;J tUjy;.

jho;jy;:- xd;ww;F xd;W ,ope;j nghUshjy;.

cah;jy;:- mt; xd;ww;F xd;W cah;e;j nghUshjy;

ghy; khWgLjy;:- Mz;ghy; Kjyhd Ik;ghy;fSs; xd;ww;F xd;W khwp tUjy;.


ctk cUGfs;

Nghy khdg; Giuag; nghUt

Neuf; fLg;g epfu epfh;g;g

Vu Va kiya ,iaa

xg;g vd;d cwo Vw;g

md;d mida mku Mq;f

vd;d ,fy tpioa vjpuj;

Jiz J}f;(F) Mz;(L) kpFjif tPo

,iz rptz; Nko; mw;Wr; nrj;njhL gpwTk;

eitjPh; ghd;ik ctikr; nrhy;Ny.

(jz;b-33)

Nghy> khd> Giua> nghUt> Neu> fLg;g> epfu> epfh;g;g> Vu> Va> kiya>

,iaa> xg;g> vs;s> cwo> Vw;g> md;d> mida> mku> Mq;f> vd;d> ,fy> tpioa>

vjpu> Jiz> J}f;F> Mz;L> Mq;F> kpFjif> tPo> ,iz> rptz;> Nfo;> mw;W>

nrj;J vd;Dk; Kg;gj;ije;Jk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; ctk cUGfs; MFk;.

gpwTk; vd;wjdhy; ehl> ef> eLq;f> ee;j> fs;s> fUj> fhl;l> kpspu> Va;g;g>

kUs KjypadTk; tUk;.


ghlk; - 12

cUtf mzp

ctikapd; jd;ikiag; nghUs;Nky; Vw;wpf; $Wk; ,j;jd;ikNa cUtfk;

vdf;$wg;gLk;. cgkhdk;> cgNkak; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lf;Fk; Ntw;Wik ,y;yhky;

,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd;gJ Njhd;wf; $WtJ cUtf mzp MFk;.

ctikAk; nghUSk; Ntw;Wik xoptpj;J

xd;W vd khl;bd; m/J cUtfk; MFk;.

(jz;b-34)

ctikahFk; nghUs; (cgkhdk;) ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; (ctNkak;) vdg;

nghUs; ,Utifg;gLk;. mt;tpuz;Lf;Fs; NtWghL fhz Kbahj tifapy;

xd;nwd;Dk;gb xw;Wikg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ cUtfk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

cUtf mzpapd; tiffs;:-

njhifNa tphpNa njhiftphp vdhm

,iaNg ,iagpyp tpaepiy vdhmr;

rpwg;Ng tp&gfk; rkhjhdk; vdhm

cUtfk; Vfk; mNeffhq;fk; vdhm

Kw;Nw mtatk; mtatp vdhmr;

nrhw;wIk; %d;W kw;wjd; tphpNa.

(jz;b-35)

njhif cUtfk;> tphp cUtfk;> njhiftphp cUtfk;> ,iaG cUtfk;>

,iagpyp cUtfk;> tpaepiy cUtfk;> rpwg;G cUtfk;> tp&gf cUtfk;> rkhjhd

cUtfk;> cUtf cUtfk;> Vfhq;f cUtfk;> mNefhq;f cUtfk;> Kw;W cUtfk;>

mtat cUtfk;> mtatp cUtfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l gjpide;Jk; cUtfj;jpd;

tiffs; MFk;.

njhif cUtfk;:-

Mfpa vd;Dk; njhlh;ig cz;lhf;Fk; nrhy; ngwhky; (kiwe;J) tUtNj

njhif cUtfk; MFk;.


(v-L)

mq;if kyUk; mbj;jspUk; fz;tz;Lk;

nfhq;if KfpOk; Fow;fhUk; - jq;fpaNjhh;

khjh;f; nfhb csjhk; ez;gh mjw;(F) vOe;j

fhjw;(F) csNjh fiu.

mq;if kyh; (mq;ifahfpa kyh;)

mbj;jsph; (mbahfpa jsph;)

fz;tz;L (fz;zhfpa tz;L)

nfhq;if Kfpo; (nfhq;ifahfpa Kfpo;)

Fow; fhh; (Foyhfpa fhh;)

vd;Dk; njhlh;fspy; Mfpa vd;Dk; nrhy; kiwe;J (njhf;F) te;js.

Mifahy; ,J njhif cUtfk; Mapw;W.

tphp cUtfk;:-

Mfpa vd;Dk; nrhy; ntspg;gl;L (tphpe;J) epw;gJ tphp cUtfk; MFk;. Mfpa

vd;Dk; nrhy; Mf vdTk; M vdTk; jphpe;J epw;wYk; cz;L.

(v-L)

nfhq;if Kifahf nkd;kUq;Fy; nfhk;ghf

mfq;if kyuh mbjspuhj; - jpq;fs;

mspepd;w %uy; mzq;fhk; vdf;F

ntspepd;w Ntdpy; jpU.

,g;ghlypy; Kifahf> nfhk;ghf vd;Dk; ,U nrhw;fspy; „Mf‟ vd;gJ

ntspg;gl;L epd;wJ. kyuh> jspuh vd;gtw;Ws;‟M‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; ntspg;gl;L epd;wJ.

Mjyhy; ,J tphp cUtfk; Mapw;W.

njhiftphp cUtfk;:-

njhlh;ig czh;j;Jk; Mfpa> Mf> M vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; ntspg;gl;Lk;

kiwe;Jk; miktJ njhif tphp cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

itak; jfopah thh;flNy nea;ahf

nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr; - nra;a


Rlh;Mop ahd; mbf;Nf #l;bNdd; nrhd;khiy

,lh;Mop ePq;FfNt vd;W.

nea;ahf> tpsf;fhf> jfopah vd;gd tphp cUtfk;. -,luhop vd;gJ njhif

cUtfk;. vdNt ,g;ghly; njhiftphp cUtfkhapw;W.

,iaG cUtfk;:-

gy nghUis cUtfk; nra;Akplj;J xd;ww;nfhd;W ,iaGila nghUis

xU njhlhpy; cUtfkhf tuj; njhLg;gJ ,iaG cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

nrt;tha;j; jspUk; eifKfpOk; fz;kyUk;

ikthh; msf kJfuKk; - nrt;tp

cilj;jhk; jpUKfk;vd; cs;sj;J itj;jhh;

Jilj;jhNu md;Nwh Jah;.

,g;ghlypy; tha;> eif> fz;> $e;jy; Mfpa ehd;Fk; jsph;> mUk;G> kyh;>

tz;L Mfpa ehd;Fk; xd;ww;F xd;W ,iaGila nghUs;. ,t; ,iaGilatw;iw

cUtfpj;Jf; $wpajhy; ,J ,iaG cUtfkhapw;W.

,iagpyp cUtfk;:

xd;ww;F xd;W ,iagpy;yhj nghUs;fis xU njhlhpy; cUtfkhf mikg;gJ

,iagpyp cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

Njdf; fyh;nfhd;iw nghd;dhfr; nrQ;rilNa

$dw; gtsf; nfhbahfj; - jhd

kioahff; NfhL kjpahfj; Njhd;Wk;

Gioahh; jlf;ifg; nghUg;G.

,q;F tpehafg; ngUkhd; mzpe;j nfhd;iw kyUk;> jpUr;rilAk;> kjePUk;>

kUg;Gk; (je;jk;) Mfpa ehd;Fk; KiwNa nghd;> gtsf;nfhb> kio> kjp vd;Dk;

ehd;fhf cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;nghUs;fs; midj;Jk; xd;ww;F xd;W

,iagw;wit> Mjyhy; ,iagpyp cUtfkhapw;W.


tpaepiy cUtfk;:-

xU nghUs; gy cWg;Gf;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw cUtfk;

nra;Jk; rpytw;iw tpLj;Jk; cWg;gpid cila nghUis (mq;fpia) cUtfk;

nra;Jk; ciug;gJ tpaepiy cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

nrt;tha; eifmUk;gr; nrq;ifj; jsph;tpsq;f

ikths; neLq;fz; kjh;j;(J) cytr; - nrt;tp

ew(T) myUk; Nrhiytha; epd;wNj ez;gh!

Fwth; klkfshk; nfhk;G.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; (mq;fp) Fwg;ngz;. mts; tQ;rpf; nfhk;ghf

cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;. mtSila cWg;Gf;fspy; tha;> fz;> if Mfpa %d;Wk;

,q;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; if kl;Lk; jspuhf cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

vQ;rpait thsh (cUtfg;gLj;jg;glhky;) tplg;gl;ld. Mjyhy; ,J tpaepiy

cUtfkhapw;W.

rpwg;G cUtfk;:-

xU nghUis vLj;J mjw;Fr; rpwe;j milfis cUtfg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd;

fhuzkhf mg;nghUisAk; cUtfkhf;fp Kbg;gJ rpwg;G cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

tphpfly;#o; Nkjpdp ehd;Kfd;kP fhdhr;

Ruejpgh Ar;rp njhLj;j – mhpjpUj;jhs;

$k;ghf vg;nghUSk; nfhz;l ngUehtha;

Mk;nghyptpy; Mapdjhy; ,d;W.

,g;ghlypy; ,t;cyfk;> gynghUs;fisj; jhq;Fk; ehthahf

cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ehthia ,af;Fk; kPfhkdhfg; gpuk;kDk; ghahfj; nja;t

fq;ifAk; $k;ghfj; jpUkhypd; jpUtbAk; rpwg;gpj;J cUtfg;gLj;jg; gl;ljhy; ,J

rpwg;G cUtfkhapw;W.

tp&gf cUtfk;:-

xU nghUl;Ff; $lhj jd;ik gyTk; $l;b cUtfk; nra;tJ tp&gf

cUtfk; MFk;.


(v-L)

jz;kjpf;Fj; NjhyhJ jho;jlj;J itfhJ

Kd;kUTk; jhs;Nky; KfpohJ – ez;zp

,UnghOJk; nrt;tp ,ay;gha; kyUk;

mhpit tjdhk; Gak;.

re;jpuDf;F $k;ghik> Fsj;jpy; thohik> Ks;jhspd; kPJ kyuhik>

,UnghOJk; kyh;e;jpUj;jy; Mfpa jd;ikfs; jhkiuf;Fg; nghUe;jh. mtw;iw Vw;wp

Kfj;ijj; jhkiuahf cUtfpjjikahy; ,g;ghly; tp&gf cUtfkhapw;W.

rkhjhd cUtfk;:-

xU nghUis ed;ik jUtjhf cUtfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjidNa jPq;F

jUtjhfg; gpd;dh;f; $w Ntz;Lk;. mj;jPq;F mg;nghUshy; Njhd;wpaJ md;W vd

mjw;Fg; gpwpNjhh; fhuzk; $WtJ rkhjhd cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

iffhe;js; tha;FKjk; fz;nea;jy; fhhpifaPh;

nka;thh; jsph; nfhq;if nkd;Nfhq;fk; - ,t;midj;Jk;

td;ik Nrh;e;(J) Mtpa tUj;JtJ khjtk; xd;W

,d;ikNa md;Nwh vkf;F.

,g;ghlypy; ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fshd if> tha;> fz;> nka;> khh;G Mfpait

fhe;js;> Mk;gy;> nea;jy;> jsph;> Nfhq;fUk;G vd;Dk; nghUs;fshf cUtfk;

nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;ed;ik jUk; nghUs;fs; gpd;dh;j; jPik jUtjhff; $wg;gl;ld.

mjw;Fj; jtk; nra;ahik vd;Dk; fhuzk; $wg;gl;ljhy; ,J rkhjhd

cUtfkhapw;W.

cUtf cUtfk;:-

xU nghUisg; gpwpnjhd;whf cUtfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW cUtfpj;j

nghUis NtW xd;whf cUtfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt cUtf cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

fd;dpjd; nfhq;iff; Ftlhk; flhf;fspw;iwg;

nghd;neLe;Njhs; Fd;Nw Gidfe;jh – kd;dtepd;

Mfj; jlk;Nr tfkhf ahd;mizg;gy;

Nrhfpj;J mUNsy; Jtz;L.


,g;ghlypy; jiytpapd; khh;G kiyahf cUtfpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJNt gpd;dh;

kjk; kpFe;j ahidahfTk; cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fd;dpiaf; fhjypj;j jiytdpd;

Njhs; kiyahfTk; gpd; fl;Lj;jwpahfTk; cUtfpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,g;ghly;

cUtf cUtfkhapw;W.

Vfhq;f cUtfk;:-

xU nghUSf;F mike;j cWg;Gf;fs; gytw;Ws; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfk;

nra;tJ Vfhq;f cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

fhjyidj; jhvd;W cyTk; fUneLq;fz;

Vjpydhy; ahJ vd;Dk; ,d;nkhopj;Njd; - khjh;

kUz;l kdkfpo;r;rp ths;Kfj;J te;j

,uz;bDf;Fk; vd;nra;Nfh ahd;.

,g;ghlypy; ngz;fspd; cWg;Gf;fshfpa Kfk;> fz;> nkhop kl;Lk; Njdhf

cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vQ;rpait cUtfk; nra;ag;glhjjhy; ,J Vfhq;f

cUtfkhapw;W.

mNefhq;f cUtfk;:-

xU nghUSf;F mike;j gy cWg;Gf;fis cUtfk; nra;tJ mNefhq;f

cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

ifj;jspuhy; nfhq;if Kfpo;jhq;fp fz; vd;Dk;

ikj;jlQ;Nry; ike;jh; kdk;fyq;f – itj;jNjhh;

kpd;csjhy; Nkf kpircsjhy; kw;wJTk;

vd; csjhk; ez;gh ,dp.

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fshfpa if> khh;G> fz;> $e;jy;> tbtk;

Mfpa gy cWg;Gf;fs; Ngrg;gl;ld. mit KiwNa jsph;> mUk;G> fay;> Nkfk;>

kpd;dy; vd;gdthf cUtfpj;Jf; $wg;gl;ljhy; ,J mNefhq;f cUtfkhapw;W.


Kw;W cUtfk;:-

gy cWg;Gf;fis cila cWg;gpidAk; (nghUisAk;) mjd;

cWg;Gf;fisAk; Vw;w ,lj;njhLk; gpwtw;nwhLk; KOikahf cUtfk; nra;tJ

Kw;W cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

tpopNa fsptz;L nkd;eifNa jhJ

nkhopNa KUFcyhe; Njwy; - nghopfpd;w

NjkUT Nfhijj; njhpit jpUKfNk

jhkiuvd; cs;sj; jlj;J.

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fshfpa tpop> KWty;> nkhop> Kfk;

vd;git tz;L> jhJ> Njd;> jhkiukyh; vd;gdthf cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jhkiu

Fsj;jpy; tho;tJ. mjw;F Vw;gj; jiytd; cs;sj;ijf; Fskhf

cUtfpj;Js;sjhy; ,g;ghly; Kw;WUtfk; Mapw;W.

mtat cUtfk;:-

cWg;Gf;fis cila nghUis (cWg;gpia) cUtfk; nra;ahky;

cWg;Gf;fis kl;Lk; cUtfk; nra;tJ mtat cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

GUtr; rpiyFdpj;Jf; fz;mk;(G)vd; cs;sj;(J)

cUtj; Jue;jhh; xUth; - mUtp

nghUq;fy; rpyk;gpy; Gidmy;Fy; Njh;Nky;

kUq;Fy; nfhbElq;f te;J.

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; GUtk;-tpy;> fz;-mk;G> my;Fy;-Njh;> ,il-nfhb vd

cWg;Gf;fs; (mtaq;fs;) cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;cWg;Gf;fis cila

mg;ngz;zhfpa cWg;gpia (mtatp) cUtfk; nra;ahky; xUth; vd;Dk; mstpy;

Rl;bAs;sjhy; ,J mtat cUtfk; Mapw;W.

mtatp cUtfk;:-

mtatpahfpa nghUis cUtfk; nra;J mjd; cWg;Gf;fis cUtfpf;fhky;

tpl;L tpLjy; mtatp cUtfk; MFk;.


(v-L)

thh;GUtk; $j;jhl tha;koiy Nrhh;e;(J) mira

Nth; mUk;gr; Nre;J tpopkjh;g;g - %uy;

mspf;Fk; njhpit tjdhk; Gaj;jhy;

fspf;Fk; jtk;cilNahd; fz;.

ngz;zpd; Kfj;ijj; jhkiu vd cUtfpj;J mjd; cWg;Gf;fshd GUtk;

Kkjyhdtw;iw cUtfpf;fhky; tpl;ljhy; ,J mtatp cUtfkhapw;W.

cUtfk; gpw mzpfSld; $b tUjy;:-

“ctik VJ Ntw;Wik tpyf;Nf

mtEjp rpNyil vd;(W) mtw;nwhLk; tUNk”.

gytifg;gl tUk; cUtfk; jdpj;J tUtNjhL ctik> VJ> Ntw;Wik>

tpyf;F> mtEjp> rpNyil vd;Dk; MwndhLk; $b tUk;.

ctik cUtfk;:-

ctikNahL $btUk; cUtfk; ctik cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

kJkfpo;e;j khjh; tjd kjpak;

cja kjpaNk xf;Fk; - kjpjsh;Ntd;

ntk;ik jzpa kjuhf NkkpFf;Fk;

nrk;ik xspahy; jpfo;e;J.

Kjypy; Kfk; kjpakhf cUtfpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; mJ cja

kjpaj;ij xf;Fk; vd ctikNahL ,iaj;Jf; $wpajhy; ,g;ghly; ctik

cUtfkhapw;W.

VJ cUtfk;:-

chpa fhuzj;NjhL $b tUk; cUtfk; VJ cUtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

khw;wj;jhy; fps;is eilahy; klmd;dk;

Njhw;wj;jhy; jz;vd; Rlh;tpsf;fk; - Nghw;Wk;


,ayhd; kapy; vk;ik ,e;ePh;ik Mf;Fk;.

kayhh; kjh;neLq;fz; khd;.

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz; fpsp> md;dk;> tpsf;F> kapy; vd;Dk; nghUshf

cUtfk; nra;ag;gl;lhs;. cUtfg;gLj;Jkplj;Jr;> nrhy;yhy;-fpsp> eilahy;-md;dk;>

cUtj;jhy;-tpsf;F> rhayhy;-kapy; Mapdhs; vd mtw;wpw;Fhpa fhuzq;fSk; $l;b

ciuf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J VJ cUtfkhapw;W.

Ntw;Wik cUtfk;:-

Ntw;WikNahL $b tUtJ Ntw;Wik cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

itak; Guf;Fkhy; kd;dtepd; iff;fhUk;

ngha;apd;wp thdpy; nghopfhUk; - ifahk;

,U fhh;f;Fk; ,y;iyg; gUtk; ,bf;Fk;

xUfhh; gUtk; cilj;J.

,g;ghlypy; murDila iffs; Nkfkhf cUtfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

,bAila Nkfj;jpw;Fk; ifahfpa Nkfj;jpw;Fk; Ntw;Wik fhl;baikahy; ,J

Ntw;Wik cUtfkhapw;W.

tpyf;F cUtfk;:-

cUtfk; nra;j nghUisNa gpd;dh; kWj;Jf; $WtJ tpyf;F cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

ty;yp tjd kjpf;F kjpj;jd;ik

,y;iy csNjy; ,uT md;wp – vy;iy

tpsf;Fk; xsptsh;j;J ntk;ikahy; vk;ikj;

Jsf;Fk; ,ay;G csNjh nrhy;.

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; Kfk; KOepythf cUtfpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;

mk;Kfj;jpw;F cs;s jd;ik epytpw;F ,y;iy vd tpyf;fpajhy; ,J tpyf;F

cUtfkhapw;W.

mtEjp cUtfk;:-

cz;ikia kWj;J cUtfk; nra;tJ mtEjp cUtfkhFk;.


(v-L)

nghq;fsfk; my;y GaNy ,J ,itAk;

nfhq;if ,iz my;y Nfhq;fUk;Ng – kq;ifepd;

ikmhpf;fz; my;y kjh;tz;L ,it,itAk;

ifmy;y fhe;js; kyh;.

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fs; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit $e;jy;>

khh;G> fz;> if vd;gdthFk;. mt;cWg;Gf;fis Kd;dh;f; $wpg; gpd;dh; kWj;J

mtw;iwg; Gay;> Nfhq;fUk;G> tz;L> fhe;js; vd cUtfk; nra;jjhy; ,J mtEjp

cUtfkhapw;W.

rpNyil cUtfk;:-

gytw;wpw;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L cUtfk; nra;tJ rpNyil

cUtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

cd; nefpo;e;j nrt;tpj;jha;g; nghd;NjhL xsptsuj;

jz;msp#o;e;J ,d;gk; jukyh;e;J – fz; nefpo;e;J

fhjy; fiu ,wg;g thtp flthJ

khjh; tjdhk; Gak;.

,g;ghlypy; jhkiuapd; ,ay;Gk; Kfj;jpd; ,ay;Gk; xU nrhw;nwhluhNyNa

mg;nghUs;fSf;Fg; nghUe;JkhW $wg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; Kfj;ijj; jhkiu vd;W

cUtfg;gLj;jpajhy; ,J rpNyil cUtfkhapw;W.

ctik cUtfq;fSf;Fg; Gwdil:-

cUtfk; ctik vd,U jpwj;jTk;

epuk;g czh;j;Jk; tuk;Gjkf;(F) ,d;ikapd;

$wpa newpapd; NtWgl tUgit

Njwpdh; Nfhly; njs;spNahh; flNd.

(jz;b-37)

cUtfk;> ctik vd;Dk; ,uz;L jpwj;J mzpfSk; kpf tphpe;j gug;ig

cilad. mtw;iw ,j;Jizj;J vd tiuaiw nra;J czh;j;Jjy; ,ayhjjhk;.

Mifahy; Kiwg;gb Kd;G nrhy;yg; gl;ltw;wpw;F NtWgl;L tUgitAk; cs.

mtw;iwf; $wg;gl;ltw;NwhL nghUj;jpf; fhz;gJ mwpTilNahhpd; flikahFk;.


jPtf mzp

jPtfk; vd;Dk; tlnrhy;Yf;F tpsf;F vd;Dk; nghUshFk;. Xhplj;jpy;

itf;fg;gl;l tpsf;F> gy ,lq;fspYk; cs;s nghUis tpsq;ff; fhl;Lk;. mJNghy

Xhplj;jpy; epd;w nrhy; gy ,lq;fspYk; nrd;W nghUis tpsf;FtJ jPtf

mzpahFk;.

Fzk; njhopy; rhjp nghUs; Fwpj;(J) xUnrhy;

xUtapd; epd;Wk; gytapd; nghUs;jhpd;

jPtfk; nra;As; %tplj;J ,aYk;.

(jz;b-38)

Fzk;> njhopy;> rhjp> nghUs; Mfpa ehd;fDs; ahjhDk; xd;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;

xU nrhy; Xhplj;jpy; epw;Fk;. mr;nrhy; nra;Aspy; gy ,lj;Jk; epd;w nrhw;fNshL

nghUe;jpg; nghUs; tpisg;gJ jPtf mzpahFk;. mJ nra;Aspd; %d;wplj;Jk;

ntspg;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wk;;.

%d;wplkhtd:- Kjy;> ,il> fil vd;gdthk;. mtw;wpw;Nfw;gj; jPtfKk; Kjdpiyj;

jPtfk;> ,ilepiyj; jPtfk;> filepiyj; jPtfk; vd %d;whapd. ,k;%d;iwAk;

Fzk;> njhopy;> rhjp> nghUs; vd;Dk; ehd;NfhL cwog; gd;dpuz;lhFk;.

Kjdpiyj; jPtfk;

1.Kjdpiyj; Fzj;jPtfk;:-

Kjw;fz; epw;Fk; gz;ig czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> gpw nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J nghUs;

czh;j;JtJ Kjdpiyf; Fzj;jPtfk; MFk;.

Nre;jd Nte;jd; jpUneLq;fz; njt;Nte;jh;

Ve;J jle;Njhs; ,opFUjp – gha;e;J

jpiraidj;Jk; tPur; rpiynghope;j mk;Gk;

kpiraidj;Jk; Gl;FyKk; tPo;e;J.

Fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Kjypy; epd;w Nre;jd(rpte;jd) vDk; nrhy; fz;

Nre;jd> jpiraidj;Jk; Nre;jd> mk;Gk; Nre;jd> kpiraidj;Jk; Nre;jd vdg; gy

nrhw;fNshLk; ,iae;J nghUs; jUjypd;> ,J Kjdpiyf; Fzj;jPtfkhFk;.


2.Kjdpiyj; njhopy; jPtfk;:-

Kjw;fz; epw;Fk; njhopiy> czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> nra;Aspd; gpwnrhw;fNshL

,iae;J nghUs;gLjNy Kjdpiyj; njhopy; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

rhpAk; Gidrq;Fk; jz;jsph;Nghy; Nkdp

thpAk; jdjlk;#o; tk;Gk; - jpUkhd

Muk; jOTk; jle;Njhs; mfsq;fd;

Nfhuk; njhOj nfhbf;F.

rhpjy; vd;gJ njhopy; gw;wpa nrhy;> ,g;ghlypd; Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; mr;nrhy;

rq;F> clyoF> fr;R Mfpa nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J> rhpAk; rq;F> rhpAk; clyoF>

rhpAk; fr;R vdg; nghUs; jUjypd; Kjdpiyj; njhopy; jPtfkhapw;W.

3.Kjdpiyr; rhjpj; jPtfk;:-

rhjpia czh;j;Jk; nrhy; Kjypy; epd;W mJ nra;Aspd; Vida

nrhw;fNshLk; ,iae;J nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ Kjdpiyr; rhjpj; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

njd;wy; mdq;fd; Jizahk; rpynfhk;gh;

kd;wy; jiykfdhk; thd;nghUs;Nky; - nrd;wth;f;Fr;

rhw;wptpLk; J}jhFk; jq;Fk; ngUk;Gytp

khw;w tUtpUe;Jk; Mk;.

,g;ghlypy; Kjw;fz; epd;w njd;wy; vDk; nrhy; Jiz> jiykfd;> J}J>

tpUe;J Mfpa nrhw;fsplj;Jr; nrd;W ,iae;J nghUs; tpsf;fpajhy; Kjdpiyr;

rhjpj; jPtfkhapw;W.

4.Kjdpiyg; nghUs; jPtfk;:-

nra;Aspd; Kjypy; epw;Fk; nghUl;ngah;> gpw nrhw;fNshLk; nrd;W nghUe;jpg;

nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ Kjdpiyg; nghUs; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

KUfNts; #h;kh Kjy;jbe;jhd; ts;sp

GhpFoy;Nky; khiy Gide;jhd; - ruz; mspj;J


Nkyha thNdhh; tpad;Nrid jhq;fpdhd;

Ntyhy; ,ilfpopj;jhd; ntw;G.

,g;ghlypy; Kjypy; epw;Fk; nghUl;ngah; KUfNts; vd;gjhFk;. mg;ngah;

jbe;jhd;> Gide;jhd;> jhq;fpdhd;> fpopj;jhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J nghUis

tpsf;fpajhy; Kjdpiyg; nghUs; jPtfkhapw;W.

,ilepiyj; jPtfk;

1.,ilepiyf; Fzj;jPtfk;:-

nra;Aspd; ,ilapy; epd;W Fzg;nghUs; czh;j;Jk; nrhy; gpw nrhw;fNshL

nrd;W ,iae;J nghUs;gLtJ ,ilepiyf; Fzj;jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

vLj;j epiunfhzh vd;wYNk ntd;wp

tbj;(J) ,yq;F itthis thq;fj; - Jbj;jdNt

jz;zhu khh;Gk; jle;NjhSk; Nty; tpopAk;

vz;zhj kd;dh;f;(F) ,lk;.

,g;ghlypd; ,ilapy; epd;w Jbj;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy; gz;G Fwpj;j nrhy;. ,J

khh;G Jbj;jJ> if Jbj;jJ> fz; Jbj;jJ vd %d;W nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J

nghUs;gl;ljhy; ,ilepiyf; Fzj;jPtfk; Mapw;W.

2.,ilepiyj; njhopy; jPtfk;:-

,ilapy; epd;W njhopyi czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> Vidatw;nwhLk; nrd;W

,iae;J nghUs;gLtJ ,ilepiyj; njhopy; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

vLf;Fk; rpiyepd;W vjph;e;jtUk; NfSk;

tLf;nfhz;(L) cue;Jzpa thsp – njhLf;Fk;

nfhilAk; jpUmUSk; Nfhlhj nrq;Nfhy;

eilAk; ngUk;Gyth; eh.

,g;ghlypd; ,ilapy; epd;w njhopw;nrhy; njhLf;Fk; vd;gjhFk;. mJ nfhil>

mUs;> eil vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J nghUs; je;jjhy; ,ilepiyj; njhopy;

jPtfkhapw;W.


3.,ilepiyr; rhjpj;jPtfk;:-

,ilapy; epd;W rhjpia czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> Vidatw;nwhLk; nrd;wpiae;J

nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ ,ilepiyr; rhjpj; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

fukUT nghw;nwhbahk; fhypy; foyhk;

nghUtpy; Gatyak; MFk; - mu(T) miuNky;

ehzhk; muw;F eifkzpNrh; jho;Fioahk;

G+zhk; Gidkhiy ahk;.

,g;ghlypd; ,ilapy; epd;w nrhy; muT vd;gjhFk;. ,J ghk;gpDs; xU

rhjpahfpa ey;y ghk;gpidf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,r;nrhy; njhb> foy;> Gatyak;>

miuQhz;> Fio> mzp> khiy Mfpa nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J epd;W nghUs;

Gyg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,ilepiyr; rhjpj;jPtfkhapw;W.

4.,ilepiyg; nghUs; jPtfk;:-

,ilapy; epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> gpw nrhw;fNshL nrd;W ,iae;J

nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ ,ilepiyg; nghUs; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

khd;mkUk; fz;zhs; kzptapw;wpy; te;(J)cjpj;jhd;

jhdtiu vd;Wk; jiy mopj;jhd; - ahidKfd;

Xl;bdhd; ntq;fypia cs;sj;(J) ,dp(J) mkh;e;(J)

tPl;bdhhd; ek;Nky; tpid.

,g;ghlypd; ,ilapy; epw;Fk; nrhy; ahidKfd;. ,r;nrhy; nghUs; Fwpj;j

nrhy;yhFk;. ,J cjpj;jhd;> mopj;jhd;> Xl;bdhd;> tPl;bdhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL

,iae;J nghUs; je;jJ. Mifahy; ,ilepiyg; nghUs; jPtfkhapw;W.

filepiyj; jPtfk;

1.filepiyf; Fzj;jPtfk;:-

,Wjpapy; epd;W Fzj;ij czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> Vida nrhw;fNshL

nrd;wpiae;J nghUisg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ filepiyf; Fzj;jPtfkhFk;.


(v-L)

xUtd; mwpthDk; vy;yhk; ah(J) xd;Wk;

xUtd; mwpah jtDk; - xUtd;

Fzk; mlq;ff; Fw;wk; cshDk; xUtd;

fzd; mlq;ff; fw;whDk; ,y;.

,y; vd;gJ ,y;yhikia czh;j;Jk; gz;Gr;nrhy; MFk;. ,J <w;wpy; epd;W

mwpthDk; ,y;> mwpahjtDk; ,y;> cshDk; ,yhDk; ,y;> fw;whDk; ,y; vd Kd;

cs;s nrhw;fNshL nghUe;jpg; nghUs; je;jJ. vdNt ,J filepiyf; Fzj;

jPtfkhapw;W.

2.filepiyj; njhopy; jPtfk;:-

,Wjpapy; epd;W njhopiy czh;j;Jk; nrhy;> gpw nrhw;fNshL nrd;wpiae;J

nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ filepiyj; njhopy; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

Jw(T) csthr; rhd;Nwhh; ,dptuTk; J}a

gpwcsth Cd;Jwth CZk; - giwfwq;ff;

nfhz;lhd; ,Ug;gf; nfhLq;Fioahs; nja;tKk; xd;(W)

cz;lhf itf;fw;ghw;(W) md;W.

,r;nra;Aspd; ,WjpapYs;s itf;fg;ghw;wd;W vDk; nrhy; njhopy; Fwpj;J

epw;fpwJ. ,r;nrhy; ,sptuT> Cz;> nja;tk; vDk; nrhw;fSld; ,iae;J nghUs;

jUjypd;> ,J filepiyj; njhopy; jPtfkhapw;W.

filepiyg; nghUs; jPtfk;:-

,Wjpapy; epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;w ngah;r;nrhy;> gpw nrhw;fNshL

,iae;J nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ filepiyg; nghUs; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

Gwj;jd Cud ePud khtpd;

jpwj;jd nfhy;Nr hpaNt – mwj;jpd;

kfid Kiwnra;jhd; khtQ;rp Ml;b

Kfid Kiwnra;j fz;


,g;ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz; vd;Dk; nghUs; Fwpj;j nrhy; Gwk;> Ch;>

ePh;> khtL> nfhy;Nrhp vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J nghUs; czh;j;jpajhy; ,J

filepiyg; nghUs; jPtfkhapw;W.

jPtf mzp gpw mzpfNshL $b tUjy;:-

mJNt

khiy tpUj;jk; xU nghUs; rpNyil vd

ehy;tif ahDk; eilngWk; vd;g.

(jz;b-39)

Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l jPtf mzpahdJ khiy> tpUj;jk;> xU nghUs;> rpNyil

vd;Dk; ehd;NfhLk; $b tUk; vd;W nrhy;Yth; Gyth;.

$btUk; ,t;,ay;ghy; khyhj;jPtfk;> tpUj;jj; jPtfk;> xU nghUs; jPtfk;>

rpNyilj; jPtfk; vdg; ngah; ngWk;.

khyhj; jPtfk;:-

nra;Aspy; Xhplj;J epd;w nrhy;> gy nrhw;fNshLk; nrd;W ,iae;J khiy

Nghyj; njhlh;e;J te;J nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ khyhj; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

kidf;F tpsf;fk; klthh; klthh;

jkf;Fj; jifrhy; Gjy;th; - kdf;(F) ,dpa

fhjy; Gjy;th;f;Fk; fy;tpNa fy;tpf;Fk;

Xjpy; Gfo;rhy; czh;T.

,g;ghlypy; jPtfkhf mike;j nrhy; tpsf;fk; vd;gjhFk;. mr;nrhy; kid>

klthh;> Gjy;th;> fy;tp Mfpa nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J epd;W nghUSzh;j;jpaJ.

kidf;F klthh;> klthh;f;Fg; Gjy;th;> Gjy;th;f;Ff; fy;tp> fy;tpf;F czh;T vd;git

xd;wNdhL xd;W njhLf;fg;gl;ljhy; khiyahapw;W.

tpUj;jj; jPtfk;:-

xU nghUisf; Fwpj;j ngah; ,uz;L khWgl;l Fzq;fNshL ,iae;J

nghUs;gLtJ tpUj;jj; jPtfkhFk;.


(v-L)

thptz;L ehzh kJkyh; mk;ghg;

nghUntQ; rpiyf;Fg; nthypTk; - gphptpd;

tpsh;f;F epwk; cilahh; jk;Nky; nkypTk;

tsh;f;Fk; kiyah epyk;.

,g;ghlypy; nghUs; Fwpj;j ngauhf mike;jJ kiyahepyk; (njd;wy; fhw;W).

,J nghypT> nkypT vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSld; ,iae;J nghUs; Gyg;gLj;jpajhy;

jPtfkhapw;W. nghypT> nkypT vd;gd jk;Ks; khWgl;l Fzq;fis tpsf;Fk;

nrhw;fs; MFk;. Mjyhy; tpUj;jkhapw;W.

xU nghUs; jPtfk;:-

xNu nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; gy nrhw;fs; cs. mr;nrhw;fSld; xU nrhy;

nrd;W ,iae;J nghUs; gLtJ xU nghUs; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

tpad;Qhyk; #o;jpirfs; vy;yhk; tpOq;Fk;

mayhk; JizePj;(J) mfd;whh; - caph;gUFk;

tpz;ftUk; Nthpg; nghopy; Gijf;Fk; nkd;kapy;fs;

fz;ftUk; kP(J) vOe;j fhh;.

,g;ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;j nrhy; fhh; vd;gjhFk;. mg;nghUl;ngah;

tpOq;Fk;> gUFk;> ftUk;> Gijf;Fk;> vd;Dk; xU nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fSld;

,iae;J nghUs; je;jJ. Mjypd; ,J xU nghUs; jPtfkhapw;W.

rpNyilj; jPtfk;:-

,U nghUSld; xU nrhy; nrd;W ,iae;J nghUisg; Gyg;gLj;JtJ

rpNyilj; jPtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

khd;kUtp thshpfs; Nrh;e;J kUz;(L) cs;sk;

jhd;kWf ePz;l jifikathk; - fhd

topAk; xUjdpehk; itj;(J) mfYk; khjh;

tpopAk; jUkhy; nghypT.


nrhy; top tpop

khd; Gs;spkhd; (khy;) kaf;fk;

mhp rpq;fk; nrt;thp

kUsy; mr;rk; kaf;fk;

,g;ghlypy; top> tpop vd;gd khd; kUtp> thshpfs; Nrh;e;J kUz;L cs;sk;>

jhd; kWf> ePz;l jifik vd;Dk; rpNyilr; nrhw;fSld; ,iae;J epd;W nghUs;

je;jjhy; rpNyilj; jPtfkhapw;W.

ctikj; jPtfk;:-

xU nrhy; jPtfkhf epd;W gy ctikfNshL ,iae;J nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ

ctikj; jPtfk; MFk;.

(v-L)

Kd;dk; FilNghy; Kbeh afkzpNghy;

kd;Dk; jpyfk;Nghy; ths;,utp – nghd; mfyk;

jq;F fTj;Jtk;Nghy; ce;jpj; jlkyh;Nghy;

mq;fz; cy(F) mse;jhw;(F) Mk;.

,g;ghlypd; ,ilapy; mike;j nrhy; ,utp vd;gjhFk;. mr;nrhy; FilNghy;>

kzpNghy;> jpyfk; Nghy;> fTj;Jtk; Nghy;> kyh;Nghy; vd;Dk; njhlh;fNshL ,iae;J

nghUisg; Gyg;gLj;jpajhy; jPtfkhapw;W. FilNghy; Kjyhf mike;j midj;Jk;

tphp ctikfshFk;. ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J te;jjhy; ,J ctikj; jPtfkhapw;W.

cUtfj; jPtfk;:-

xU nrhy; jPtfkhf epd;W gy cUtfr; nrhw;fSld; ,iae;J nghUisg;

Gyg;gLj;JtJ cUtfj; jPtfkhFk;.

(v-L)

fhdy; fayhk; taypy; fkykhk;

Vdy; fUtpisahk; ,d;Gwtpy; - khdhk;

flj;JNky; Ntlh; fLQ;rukhk; ePq;fpf;

flj;JNky; nky;ypayhs; fz;.


,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; fz;izf;fay;> fkyk;> fUtpis khd;> ruk; Mfpa

nghUs;fisf; fhl;bajhy; cUtfkhapw;W. mtw;Wld; fz; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,iae;J

nghUs; gLjypd; jPtfkhfp cUtfj; jPtfkha; epd;wJ.

gpd;tUepiyazp

nrhy;ypd;gKk; nghUs; ,d;gKk; Njhd;w mikf;fg;gLtJ nra;As;. ,J

fw;Nwhuhy; Gidag;gLk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. nrhw;fis nra;Aspy; gy ,lj;Jk; tuj;

njhLg;gJ gpd;tUepiyahFk;.

“Kd;tUk; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; gytapd;

gpd;tUk; vd;dpy; gpd;tU epiyNa”

(jz;b-40)

xU nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;Ny gpd;dh;g; gy ,lj;Jk; tUjy;> Kd;dh;

te;j nghUNs gpd;dh;g; gy ,lj;Jk; tUjy; Mfpait gpd;tUepiy vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;.

nrhw;gpd;tUepiy:-

Kd; te;j nrhy;Ny gpd;Nd gytplj;Jk; te;J NtWnghUs; czh;j;JtJ

nrhw;gpd; tUepiy MFk;.

(v-L)

khy;fhp fhj;(J) mspj;j khYila khiy#o;

khy;tiuj;Njhs; Mjhpj;j khiyahh;-khy; ,Us; #o;

khiyapd; khy;fly; Mh;g;g kjd;njhLf;Fk;

khiyapd; thsp kyh;.

,g;ghly; njhlhpy; khy; vd;gJ>

khy;fhp-kaf;fk;> fhj;jspj;jkhy;-jpUkhy;> khiy #o;-G+khiy> khy;-ngUik>

khiy-,ay;G> khy; ,Us;-kaq;Fjy;> khiy-me;jp> khy;fly;-fUik> khiy-

,iltplhik vdg; gynghUs; je;jJ.

khy; vd Kd; epd;w nrhy; gpd;Dk; gy ,lq;fspYk; te;jjhy; ,J nrhw;gpd;

tUepiy Mapw;W.


nghUs;gpd; tUepiy:-

nra;Aspy; Kd;te;j nghUs; gpd;dh;g; gy ,lq;fspYk; tUtJ nghUs;

gpd;tUepiy MFk;.

(v-L)

mtpo;e;jd Njhd;wp myh;e;jd fhah

nefpo;e;jd Neh;Kif Ky;iy – kfpo;e;(J) ,jo;

tpz;ld nfhd;iw tphpe;j fUtpid

nfhz;ld fhe;jd; Fiy.

,g;ghlypy; Kjypy; epd;w nrhy; „mtpo;e;jd‟ vd;gjhFk;. mr;nrhy;ypw;Fg;

nghUs; kyh;jy; vd;gjhFk;. mg;nghUis myh;jy;> nefpo;jy;> tps;sy;> tphpjy; vdg;

gpd;dh; te;j nrhw;fSk; je;jd. kyh;e;jd vd;Dk; nghUs; gpd;dh;g; gy ,lq;fspYk;

te;jjhy; ,J nghUs;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.

nrhw;nghUl; gpd;tUepiy:-

Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; gpd;dh;g; gy ,lj;Jk; tUtJ nrhw;nghUl;

gpd;tUepiy MFk;.

(v-L)

itfYk; itfy; tuf;fz;Lk; m/Jczuhh;

itfYk; itfiy itFk;vd;(W) ,d;GWth;

itfYk; itfy;jk; tho;ehs;Nky; itFjy;

itfiy itj;(J) czuh jhh;.

,g;ghlypy; itfy; vd;w nrhy; ehs;> fopjy; vd;w mNj nghUspy; gpd;dUk;

gyKiw te;jjhy; ,J nrhw;nghUl;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.

gpd;tUepiyazp ctiknahL $b tUjy;:-

ctikg; nghUs; gpd;tUepiy:-

ctikazpAld; nghUl;gpd; tUepiyazp ,iae;J tUtJ ctikg; nghUl;

gpd;tUepiyazp vdg;gLk;.


(v-L)

nrq;fky ehl;lk; nrOe;jh kiutjdk;

gq;fak; nrt;tha; gJkk;Nghy; - nrq;fuq;fs;

mk;Ngh Ufe;jhs; mutpe;jk; Mudhh;

jk;Nghh; cfe;jhs; jdk;.

,g;ghlypy; jhkiu vd;Dk; xU nghUisf; Fwpf;fr; nrq;fkyk;> nrOe;jhkiu>

gq;fak;> gJkk;> mk;NghUfk;> mutpe;jk; vd;Dk; gy ngah;fs; gy ,lq;fspy;

te;Js;sikahy; nghUl;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W. xU ngz;zpd; fz;> Kfk;> tha;>

if> fhy;> khh;G Mfpa cWg;Gf;fSf;Fj; jhkiu ctikahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt ,J ctikg; nghUl; gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.


ghlk; - 13

Kd;d tpyf;fzp

ftpQd; xU nghUisf; Fwpg;ghy; kWj;J Nkd;ik Njhd;wr; nrhy;YtJ

Kd;dtpyf;F vd;Dk; mzpahFk;. ,t;mzpia tpyf;fzp> jilnkhopazp>

cl;Nfhszp vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fshYk; Fwpg;gh;.

,yf;fzk;:-

Kd;dj;jpd; kWg;gpdJ Kd;d tpyf;Nf

%tiff; fhyKk; Nktpa jhFk;.

(jz;b-41)

xU nghUisf; Fwpg;gpdhy; kWj;Jf; $WtJ Kd;d tpyf;F vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;. m/J ,wg;G> vjph;T> epfo;T vd;Dk; Kf;fhyq;fisAk; gw;wp tUk;.

,we;jtpid tpyf;F:-

fle;j fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j epfo;r;rpia kWg;gJ ,we;j tpid tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

ghyd; jdJ cUtha; Vo;cyF cz;L My;,iyapd;

Nky; md;W fz;Japd;wha; nka; vd;gh;-My; md;W

NtiyePh; cs;sNjh tpz;zNjh kz;zNjh

Nrhiy#o; Fd;WvLj;jha; nrhy;.

cyfq;fs; midj;ijAk; cz;l fz;zd; Mypiyapy; cwq;fpajhff;

$wg;gLfpwJ. midj;ijAk; cz;lhd; vd;why; ,iyia tpl;L cz;Zjy;

nghUe;jhJ. me;j ,iy ,Ue;j ,lk; flyh? tpz;zh? kz;zh? vd IaKw;W

tpdtg;gLfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J fz;zid cyfj;ij cz;lhd; vd;Dk; gioa epfo;r;rp

kWj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J ,we;jfhy tpid tpyf;fhapw;W.

vjph;tpid tpyf;F:-

,dp> epfog;NghFk; epfo;rprpia kWg;gJ vjph;tpid tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

Ky;iyf; nfhbeLq;f nkha;fhe;jd; ifFiyg;g

vy;iy ,dtz;L vOe;(J),uq;f – nky;ypay;Nky;


jPtha; neLthil te;jhy; nray; mwpNad;

Nghtha; xoptha; nghUl;L.

,g;ghlypy; jPahfpa neba thilf;fhw;W tPrpdhy; vd;gJ vjph;fhy

epfo;r;rpahFk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; vd;dhy; nra;af; fltJ xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W $wpj;

jiytdpd; nraiyj; jLj;jjhy; ,J vjph;tpid tpyf;fhapw;W.

epfo;tpid tpyf;F:-

epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; epfo;r;rpia tpyf;FtJ epfo;tpid tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

khjh; EiokUq;Fy; Neht kzpf;FioNrh;

fhjpd; kpifePyk; ifGidtPh; - kP(J)cy(T)

ePs; ePy ths;fz; neLq;filNa nra;ahNth

ehs;ePyk; nra;Ak; eyk;.

,g;ghlypy; ePyepwk; nghUe;jpa fz;fis cila jiytp fhjpd;kPJ ePyepwf;

Ftis kyiu mzpe;jpUe;jhs;. mk;kyh; nra;Ak; moiff; filf; fz;Nz nra;Ak;

jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt kyiuf; fisf vd tpyf;Ftjhy; ,J epfo;tpid

tpyf;fhapw;W.

tpyf;fzpapd; tiffs;:-

mJNt

nghUs; Fzk; fhuzk; fhhpak; GzUk;

(jz;b-42)

tpyf;fzp> nghUs; tpyf;F> Fztpyf;F> fhuz tpyf;F> fhhpa tpyf;F

vd;Dk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

nghUs; tpyf;F:-

nghUisf; fhl;b tpyf;FtJ nghUs; tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

fz;Zk; kdKk; fth;e;jts; Mblk;vd;(W)

mz;zy; mUSk; milahsk; - jz;epoypd;


Rw;(W)vy;iy nfhz;(L)cyTk; Nrhjpj; jpus; my;yhy;

kw;(W) ,y;iy fhZk; tbT.

vopy; tbitg; ngw;w jiytp xsp cUthff; fhl;rpaspj;jhs;. mtSila

Kfk; Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fspd; jd;ik Gyg;gltpy;iy. gz;ig mwpe;Jk; mg;gz;igf;

nfhz;l nghUspd; ,ay;igf; fhz ,aytpy;iy vdf; $wpajhy; ,J nghUs;

tpyf;fhapw;W.

Fz tpyf;F:-

xU nghUspd; gz;igf; fhl;b tpyf;FtJ Fztpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

khjh; Jth;,jo;tha; te;(J)vd; caph;ftUk;

rPj KWty; mwptopf;Fk; - kP(J) cytp

ePz;l kjh;tpop vd; neQ;rk; fpopj;(J) cyTk;

ahz;ilaNjh! nkd;ik ,th;f;F>

jiytpapd; cWg;Gf;fshy; tUe;Jfpwhd; jiytd;. gytifapYk; jdf;Fj;

Jdg;k; jUtjhy; ngz;Zf;F chpa nkd;ikj;jd;ik jiytpf;F ,y;iy vdf;

$Wfpwhd;. nkd;ikahfpa gz;igf; (Fzj;ijf;) $wp tpyf;Fjyhy; ,J Fz

tpyf;fhapw;W.

fhuz tpyf;F:-

xU fhuzj;ijf; $wp tpyf;FtJ fhuz tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

kjh;mhpf; fz;rptg;g thh;GUtk; Nfhl

mjuk;Jbg;G mzpNrh; - Ejy; tpah;g;g

epd;ghy; epfo;tdfz;(L) mQ;rhjhy; vd;neQ;rk;

vd;ghy; jt(W) ,d;ik ahy;.

,g;ghlypy; mr;rj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd Fw;wk; jd;dplj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;W $wp>

Nfhgj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpyf;fpajhy; ,J fhuz tpyf;fhapw;W.


fhhpa tpyf;F:-

fhhpaj;ijf; $wp tpyf;FtJ fhhpa tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

kd;dth; Nrah kapy;mftp MlYk;

nghd;myUk; nfhd;iwAk; G+e;jstpd;- nkd;kyUk;

kpd;capuh ePs;KfpYk; nka;vd;(W) nfhs;tNjy;

vd;capNuh ,d;Dk; csJ.

,g;ghly; topf; fhh;fhy tutpd; fhuzk; epfo;fpwJ. Mdhy; caph; Nghjyhfpa

nray; epfotpy;iy vdf; $wg;gl;ljhy; ,J fhhpa tpyf;fhapw;;W.

tpyf;fzpapd; tphp:-

td;nrhy; tho;j;J jiyik ,fo;r;rp

Jiznray; Kaw;rp gutrk; cghak;

ifawy; cld;gly; ntFsp ,uq;fy;

Iak; vd;whq;(F) mwpe;jdh; nfhsNy.

tpyf;fzp> td;nrhy; tpyf;F> tho;j;J tpyf;F> jiyik tpyf;F> ,fo;r;rp

tpyf;F> Jiznray; tpyf;F> Kaw;rp tpyf;F> gutr tpyf;F> cgha tpyf;F>

ifawy; tpyf;F> cld;gly; tpyf;F> ntFsp tpyf;F> ,uq;fy; tpyf;F> Iatpyf;F

vd;Wk; gjpd;%d;W tphpfisAk; cilaJ.

td;nrhy; tpyf;F:-

td;ikahd nrhw;fisf; $wp tpyf;FtJ td;nrhy; tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

nka;Na nghUs;Nky; gphpjpNay; NtnwhU

ijaiy ehlj; jFk;epdf;(F) – nea;apiyNty;

ts;sy; gphptw;wk; ghh;j;(J)vq;fs; tho;ehisf;

nfhs;s coYkhk; $w;W.

jiytNd! eP gphpe;jhy; clNd jiytp caph;tpLths;. vdNt

NtnwhUj;jpia ,g;NghNj kzg;ngz;zhfj; NjLf vd;W td;ikahff; $wpj;

jiytdpd; gphpitj; jLj;jjhy; ,g;ghly; td;nrhy; tpyf;fhapw;W.


tho;j;J tpyf;F:-

tho;f vd tho;j;jp tpyf;FtJ tho;j;J tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

nry;Yk; newp midj;Jk; Nrk newpahf

ky;f epjpak; tsk; rpwf;f – nty;Yk;

mly;Njh; tpliy mfd;(W) ciwtJ ahq;(F)mt;

,lj;Nj gpwf;f ,ahk;.

,g;ghlypy; Nrknewp Mf> ky;f epjpak;> tsk; rpwf;f vd Kd;dh; tho;j;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;dh; eP gphpe;jhy; ahk; ,wg;Nghk;. ,we;j ehq;fs; eP thOk; Chpy;

kPz;Lk; gpwf;f vz;ZfpNwhk;. vdNt cd; Ciuf; $Wf vdf; Nfl;Lg; gphpit

tpyf;fpajhy; ,J tho;j;J tpyf;fhapw;W.

jiyik tpyf;F:-

jd;ghy; jiyik Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ jiyik tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

ngha;k;ik newpePh; nghUSk; kpfg;gaf;Fk;

vk;caph;f;Fk; VJk; ,lhpy;iy – ntk;ik jPh;e;(J)

Vf ,dpa newpmzpa vd;whYk;

Nghfy; xoptha; nghUl;L.

eP gphpe;J nry;ypDk; vk; caph;f;F ,lhpy;iy vdj; jk; jiyik $wpj;

jiytdpd; gphpitj; jLj;jjhy; ,g;ghly; jiyiy tpyf;fhapw;W.

,fo;r;rp tpyf;F:-

VJit (fhuzj;ij) ,fo;e;J tpyf;FtJ ,fo;r;rp tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

Mir nghpJilNak; MUaph;Nky; mg;nghUs;Nky;

Mir rpwpJk; miltykhy; - NjR

tOth newpapd; tUnghUs;Nky; mz;zy;

vOtha; xoptha; ,dp.


jiytd; gphptjw;Ff; fhuzkha; mike;jJ nghUs;. mg;nghUs;Nky;

vq;fSf;Fr; rpwpJk; Mir ,y;iy vd ,fo;r;rpg;glf; $wpj; jiytdpd; gphpit

ePf;Fjyhy; ,J ,fo;r;rp tpyf;fhapw;W.

Jiznray; tpyf;F:-

Jiznra;thiug; Nghyf; $wp tpyf;FtJ Jiz nray; tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

tpisnghUs;Nky; mz;zy; tpUk;gpidNay; <z;(L)vk;

fpis mOif Nfl;gjw;F Kd;Nd – tpisNjd;

GilCW G+e;jhh;g; Gidfoyha; Nghf;fpw;(F)

,ilA+W thuhky; VF.

nghUSf;fhfg; gphpaf; fUJk; jiytNd! cd; gphpthy; jiytp ,wg;ghs;.

mjdhy; Rw;wj;jtuhfpa ehq;fs; mONthk;. mt;xyp Nfl;lhy; eP nryit

Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ. vdNt ehq;fs; mOtjw;F Kd; nry;thahf vdf; $wpdhs;

Njhop. ,t;thW cjTtJ Nghyf; $wpj; jiytdpd; nryitj; jLj;jjhy; ,J

Jiznray; tpyf;fhapw;W.

Kaw;rp tpyf;F:-

Kaw;rp Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ Kaw;rp tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

ky;mzpe;j Njhshy; ,J vd;nfhNyh thd;nghUs; Nky;

nry;f tpiue;(J) vd;(W) csk;njspe;J – nrhy;Yjw;Nf

vd;W Kay;ty;ahd; Vfy;eP vd;(W) ,ilNa

Njhd;Wfpd;w(J) vd;thapw; nrhy;.

cs;sk; cd; gphpit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; thapy;gLk; nrhy; nrhy;yhNj vdj;

jLf;fpwJ. ,t;thW jd; Kaw;rpia vLj;Jiuj;Jj; jiytdpd; gphpit ePf;fpajhy;

,J Kaw;rp tpyf;fhapw;W.


gutr tpyf;F:-

jd; czh;T ,d;wpg; gpwpnjhd;wd; tag;gl;L epw;gjhff; $wp tpyf;FtJ gutr

tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

nry;if jpUTsNky; ahd;mwpNad; Njq;fko;jhh;

ky;mfyk; jq;Fk; kjh;tpopapd; - nky;,ikfs;

Nehf;F tpyf;FNk Nehths; ,ts;fhjy;

Nghf;fp mfy;tha; nghUl;L.

,g;ghlypy; Njhop „nry;if jpUTsNky; ahdwpNad;‟ vdf; $Wfpwhs;. ,J

tpjpNa mwpAk; vd;gijg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. mj;Jld; jiytpapd; fhjiy ePf;fpNa

nry;f vdj; jd;trkpd;wpf; fhjypd; tag;gl;L epw;gjha;f; $Wfpd;whs;. gutrg;gl;Lf;

$wpj; jiytdpd; gphpitj; jLj;jjhy; ,J gutr tpyf;fhapw;W.

cgha tpyf;F:-

gphpAq;fhy; vdf;nfhU topiar; (cghaj;ijr;) nrhy;ypr; nry;f vdr; nraiy

tpyf;FtJ cgha tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

,d;Daph; fhj;(J) mspg;gha; ePNa ,sNtdpy;

kd;dtDk; $w;WtDk; te;(J) mize;jhy;- md;Ndhh;

jkf;(F) vk;ikj; Njhd;whj; jifikaNjhh; tpQ;ir

vkf;fpd;(W) mUs;Ghpe;Nj VF.

,g;ghlypy; Njhop jiytdplk; Nfl;Fk; cghakhtJ kd;kjDf;Fk;> vkDf;Fk;

fz;zpy; glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,j;jF cghj;ijf; nfhLj;jy;

jiytDf;F ,ayhjjhFk;. ,t;thW $wpj; jiytdpd; gphpitj; jLj;jjhy; ,J

cghatpyf;fhapw;W.

ifawy; tpyf;F:-

tUj;jk; Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ ifawy; tpyf;fhFk;. ifaWjy; vd;gJ

nrayw;Wg; Gyk;Gjy; vdf; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;,lj;jpy; nra;ahky; tpl;l nraYf;fhf

tUe;Jjiyf; Fwpj;jJ.


(v-L)

tha;j;j nfhUs; tpisj;j(J) xd;(W) ,y;iy khjtNk

Mh;j;j mwptpy;iy mk;gyj;Jf; - $j;Jilahd;

rPyk; rpwpNjAk; rpe;jpNad; nrd;(W) xope;Njd;

fhyk; twpNj fopj;J.

,Jtiu nghUs; NjLjy;> jtk; nra;jy;> ,iwtid epidj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr;

nra;ahikahy; tUj;jk; Njhd;wpaJ. mr;nray;fs; ,dpAk; nra;a ,ayhJ vd

tpyf;fpajhy; ,g;ghly; ifawy; tpyf;fhapw;W.

cld;gly; tpyf;F:-

xUth; nraYf;F cld;gLtJ Nghyj; Jizepd;W mr;nraiy tpyf;FtJ

cld;gly; tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

mg;NghJ mLg;gJ mwpNad; mUs;nra;j

,g;NghJ ,tSk; ,irfpd;whs; - jg;gpy;

nghUNsh GfNoh jug;NghtPh; khiy

,UNsh epyNth vOk;.

,g;ghlypy; „,g;NghJ ,tSk; ,irfpd;whd;‟ vd;gJ cld;ghl;ilg;

Gyg;gLj;jpaJ. eP gphpe;j gpd; khiyapy; ,UNsh epyNth tUk;. mtw;why; jiytp

fhjy; NehAWths;. mg;NghJ „mLg;gjwpNad;‟ vdf; $wp tpyf;fpajhy; ,J

cld;gly; tpyf;fhapw;W.

ntFsp tpyf;F:-

ntFsp Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ ntFsp tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

tz;zk; fUf tisrhpa tha;Gyu

vz;zk; jsh;Ntk; vjph;epd;W – fz;,d;wpg;

Nghjy; Ghpe;J nghUl;fhjy; nra;tPuhy;

ahJk; gakpNyk; ahk;.

jiytd; nghUs; fUjpg; gphpAk; Kd;dNu jiytp cUf;Fiye;jhs;. mts;

epiy fz;Lk; jiytd; gphpapd; vkf;F ahJk; gad; ,y;iy. vd vjph;epd;W Njhop


ntFsp Njhd;wf; $Wfpwhs;. ,t;ntFspahy; ahq;fs; ,we;J gLNthk; vd;giijf;

Fwpg;ghfg; Gyg;gLj;jpg; gphpit tpyf;fpajhy; ,g;ghly; ntFsp tpyf;fhapw;W.

,uq;fy; tpyf;F:-

,uf;fk; Njhd;wf; $wpr; nry;Yjiyj; jLg;gJ ,uq;fy; tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

Cry; njhopy;,of;Fk; xg;G kapy;,of;Fk;

thrk; Rid ,of;Fk; ts;sNy – NjR

nghopy; ,of;Fk; ehisvk; G+q;Foyp ePq;f

vopy; ,of;Fk; me;Njh ,tz;.

gphpthy; jiytp caphpof;fg; gy nghUs;fSk; jd; ,ay;ig ,of;Fk; vd;gJ

Njhop $w;W. ,J ,uf;fk; Njhd;wf; $wpj; jiytdpd; nraiyj; jLj;jjhy; ,uq;fy;

tpyf;fhapw;W.

Ia tpyf;F:-

IAw;wjid tpyf;FtJ Ia tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

kpd;Ndh nghopypd; tpisahLk; ,t;cUtk;

nghd;Ndh vDk;Rzq;fpy; G+q;nfhbNah – vd;Ndh

jpircyTk; fz;Zk; jpus;KiyAk; NjhSk;

kpir ,USk; jhq;FNkh kpd;.

fhZfpd;w cUtk;> kpd;Ndh> nfhbNah vd;Dk; Iaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.

fz;> khh;G> Njhs;> $e;jy; Mfpatw;iw kpd;dy; Rke;jpUj;jy; ,ayhJ vdf;$wp

kpd;dy; tpyf;fg;gl;Lg; ngz; vdj; Jzpag;gl;ljhy; Ia tpyf;fhapw;W.

tpyf;fzp gpw mzpfNshLk; $b tUjy;:-

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; rpNyil VJvd;W ,d;dit

Nkw;$W ,aw;ifapd; tpsq;fpj; Njhd;Wk;.

(jz;b-44)

tpyf;fzp Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;G> rpNyil> VJ vd;Dk; %d;W mzpfNshLk;

$b tUk;.


Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G tpyf;F:-

cyfwpe;j xU nghUis itj;J tpyf;FtJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G

tpyf;fhFk;.

(v-L)

jz;ftpif ahy;cyfk; jhq;Fk; mdghad;

ntz;ftpiff; Fs;mlq;fh Nte;jpy;iy – vq;Fk;

kjpaj;(J) cld;,utp te;J cyTk;thdpy;

nghjpag; glhj nghUs;.

,g;ghlypy; mdghar; Nrhodpd; Ml;rpf;Fs; ,e;j cyfk; mlq;fpapUf;fpwJ

vd;gJ ftpQh; $w te;j nghUs;. mjw;F thDf;Fs; vy;yhg; nghUSk;

mlq;fpapUj;jiyf; fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G. mdghadpd; Filf;Fs;

mlq;fhj Nte;jhpy;iy vd;W ePf;fpaJ tpyf;fhFk;. tpyf;F> Ntw;Wg;

nghUs;itg;NghL Nrh;e;J te;jjhy; ,J Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G tpyf;fhapw;W.

rpNyil tpyf;F:-

,uz;L nghUs;fSf;Fk; xg;Gikg; nghUs; glf; $wpg; gpd;dh; xd;iw

tpyf;FtJ rpNyil tpyf;F MFk;.

(v-L)

mk;Ngh Ufk;nrw;(W) mKj kakhfp

tk;ghh; KWty; xsptsh;f;f - ,k;gh;

KifkJthh; Nfhij Kfk;cz;(L) cyfpd;

kpifkjpAk; Ntz;LNkh NtW.

,g;ghly; Kfj;jpw;Fk; re;jpuDf;Fk; nghJtha;g; nghUe;JfpwJ. Mjyhy;

,it rpNyil Mapd. Kfj;jpw;F Ntwhfr; re;jpuDk; Ntz;LNkh vd ePf;fpajhy;

,J rpNyil tpyf;fhapw;W.

VJ tpyf;F:-

xU fhuzj;ij mbg;gilahf itj;J tpyf;FtJ VJ tpyf;fhFk;.


(v-L)

G+jyj;Js; vy;yhg; nghUSk; twpauha;f;

fhjypj;jhh; jhNk fth;jyhy; - ePjp

mLj;(J) cah;e;j rPh;j;jp mdghah ahh;f;Fk;

nfhLj;jpvdf; nfhs;fpd; wpNyk;.

twpath; jhNk fth;jy; vd;Dk; fhuzj;jhy; nfhLj;jy; vd;Dk; nray;

tpyf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,g;ghly; VJ tpyf;fhapw;W.

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp

ftpQd; xU nghUisr; rpwg;gpf;ff; fUJthd;. mjw;F cyfkwpe;j

typTila gpwpnjhU nghUis vLj;Jf;fhl;b Kbg;ghd;> ,JNt Ntw;Wg; nghUs;

itg;gzpahFk;. tPuNrhopak; ,t;mzpiag; „gpwnghUs; itg;G‟ vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.

,yf;fzk;:-

Kd;xd;W njhlq;fp kw;wJ Kbj;jw;Fg;

gpd;xU nghUis cy(F)mwp ngw;wp

Vw;wpitj;(J) ciug;gJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;Ng”

(jz;b-45)

Kd;dh; xU nghUspd; rpwg;igf; $wj; njhlq;Fth;. gpd;dh; mg;nghUis

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F typTila gpwpnjhU nghUis itg;gh;. mg;gb itf;Fk;

nghUs; cyfpdh; midtUk; mwpe;j nghUsha; ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;thW xd;ww;Fg;

gpwpnjhU nghUis mikj;Jf; fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzpahFk;.

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzpapd; tiffs;:-

KOtJk; Nrwy; xU topr; Nrwy;

Kuzpj Njhd;wy; rpNyilapd; Kbj;jy;

$lh ,aw;if $Lk; ,aw;if

,Uik ,aw;if tpghPjg; gLj;jy; vd;(W)

,d;dit vl;Lk; mjdJ ,ay;Ng.

KOtJk; Nrwy;> xUtopr; Nrwy;> Kuzpj; Njhd;wy;> rpNyilapd; Kbj;jy;>

$lh ,aw;if> $Lk; ,aw;if> ,Uik ,aw;if> tpghPjg; gLj;jy; vd;Dk; vl;Lk;

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzpapd; tiffs; MFk;.


KOtJk; Nrwy;:-

xd;ww;Ff; $wpa ,ay;G cyfpy; cs;s midj;Jg; nghUs;fSf;Fk;

nghUe;Jk; tz;zk; ciug;gJ KOtJk; Nrwy;.

(v-L)

Gwk;je;(J) ,Us;,hpag; nghd;Nekp ca;j;Jr;

rpwe;j xsptsh;f;Fk; NjNuhd; - kiwe;jhd;

GwMop #o;e;j Gtdj;Nj Njhd;wp

,wthJ tho;fpd;wdh; ahh;.

,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; $w te;j nghUs; epiyahikahFk;. ,f;fUj;ijg;

Gyg;gLj;j itf;fg;gl;l nra;jp #hpad; kiwjy;> cyfj;jpdh; midtUk; mwpe;j

#hpad; kiwjiyf; nfhz;L midtUk; mopth; vd;gijf; fhl;bajhy; ,J

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;ghapw;W> #hpaDf;Fhpa Njhd;wp kiwjyhfpa nray; midj;Jg;

nghUs;fSf;Fk; epfOk;. Mjypd; ,J KOtJk; Nrwyhapw;W.

xUtopr; Nrwy;:-

xd;ww;Ff; $wg;gl;l ,ay;G rpy; nghUs;fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;jp tUtJ

xUtopr; NrwyhFk;.

(v-L)

vz;Zk; gad;J}f;fh(J) ahh;f;Fk; tiuahJ

kz;Zyfpy; thkd; mUs; tsh;f;Fk; - jz;eWe;Njd;

G+j;(J) mspf;Fk; jhuha; Gfohsh;f;F vt;capUk;

fhj;(J)mspf;if md;Nwh fld;.

Kf;flTsh;fSs; jpUkhNy fhf;Fk; flTs; vd;gJ cyfwpe;j nra;jpahFk;.

fhj;jiyg; GfOilahh; kPJ Vw;wpf; $wpajhy; ,J Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;ghapw;W.

vt;capiuAk; fhj;jspf;Fk; jd;ik midtUf;Fk; nghUe;jhJ. xU rpyuhfpa

Gfohsh;f;Nf nghUe;Jtjhy; ,J xUtopr; Nrwyhapw;W.

Kuzpj; Njhd;wy;:-

jk;Ks; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikAila nghUis itg;gJ Kuzpj;Njhd;wy;

MFk;.


(v-L)

nta;a Fuy;Njhd;wp ntQ;rpdV(W) cl;nfhspDk;

nga;Ak; Kfpy;jd;idg; NgZtuhy; - itaj;(J)

,Us;ngopAk; Fw;wk; gythpDk; ahh;f;Fk;

nghUs; nghopthh; Nkw;Nw Gfo;.

,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; $w te;j nghUs;> Fw;wkpUg;gpDk; nfhilahsid

ahtUk; Gfo;th; vd;gjhFk;. ,jid typAWj;j nfhba Xiriar; nra;J kioiag;

nghope;J ghuhl;Lg; ngWk; Nkfk; itf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfwpe;j ,g;nghUshy; ,J

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;ghapw;W. Fw;wk; cilath; gopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khwhfg;

Gfog;gl;ljhy; ,J Kuzpj; Njhd;wy; Mapw;W.

rpNyilapd; Kbj;jy;:-

Kd; itj;j nghUisAk; gpd;itj;j nghUisAk; rpNyilapy; Kbj;Jf;

fhl;LtJ rpNyilapd; Kbj;jyhFk;.

(v-L)

vw;Nw nfhbKy;iy jd;id tsh;j;(J) vLj;j

Kw;wpioahs; thlKWtypf;Fk; - Kw;W

Kbahg; guit Koq;(F) cyfj;(J)vd;Wk;

nfhbahh;f;Fk; cz;Nlh Fzk;.

nfhbahh; vd;gJ nfhLik cilahh;f;Fk; nfhbf;Fk; ngauha; mike;jJ.

jd;id tsh;j;njLj;j jiytp jiiytDila gphpthy; tUe;JkhW Ky;iyf; nfhb

G+j;Jf; nfhLik nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;Tyfpy; nfhbath;fsplk; ew;Fzk; ,y;iy.

,g;ghlypy; nfhbahh;f;Fk; cz;Nlh Fzk; vd;Dk; njhlh; Ky;iyg; nfhbf;Fk;

cz;Nlh Fzk; vd;Wk; nfhba khe;jh;f;Fk; cz;Nlh Fzk; vd;Wk; ,U nghUs;

jUfpd;wJ.

$lh ,aw;if:-

nghUe;jhj ,ay;Gila xd;iwg; nghUe;Jtjhff; $WtJ.

(v-L)

Mu tlKk; mjprPj re;jdKk;

<u epyTk; vhptphpAk; - ghhpy;

Jjptifahd; Nkk;gl;l Jg;GuTk; jj;jk;

tpjptifahd; NtW gLk;.


,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; $w te;j nghUs;> jdpj;jpUf;Fk; jiytpf;Ff; Fsph;r;rp

jUk; nghUs;fs; ntk;ik nra;Ak; vd;gjhFk;. Kj;Jkhiy> re;jdk;> epyT Mfpa

nghUs;fspy; neUg;gpd; jd;ik ,Ue;jjhff; fhl;LtJ $lh ,aw;if MFk;.

$Lk; ,aw;if:-

nghUe;Jk; ,ay;Gila xd;iw mjw;Nfw;gf; fhl;LtJ $Lk; ,aw;if MFk;.

(v-L)

ngha;ciuah ez;gh; GidNjh; newpNehf;fpf;

iftisNrhh;e;(J) Mtpfiue;(J) cFthh; nka;ntJk;gg;

G+j;jifAk; nrq;fhe;js; nghq;(F) xypePh; Qhyj;J

jPj;jifahh;f;(F) <Nj nray;.

,g;ghlypy; jiytdpd; tUifia vjph;g;ghh;j;Jj; Jd;gKWk; ngz;fs; NkYk;

tUe;JkhW nrq;fhe;js; G+j;Jf; fple;jJ vd;gJ ftpQd; $w te;j nghUs;. mjw;F

typT+l;l cyfpy; nfhba jd;ik nfhz;lth;f;Fg;” gpwiu tUj;JtNj ,ay;G vd;Dk;

cyfwp nghUis Vw;wpf; $wpajhy; ,J Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;ghapw;W.

,Uik ,aw;if:-

nghUe;jhj ,ay;GfisAk; nghUe;Jk; ,ay;GfisAk; xUq;Nf itj;Jf;

$WtJ.

(v-L)

Nfhtyh;tha; Nta;q;FoNy md;wpf; FiuflYk;

$tpj; jkpNahiuf; nfhy;Ykhy; - ghtha;

nghpNahUk; NgzhJ nra;tNu NghYk;

rpwpNahh; gpwh;f;(F) ,aw;Wk; jPq;F.

,g;ghlypy; jdpj;jpUf;Fk; ngz;fSf;F Mah;fspd; FoYk; fly; XirAk;

Jd;gk; je;jd vd;gJ ftpQh; $w te;j fUj;J.

Nfhtyh; Fonyhsp – rpwpNahh;

flnyhyp – nghpNahh;

rpwpNahh; gpwUf;Fj; jPik nra;th; vd;gJ nghUe;Jk; ,ay;ghFk;. nghpNahh;

jPq;F ,aw;wy; vd;gJ nghUe;jh ,ay;ghFk;. $Ljy;> $lhikahfpa ,uz;Lk;

xUq;Nf $wg;gl;ljhy; ,J ,Uik ,aw;if Mapw;W.


tpghPjg;gLj;jy;:-

,aw;iff;F khwha; ele;jjidf; nfhz;L Kbg;gJ tpghPjg;gLj;jy; MFk;.

(v-L)

jiy,oe;jhd; vt;capUk; je;jhd; gpjhitf;

nfhiyGhpe;jhd; Fw;wk; fbe;jhd; - cyfpy;

jdpKjd;ik G+z;(L) cah;e;Njhh; Ntz;LtNuy; jg;ghk;

tpidAk; tpghPj khk;.

,g;ghlypy; jiyapoe;j gpuk;kd; capiuj; je;jhd;> je;ijiaf; nfhd;w

rz;Brd; Fw;wk; ePq;fpdhd; vd;gd ftpQh; $w te;j fUj;J> ,jid Kbj;jjw;F

Nkd;ik cilath;fs; jtW nra;apDk; mJ jtwhfhJ vd;Dk; cyfwpe;j nghUis

Vw;wp itj;J ciuj;jjhy; ,J Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;ghapw;W. gpuk;kdpd;

ey;tpidg;gad; jPjhfTk; rz;Brdpd; jPtpidg;gad; ed;ikahfTk; te;jjhy;

tpghPjg;gLj;jy; Mapw;W.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

ghlk; (11 – 13)

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. jd;ikazpapd; ,yf;fzj;ij vOJf.

2. ,jutpjuTtikia – tpsf;Ff.

3. cUtf mzp vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

4. njhif cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d?

5. tpaepiy cUtfj;ij vOJf.

6. jPtf mzp vd;why; vd;d?

7. tpyf;fzp – tpsf;fk; jUf.

8. Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp vd;why; vd;d?

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:

1. ctikazpapd; ,yf;fzj;ijf; $wp mjd; tiffis vOJf.

2. ctikazpapd; ghFghLfis vOJf.

3. cUtf mzpapd; tiffis tpthp.

4. gpd;tUepiyazpia tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

5. tpyf;fzpapd; tiffis tpsf;fp vOJf.

6. Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzpia tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.


ghlk; - 14

myF – 4

Ntw;Wikazp

ftpQd; xg;Gik cila ,U nghUs;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Kd;dh;

mtw;Wf;Fhpa xg;Gikiaf; $Wthd;. gpd;dh; Ntw;WikiaAk; $wp NtWgLj;JtJ

Ntw;Wikazp MFk;

,yf;fzk;:-

$w;wpDk; Fwpg;gpDk; xg;Gil ,UnghUs;

Ntw;Wikg; glthpd; Ntw;Wik mJNt

(jz;b-47)

$w;wpdhNyh Fwpg;gpdhNyh ,UnghUs;fis xg;Gikg;gLj;jp> gpd;dh; VNjDk;

fhuzj;jhy; xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;iw NtWgLj;JtJ Ntw;Wikazp MFk;.

$w;whtJ nrhw;fshy; ntspg;gilahf mwptpg;gJ> Fwpg;ghtJ nrhy;Yf;F

Ntwhf ca;j;JzUk;gb epw;gJ> ,t;Ntw;Wik rkKk; cah;Tk; jho;Tk; Njhd;w

tUtjhFk;.

Ntw;Wik vd;dhJ mJNt vd;w kpifahy; xUnghUshd; Ntw;Wik

nra;jYk;> ,UnghUshd; Ntw;Wik nra;jYk; cilad.

xUnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkk;:-

Ntw;Wik mzpf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; ,U nghUs;fSf;F ,ilNa

cah;T> jho;T ,y;yhky; xU nghUisf; (xU fUj;ij) $wp xg;Gikg;gLj;JtJ.

(v-L)

midj;(J) cyfk; #o;Ngha; mUk;nghUs; iff;nfhz;(L)

,idj;(J) msitj;(J) vd;ww;(F) mhpjhk; - gdpf;fly;

kd;dtepd; NridNghy; kw;wJ ePh; tbtpw;(W)

vd;Dk; ,Jxd;Nw NtW.


,g;ghlypy; xg;Gik $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; ,uz;L 1.fly;> 2.gil vd;gdthk;.

,t;tpuz;Lk; %d;W fhuzq;fshy; xj;J epd;wd. Mdhy; ePh; tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ

vd mf;fly; Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. MapDk; flYf;Fk; gilf;Fk; cah;T> jho;T

$wg;glhky; mit ,uz;Lk; xg;GikAilajhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,J

xUnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkkhapw;W.

,UnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkk;:-

vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; ,U nghUs;fSf;F ,ilNa cah;T> jho;T ,y;yhky;

,U nghUisf; (fUj;ij) $wp xg;Gikg;gLj;JtJ. (,J $w;whd; mike;j

Ntw;Wik)

(v-L)

nrd;W nrtpmsf;Fk; nrk;ikatha;r; rpe;ijcs;Ns

epd;wstpy; ,d;gk; epiwg;gtw;Ws; - xd;W

kyh;,tUk; $e;jyhh; khjh;Nehf;(F) xd;W

kyhptUk; $j;jd;jd; thf;F.

ngz;fspd; fz;fSk; $j;jDk; ghlYk; nrtpia msj;jy;> cs;sj;jpw;F

,d;gk; jUjy; vd;Dk; ,UnghUs; fhuzkhf cah;T jho;Tw;w rkk; Mfpd;wd.

cah;r;rp Ntw;Wik:-

xU nghUSf;Ff; fhl;lg;gLk; ctikia tpl mg;nghUs; cah;TilaJ vdf;

$wp Ntw;Wikg;gLj;JtJ cah;r;rp Ntw;Wik MFk;.

(,J $w;whd; mike;j Ntw;Wik)

(v-L)

kypNjuhd; fr;rpAk; khflYk; jk;Ks;

xypAk; ngUikAk; xf;Fk; - kypNjuhd;

fr;rp gLt fly;glh fr;rp

fly;gLt vy;yhk; gLk;.

fhQ;rpGuKk; flYk; xypahYk; ngUikahYk; xj;jd vd Kjypy;

xg;Gikahf;fg;gl;ld. fliytplf; fhQ;rpGuk; cah;e;jnjdg; gpd;dh;f; $wp Ntw;Wik

nra;jjhy; ,J cah;r;rp Ntw;Wik Mapw;W.


,UnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkk;:- (Fwpg;G)

(v-L)

fhh;f;FyKk; gha;jpiuAk; fhl;Lk; fly; gilAk;

Nghh;f;fspWk; gha;khTk; nghq;(F)khy; - Vw;w

fyk;cilj;(J) Ke;ePh;> fjph; Mopj; jpz;Njh;

gy cilj;(J) Nte;jd; gil.

fly; - Nkff;$l;lk;> gha;jpiu

gil - fhpaahid> ghAk; Fjpiu

Nkfk; Nghy; ahid> jpiu Nghy; Fjpiu vd;gd Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jg;gl;ld. gpd;dh;f;

fly; fyKilaJ> gil Njh; cilaJ vd Ntw;Wik $wg;gl;lJ. ,uz;Lf;Fk;

cah;T> jho;T $wg;glhjjhy; rkkhapw;W.

cah;r;rp Ntw;Wik:- (Fwpg;G)

gJkk; fspf;Fk; mspcilj;J ghit

tjdk; kjh;Nehf;(F) cilj;J – Giu,Us;#o;

mg;NghJ ,ay;(G) mopAk; mk;NghUf tjdk;

vg;NghJk; ePq;fh(J) ,ay;G.

jhkiu> ngz;zpd; Kfk; - tz;L> fz;fs; - xg;Gik gpd;dh; vg;NghJk;

kyh;r;rpAld; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik Kfj;jpw;F cz;nldj; jhkiuia tpl cah;T

$wg;gl;lJ. vdNt cah;r;rp Ntw;Wik Mapw;W. tz;LfSf;Ff; fz;fs; xg;Gik

cilikiaf; Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jpaikahy; ,J Fwpg;ghy; te;j Ntw;Wikapd;

tphpahFk;.

Ntw;Wik mzpapd; tiffs;:-

mJNt

Fzk; nghUs; rhjp njhopnyhLk; GzUk;

(jz;b-48)

Ntw;Wik mzpahdJ Fzj;NjhLk;> nghUNshLk;> rhjpNahLk;> njhopNyhLk;

$bAk; tUk;.

Fz Ntw;Wik:-

,uz;L nghUs;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mtw;wpd; Fzq;fis NtWgLj;jpf;

fhl;LtJ FzNtw;Wik MFk;.


(v-L)

Rw;Wtpy; fhkDk; Nrhoh; ngUkhdhk;

nfhw;wg;Nghh;f; fps;spAk; Nfo;xt;thh; - nghw;nfhbNa

Mop cilahd; kfd;khad; nra;aNd

Nfhop cilahd; kfd;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;lth;fs; kd;kjDk; NrhoDk; Mth;. mth;fs; ,UtUk;

fUik> nrk;ik vd;Dk; epwj;jhy; (Fzj;jhy;) Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;ljhy;

,g;ghly; Fz Ntw;Wik Mapw;W.

nghUs; Ntw;Wik:-

njhopyhy; xg;GikAilatw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mtw;iwg; nghUshy;

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ nghUs; Ntw;Wik MFk;.

(v-L)

Xq;fy; ,ilte;(J) cah;e;Njhh; njhotpsq;fp

Vq;nfhypePh; Qhyj;(J) ,Us; mfw;Wk; - Mq;ftw;Ws;

kpd;Ndh; jdpMop ntq;fjph;xd;(W) VidaJ

jd;Ndh; ,yhj jkpo;.

#hpad; :- cjafphpapy; Njhd;Wjy;> Nkd;kf;fshy; njhog;gLjy;> ,Us; mfw;Wjy;

Mfpa %d;W Fzq;fis cilaJ.

jkpo; :- nghjpa kiyapy; Njhd;wpaik> mwpTilNahh; njhONjj;Jk;gb tpsq;Fjy;>

mwpahikahfpa ,Uis mfw;Wjy; Mfpa %d;W Fzq;fis cilaJ.

MapDk; ,t;tpuz;Lk; njhopyhy; xd;Wgl;Lk;> nghUshy; NtWgl;lit

vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjhy; ,J nghUs; Ntw;Wik Mapw;W.

rhjp Ntw;Wik:-

xU rhjpf;Fhpa nghUs;fis xd;whf itj;J mtw;wpilNa Ntw;Wik

Njhd;wf; $WtJ rhjp Ntw;Wik MFk;.

(v-L)

ntq;fjph;f;Fk; nre;jP tphpRlh;f;Fk; ePq;fhJ

nghq;F kjpxspf;Fk; NghfhJ – jq;Fk;

tsikahd; te;j kjpkUl;rp khe;jh;f;(F)

,sikahd; te;j ,Us;.


kUl;rp vd;gJ mf ,Us;> ,Us; vd;gJ Gw ,Us;. ,it ,uz;Lk; ,Us;

vd;Dk; xU rhjpapidr; rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,tw;Ws; Gw ,Us; #hpadhYk;> tpsf;fhYk;

re;jpu xspahYk; ePq;Fk;. ,k;%d;whYk; ePq;fhjJ kUl;rp vdf; Fwpg;gha; Ntw;Wikg;

gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; ,J rhjp Ntw;Wik Mapw;W.

njhopy; Ntw;Wik:-

njhopyhy; xw;Wik cila ,U nghUs;fis itj;J mtw;iwj; njhopy;

epfo;r;rpahy; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ njhopy; Ntw;WikahFk;.

(v-L)

Gdy;ehlh; NfhkhDk; G+e;Joha; khYk;

tpidtifahd; NtW gLth; - Gdy;ehld;

Vw;(W)vwpe;J khw;wyh;ghy; va;jpaghh; khatd;

Vw;(W) ,ue;J nfhz;likap dhy;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l NrhoDk; jpUkhYk; cyfj;ijf; fhf;Fk; njhopyhy;

xg;Gik cilath;fs;. MapDk; Nrhod; giftUld; Nghhpl;L kz;izg; ngWthd;.

jpUkhy; ,ue;J ngWthd; vdg; ngWfpd;w Kiwapy; Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; ,J

njhopy; Ntw;Wikahapw;W.

Ntw;Wikazp gpw mzpfNshL $b tUjy;:-

Ntw;Wik mzp tpyf;F> rpNyil Kjypa gpw mzpfNshL Nrh;e;J tUjYk;

nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tpyf;fpay; Ntw;Wik:-

xg;Gik cila ,uz;L nghUs;fis Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jp mtw;Ws; xd;wid

ePf;FtJ tpyf;fpay; Ntw;Wik MFk;.

(v-L)

jk;khy; gad;J}f;fh(J) ahtiuAk; jhq;fpDk;

ifk;khWk; fhyk; cilj;jd;Nw – vk;Mtp

md;dtid Mop mdgh aidmyuhs;

kd;dtid khDNkh thd;.


gad; fUjhky; nfhLf;Fk; jd;ikahy; NrhoDk; NkfKk; xg;ghth;. xU

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk kio nghopAk; Nkfk;> ngha;f;fTk; nra;Ak;. Mdhy;

fhyk; ghuhkYk; jtwhkYk; nfhLg;gtd; mdghad; vdf;$wp Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,Wjpapy; NrhoDf;F Nkfk; xg;ghfhJ vd ePf;fpajhy; ,g;ghly; tpyf;fpay;

Ntw;Wikahapw;W.

rpNyil Ntw;Wik:-

xg;Gik cila ,U nghUs;fis ,UnghUs; glf; $wp Ntw;Wikg;gLj;JtJ

rpNyil Ntw;Wik MFk;.

(v-L)

V(W) mlh;j;J tpy;KUf;fp vt;TyFk; iff;nfhz;L

khwlh;j;j thop tytidf; - fhy;njhOjw;(F)

vQ;rpdhh; ,y;vdpDk; khad; ,fy;neLkhy;

tQ;rpahd; ePh;ehl;lhh; kd;.

khad; vd;Dk; nrhy; fhpa epwj;ij cilatd; vdTk; tQ;rid cilatd;

vdTk; ,UnghUs;glf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. tQ;rpahd; vd;Dk; nrhy; tQ;rid

,y;yhjtd; vd;Wk; tQ;rp vd;Dk; CUf;F chpatd; vd;Wk; ,U nghUs;glf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,t;,Unrhw;fSk; rpNyilaha; epd;W rpNyil Ntw;Wik

Mapw;W.

tpghtidazp

ftpQd; xd;wd; tpidiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w nghOJ mjw;Fg; gyuhy; mwpag;gLk;

fhuzj;ijf; $whky; gpwpnjhU fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;ghfg; Gyg;gLk;gb ,ay;ghf

ciug;gJ tpghtid mzpahFk;.

,yf;fzk;:-

cyFmwp fhuzk; xopj;(J)xd;W ciug;Gop

NtnwhU fhuzk; ,ay;G Fwpg;gpd;

ntspg;gl ciug;gJ tpghtid MFk;.

(jz;b-49)

xd;wd; tpidia ciuf;Fk; ,lj;J mt;tpidf;F cyfj;jhuhy; tpsf;fkhf

mwpag;gl;l xU fhuzk; ,Uf;Fk;. mjid tpLj;Jg; gpwpnjhU fhuzj;ijNah


,aw;ifapy; mike;j jd;ikiaNah Fwpg;gpdhy; ntspg;gLk;gb ciug;gJ tpghtid

vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

maw;fhuz tpghtid:-

epfo;r;rpahdJ chpa fhuzj;jhy; my;yhky; Ntnwhd;why; epfo;tij Muha;e;J

mwpjNy maw;fhuz tpghtid MFk;.

(v-L)

jPapd;wp Ntk;jkpNahh; rpe;ij nrOe;Njwy;

thapd;wp kQ;iQ kfpo;J}q;Fk; - thapyhh;

,d;wpr; rpyh;Cly; jPh;e;jhh; mkh;,d;wpf;

fd;wpr; rpiy tisf;Fk; fhh;.

nte;J Nghtjw;Fj; jP> kfpo;tjw;Ff; fs;> Cly; jPh;tjw;F thapy;> tpy;

tisg;gjw;Fg; Nghh; Mfpait cyfj;jhuhy; mwpag;gl;l fhuzq;fshFk;. ,it

,y;yhkNyNa mr;nray;fs; epfo;tjw;Ff; fhh;fhyk; vd;Dk; NtnwhU fhuzk;

rpe;jpj;J Muha;e;jjhy; ntspg;gl;lJ. Mjypd; ,J maw;fhuz tpghtid Mapw;W.

,ay;G tpghtid:-

xd;ww;F ,ay;gha; mike;J fplf;Fk; jd;ikapidr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ

,ay;G tpghtid MFk;.

(v-L)

filahNk $h;j;j fUneLq;fz; Njbg;

gilahNk Va;e;jjdk; ghtha; - filnQkpuf;

Nfhl;lhNk NfhLk; GUtk; Fypfr;Nr(W)

Ml;lhNk Nre;j mb.

$h;ikf;Ff; filjYk; rpwg;ghf mika Muha;e;J Mf;FjYk; tistjw;F

tisj;jYk; ghjq;fs; rptj;jw;Ff; Fq;fpypaf; Fok;G G+RjYk; fhuzq;fshFk;.

Mdhy; ,q;F mf;fhuzq;fs; ,d;wp ,ay;ghfNt nray;fs; epfo;jy; $wg;ngw;Ws;sJ.

Fwpg;G tpghtid:-

Fwpg;ghy; fhuzk; nfhs;SkhW $WtJ.


(v-L)

ghahj Ntq;if kyug; gLkjkh

G+thj Gz;lhpfk; vd;(W) mQ;rp – NkTk;

gpbjOtp kh(W) mjpUk; fhdpw; gpioahy;

tbjOTk; NtNyha; tuT.

ghahj Ntq;if> G+thj Gz;lhpfk; vd;gd KiwNa Ntq;if kuj;ijAk;>

GypiaAk; Fwpg;ghf czh;jJtjhy; ,J Fwpg;G tpghtidahapw;W.

tpid vjph;kWj;Jg; nghUs; Gyg;gLj;JtJ:-

xd;ww;F chpa tpidia kWg;gJk;> nghUisg; Gyg;gLj;jpf; $WtJk; tpid

vjph; kWj;Jg; nghUs; Gyg;gLj;jy; MFk;.

(v-L)

G+l;lhj tpy; Fdpj;Jg; nghq;FKfpy; vq;Fk;

jPl;lhj mk;G rpjWkhy; - <l;lkha;f;

fhzhj fz;gug;Gk; Njhif fLk;gopf;F

ehzh(J) mah;j;jhh; ekh;.

tpy;Yf;F ehz; G+l;Ljy;> mk;gpw;Ff; $h; jPl;Ljy;> fz;zpw;Ff; fhZjy;

Mfpait mt;mtw;wpw;F chpa tpidfshFk;. mt;tpidfs; kWf;fg;gl;Lg; G+l;lhj

tpy; vd;gJ thdtpy;iyg; Gyg;gLj;jpaJ. jPl;lhj mk;G vd;gJ kioj;Jspiaf;

Fwpj;jJ. fhzhj fz; vd;gJ kapy;Njhifapy; cs;s fz;fisf; Fwpj;jJ.

vdNt ,J tpid vjph;kWj;Jg; nghUs; Gyg;gLj;jyhapw;W.

nghJ tifahy; fhuzk; tpyf;fpf; fhhpak; Gyg;gLj;JtJ:-

xU tpidf;fhd fhuzj;ijg; nghJthf tpyf;fpf;> Fwpg;ghfg; ngWk; tifapy;

nray;fisf; $Wk; mzp.

(v-L)

fhuzk; ,d;wp kiyah epyk;fdYk;

<ukjpntJk;gw;(F) vd;epkpj;jk; - fhhpifahh;f;(F)

ahNk jsu ,ay;ghf ePz;ld fz;

jhNk jpuz;l jdk;.


,r;nra;Aspy; fdYjy;> ntJk;Gjy;> ePSjy;> jpuSjy; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fhpa

fhuzq;fisg; nghJthf tpyf;fpf; fhhpaq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

xl;lzp

ftpQd; jhd; $wf; fUjpa xd;iw NeNu $whky; tpLj;J> mjid xg;Gik

cila nghUNshL xl;bf; $Wthd;. mjd; thapyhfr; nrhy;yf; fUjpaijf;

Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jthd;. ,jid xl;lzp> gpwpJnkhopjy;> Etyh Etw;rp>

ctkg;Nghyp vdTk; $Wth;.

,yf;fzk;:-

“fUjpa nghUs;njhFj;(J) mJGyg;gLj;jw;(F)

xj;jJxd;(W) ciug;ghd; m/J xl;(L) vd nkhopg”

(jz;b-50)

Gytd; jd;dhy; fUjg;gl;l nghUis kiwj;J mjid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;

jFjpAila gpwpnjhd;wpidr; nrhy;ypd; mJ xl;L vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

xl;lzpapd; tiffs;:-

mJNt

milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjYk;

milnghJ Mf;fp Mq;qdk; nkhopjYk;

tputj;njhLj;jYk; tpghPjg; gLj;jYk;

vdehy; tifapDk; ,aYk;vd;g”

(jz;b-51)

Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l xl;lzpahdJ $Wfpd;w nghUSk; mjdJ milAk; NtWgl

nkhopjy;> milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;> mil tputpg; nghUs;

NtWgl nkhopjy;> miliaj; jphpGgLj;jpg; nghUs; NtW glnkhopjy; vd ehd;F

tifg;gLk;.

milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjy;:-

milnkhopiaAk; milaLj;j nghUisAk; Ntwhff; $WtJ milAk;

nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjyhFk;.


(v-L)

ntwpnfhs; ,dr;RUk;G Nka;e;jNjhh; fhtpf;

FiwgLNjd; Ntl;Lk; FWFk; - epiwkJr;Nrh;e;(J)

cz;lhLk; jd;Kfj;Nj nrt;tp cilaNjhh;

tz;jh kiugphpe;j tz;L.

,g;ghlypy; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUshd jiytid tpLj;J mjw;F Ntwhd

tz;ilAk; mjw;Nfw;w milnkhopfisAk; $wpAs;sikahy; ,J milAk; nghUSk;

may;gl nkhopjy; Mapw;W.

milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;:-

milnkhopfisg; nghJthff; $wpg;nghUis kl;Lk; NtWglf; $WtJ

milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWglf; $WjyhFk;.

(v-L)

cz;epyT ePh;ikj;jha; Xthg; gad;Rue;J

jz;zsp jhq;Fk; kyh;Kfj;Jf; - fz; nefpo;e;J

ePq;fy; mhpa epoy; cilj;jha; epd;(W)vkf;Nf

Xq;fpaNjhh; Nrhiy csJ.

,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; nrhy;yf; fUjp kiwe;j nghUs; ts;sy;> mjidg;

Gyg;gLj;j vy;yh tifapYk; xj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l nghUs; NrhiyahFk;.

,t;,uz;Lf;Fk; nghUe;JkhW milnkhopfs; $wg;gl;ld. nrhy;yf; fUjpa

ts;sYf;F Ntwhfr; Nrhiyiaf; fhl;bajhy; ,J milnghJthfpg; nghUs; NtWgl

nkhopjy; Mapw;W.

miltputpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;:-

Gytd;jhd; $wf; fUjpa nghUis kiwj;Jg; gpwpnjhd;whfpa ctikiaf;

$wpf; Fwpg;ghy; mg;nghUis czh;j;Jk; tifapy; ,uz;bw;Fk; tputp tUk;

milnkhopfis mikg;gJ.

(v-L)

jz;zspNrh;e;(J) ,d;nrhy; kUTk; jifikj;jha;

vz;zpa vg;nghUSk; ve;ehSk; - kz;Zyfpy;

te;J ekf;fspj;J thOk; Kfpy;xd;(W)

je;jjhy; Kd;ddj; jtk;.


,g;ghlypy; „jz;zspNrh;e;J ,d;nrhy; kUTk; jifikj;jha;‟ vd;Dk;

milnkhop KfpYf;Fk; ts;sYf;Fk; nghJtha; te;Js;sJ. „vz;zpa vg;nghUSk;

ve;ehSk; kz;Zyfpy; te;J ekf;fspj;J thOk;‟ vd;Dk; milnkhop KfpYf;Fg;

nghUe;jhJ. ts;sYf;Nf nghUe;jpAk; tputp epw;f> Kfpyhfpa nghUs; ts;siyg;

Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

milia tpghPjg;gLj;Jg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;:-

nrhy;y kiwj;j nghUisg; Gyg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; nghUSf;Fg; nghUe;jhj

milnkhopfisr; Nrh;j;Jf; $WtJ milia tpghPjg;gLj;Jg; nghUs; NtWgl

nkhopjyhFk;.

(v-L)

filnfhy; cyfpaw;if fhyj;jpd; jPq;fhy;

mila mhpjhapw;W md;Nw-milNthh;f;(F)

mUik cilj;jd;wp mk;Njd; Ritj;jha;f;

fUik tputhf; fly;.

,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; $wf; fUjp kiwj;j nghUs; xU „ts;sy;‟ mjidg;

Gyg;gLj;jpf; $wpa nghUs; „fly;‟ milNthUf;F mUikapd;wp ,Uj;jy;> Njd;Rit

cilj;jha;> fUik tputhjpUj;jy; Mfpa milnkhopfisf; flYf;F tpghPjkhff;

(khWghlhf) $wpapUj;jypd; ,/J milia tpghPjg;gLj;Jg; nghUs; NtWgl

nkhopjyhapw;W.

mjpratzp

jhd; $wf; fUjpa xUnghUspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikapid cs;sgb $whky;

cah;j;jpf; $WtJ. ,jid cah;T etpw;rp mzp> tpag;gzp vd;Wk; $Wth;.

mjpra mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

kdg;gLk; xU nghUs; tdg;(G)cte;J ciug;Gop

cy(F)tuk;(G) ,wth epiyikj;(J) Mfp

Md;Nwhh; tpag;gj; Njhd;Wt(J) mjprak;.

(jz;b-52)


Gytd; jhd; vz;zpa nghUspdJ moif cte;J nrhy;Ythd;. mt;,lj;J

cyf ,ay;Gf;F khwhfhj tz;zk; cah;e;Njhh; tpag;gilAk;gb nrhy;YtJ mjprak;

vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

mjpra mzpapd; tiffs;:-

mJjhd;

nghUs;Fzk; njhopy;Iak; JzpNtjphpG vdj;

njUs;cwj; Njhd;Wk; epiyika(J) vd;g.

(jz;b-53)

mjpra mzp MW tifg;gLk;. nghUs; mjprak;> Fz mjprak;> njhopy;

mjprak;> Ia mjprak;> JzpT mjprak;> jphpG mjprak; vd;g ngah; ngWk;.

nghUs; mjprak;:-

nghUshy; mjprak; Njhd;Wk;gb $WtJ nghUs; mjprakhFk;.

(v-L)

gz;L Guk;vhpj;j jPNky; glh;e;(J) ,d;Wk;

mz;l KfL neUg;Gmwh(J) – xz;jsph;f;if

ty;yp jOtf; Fioe;j tlNkL

tpy;yp Ejy;Nky; tpop.

,g;ghlypy; Kg;Guj;ij vhpj;j jPahdJ thd;ntspapy; ,d;Wk; mizahky;

,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ cyf ,ay;Gf;F khwhf mike;Js;sJ. ,J tpag;igj;

jUtjhy; nghUs; mjprakhapw;W.

Fz mjprak;:-

Fzj;jhy; tpaf;Fk;gbahff; fhl;LtJ Fz mjprak; MFk;.

(v-L)

khiy epy(T)xspg;g khjh; ,ioGide;j

ePykzpfs; epoy;ckpo – Nky;tpUk;gpr;

nry;Yk; ,ts;Fwpj;j nry;td;ghy; Nrh;jw;F

ty;,Us;M fpd;w kWF.


,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; $wf;fUjpa nghUs; ePykzpapd; xspahFk;. jiytp

mzpe;j ePykzpapd; xsp re;jpud; xspia kiwj;Jj; njUtpy; ,Uis cz;lhf;fpaJ

vd;W xU nghUspd; gz;ig tpae;J $Wtjhy; ,J Fz mjprakhapw;W.

njhopy; mjprak;:-

njhopiy tpaf;Fk;gbahff; $WtJ njhopy; mjprak; MFk;.

(v-L)

MSk; ghpAk; fhpAk; nrhhpFUjp

NjhSk; jiyAk; Ropj;(J) vwpe;(J) – ePs;FilAk;

ts;thh; KuRk; kwpjpiuNky; nfhz;(L) xOf

nts;ths; ciwfopj;jhd; Nte;J.

,g;ghlypy; thspid ciwapypUe;J cUTjyhfpa njhopyhy; fhyhSk;>

ahidAk;> FjpiuAk; ntl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; murdJ Nghh;j;njhopy; kpFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;ljhy; njhopy; mjprakhapw;W.

Ia mjprak;:-

IAw;Wf; $Wtjhy; mjprag;gl;l vLj;Jiug;gJ Iamjprak; MFk;.

(v-L)

cs;sk; GFe;Nj cyhTk; xUfhy; vd;

cs;sk; KOJk; cld;gUFk; - Xs;spioepd;

fs;sk; ngUFk; tpopnghpa Nthfty;Ntd;

cs;sk; nghpNjh ciu.

,g;ghlypy; „tpop nghpaNth cs;sk; nghpNjh‟ vd;Dk; Iaj;jpdhy;> fz;fspd;

ngUik kpFj;Jf; $wg;gl;ljdhy; Iatjprak; Mapw;W.

JzpT mjprak;:-

JzpTw;Wf; $Wk; Kiwahy; mjprak; Njhd;Wk;gb ciug;gJ JzpT

mjprakhFk;.

(v-L)

nghq;fpr; nrwpe;J Giljpuz;L kP(J) ,uz;L

nrq;fyrf; nfhq;if jpfOkhy; - vq;Nfhd;jd;

jpy;iyNa md;dhh; ,th; my;Fy; Njhpd;Nky;

,y;iyNah cz;lh ,il.


,g;ghlypy; ftpQd; $wte;j nghUs; ngz;zpd; nky;ypil. Kjypy; mt;,il

cz;Nlh? ,y;iyNah? vd IAw;Wf; $wg;gl;lJ. gpd; khh;Gfs; thapyhf cz;L

vdj; njsptjhy; Jzpthapw;W. ,ilapd; Ez;ikiar; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpajhy;

Jzptjprakhapw;W.

jphpG mjprak;:-

xU nghUis mjNdhL xj;j NtW nghUNsh vdj; jphpj;Jf;fhZk; msTf;F

cah;j;jpf; $WtJ.

(v-L)

jpq;fs; nrhhpepyT Nrh;nts;sp ts;sj;Jg;

igq;fps;is ghy;vd;W tha;kLf;Fk; - mq;(F)maNy

fhe;jh; Kaf;(F) xope;jhh; iftwpNj ePl;Ltuhy;

Ve;jpioahh; G+e;Jfpyhk; vd;W.

,g;ghlypy; Kw;wj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; epytpd; xspapidf; fpsp ghy; vd;Wk;>

ngz;fs; G+e;Jfpy; vd;Wk; kaf;fk; nfhs;tjhy; ,J jphpG mjprakhapw;W.


ghlk; - 15

jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp

,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rp xd;wpd; Nky; ftpQd; jhd; $wf; fUjpa nghUis

Vw;wpr; Ritgl ciug;gJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahFk;. ,jid Nehf;fzp vd;Wk;

$Wth;.

jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

ngah;nghUs; my;nghUs; vd,U nghUspDk;

,ay;gpd; tpisjpwd; md;wp may;xd;(W)

jhd;Fwpj;(J) Vw;Wjy; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;.

(jz;b-54)

,aq;Fk; nghUSk;> ,aq;fhj nghUSk; Mfpa ,Utif nghUs;fsplj;Jk;

,ay;ghf epfOk; jd;ikia tpLj;J> ftpQd; jhd; fUjpa Ntnwhd;wpid mtw;wpd;

kPJ Vw;wpr; nrhy;YtNj jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

ngah; nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;:-

,aq;Ffpd;w nghUspy; ,ay;ghf elf;Fk; epfo;r;rp kPJ jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpf;

$WtJ ngah; nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; MFk;.

(v-L)

kz;gLNjhs; fps;sp kjahid khw;(W)murh;

ntz;Filiaj; Nja;j;j ntFspahy; - tpz;glh;e;J

ghAk;nfhy; vd;W gdpkjpak; Nghy;tJ}ck;

NjAk; njsptpRk;gpy; epd;W.

,g;ghlypy; ngah;nghUshf cs;sJ „re;jpud;‟ mjdplk; ,ay;ghf cs;s

jd;ik Nja;jy; MFk;. ,j;jd;ikia kiwj;Jr; „NrhoDila kjahid

gifauruJ ntz; nfhw;wf; Filiar; rpijj;j rpdj;ijf; fz;L> jd; kPJ ghANkh‟

vd;Dk; mQ;rj;jhy; mQ;rpj; NjAk; vdf; ftpQh; jd; fUj;ijr; re;jpud;Nky; Vw;wpf;

$wpapUg;gjhy;> ,J ngah; nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; Mapw;W.


ngauhg; nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;:-

,aq;fhj nghUspy; ,ay;ghf elf;Fk; epfo;r;rp kPJ jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpf;

$WtJ ngauhg; nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; MFk;.

(v-L)

Ntdpy; ntapw;(F) cyh;e;j nka;tWik fz;(L),uq;fp

thdpd; tsk;Rue;j tz;baw;Fj;-jhd;cila

jhJNk jf;f kJTk; jlk;rpidahy;

NghJkPJ Ve;Jk; nghopy;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; Nrhiy. ,J ngauhj nghUs;. ntg;gj;jhy;

thba fhyj;jpy; kio nghope;jJ Nkfk; mjw;Ff; ifkhwhfj; jd;dplj;Js;s

G+itAk; NjidAk; Nrhiyfs; fpisahfpa ifapy; Ve;jp epd;wd vd;gJ ftpQd;

Vw;wpf; $wpa fUj;jhFk;. Mjyhy; ,J ngauhg; nghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; Mapw;W.

jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; ctkcUGfNshLk; tUjy;:-

md;dNghy vDk; mitKjy; Mfpa

nrhy;epiy tpsq;Fk; Njhw;wKk; cilj;Nj

(jz;b-55)

md;d> Nghy vd;git Kjyhfpa ctik cUGfisg; ngw;Wk; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w

mzp mikAk;.

(v-L)

fhkUNjh; nta;atd; vq;Fk; fuk;gug;gpj;

NjkUT Nrhiy kyh;jpwf;Fk; - jhkiuapd;

njhf;f ,jo;tphpj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; njhiye;(J) ,Us;Ngha;g;

Gf;f Giujpisg;ghd; Nghy;.

#hpaidf; fz;L kyh;fs; kyh;jy; vd;gJ ,ay;ghd epfo;r;rp. Mdhy;

jdf;Fj; Njhw;w ,Us;> kyh;fSs; kiwe;jpUf;FNkh vdj; jd; iffshy; jpwe;J

ghh;j;Jj; Njbaij xj;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ ftpQd; Vw;wpf; $wpa fUj;jhFk;. ,g;ghlypy;

Nghy vd;Dk; ctkcUG ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; ctk cUGfisg; ngw;Wk;

jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; mikAk; vd;gJ fhl;lg;gl;lJ.


VJtzp

xU nghUspy; Njhd;Wk; jd;ikf;F ,jdhNyNa ,J epfo;e;jJ vdf;

fhuzj;ij kpFj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ VJ vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

VJ mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

ahjd;jpwj;jpDk; ,jdpd;,J tpise;j(J)vd;(W)

VJtpje;(J) ciug;g(J) VJ mJjhd;

fhufk; Qhgfk; vd,U jpwg;gLk;.

(jz;b-56)

ahjhDk; xU nghUs; jpwj;J mjdhy; ,J epfo;e;jJ vd;W fhuzj;ijr;

rpwg;gpj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ VJ vd;Dk; mzpahFk;. mJ fhuf VJ> Qhgf VJ vd;Dk;

,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

fhuf VJtpd; tiffs;:-

Kjy;tDk; nghUSk; fUkKk; fUtpAk;

Vw;gJ ePf;fKk; vd,it fhufk;.

(jz;b-57)

fUj;jh> nghUs;> fUkk;> fUtp> Vw;gJ> ePf;fk; vd;Dk; MWk; fhuf VJtpd;

tiffshFk;.

fUj;jh fhuf VJ:-

fUj;jhtpd; nraiyf; fhuzkhf;fpf; $WtJ fUj;jh fhuf VJthFk;.

(v-L)

vy;iyePh; itafj;(J) vz;zpwe;j vt;caph;f;Fk;

nrhy;yhpa Nghpd;gk; Njhw;wpajhy; - Ky;iyNrh;

jh(J) miyj;J td;nfhd;iwj; jhh;miyj;J tz;(L)Mh;f;fg;

G+jyj;J te;j Gay;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;jh „te;jGay;‟. mJ caph;fSf;F ,d;gj;ijj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jJ vdf; fhufkhfTk; jhjiyj;jy;> jhh; miyj;jy; Mfpa nray;fs;

epfo;tjw;F VJthfTk; epw;wyhy; fUj;jh fhuf VJthapw;W.


nghUl;fhuf VJ:-

nghUs;fspd; nraiyf; fhuzkhf;fpf; $WtJ.

(v-L)

fdpnfhs; nghopy;mUtp iffye;J re;jpd;

gdptputpg; ghw;fjph;fs; Njha;e;J – jdpapUe;Njhk;

rpe;ij clNd caph;czf;Fk; njd;kyak;

je;j jkpo;kh Ujk;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; khUjk; MFk;. mJ gphpe;jpUe;Njhhpd; kdj;NjhL

capiuAk; thl;Lfpd;wJ vd;W fhufkhfTk;> iffyj;jy;> kUty;> Njha;jy; Mfpa

fhuzq;fshy; vdf; $Wtjhy; ,J nghUl; fhuf VJthapw;W.

fUk fhuf VJ:-

tpidapd; nraiyf; fhuzkhf;fpf; $WtJ.

(v-L)

kiyapd; miyflypd; ths;mutpd; nta;a

jiyapy; gapd;w jtj;jhy; - jiyikNrh;

mk;khjh; Gy;Yk; mgad; Gak;Gzu

vk;kh jtk;Ghpe;Njhk; ahk;.

,g;ghlypy; jtk; vd;gJ nrag;gLnghUshFk;. mJ Ghpe;Njhk; vd;Dk;

tpidNahL Kbe;jJ. mj;jtNk fUtpahf epd;wJ. mJNt Nrhodpd; Njhisg;

Gzh;jyhfpa fhhpaj;jpw;F VJTk; MfpaJ. Mjyhy; ,J fUk fhuf VJthapw;W.

fUtp fhuf VJ:-

fUtpahfpa Jizf;fhuzj;jpd; nraypid VJthf;fpf; fhl;LtJ.

(v-L)

fulj;jhd; khhpAk; fz;zhy; ntapYk;

epiutapuf; Nfhl;lhy; epyTk; - nrhhpAkhy;

ePshh;j; njhilmJyd; Neuhh; fypq;fj;J

thshy; fth;e;j tsk;.


,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUtpfs; fulk; (kjk;)> fz;> NfhL Mfpad. ,it

KiwNa kio> ntapy;> epyT Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd vdf; $Wtjhy;

fhufkhfTk;> ,tw;iw mf;fUtpfs; Njhw;Wtpj;jd vdf; $Wtjhy; mit VJthfTk;

epw;fpd;wd. ,J fUtp fhuf VJthapw;W.

Qhgf VJ

njhopiy mwptpg;gJ Qhgf VJthFk;.

Qhgf VJtpd; ,yf;fzk;:-

“mitay gpwtpd; mwptJ Qhgfk;”

(jz;b-58)

nrhy;yg;gl;l fhuzkd;wpg; gpw fhuzj;jpdhy; rpe;jpj;J mwptJ

(ca;j;Jzh;tJ) Qhgf VJthFk;.

(v-L)

fhjyd;Nky; Cly; fiu,wj;jy; fhl;Lkhy;

khjh; Ejy;tpah;g;g tha;Jbg;g-kPJ

kUq;Ftis tpy;Khpa ths;,Lf ePz;l

fUq;Ftis Nre;j fUj;J.

ngz;zpd; new;wp tpah;j;jy;> tha; Jbj;jy;> GUtq;fs; Ftpe;J tisjy;>

fz;fs; rptj;jy; Mfpa nray;fs; jq;fs; fhjyd; Nky; nfhz;l Cly; kpFjpiaf;

Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jpajhy; ,J Qhgf VJthapw;W.

VJtzpapd; NtWghL:-

mghtVJ

“mghtk; jhDk; mjd;ghw; gLNk”

(jz;b-59)

xd;wpdJ ,d;ikahfpa mghtKk; mt;VJtpd; gFjpahf tUk;. (mghtk; -

,d;ik)


mghtj;jpd; tiffs;:-

vd;Wk; mghtKk; ,d;ikaJ mghtKk;

xd;wpd;xd;(W) mghtKk; cs;sjd; mghtKk;

mopTghl;(L) mghtKk; vdIe;J mghtk;

(jz;b-60)

NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l mghtVJ> vd;Wk; mghtk;> ,d;ikaJ mghtk;> xd;wpd;

xd;W mghtk;> cs;sjd; mghtk;> mopTghl;L mghtk; vd Ie;J tifahfr;

nrhy;yg;ngWk;.

vd;Wk; mght VJ:-

vf;fhyj;Jk; ,y;yhj xU jd;ikia fhuzkhf;fpf; $WtJ.

(v-L)

ahz;Lk; nkhopjpwk;ghh; rhd;wth; vk;kUq;Fk;

<z;L kapy;fs; ,dk;,dkha; - %z;(L) vOe;j

fhiyNa fhh;Koq;Fk; vd;(W)maNuy; fhjyh;Njh;

khiyNa ek;ghy; tUk;.

,g;ghlypy;> „nkhop jpwk;Gjy;‟ vd;gJ rhd;Nwhhplk; vf;fhyj;Jk; ,y;yhj

jd;ikahFk; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; VJthy; „fhjyh; Njh; khiyNa tUk;‟ vdf;

$wg;gLtjhy;> ,J vd;Wk; mghtk; Mapw;W.

,d;ikaJ mghtk;:-

,y;yhikapdJ ,y;yhik VJthf tUtJ ,d;ikaJ mght VJthFk;.

(v-L)

fhuhh; nfhbKy;iy epd;Foy;Nky; ifGida

thuhik ,y;iy taNte;jh; - Nghh; fle;j

thisVa; fz;zp Ejy;Nky; tUk;griy

ehisNa ePq;Fk; ekf;F.

,g;ghlypy; thuhik ,y;iy vd;gJ ,d;ikaJ mghtk;. tUjYf;F vjph;kiw

– thuhik mJ ,y;iy. vdNt tUjy; cz;nld;gJ ngwg;gLfpwJ.

thuhikapd;ikahy; griy ePq;Fk; vd;gjhy; ,J ,d;ikaJ mght VJthapw;W.


xd;wpndhd;W mght VJ:-

xd;wd;fz; xd;wdJ ,y;yhik VJthf tUtJ xd;wpndhd;W mght

VJthFk;.

(v-L)

ngha;k;ik cld;Gzuhh; NkyhNdhh; ngha;k;ikAk;

nka;k;ik#o; Nkyhiu Nkththk; - ,k;Kiwahy;

G+myh;e;j jhuhh; gphpe;jhy; nghyq;Fioahh;

fhtyh;nrhy; Nghw;wy; fld;.

,g;ghlypy; ngha;k;ikahfpa xd;wpd; fz; nghpNahh; Gzuhh;. ngha;Ak;

nghpNahiug; GzuhJ vd;gJ xd;wpd; xd;W mghtkhFk;. ,JNt nghpNahuhf

tpsq;Fk; jiythpd; nrhy;iyg; ghJfhg;gjw;F VJthf mike;jJ. Mjypd; ,J

xd;wpndhd;W mghtVJthapw;W.

cs;sjd; mght VJ:-

Xhplj;Jk; xU fhyj;Jk; cs;s nghUs; NtW Xh; ,lj;Jk; NtnwhU fhyj;Jk;

,y;yhjpUj;jNy cs;sjd; mght VJthFk;.

(v-L)

funthL epd;whh; fbkidapd; ifNaw;(W)

,unthL epw;gpj;j(J) vk;ik – munthL

Nkhl;(L)Mik G+z;l Kjy;tid Kd;tzq;F

khl;lhik G+z;l kdk;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; kdk;. mjdJ ,d;ik Kw;gpwtpapy; rptid

tzq;fhik. cs;sjha;j; jpfo;tJ kiwg;Nghhplk; nghUs; Nfl;L epw;wy;. Kd;G

tzq;fhikNa jw;NghJ ,ue;J epw;ww;F VJthdjhy; ,J cs;sjd; mgha

VJthapw;W.

mopTghl;L mght VJ:-

Kd;G cs;sJ mopTgl;L ,g;NghJ ,y;yhky; NghjNy mopTghl;L mght

VJthFk;.


(v-L)

fope;j(J) ,sik fspkaf;fk; jPh;e;j(J)

xope;j(J) fhjy;Nky; Cf;fk; - Rope;J

fUnewpAk; $e;jyhh; fhjy;Neha; jPh;e;j(J)

xUnewpNa Nrh;e;j(J) csk;.

,g;ghlypy; ,sik fopjy;> kaf;fk; jPh;jy;> Cf;fk; xopjy;> fhjy; Neha;

jPh;jy; Mfpait mopTgl;lijf; $Wjyhy; mopTghl;L mghtk; MFk;. mit kdk;

xUtopg;gLtjw;F VJthdjhy; ,J mopTghl;L mght VJthapw;W.

rpj;jpu VJ

Mr;rhpaj;ijj; juj;jf;fjha; miktJ rpj;jpu VJthFk;.

VJ mzpapd; gpwpNjhh; tiffs;:-

J}ufh hpaKk; xUq;Fld; Njhw;wKk;

fhuzk; Ke;JW}ck; fhhpa epiyAk;

Aj;jKk; mAj;jKk; Kj;ijNah(L),aYk;.

(jz;b-61)

J}u fhhpa VJ:-

fhhpak; Xhplj;jpYk; fhuzk; Ntwplj;jpYk; epfo;tJ J}u fhhpa VJthFk;.

(v-L)

NtnwhU khjh;Nky; Nte;jd; efEjpahy;

CWju ,k;kh(J) caph;thLk; - NtNw

,UtNu nka;tbtpy; Ve;jpio ey;yhh;

xUtNu jk;kpy; caph;.

jiytd; Gz; cz;lhf;fpajw;Fg; (fhuzk;) guj;ijNa caph; thb ,Uf;f

(fhhpak;) Ntz;Lk;. mt;caph; thLjy; guj;ijahplk; epfohky; NtNwhh; ,lj;jpy;

,Ue;j jiytpaplk; Vw;gl;ljhy; ,J J}ufhhpak; Mapw;W. jiytp caph;

thLtjw;Fg; guj;ijapd; Nky;gl;l efk; VJthapw;W. Mjypd; ,J J}ufhhpa

VJthapw;W. ,r;nray;fs; tpaf;Fk;gb ,Ue;jjhy; rpj;jpukhapw;W.


xUq;Fld; Njhw;w VJ:-

fhuzKk; fhhpaKk; xd;whf epfo;tJ xUq;Fld; Njhw;w VJthFk;.

(v-L)

tphpe;j kjpepytpd; Nkk;ghLk; Ntl;if

Ghpe;j rpiykjNts; NghUk; - gphpe;Njhh;

epiwjsh;Tk; xf;f epfo;e;jdthy; Mtp

nghiwjsUk; Gd;khiyg; Ngho;J.

,g;ghlypy; epytpd; Nkk;ghL> kd;kjdpd; Nghh; Mfpa fhuzq;fs; gphpe;Njhh;

jsh;jy; Mfpa fhhpaj;NjhL xUq;Nf epfo;e;jd. jsh;tjw;F epyTk; kd;kjDk;

fhuzq;fs; vd;gjhy; mit VJthapd. Mifahy; ,J xUq;Fld; Njhw;w

VJthapw;W.

fhuzk; Ke;JD}ck; fhhpaepiy VJ:-

fhuzj;jpw;F Kd;dh;f; fhhpak; epfo;tJ fhuzk; Ke;JW}ck; fhhpaepiy

VJthFk;.

(v-L)

jk;GuT G+z;Nlhh; gphpaj; jdpapUe;j

tk;GyT Nfhijah;f;F khuNths; - mk;G

nghUk;vd;W nky;yhfk; Gz;$h;e;j khiy

tUk;vd;(W) ,Uz;l kdk;.

,g;ghlypy; khh;G Gz;zhjy;> kdk; ,Usy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; fhhpaq;fs;.

,jw;F KiwNa mk;G ijj;jy;> khiyg;nghOJ tUjy; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk;

fhuzq;fshtd. fhuzk; epfo;tjw;F Kd;dNu fhhpaq;fs; epfo;e;jjhYk;

me;epfo;TfSf;Fj; Njhd;wh VJ $wg;gl;ljhYk; ,J fhuzk; Ke;JW}ck; fhhpaepiy

VJthapw;W.

Aj;j VJ:-

fhuzj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fhhpak; epfo;tJ Aj;j VJthFk;.

(v-L)

nghd;dp tsehld; ifNty; nghopepythy;

Kd;dh; mire;J KFspf;Fk; - jd;Ndh;

nghute;j Nte;jh; Gidflfr; nrq;if

mutpe;jk; E}wh apuk;.


re;jpuidf; fz;L nre;jhkiufs; Ftpjy; ,ay;G. mjw;F Vw;gf; ifahfpa

jhkiuapd; FtpTf;F Ntl;gilapd; xspahfpa epynthsp fhl;lg;gl;lJ. Mjyhy; ,J

fhuzj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fhhpakha; Aj;j VJthapw;W.

mAj;j VJ:-

fhuzj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhj fhhpak; epfo;tJ mAj;j VJthFk;.

(v-L)

,fd;kjkhy; ahid mdghad; vq;Nfhd;

Kfkjpapd; %uy; epythy; - efkyh;t

nrq;faw;fz; ey;yhh; jpUkUT ths;tjd

gq;faq;fs; rhyg; gy.

jhkiu kyh;tjw;Fr; #hpa xspNa nghUj;jkhd fhuzkhFk;. ,g;ghlypy;

re;jpudhf tpsq;Fk; Kfj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wk; KWtyhfpa xspiaf; fz;L ngz;fspd;

Kfj;jhkiu kyh;e;jjhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhkiufspd; kyh;r;rpahfpa fhhpaj;jpw;F

epynthsp nghUj;jkpy;yhj fhuzkhjyhy; ,J mAj;j VJthapw;W.

Ia VJ:-

xU fhhpaj;jpw;Fhpa fhuzj;ij IAw;Wf; $WtJ Ia VJthFk;.

(v-L)

khjh; ciktha; koiy nkhopahNyh

XJ kiwapd; xypahNyh – ahjhNyh

Nfhyk; ,Ujpwdhf; nfhz;lhd; jpUkplw;wpd;

Myk; mkph;jhd thW.

kplw;wpy; cs;s eQ;R mkph;jkhdjw;Ff; fhuzk; koiy nkhopNah? kiwapd;

xypNah? ahNjh? vd tpdtpajhy; Iakhapw;W. mt;Iaq;fNs VJthAk; epd;wd.

Mjyhy; ,J Ia VJthapw;W.

El;gtzp

gpwUila fUj;ij mwpe;J> mjw;Fhpa kWnkhopiar; nrhy;yhy;

ntspg;gLj;jhky; Fwpg;ghNyh nrayhNyh mhpjhf ca;j;JzUk;gb Gyg;gLj;JtJ

El;g mzpahFk;.


El;g mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

njhp(G) Nt(W) fpsthJ Fwpg;gpDk; njhopypYk;

mhp(J) czh; tpidj;jpwk; El;gk; MFk;.

(jz;b-62)

tpsq;f mwpe;J nfhz;ljw;F NtW tifahff; $whky;> Fwpg;gpdhyhtJ

njhopypdhyhtJ mhpjhf Nehf;fp czUk; jd;ikia cilaJ El;gk; vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;.

Fwpg;G El;gk;:-

Fwpg;ghy; El;gkhf czh;e;J nfhs;sr; nra;tJ Fwpg;G El;gkhFk;.

(v-L)

fhjyd; nky;caph;f;Ff; fhty; Ghpe;jjhy;

Ngijah; Mak; gphpahj – khjh;

glh; ,Us;fhy; rPf;Fk; gfytid Nehf;fpf;

Fljpiria Nehf;Fk; Fwpg;G.

Maf;$l;lj;jhy; #og;ngw;w jiytpiaf; fz;Lk;> Ngr Kbahky; tUe;Jfpwhd;.

me;Neuj;jpy; jiytp fjputidAk; ghh;f;fpwhs; gpd;dh; mJ nrd;W kiwfpd;w Nkw;Fj;

jpiriaAk; ghh;f;fpwhs;. ,r;nray;fshfpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; QhapW kiwAk;

khiyf;fhyj;jpy; $Ljw;F cld;gl;lhs; vd;gij ca;j;Jzh;e;J nfhs;s itj;jd.

Mjypd; ,J Fwpg;G El;gkhapw;W.

njhopy; El;gk;:-

njhopyhy; El;gkhf czh;e;J nfhs;sr; nra;tJ njhopy; El;gkhFk;.

(v-L)

ghly; gapYk; gzpnkhop jd;gizj;Njhs;

$ly; mththy; Fwpg;(G) czh;j;Jk; - Mltw;F

nkd;jPe; njhilahopd; nky;yNt ijte;jhs;

,d;jPk; FwpQ;rp ,ir.


,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;w njhopy; ahopy; FwpQ;rpg; gz; kPl;Ljy; MFk;. ,g;gz;

Gzh;jYf;Fhpa ,irahFk;. ,J ahkj;jpy; ,iuf;fg;gLtJ. ,jid NtnwhU

nghOjpy; jiytp kPl;bajhy; jdf;Fs;s Gzh;r;rp tpUg;gj;ijj; jiytDf;F

El;gkhfg; Gyg;gLj;jpdhs;. Mjypd; ,J njhopy; El;gkhapw;W.

,Nyrtzp

xUth; jd;dplj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; nka;g;ghl;L czh;tpw;Fhpa nka;ahd

fhuzj;ij kiwj;J mJ Ntnwhd;why; epfo;e;jjhff; $WtJ ,Nyr mzp vdg;gLk;.

,Nyr mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

Fwpg;G ntspg;gLf;Fk; rj;Jtk; gpwpjpd;

kiwj;(J) ciuahly; ,Nyrk; MFk;.

(jz;b-63)

cs;sk; fUjpajid ntspg;gLj;Jk; rj;Jtkhfpa Fzq;fisg; gpwpnjhd;why;

epfo;e;jjhf kiwj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ ,Nyrk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

rj;Jtk; vd;gd: ntz;gspq;fpy; nre;E}y; Nfhj;jhy; mjd; nrk;ik Gwk;Ngh

Njhd;Wk;. mJNghy cs;sk; fUjpaJ Gydhf;Fk; Fzq;fs;. mit nrhy; jsh;jy;>

nka;tpah;j;jy;> fz;zPh; topjy;> nka;eLf;fk;> nka;ntJk;gy;> nka;k;kaph; rpyph;j;jy;

Kjypad. (rj;Jtk; - cs;sjd; jd;ik)

,Nyr mzpapd; tiffs;:-

Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jpwk; GidjYk;

gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;Gyg; gLj;jYk;

mitAk; md;d(J) vd;(W) miwFeh; csNu.

(jz;b – 63)

cs;sk; fUjpaid ntspg;gLj;Jk; rj;Jtkhfpa Fzq;fisg; gpwpnjhd;why;

epfo;e;jjhf kiwj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ ,Nyrk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

rj;Jtk; vd;gd: ntz;gspq;fpy; nre;E}y; Nfhj;jhy; mjd; nrk;ik Gwk;Ng

Njhd;Wk;. mJNghy cs;sk; fUjpaJ Gydhf;Fk; Fzq;fs;> mit nrhy; jsh;jy;>

nka;tpah;j;jy;> fz;zPh; topjy;> nka;eLf;fk;> nka;ntJk;gy;> nka;k;kaph; rpyph;j;jy;

Kjypad. (rj;Jtk; - cs;sjd; jd;ik)


,Nyr mzpapd; tiffs;:-

Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jpwk; GidjYk;

gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;Gyg; gLj;jYk;

mitAk; md;d(J) vd;(W) miwFeh; csNu.

(jz;b-64)

xd;widg; Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;J ciuj;jy;> gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;e;J

ciuj;jy; vd;gdTk; Kw;$wpa ,Nyr mzp MFnkd;W nrhy;YthUk; csh;.

Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jy;:-

xd;widg; Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;Jf; $WjNy Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jy; MFk;.

(v-L)

Nka fytp tpisnghOJ ek;nky;nyd;

rhay; jsuhky; jhq;Fkhy; - Nrapoha;

Nghh;Ntl;l Nkd;ikg; Gfohsd; ahk;tpUk;gpj;

jhh;Ntl;l Njhs;tpliy jhd;.

,g;ghlypy; jiytp> „jiytd; jd;id GzUq;fhyj;Jj; jd; nkd;ik nflhky;

ghJfhf;fpwhs;‟ vdg; Gfo;tJ Nghyf;$wp> mf;fhyj;Nj jd; nkd;ikj; jd;ikf; nfl

$l Ntz;bapUf;f> mq;qdk; $Lk; jd;ik mwpahjpUf;fpwhd; vd;w gopj;Jf;

$Wtjhy; ,J Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jyhapw;W.

gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jy;:-

xd;widg; gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;e;J $WjNy gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jy; MFk;.

(v-L)

Mly; kapy;,ayp md;gd; mzpahfk;

$Lq;fhy; nky;nyd; Fwpg;(G) mwpahd; - Cly;

,spte;j nra;if ,uthsd; ahh;f;Fk;

tpspte;j Ntl;if ,yd;.

,g;ghlypy;> jiykfs; „GzUq;fhyj;Nj jd; jiytd; jd; nkd;ik nflf;

$Lfpwhd;‟ fhktag;gl;L ele;jjdhy;> Fwpg;gwpahd; „,uthsd;‟ Ntl;ifapyd; vdg;

gopg;gJ Nghyf; $wp mf;fhyj;J mq;qdk; $LjNy ,ay;ghjy; Njhd;wg; Gfo;e;J

$Wtjhy;> ,J gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jyhapw;W.


epuy;epiwazp

ftpQh; jk; nra;Al;fspy; Kjypy; nrhw;nghUl;fis thpirg;gLj;Jth;.

mtw;NwhL njhlh;Gilatw;iwg; gpd;dh; mNjKiwapy; nghUs;gLkhW thpirg;gLj;jpg;

ghLth;. ,t;thW mikg;gNj epuy;epiw vd;Dk; mzpahFk;. ,jw;F miltzp

vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L.

epuy;epiw mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

“epuy;epWj;(J) ,aw;Wjy; epuy;epiw mzpNa”

(jz;b-65)

nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; epuNy epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiw

vd;Dk; mzpahFk;. epuy; epWj;Jjy; vd;W $whky; ,aw;Wjy; vdf; $wg;gl;ljhy;

,J nkhopkhw;wpAk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

epuNy epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ:- (Kiwepuy; epiw)

vOthaha; mike;j nghUs;fisAk; mtw;wpw;Fhpa gadpiyfisAk; fple;j

KiwapNy ,iaj;Jg; nghUs; fhz;gJ Kiwepuy;epiw mzpahFk;. ,jid epuNy

epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ vd;Wk; $Wth;.

(v-L)

fhhpif nkd;nkhopahy; Nehf;fhy; fjph;Kiyahs;

thh;g;GUtj; jhy; ,ilahy; tha;j;jspuhy; - Neh;njhiye;j

nfhy;yp tbneLNty; Nfhq;fUk;G tpy;fUk;G

ty;yp ftph;nkd; kyh;.

,g;ghlypy; Kd;dh; itf;fg;gl;l nghUs; MW. mit nkhop> Nehf;F>

nfhq;if> GUtk;> ,il> tha; vd;gd. mtw;wpw;Nfw;gf; nfhy;yp> Nty;> Nfhq;fUk;G>

fUk;G tpy;> ty;yp> KUf;f kyh; vd;git gpd; itf;fg;gl;ld. ,it nkhopahy;

njhiye;jJ nfhy;ypg; gz; vd;gJ Kjyhfg; nghUs;gl epuNy itf;fg;gl;likahy;

Kiw epuy; epiwahapw;W.

epuNy epWj;jp nkhop khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ:- (nkhopkhw;W epuy;epiw)

epuNy fple;j vOtha;f;Nfw;gg; gadpiyfis khw;wpg;nghUs; nghUe;JkhW

,iaj;Jf; fhz;gJ nkhopkhw;W epuy;epiw MFk;. ,jid epuNy epWj;jp nkhop

khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gh;.


(v-L)

Mlth;fs; vt;th(W) mfd;(W) xopthh; nt/fhTk;

ghlfKk; CufKk; gQ;rukh – ePbakhy;

epd;whd; ,Ue;jhd; fple;jhd; ,Jtd;Nwh

kd;whh; kjpw;fr;rp khz;G.

,g;ghlypy; Kd;dh; thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;fs; %d;W. mit nt/fh>

ghlfk;> Cufk; vd;gd. gpd; epWj;jg;gl;l njhopy;fs; epw;wy;> ,Uj;jy;> fplj;jy;

vd;gd. ,it Kd; epWj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fNshL nghUe;JkhW epWj;jg;gltpy;iy.

nt/fhtpy; fple;jhd;> ghlfj;jpy; ,Ue;jhd;. Cufj;jpy; epd;whd; vdr; nrhw;fis

khw;wp ,iaGgLj;jg;gl;ljhy; ,J nkhopkhw;W epuy;epiw Mapw;W.

Mh;tnkhopazp

cs;sj;jpd;fz; epfOk; Mh;tj;jpd; fhuzkhf epfo;r;rpfis kpFjpgLj;jpf;

$WtJ Mh;tnkhop mzpahFk;. ,jw;F kfpo;r;rp mzp vd;Dk; NtWngaUk; cz;L.

Mh;tnkhop mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

Mh;t nkhopkpFg;g(J) Mh;t nkhopNa

(jz;b-66)

cs; epfo;e;j Mh;tk; gw;wp epfOk; nkhopfs; kpFjpAk; Njhd;WkhW $wg;gLtJ

Mh;tnkhop vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

nrhy;y nkhopjsh;e;J NrhUk; Jizkyh;j;Njhd;

Gy;y ,UNjhs; Gilngauh – nky;y

epidNthk; vdpy;neQ; rplk;Nghjh(J) vk;ghy;

tidjhuha; te;jjw;F khW.

,g;ghlypy;> jiytp jiytd; kPJs;s md;gpd; kpFjpahy; jd; nkhopahdJ

jLkhwpr; Nrhh;TgLfpd;wJ. NjhshdJ tsh;tdty;y> cs;sk; ,lk; NghjhJ vdf;

$Wtjhy; ,J Mh;tnkhop mzpahapw;W.


Ritazp

cs;sj;jpd;fz; epfOk; jd;ikfisg; gpwh; mwpAk; tifapy; clyhy;

Gyg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtNj nka;g;ghlhFk;. miteif> mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if>

vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. ,r;Ritapid tpsf;FtNj Ritazp MFk;.

Rit mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

cs;epfo; jd;ik Gwj;Jj; Njhd;w

vz;tif nka;g;ghl;bd; ,ay;tJ RitNa.

(jz;b-67)

cs;Ns epfo;e;j jd;ik Gwj;Jg; Gydha; tpsq;Fk;gbahf vl;Ltifg;gl;l

nka;g;ghl;bdhYk; elg;gJ Rit vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

Rit mzpapd; tiffs;:-

mitjhk;

tPuk; mr;rk; ,opg;nghL tpag;Ng

fhkk; mtyk; cUj;jpuk; eifNa

(jz;b-68)

Nkw;$wg;gl;l vz;tif nka;g;ghLfishtd. tPuk;> mr;rk;> ,opg;G tpag;G>

fhkk;> mtyk;> cUj;jpuk;> eif vd;gdthk;.

tPur;Rit:-

tPuk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; RitNa tPur; RitahFk;. ,J kdj;Jzptpdhy;

Gyg;gLtjhFk;.

(v-L)

Nrh;e;j Gwtpd; epiwjd; jpUNkdp

<h;e;jpl;(L) cah;Jiyjhd; Vwpdhd; - Neh;e;j

nfhiltPu Nkh?nka;e; epiwFiwah td;fz;

giltPu Nkh? nrd;dp gz;G.


,g;ghlypy; Nrho kugpdhpd; nfhiltPuk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Gwhitf; fhf;Fk;

nghUl;L mjd; vilf;F epfuhf jd; jiria mWj;J itj;Jk; rhpahfhikahy;>

jhNd juhrpy; Vwp epd;w Jzpitf; fhl;Ltjhy; ,J tPur;Rit Mapw;W.

rpgpr;rf;futh;j;jpapd; tuyhW mtdJ Fyj;jpidr; rhh;e;j Nrhod; kPJ Vw;wpg;

ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mr;rr;Rit:-

mr;rk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; RitNa mr;rr; RitahFk;. mzq;F> tpyq;F>

fs;th;> ,iw Mfp ehd;fhDk; mr;rk; gpwf;Fk; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;jhFk;.

(v-L)

ifnehpj;J nta;(J) caph;g;gf; fhy;jsh;e;J nka;gdpg;g

ikahpf;fz; ePh;jJk;g tha;g;Gyh;e;jhs; - ijay;

rpdNty; tpliyahy; if,oe;j nrq;fz;

GdNtok; Nky;te;j NghJ.

,g;ghlypy; ahidiaf; fz;ljd; fhuzkhf mr;rj;jpw;Fhpa if nehpj;jy;

Kjyhd nray;fs; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; ,J mr;rr; Ritahapw;W.

,opg;Gr; Rit:-

,opg;Gf; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; RitNa ,opg;Gr; RitahFk;. ,r;Ritiaj;

njhy;fhg;gpah; ,sptuy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

(v-L)

ciljiyAk; %isAk; Cd;jbAk; vd;Gk;

FlUk; nfhOq;FUjp <h;g;g – kpilNga;

ngUelQ;nra; ngw;wpj;Nj nfhw;wg;Nghh;f; fps;sp

fUeliur; rPWk; fsk;.

,g;ghlypy; Nghh;f;fsf;fhl;rp rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mf;fsj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk;

cile;j jiy> %is> nfhOg;Gg; Nghd;wit mUtUg;Gr; Ritiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd.

Mifahy; ,J ,opg;Gr;Ritahapw;W.


tpag;Gr;Rit:-

kd vOr;rp (tpag;G) fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; Rit tpag;Gr;Rit MFk;.

,r;Ritiaj; njhy;fhg;gpah; kUl;if vdf; $Wfpwhh;.

(v-L)

Kj;(J) mUk;gpr; nrk;nghd; Kwpjdje;J ige;Jfphpd;

njhj;(J) myh;e;J gy;fyDk; #o;e;(J) xspUk; nfhj;jpdjhk;

nghd;Ndh; kzpnfhopf;Fk; G+q;fh tphpehld;

jd;Ndh; nghopAk; jU.

,g;ghlypy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; nghUs; fw;gf kukhFk;. mJ mUk;ghf Kj;J>

jspuhfr; nrk;nghd;> G+q;nfhj;jhfg; gtsk; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mtw;Wld;

fpisfspy; gytif mzpfyd;fis mzpe;J xsph;e;jJ vdf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

,aw;ifahd kuj;jpw;F khwhff; fhl;lg;ngWk; fw;gfj;jU GJik nrwpe;jJ. Mjyhy;

,J tpag;Gr; Ritiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.

fhkr;Rit:-

fhkk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; RitNa fhkr;RitahFk;. ,r;Ritiaj;

njhy;fhg;gpah;> „ctifr; Rit‟ Njhd;Wk; mbg;gilahff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

(v-L)

jpq;fs; Ejy; tpah;f;Fk; tha;Jbf;Fk; fz;rptf;Fk;

mq;ifj; jsph;eLq;Fk; nrhy;mirAk; - nfhq;if

nghUfhYk; Cbg; GilngaUk; fhYk;

,UfhYk; xf;Fk; ,th;f;F.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; $ly;> Cly; vd;gdthk;. ,it ,uz;Lk;

fhkk; gw;wpait. ,t;,uz;bYk; fhkr;Ritapd; Fwpg;Gf;fs; xU epfudtha;f;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. mit Ejy; tpah;j;jy; Kjypadthk;. Mjyhy; ,J fhkr;Rit

Mapw;W.

mtyr;Rit:-

mtyk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; Rit mtyr;RitahFk;. ,r;Ritiaj;

njhy;fhg;gpah; mOif vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.


(v-L)

foy;Nrh;e;j jhd;tpliy fhjypnka; jPz;Lk;

moy;Nrh;e;J jd;neQ;(R) mah;e;jhd; - Foy;Nrh;e;j

jhkk; jhpah(J) mirAk; jsph;Nkdp

<kk; jhpf;FNkh vd;W.

jdf;Fg; gw;Ws;s xd;widg; gphptjdhy; Njhd;WtJ mtyk; vd;gh;.

mjw;Nfw;g kidtpia ,oe;J tUe;Jk; jiytdpd; Gyk;giyf; fhl;Ltjhy; ,J

mtyr;Rit Mapw;W.

cUj;jpur; Rit:-

rpdj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; Rit cUj;jpur; RitahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah;

,jid ntFsp vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

(v-L)

ifgpirah tha;kbahf; fz;rptth nta;Japuh

nka;Fiyah Ntuh ntFz;(L) vOe;jhd; - nta;aNghh;j;

jhh; Nta;e;j Njhshd; kfisj; jUfvd;(W)

Nghh;Nte;jd; J}(J) ,irj;j NghJ.

gifaurd; jd; kfisj; jUf vd Nfl;lyhfpa nrayhy; cUj;jpur;Rit

Njhd;wpw;W. cs;Ns epfo;e;j rpdkhdJ ifgpirjy; Kjyhfpa Fwpg;Gf;fshy;

fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,g;ghly; cUj;jpur;Rit Mapw;W.

eif fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; Rit eifr;RitahFk;. ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpah;

eif vd;W fhl;Lfpd;whh;.

(v-L)

ehz;NghYk; jd;kidf;Fj; jhd;Nrwy; ,e;epd;w

ghz;NghYk; ntt;moypy; gha;tJ}ck; - fhz;Njhop

ifj;jyq; fz;zhf; fsTfhz; ghd;xUtd;

ngha;j;jiyKd; ePl;baw;Wk; Nghe;J.

,g;ghlypy;> jiykfidAk;> mtdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l ghzidAk; xUq;Nf vs;sp

eifahb jiiytp Njhopaplk; $Wk; fUj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> ,J vd;dy;

gw;wp te;j eifr;RitahFk;.


ghlk; - 17

jd;Nkk;ghl;Liuazp

jd;Dila Mw;wiyj; jhNd vLj;Jf; $WtJ> ,jid Cf;f mzp vd;Wk;

$Wth;.

jd;Nkk;ghl;Liu mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

jhd;jd; Gfo;tJ jd;Nkk; ghl;(L)ciu

(jz;b-69)

xUtd; jd;idj;jhNd Gfo;e;J nrhy;YtJ jd;Nkk;ghl;Liu mzp MFk;.

(v-L)

vQ;rpdhh; ,y;iy vdf;(F) vjpuh ,d;Daph; nfhz;(L)

mQ;rpdhh; mQ;rhJ Ngha; mfy;f – ntQ;rkj;Jg;

Nguh(J) mth;Mfj;(J) md;wpg; gpwh;KJfpy;

rhuh vd; ifapy; ruk;.

,g;ghlypy; vdf;F vjpuhf te;Njhh; vtUk; capNuhL nry;y KbahJ vd;gJk;>

vd; mk;G KJfpy; ghahJ vd;gJk; xUtd; jd;idj; jhNd Gfo;e;J nfhs;tjha;

mike;Js;sd. Mjyhy; ,J jd;Nkk;ghl;Liu mzp Mapw;W.

ghpahatzp

ftpQd; jhd; $wf; fUjpa xd;wid mt;tplj;Jf; $Wjy; jfhJ vdf; fUjpg;

gpwpnjhd;why; mg;nghUis tpsf;FtJ ghpaha mzp MFk;. ,jidg; gpwpjpd;

etpw;rp vdTk; $Wth;.

ghpaha mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

fUjpaJ fpsth(J) mg;nghUs; Njhd;wg;

gpwp(J) xd;(W) ciug;gJ ghpah ak;Nk.

(jz;b-70)


jhd; vz;zpajidf; $whJ mg;nghUs; Njhd;wg; gpwpnjhd;wpidf; $WtJ

ghpahak; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

kpd;epfuhk; khNj tpiurhe; Jld;Gzh;e;(J)

epd; epfuhk; khjtpf;fz; epd;wUs;eP – jd;epfuhk;

nre;jP tukyUk; nrq;fhe;js; NghJlNd

,e;jP tuk;nfhzh;ty; ahd;.

jiytNdhL jiytpiar; Nrh;j;J itf;ff; fUjpa Njhop mjid Neuhff;

$wtpy;iy. $Ljw;Fj; jhd; jilaha; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfg; G+g;gwpj;J cd;

$e;jypy; #l tUfpNwd; vd;W NtnwhU nraiyj; jpwk;glf; $wpajhy; ,J ghpaha

mzp Mapw;W.

rkhapjtzp

,jid Jizg;NgW mzp vd;Wk; $Wth;.

rkhapj mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

Ke;(J)jhd; Kay;cW}ck; njhopw;gad; gpwp(J)xd;(W)

je;jjh Kbg;gJ rkhapjk; MFk;.

(jz;b-71)

Kd;G jd;dhy; Kayg;gl;l njhopypdJ gad; mj;njhopyhy; md;wpg;

gpwpnjhd;why; epfo;e;jjhff; $wp Kbg;gJ rkhapjk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

mUtpak; Fd;wk; muf;fd; ngah;g;g

ntUtpa ntw;(G) miuad; ghit – ngUkhd;

mzpahfk; Muj; jOtpdhs; jhd;Kd;

jzpahj Cly; jzpe;J.

rptngUkhd; Kad;w nray; cikak;ikapd; Cliyj; jzptpj;jyhFk;.

Mdhy; mg;gad; mk;Kaw;rpahy; fpl;lhJ. ,uhtzd; kiyia mirj;jyhy;

fpilj;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,J rkhapj tzpahapw;W.


cjhj;j mzp

nry;tj;ijAk;> cs;sj;ijAk; cah;j;jpf; $WtJ. ,jid tPWNfhszp vd;Wk;

$Wth;.

cjhj;j mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

tpaj;jF nry;tKk; Nkk;gLk; cs;sKk;

cah;r;rp Gide;(J) ciug;g(J) cjhj;jk; MFk;.

tpaf;fj;jf;f nry;tj;jpdJ cah;r;rpiaNah Nkk;gl;l cs;sj;jpdJ

cah;r;rpiaNah moF nghUe;jf; $WtJ cjhj;jk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

nry;t kpFjp:-

xUtUila nry;tj;jpd; kpFjpia cah;j;jpf; $WtJ nry;t kpFjpahFk;.

(v-L)

fd;Wk; taNte;jh; nry;tk; gyfth;e;Jk;

vd;Wk; twpQh; ,dq;fth;e;Jk; - xd;Wk;

mwp(T) mhpjha; epw;Fk; mstpdjhy; mk;k

nrwpfjph;Nty; nrd;dp jpU.

,g;ghly; NrhoDila nry;tj;jpd; kpFjpia cah;j;jpf; $Wtjhy; nry;tkpFjp

Mapw;W.

cs;s kpFjp:-

xUtUila cs;sj;jpd; kpFjpia cah;j;jpf; $WtJ cs;s kpFjp MFk;.

(v-L)

kz;mfd;W jd;fpisapd; ePq;fp tdk;GFe;(J)

gz;Zk; jtj;(J) ,ire;j ghh;j;jd;jhd; - vz;zpwe;j

kPjz;lh; Nfhd;FiyAk; nta;Nahh; Fyk;njhiyj;jhd;

Nfhjz;l NkJizahf; nfhz;L.

,g;ghlypy; mUr;Rzd; jdJ xNu tpy;ypd; Jiz nfhz;L mRuh; Fyk;

midj;ijAk; mopj;jhd; vd;W mtDila cs;sj;jpd; (Cf;fk;) kpFjp

$wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J cjhj;jkhapw;W.


ghlk; - 18

mtEjpazp

nghUspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia kWj;Jg; gpwpnjhU jd;ikia mjd;fz; Vw;wp

ciug;gJ mtEjp mzpahFk;. ,jid xopg;gzp> kWg;gzp vd;Wk; $Wth;.

mtEjp mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

“rpwg;gpDk; nghUspDk; Fzj;jpDk; cz;ik

kWj;Jg; gpwp(J) ciug;g(J) mtEjp MFk;”.

(jz;b-73)

rpwg;gpdhYk; nghUspdhYk; Fzj;jpdhYk; Mfpa cz;ikia kWj;Jg;

gpwpnjhd;whf ciug;gJ mtEjp vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

rpwg;G mtEjp:-

rpwg;Gila xd;iwr; rpwg;gw;wjd; Nky; Vw;wp ciug;gJ rpwg;G mtEjpahFk;.

(v-L)

eiwfko;jhh; Ntl;lhh; eyd;mzpAk; ehZk;

epiwAk; epiyjsuh ePh;ik – mwnewp#o;

nrq;Nfhyd; my;yd; nfhLq;Nfhyd; njt;tLNghh;

ntq;Nfhg khy;ahid Nte;J.

murDf;Fr; rpwg;igj; jUtJ nrq;Nfhd;ik. mJ kWj;Jiuf;fg;gl;L mtd;

kPJ nfhLq;Nfhd;ik Vw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gl;ljhy; ,g;ghly; rpwg;G mtEjp MFk;.

nghUs; mtEjp:-

xU nghUspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia kWj;J mjd;kPJ Ntnwhd;iw Vw;wp

ciug;gJ nghUs; mtEjp MFk;.


(v-L)

epydhk; tpRk;ghk; epkph;fhy;ePh; jPahk;

myh;fjpuhk; thd;kjpahk; md;wp – kyh;nfhd;iw

xz;eWe; jhuhd; xUt(d;),a khdDkha;

vz;zpwe;j vg;nghUSk; Mk;.

xU nghUshf ,Ug;gtd; rptngUkhd;. mtd; vl;lhfTk; vz;zpwe;j

gy;nghUshfTk;> tpsq;Ffpwhd; vdf; Fwpf;fg; ngWfpwhd;. xUtdhk; jd;ik

kWf;fg;gl;Lg; gythk; jd;ik Vw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J nghUs; mtEjp Mapw;W.

Fz mtEjp:-

xU nghUspd; cz;ikahd gz;ig kWj;J mjd;kPJ Ntnwhd;iw Vw;wp

ciug;gJ Fz mtEjp MFk;.

(v-L)

kDg;GtpNky; tho kiwtsh;f;Fk; Mug;

gdpj;njhilay; ghh;j;jpgh;Nfhd; vq;Nfhd; - jdpf;ftpif

jz;ik epow;(W)md;W jd;njhOj Ngijah;f;F

ntk;ik epow;wha; kpFk;.

,g;ghlypy; Nrhodpd; ntz;nfhw;wf; nfhilapd; Fsph;e;j jd;ik kWf;fg;gl;L

ntk;ikj; jd;ik Vw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J mtEjp Mapw;W. jz;ik Mfpa

Fzk; ntk;ikahfpa Fzkhff; $wg;gl;ljhy; ,J Fz mtEjpahapw;W.

mtEjpmzp gpw mzpfNshL $b tUjy;:-

rpNyil mtEjp:-

mtEjp mzpAld; rpNyil mzpAk; $b tUtJ rpNyil mtEjp MFk;.

(v-L)

ewNte;J Nfhij eyk;fth;e;J ey;fh

kwNte;jd; tQ;rpapd; my;yd; - Jiwapd;

tpyq;fhik epd;W tpad;jkpo;eh(L) Ie;jpd;

Fyk;fhty; nfhz;(L) xOFk; Nfh.


,g;ghlypy; murd; tQ;rpahjtd; vd;gij kWj;J tQ;rpg;gtd; vd;Dk;

jd;ikia Vw;wpf; $wpajhy; mtEjpahapw;W. tQ;rpahd; vd;Dk; njhlh;

,UnghUs;gLtjhy; (tQ;rid nra;ahjtd;> tQ;rpefiu cilatd;) rpNyilAk;

Mapw;W. ,j;njhlh; tpidahifahy; ,J tpid gw;wpa rpNyil mtEjpahapw;W.

rpNyilazp

nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; xU nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh jdpj;J epd;Nwh gphpe;J epd;Nwh

gynghUs; gl miktjidr; rpNyil mzp vd;gh;. ,jid ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzp

vd;Wk; $Wth;.

rpNyil mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

xUtifr; nrhw;nwhlh; gynghUs; ngw;wp

njhp(T)ju tUtJ rpNyil MFk;.

(jz;b-74)

xU tifaha; epd;w njhlh;r;nrhy; gy nghUs;fsJ jd;ik Gyg;gl tUtJ

rpNyil vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

rpNyil mzpapd; tiffs;:-

mJNt

nrk;nkhop gphpnkhop vd,U jpwg;gLk;

(jz;b-75)

Nkw;$wg;gl;l rpNyil> nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil> gphpnkhopr; rpNyil vd ,uz;L

tifg;gLk;.

nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil:-

gphpf;fg;gLk; jd;ik mw;W NeNu epd;W gynghUs; jUk; nrhw;fshy; miktJ

nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil MFk;.

(v-L)

nrq;fuq;f shd;,uT ePf;Fk; jpwk;Ghpe;J

gq;fa khjh; eyk;gapyg; - nghq;(F)cjaj;(J)

Xh;Mop nta;Nahd; cah;e;j newpxOFk;

ePuhop ePs;epyj;J Nky;.


,g;ghly; fjputDf;Fk; NrhoDf;Fk; rpNyilaha; mike;Js;sJ. xNu

epiyapy; epd;w nrhw;fs; me;epiyapNyNa #hpad;> Nrhod; Mfpa ,uz;L

nghUs;fSf;Fk; gphpe;J nghUs;gLtjhy; ,J nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil Mapw;W.

gphpnkhopr; rpNyil:-

xU tifaha; epd;w nrhy;iyNah njhliuNah gphpj;Jg; nghUSf;Nfw;gf;

nfhs;sg;gLtJ gphpnkhopr; rpNyilahFk;.

(v-L)

js;sh tplj;Njh; jle;jh kiumila

vs;sh mhpkhd; ,lh;kpFg;g – cs;tho;Njk;

rpe;Jk; jifikj;Nj vq;Nfhd; jpUcs;sk;

ee;Jk; njhopy;Ghpe;jhh; ehL.

,g;ghly; Nrhodpd; Ml;rpia Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhhpd; ehl;bd; epiyiaAk;> Vw;Wf;

nfhs;shjthpd; ehl;bd; epiyiaAk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; rpNyilahFk;. ,Uepiyf;Nfw;gg;

gphpj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gl;ljhy; ,J gphpnkhopr; rpNyil Mapw;W.

rpNyilapd; tphp:-

xUtpid gytpid Kuz;tpid epakk;

epak tpyf;F tpNuhjk; mtpNuhjk;

vdvO tifapDk; ,aYk; vd;g.

mr;rpNyil> xU tpidr; rpNyil> gytpidr; rpNyil> Kuz;tpidr; rpNyil>

epakr; rpNyil> epak tpyf;Fr; rpNyil> tpNuhjr; rpNyil> mtpNuhjr; rpNyil vd

VO tifg;gLk;.

xUtpidr; rpNyil:-

xU tpidahy; tUtJ xU tpidr; rpNyilahFk;.

(v-L)

mk;nghd; gizKfj;Jj; jpz;Nfhl;(L) mzpehfk;

tk;Gw;w Xil kyh;e;(J) ,yq;f – ck;gh;

etk;GhpAk; thdjpAk; ehz;kjpAk; ez;zj;

jtk;Ghpthh;f;(F) ,d;gk; jUk;.


,g;ghlypy; cs;s njhlh;fs; tpehafUf;Fk; kiyf;Fk; nghUe;jp> ,Wjpapy;

,d;gk; jUk; vd;Dk; xU tpidahy; Kbe;Js;sJ. vdNt ,J xU tpidr; rpNyil

Mapw;W.

gytpidr; rpNyil:-

gy tpidaha; tUtJ gytpidr; rpNyil MFk;.

(v-L)

jtpuh kJ cz;(L) fspjsph;g;g ePz;L

nrtpkUtpr; nre;ePh;ik jhq;fpf; - Fapy;,irAk;

kpd;capuh Ez;zpilahh; nkd;Nehf;F Nktyhh;

,d;Dapiu <h;f;fpd; wd.

,g;ghly; Fapypd; FuYf;Fk;> ngz;zpd; fz;Zf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; jd;ikapy;

mike;Js;sd. ,ilapy; ePz;L> kUtp> jhq;fp <h;f;fpd;wd vd;Dk; gytpidfNshLk;

,iae;J nghUs;gLtjhy; ,J gytpidr; rpNyil Mapw;W.

Kuz;tpidr; rpNyil:-

khWgl;l tpidahy; tUtJ Kuz;tpidr; rpNyilahFk;.

(v-L)

khiy kUtp kjpjphpa khkzk;nra;

fhiyj; JizNkt yhh;fba – Ntiykpir

kpf;fhh; fypmlq;fh jhh;f;Fk; tpad;nghopy;fs;

Gf;fhh; fypmlq;Fk; Gs;.

,g;ghly; Jiztiug; gphpe;jhh;f;Fk; Nrh;e;jhh;f;Fk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy;

mike;Js;sd. Mh;f;Fk;> mlq;Fk; vd;w Kuz;gl;l tpidfSld; ,iae;J nghUs;

jUtjhy;> ,J Kuz;tpidr; rpNyil Mapw;W.

epakr; rpNyil:-

rpNyilg; gLj;jg;gl;l ,U nghUs;fSs; xd;wpid tiuaWj;Jf; $WtJ

epakr; rpNyilahFk;.


(v-L)

ntz;ePh;ik jhq;FtNd Kj;Nj ntwpatha;f;

fz;ePh;ik Nrhh;t fbnghopNy – gz;ePh;ik

nkd;Nfhy ahNo ,uq;Ftd Nty;Nte;Nj

epd;Nfhy; cyhTk; epyj;J.

nghUs;fSf;Fg; nghJthfpa jd;ikfis xU nghUsplj;jpNyNa ,Ug;gdthf

cWjpahff; $wpdikahy; ,g;ghly; epakr; rpNyil mzpf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

ntz;zPh;ik – ntz;ik epwk;> mwpahik

fz;zPh;ik – fs;shfpa ePh;> fz;zPh;

epak tpyf;Fr; rpNyil:-

,UnghUs;gl vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUis cWjpg;glf; $wp mjid

tpyf;FtJ epak tpyf;Fr; rpNyil MFk;.

(v-L)

rpiwgLt Gl;FyNk jPk;GdYk; md;d

,iwteP fhj;(J) mspf;Fk; vy;iy – Kiwapy;

nfhbad Fd;wj;jpd; khspifNa md;wpf;

fbmtpo;G+q; fhTk; cs.

Xh; murdpd; ehl;by; rpiwr;rhiyAk; nfhLikAk; ,y;iy vd;W $wpr;

rpwg;gpg;gjhf mike;jJ ,g;ghly;. ,jpy; rpiw> nfhb vd;git rpNyilg; nghUs;gl

mike;Js;sd.

rpiw – rpwF> miz> nfhb – Jzpf;nfhb> G+q;nfhb

tpNuhjr; rpNyil:-

Kd;dh;r; rpNyilahf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fisg; gpd;dh; tpNuhjKwj; njhLg;gJ

tpNuhjr; rpNyilahFk;.

(v-L)

tpr;rh juNdDk; me;juj;J Nkthdhy;

mr;Rj NdDk;mk; khad;myd; - epr;r


epiwthd; fiyiahd; mfsq;fd; ePjp

,iwahd; mefd;vk; Nfh.

,g;ghly; NrhoDf;Fk; gy nghUs;fSf;Fk; rpNyilg; nghUs; gl

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpr;rhjud;> jpUkhy;> jpq;fsQ;nry;td;> rptd; Mfpa

ehy;tNuhLk; nra;ag;gl;l rpNyil> gpd;dh; khWglf; $wg;gl;ljhy; ,J tpNuhjr;

rpNyil Mapw;W.

mtpNuhjr; rpNyil:-

Kd;dh;r; rpNyilahf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fNshL gpd;tUk; rpNyilr;

nrhw;nghUs;fs; khWglhky; nghUe;jj; njhLg;gJ mtpNuhjr; rpNyilahFk;.

(v-L)

Nrhjp ,utp fuj;jhd; ,u(T) xopf;Fk;

khjplj;jhd; kd;kjid kh(W) mopf;Fk; kPjhk;

mifkjp Njhw;wpf; FKjk; mspf;Fk;

jdjd; ,Uepjpf;Nfhd; jhd;.

,g;ghlypy; Nrhjp ,utp> khjplj;jhd;> kjp> jdjd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; QhapW>

rptd;> jpq;fs;> FNgud; vd;Dk; nghUs;fSf;Fk; NrhoDf;Fk; rpNyilr;

nrhw;nghUs;fs; Gyg;gl mike;jd. ,it ,unthopj;jy; Kjyhd nrhw;fNshL ,d;wp

,iaGg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Mifahy; ,J mtpNuhjr; rpNyil Mapw;W.

tpNrltzp

xU nghUSf;Ff; Fzk;> njhopy;> rhjp> cWg;Gg; Nghd;wtw;why; VNjDk; xU

FiwghL Njhd;Wk;. mf;FiwghL fhuzkhf mg;nghUSf;F Nkk;ghL Njhd;w

ciug;gJ tpNrl mzpahFk;. ,jw;F Njhd;w ciug;gJ tpNrl mzpahFk;. ,jw;F

Ntz;lyzp> rpwg;gzp vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.

tpNrl mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

Fzk;njhopy; Kjypa FiwgL jd;ikapd;

Nkk;gl xUnghUs; tpsk;Gjy; tpNrlk;.

(jz;b-77)


Fzf;Fiw tpNrlk;:-

Fzj;jhy; FiwTgLtjid Nkk;ghL Njhd;w ciug;gJ Fzf;Fiw

tpNrlkhFk;.

(v-L)

Nfhl;lk; jpUg;GUtk; nfhs;sh mth;nrq;Nfhy;

Nfhl;lk; Ghpe;j nfhilr;nrd;dp – ehl;lk;

rpte;jd ,y;iy jpUe;jhh; fypq;fk;

rpte;jd nre;jPj; njw.

Nrhod; rpdq;nfhz;L Nghh; njhLg;gjw;F Kd;dNu gifth; ehL mope;jiyf;

fhl;LtJ ,g;ghlyhFk;. GUtq;fs; tisjYk;> fz; rptj;jYk; rpdj;jpd;

mwpFwpfshFk;. mf;Fzq;fshy; FiwTgl;lhYk; gifth; ehL mope;jd vd;Dk;

ntw;wp Nkk;ghL Njhd;wf; $wpajhy; ,J Fzf;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W.

njhopw;Fiw tpNrlk;:-

njhopyhy; FiwTgLtjid Nkk;ghL Njhd;w ciug;gJ njhopy;;Fiw

tpNrlkhFk;.

(v-L)

Vq;fh Kfpy;nghopah ehSk; Gdy;Njq;Fk;

G+q;fh tphpehld; Nghh;kjkh – ePq;fh

tisgl;l jhszpfs; kh(W) vjph;e;j njt;th;

jisgl;l jhs;jh kiu.

ahidfs; Nguzp G+z;l md;Nw Njhy;tpAw;w gifth;fspd; fhy;fs;

tpyq;fplg;gl;ld vdr; Nrho kd;dh;fspd; ahidg;gil Mw;wiy ,g;ghly;

vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. mj;njhopy; eilngWk; Kd;dNu nrayhy; Nkk;ghL Njhd;w

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,J njhopw;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W.

rhjpf;Fiw tpNrlk;:-

rhjpahy; FiwTgLtjid Nkk;ghL Njhd;w ciug;gJ rhjpf;Fiw tpNrlkhFk;.

(v-L)

Nka epiuGue;J ntz;nza; njhLcz;l

Madhh; kh(W) Vw;(W) mkh;Ghpe;jhh; - J}a

ngUe;jUTk; gpd;Dk; nfhLj;(J) cile;jhh; tpz;Nky;

Gue;juDk; thNdhUk; Nghy;.


Madhh; vdr; rhjpahy; FiwTglf; fhl;lg;gl;ltd; fz;zgpuhd;. MapDk;

Njth;fisg; GwKJfpl;L XLk;gb nty;Yjyhfpa nrayhy; Nkk;gl;ltdhff; $wpajhy;

,J rhjpf;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W.

nghUl;Fiw tpNrlk;:-

nghUshy; FiwTgLtjid Nkk;ghL Njhd;wf; $WtJ nghUl;Fiw

tpNrlkhFk;.

(v-L)

njhy;iy kiwNjh; Jiztd;ghy; Mz;(L) tiu

vy;iy ,Uehop ney;nfhz;(L)Xh;-nky;ypayhs;

Xq;(F) cyfpy; thOk; caph;midj;Jk; Cl;Lkhy;

Vq;(F) xypePh;f; fhQ;rp ,il.

,g;ghlypy; cyf caph;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; cikak;ikahfpa mk;gpifapd;

fUizj;jpwk; ntspg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ.

,Uehop ney; kl;LNk vd;gJ nghUl;Fiw. me;ney;iyf; nfhz;L cyfk;

KOtJk; fhg;ghw;wpdhs; vd;gJ Nkk;ghL.

cWg;Gf;Fiw tpNrlk;:-

cWg;ghy; FiwTgLtjid Nkk;ghL Njhd;wf; $WtJ cWg;Gf;Fiw

tpNrlkhFk;.

(v-L)

ahid ,ujk; ghpMs; ,it,y;iy

jhDk; mdq;fd; jDf;fUk;G – Njdhh;

kyh; Ie;jpdhy; ntd;W mbg;gLj;jhd; khud;

cyfq;fs; %d;Wk; xUq;F.

clk;G ,y;yhjtd; kd;kjd;. vdNt mtDf;F cWg;Gf;fs; ,y;iy vd;gJ

njspT. mt;thW cWg;gw;W ,Ue;Jk; cyfj;ijNa xUNru ntd;W

mbikg;gLj;jpdhd; vd Nkk;ghL Njhd;wf; $wpajhy; ,J cWg;Gf;Fiw

tpNrlkhapw;W.


xg;Gikf; $l;ltzp

,jid cldpiyr;nrhy;yzp vd;Wk; $Wth;.

,yf;fzk;:-

fUjpa Fzj;jpd; kpFnghUs; cld;itj;(J)

xU nghUs; ciug;g(J) xg;Gikf; $l;lk;.

(jz;b-78)

xU nghUisr; nrhy;Ykplj;Jj; jhd; fUjpa Fzk; Kjypatw;wpd; kpFjpahd

nghUisf; $l itj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ xg;Gikf; $l;lk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

xg;Gikf;$l;l mzpapd; tiffs;:-

GfopDk; gopg;gpDk; Gyg;gLk; mJNt

(jz;b-79)

Gfo; xg;Gikf; $l;lk;> gopg;G xg;Gikf; $l;lk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

Gfo; xg;Gikf; $l;lk;:-

Gfoj;jf;f nghUs;fis xUq;F $WtJ Gfo; xg;Gikf; $l;lkhFk;.

(v-L)

G+z;jhq;F nfhq;if nghuNt FionghUg;Gk;

J}z;lhj nja;tr; Rlh;tpsf;Fk; - ehz;jhq;F

tz;ikrhy; rhd;wtUk; fhQ;rp tsk;gjpapd;

cz;ikahy; cz;L,t; cyF.

rptngUkhdhfpa Vfhk;gu ehjh;> J}z;lhj tpsf;F> rhd;Nwhh; Mfpa nghUs;fs;

%d;Wk; Gfoj;jf;f cah;e;j nghUs;fs;. ,k;%d;Wk; xU epfudtha;j; njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J Gfo; xg;Gikf; $l;lkhapw;W.

gopg;G xg;Gikf;$l;lk;:-

gopf;fj;jf;f nghUs;fis xUq;F $WtJ gopg;G xg;Gikf; $l;lkhFk;.

(v-L)

nfhs;nghUs; nt/fpf; Fbmiyf;Fk; Nte;jDk;

cs;nghUs; nrhy;yhr; rynkhop khe;jUk;

,y; ,Ue;(J) vy;iy flg;ghSk; ,k;%th;

ty;Ny kiomUf;Fk; Nfhs;.


nfhLq;Nfhyd;> ngha;f;fhpahsh;> fw;gpy;yh kidtp MfpNahh; ,foj;jf;fth;.

gopg;gpw;Fhpa ,k;%tUk; xU epfudtha; njhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J gopg;G

xg;Gikf; $l;lkhapw;W.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

ghlk; (14 – 15)

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. tpghtid mzp vd;why; vd;d?

2. Ntw;Wikazpia tpsf;Ff.

3. ,ay;G tpghtid vd;why; vd;d?

4. xl;lzp – tpsf;fk; jUf.

5. mjpra mzp tpsf;Ff.

6. VJ mzp – tpsf;Ff.

7. El;g mzp – tpsf;Ff.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:

1. tpthtid mzpapd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.

2. mjpratzpapd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.

3. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpapd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf?

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

ghlk; (16 – 18)

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. epuy;epiw mzp – tpsf;Ff.

2. Ritazp – tpsf;Ff.

3. Mh;tnkhop mzp – tpsf;fk; jUf.

4. ghpaha mzp – tpsf;Ff.

5. rkhapj mzpia tpsf;Ff.

6. cjhj;j mzp – tpsf;Ff.

7. xg;Gikf; $l;l mzp – tpsf;Ff.


8. tpNrl mzp – tpsf;Ff.

9. rpNyil mzpapd; tiffis vOJf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:

1. ,Nyr mzpia tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. mtEjp mzp vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

3. rpNyil mzpia tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.


ghlk; - 19

tpNuhjtzp

,jw;F Kuzzp vd;Wk; NtWngaUk; cz;L.

tpNuhj mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

khWgL nrhy; nghUs; khWghl;(L) ,aw;if

tpis(T)ju ciug;gJ tpNuhjk; MFk;

(jz;b-80)

khWgl;l nrhy;yhYk; nghUshYk; khWghl;Lj; jd;ik tpisT Njhd;w

ciug;gJ tpNuhjk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

nrhy; tpNuhjk;:-

nrhw;fs; khWglj;njhLg;gJ nrhy; tpNuhjk; MFk;.

(v-L)

fhiyAk; khiyAk; if$g;gpf; fhy;njhOjy;

Nkiy tpidvy;yhk; fPothk; - Nfhyf;

fUkhd;Njhy; ntz;ePw;Wr; nrk;Nkdpg; ige;jhh;g;

ngUkhidr; rpw;wk; gyj;J.

,g;ghlypy;; fhiy-khiy> if$g;Gjy;-fhy; njhOjy;> Nky;-fPo;> fUik-

ntz;ik> nrk;ik-gRik vd;gd xd;NwhL xd;W khWgl;L epw;gjhy; ,J nrhy;

tpNuhjkhapw;W.

nghUs; tpNuhjk;:-

khWgl;l nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L njhLg;gJ nghUs; tpNuhjk; MFk;.

(v-L)

Nrhiy gapYk; Fapy;koiy Nrhh;e;(J)mlq;f

MYk; kapy; ,dq;fs; Mh;j;(J) vOe;j Qhyk;

Fsph;e;j Kfpy; fWj;j Nfhgk; rpte;j

tpsh;e;j Jizgphpe;jhh; nka;.

,g;ghlypy; Fapy;fspd; Fuy;fs; mlq;fpd> kapypdq;fs; Mh;j;J vOe;jd

vd;git xd;ww;F xd;W khWgl;l nghUs;fs; Mjypd; nghUs; tpNuhjkhapw;W.


rpNyil tpNuhjk;:-

rpNyil mzpAld; tpNuhj mzp $b tUtJ rpNyil tpNuhjkhFk;.

(v-L)

,dkhd; ,fy vspa vdpDk;

tdNkT Gz;lhpfk; thl;Lk; - tdkhh;

fhpcUtk; nfhz;Lk; mhprpjwf; fhAk;

thpkyh;nkd; $e;jy; tpop.

khd; vspa vdpDk; Gypia thl;Lk;. ahidj; jd; tbitf; nfhz;L rpq;fk;

gae;Njhlf; fhAk; vd;gd tpNuhjkhFk;. vdNt ,g;ghly; rpNyil tpNuhjkhapw;W.

khWgL Gfo;epiyazp

,jw;F tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rpmzp> njsptpy; Gfo;r;rp mzp vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk;

cz;L.

,yf;fzk;:-

fUjpa nghUs; njhFj;(J) Mq;(F) mJ gopj;jw;(F)

NtW xd;(W) Gfo;tJ khWgL Gfo;epiy.

(jz;b-81)

xUtd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUspd; ,fo;;r;rpj; jd;ik ntspg;gLkhW kw;nwhU

nghUisg; Gfo;e;Jiug;gJ khWgL Gfo;epiy vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

,u(T) mwpah ahtiuAk; gpd;nry;yh ey;y

jUepoYk; jz;zPUk; Gy;Yk; - xUth;

gilj;jdTk; nfhs;sh ,g;Gs;spkhd; ghh;Nky;

Jilj;jdNt md;Nwh Jah;.

Kaw;rpahy; tho top ,Ue;Jk; mjidr; nra;ahJ gpwiur; rhh;e;J

tho;Nthiug; gopf;f vz;Zfpwhd; ftpQd;. mjid kiwj;J mr;nray;fs;

mw;wkhidg; Gfo;fpwhd;. ,utyid ,opj;Jf; $w khidg; Gfo;tjhy; ,J khWgL

Gfo;epiy Mapw;W.


(v-L)

NghJk; jspUk; Gide;J kzk;Gzh;e;J

#jg; gizjOtpj; Njhd;Wkhy; - khNj

gykh jtq;fs; gapd;wNjh? gz;(L),f;

Fykh jtpapd; nfhb.

fstpy; $b te;j jiytpiag; gopf;ff; fUJfpwhd; ftpQd;. mjid

kiwj;J cyfj;jhh; mwpa khkuj;jpd; fpisfisj; jOtpg; glh;fpd;w

khjtpf;nfhbiag; Gfo;fpd;whd;. Mjyhy; ,J khWgL Gfo;epiy Mapw;W.

Gfohg; Gfo;r;rpazp

,yf;fzk;:-

gopg;gJ NghYk; ghd;ikapd; Nkd;ik

Gyg;gl nkhoptJ Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp.

(jz;b-82)

xd;widg; gopj;Jf; $WtJ Nghd;w jd;ikahy; mjw;F Nkk;ghL Njhd;w

ciug;gJ Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

Nghh;Ntypd; ntd;wJ}ck; gy;Gfohy; Nghh;j;jJ}ck;

jhh;NkT jpz;Gaj;jhy; jhq;FtJ}ck; - ePh;ehld;

Njubf;$h; ntk;gilahy; fhg;gJ}ck; nrq;fz;khy;

Xh;mbf;fPo; itj;j cyF.

vspikahfj; jpUkhy; Xubiaf; nfhz;L ,t;Tyfj;ij mse;jhd;. me;j Xub

epyj;ijNa Nrhoid ntd;Wk; KbAk; jhq;fpAk; fhj;Jk; Jd;gg;gLfpwhd; vdg;

gopj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW $wpDk; Nrhod; ,t;Tyfj;ij xUq;Nf Ml;rp

Ghpfpd;whd; vd Nkk;ghL Njhd;wf; $wpajhy; gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfog;ngw;Wg;

Gfohg;Gfo;r;rp Mapw;W.

(v-L)

epidthpa gy;Gfohh; epd;Fyj;Jj; njhy;Nyhh;

midtiuAk; Gy;ypdhs; md;Nw – kDE}y;

Gzh;e;j newpxOFk; G+opaeP ,e;ehs;

kze;j jlkyh;Nky; khJ.


cd; Fyj;J Kd;Ndhh;fSf;F chpikahdtd; jpUkfs;. mtisNa ePAk;

chpikahf;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwha; vdg; gopj;jhw; Nghyf; $wg;gl;lJ. MapDk;

toptopahf khwhky; cyfj;ij MSjyhfpa Ngiug; ngw;Wg; ngUQ;nry;tk;

ciladha;j; jpfo;gtd; vd Nkd;ikgLj;jpf; $wpajhy; gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfog;ngw;Wg;

Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp Mapw;W.

epjhprdtzp

,jw;F fhl;rpazp> Rl;lzp vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.

epjhprd mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

xUtif epfo;tjw;(F) xj;jgad; gpwpjpw;Fg;

Gfo;ik jPik vd;(W) ,itGyg;gl

epfo;tJ Mapd; epjhprdk; mJNt.

xU tifahy; epfo;tJ xd;ww;Fg; nghUe;jpanjhU gaidg; gpwpnjhd;ww;F

ed;ik gag;gjhfNth jPik gag;gjhfNth Gyg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ ejhprdk; vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;.

Gfo;ik epjhprdk;:-

ew;nghUis mwpTWj;Jtjhff; $WtJ.

(v-L)

gpwh;nry;tk; fz;lhy; nghpNahh; kfpo;Tk;

rpwpNahh; nghwhj jpwKk; - mwpTwP,r;

nrq;fky nka;k; kyh;e;j Njd;FKjk; nka;mah;e;j

nghq;F xspNahd; tPW va;Jk; NghJ.

,g;ghly; fjputd; xspiaf; fz;L jhkiu kyh;tJk; Mk;gy; FtptJk; Mfpa

epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> ,tw;wpd; %yk; KiwNa gpwh; nry;tj;ijf; fz;lhy;

nghpNahh; kfpo;th;. rpwpNahh; nghwhik nfhs;th; vd;Dk; fUj;Jfs; ngwg;gl;ljhff;

$Wfpd;wJ. ,J Gfo;ik epjhprdk; MFk;.

jPik epjhprdk;:-

jPa nghUis mwpTWj;Jtjhff; $WtJ.

(v-L)

nghhpNahh; cioAk; gpiorpwp(J) cz;lhapd;

,Uepyj;Js; ahUk; mwpjy; - njhptpf;Fk;


Njf;Fk; fly;cyfpy; ahth;f;Fk;; njs;mKjk;

thf;F kjpNky; kW.

kjpapy; cs;s kW ahth;f;Fk; vspjpy; Gyg;gLjy; xU epfo;thFk;. mJ

nghhpNahhplj;Jg; gpio rpwpJ cz;lhapd; mjid vy;NyhUk; mwpth; vd;Dk; jPa

gaidf; fhl;baJ> Mjypd; ,J jPik epjhprdkhapw;W.


ghlk; - 20

Gzh;epiyazp

,jw;F cld; epfo;r;rp mzp> xUq;F ,ayzp vd;Dk; NtWngah;fSk; cz;L.

,yf;fzk;:-

tpid gz;G vd,it ,UnghUl;(F) xd;Nw

Gzu nkhoptJ Gzh;epiy MFk;

(jz;b-84)

tpidahYk;> gz;ghYk; ,uz;L nghUs;fSf;F xd;Nw nghUe;jr; nrhy;YtJ

Gzh;epiy vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

tpidg; Gzh;epiy:-

,U nghUs;fSf;F xU tpidr;nrhy;iyg; nghUe;Jtjhff; $l;b ciug;gJ

tpid Gzh;epiy MFk;.

(v-L)

Ntz;(L) cUtk; nfhz;L fUfp ntspgue;J

ePz;l Kfpy; clNd ePh;nghope;j – Mz;lifNahh;

Nkty; tpUk;Gk; ngUeirahy; nky;Mtp

fhty; Ghpe;(J) ,Ue;Njhh; fz;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs;fs; Nkfk;> fz; Mfpait> ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk;

cldpfo;r;rp gw;wp „ePh; nghope;j‟ vd;Dk; njhopy; gw;wpa xU nrhy; mike;jpUj;jyhy;

,J tpidg;Gzh;epiy Mapw;W.

gz;Gg; Gzh;epiy:-

,UnghUs;fSf;F xU gz;gpidg; Gzh;j;Jr; nrhy;YtJ gz;Gg; Gzh;epiy

MFk;.

(v-L)

G+q;fhtpy; Gs;xLq;Fk; Gd;khiyg; Ngho;(J) clNd

ePq;fhj ntk;ikatha; ePz;ldthy; - jhk;fhjy;


itf;Fk; Jizth; tUk;mtjp ghh;j;(J)Mtp

ca;f;Fk; jkpahh; caph;.

,g;ghlypy; $wg;ngw;w khiyg;nghOJ> jkpahh; caph; vd;Dk; ,UnghUSf;Fk;

„ntk;ikatha; ePz;ld‟ vDk; gz;G gw;wpa xU nrhy;Ny Kbthf mike;jpUj;jypd;>

,J gz;Gg; Gzh;epiyahapw;W.

ghptUj;jid mzp

xU nghUisf; nfhLj;J NtNwhU nghUisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhfr;

nrhy;YtJ ghptUj;jid mzpahFk;. ,jidg; ghpkhw;w mzp> gz;lkhw;W mzp

vd;Wk; $Wth;.

ghptUj;jid mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

nghUs;ghp khWjy; ghptUj; jidNa

(jz;b-85)

nghUs;fs; xd;ww;F xd;W nfhLj;J xd;W nfhz;ldthfr; nrhy;YtJ

ghptUj;jid vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

fhkid ntd;Nwhd; rilkjpAk; fq;ifAk;

jhk epoy; xd;(W) jhk;nfhLj;J – ehkg;

gUths; mutpd; gzkzpfs; NjhWk;

cUM apuk;ngw;(W) cs.

,g;ghlypy; jpq;fSk; fq;ifAk; ghk;G kzpfSf;F Xh; epoiyf; nfhLj;jd.

mg;ghk;Gfsplk; ,Ue;J Mapuk; Mapuk; cUtj;ijg; ngw;wd vdf; $wpajhy; ,J

ghptUj;jid Mapw;W.

tho;j;jzp

,yf;fzk;:-

,d;dhh;f;(F) ,d;d(J) ,iaf vd;(W)jhk;

Kd;dpaJ fpsj;jy; tho;j;(J) vd nkopa.

(jz;b-86)


,d;d jd;ik cilahh;f;F ,d;dJ epfo;f vd;W ftpQd; jhd; fUjpajid

tpjpg;gJ tho;j;J vd;Dk; mzp vd;W nrhy;Yth; Gyth;.

(v-L)

%thj; jkpo;gae;j Kd;D}y; Kdpthop

Mthop thop mUkiwNahh; - fhtphpehl;(L)

mz;zy; mdghad; thop mtd;Filf;fPo;

kz;Zyfpy; thop kio.

,g;ghlypy; mdghaDf;Fk; mtDila ehl;bw;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjdthfTs;s

mfj;jpa Kdpth;> M> mUkiwNahh;> mdghad;> kio Mfpa midj;Jk; tho;f vd

tho;j;jpAs;sikahy;> ,J tho;j;jzp Mapw;W.

rq;fPuz mzp

jd;ik Kjyhf tho;j;J <whff; $wg;gl;l nghUszpfs; Kg;gj;J %d;W.

mtw;Ws; ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l gy mzpfs; jk;Ks; fye;Jtu ciug;gJ rq;fPuz

mzpahFk;. ,jw;Ff; fyit mzp> tputzp vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.

rq;fPuz mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

nkhopag; gl;l mzpgy jk;Ks;

jOt ciug;gJ rq;fP uzNk.

(jz;b-87)

Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l mzpfs; gyTk; jk;Ks; nghUe;j ciug;gJ rq;fPuzk;

vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

(v-L)

jz;JiwePh; epd;w jtj;jhy; mspkUT

Gz;lhpfk; epd;tjdk; Nghd;wjhy; - cz;Nlh

gapd;whh; csk;gUtk; ghy;nkhopaha; ghh;Nky;

Kad;why; Kbahg; nghUs;.

jz;Jiw ePh; epd;w jtk; - jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp

jtj;jhy; - fhuf VJtzp

msp kUT – rpNyil azp

Gz;lhpfk; epd;tjdk; NghYk; - ctikazp

cz;Nlh Kad;why; Kbahg; nghUs; - Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp

csk; gUFk; ghy; nkhopaha; - Ritazp.

vdg; gy mzpfSk; tputp te;Js;sd. Mjypd; ,J rq;fPuz mzp Mapw;W.


ghtpf mzp

xU ghlyhNyh (Fsfk;) gy ghly;fshNyh (Kj;jfk;) Mfpa nra;As;

tiffSs; mlq;fhky; njhlh;epiyahfg; ghlg; ngWtJ fhg;gpa tifahFk;.

mt;tifAs; xd;iw KOtJkhf Nehf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLtjha;f; ftpQdhy; fUjpr;

nra;ag;gLtNj ghtpfk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.

ghtpf mzpapd; ,yf;fzk;:-

ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpag; gz;Ng

(jz;b-89)

ghtpfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ nghUs; njhlhepiyr; nra;As; jpwj;jpd; ftpahy;

$wpr; nra;ag;gLtnjhU FzkhFk;.

(v-L)

1.gpwdpy; tpioNthh; fpisnahLk; nfLg - ,uhkhazk;

2.nghiwapy; rpwe;j ftrk; ,y;iy. – kfhghujk;

3.tha;ikapy; fbaNjhh; thsp ,y;iy – mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

ghlk; (19 – 20)

FW tpdhf;fs;:

1. tpNuhjtzpia tpsf;fp tiuf.

2. rpNyil tpNuhjk; - tpsf;Ff.

3. khWgL Gfo;epiyazp – tpsf;Ff.

4. Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp tpsf;fk; jUf.

5. epjhprdtzpia tpsf;fp tiuf.

6. Gzh;epiy mzpia tpsf;fp tiuf.

7. ghptUj;jidazp – tpsf;fk; jUf.

8. tho;;j;jzp – tpsf;Ff.

9. rq;fPuztzp – tpsf;Ff.

10. ghtpf mzp – tpsf;Ff.



khjphp tpdhj;jhs;

B.Litt., DEGREE EXAMINATION

First Year

,yf;fzk; - ahg;GE}y;> mzp E}y;

Time : 3 hours 100 Marks.

gFjp – m (5X5=25)

vitNaDk; Ie;jDf;F xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.

1. mir gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

2. ntz;ghtpd; ,dq;fis tpsf;Ff.

3. nghJr;rPh; gw;wp tpsf;fp tiuf

4. fypg;ghtpw;Fhpa Xiria tpsf;fp tiuf.

5. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

6. xg;Gikf; $l;ltzpiag; gw;wp tpsf;fp tiuf

7. ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fis vOJf.

8. jd;ikazp gw;wp tpsf;fp tiuf.

gFjp – M (5X15=75)

vitNaDk; Ie;jDf;F %d;W gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.

1. jPtf mzp gw;wp tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. rPh;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

3. Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.

4. fypg;ghtpd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.

5. nra;As; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.

6. njhil gw;wp tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

7. ctikazp gw;wp tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

8. itjUg;g newpia tpsf;fp tiuf.


Kidth;. R.rptrq;fh ; jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiyth; jpUts;Sth; fy;Y}hp ghgehrk; - 627425 jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;

ghujp fhl;Lk; mQ;rhik XuwpT Kjy; MwwpT tiu nfhz;l caphpdq;fs; ,g;gue;j g+kpapy; gpwe;J>

tsh;e;J> tho;e;J kiwfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; MwwpT nfhz;ljhd kdpjg;gpwtp

fpilj;jw;fhpaJ vd mwpQh;fs; $Wth;. vdpDk; mjpypUe;J FiwTgl;L IawpT

nfhz;l tpyq;FfshfTk; mjw;Fk; fPohd caphpdq;fshfTk; tho;;;;;;;;;;Nthh; gyh;.

jd;Dzh;T ,d;wp> rKjha czh;tpd;wp> mr;rk; ce;jpj; js;s> nfhd;wopf;Fk;

ftiyf; Fopapy; tPo;e;Jgl;Lf; fplf;Fk; kdpjh;fSk; gyuhth;. mj;jifNahUf;F

ey;top fhl;b> tho;thq;F thor; nra;a mwpQh; gyh; Kw;gl;ldh;. “khDl n[d;kk;

ngWtjw;fhpnjDk; tha;ikia czh;e;j” kfhftp ghujpahUk; mtUs; xUth;.

Njrpaf; ftpahfTk; nja;tPff; ftpahfTk; mwpag;gl;l mth; jk; tho;f;ifapy;

nfhz;bUe;j mhpa> nghpa Fzk; mQ;rhik vd;gjhFk;.

rKjhaj;jpy; cah; epiyapypUe;j Fyj;jpYk; FLk;gj;jpYk; gpwe;j ghujp> jkJ

Kd;Ndhh; topfisg; gpd;gw;wpapUe;jhy;> vt;tpjj; Jd;gKk; ftiyAkpd;wp

tho;e;jpUf;fyhk;. Mw;nwhOf;Fg; Nghyf; nfhz;L nrd;wpUf;f Ntz;ba jkJ

tho;tpidj;> jhk; nfhz;l Gul;rpf; fUj;Jfs; fhuzkhff; fhl;lhwhf khw;wpf;

nfhz;lhh;. mjd; %yk; jk;ikj; njhlh;e;J tUfpd;w ,isa ghuj rKjhaj;jpw;Fg;

GJg; ghijapidf; fhl;bdhh;.

“mQ;rhik jpuhtplh; clikalh” vdg; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahh; ghLtjw;F

toptFj;Jf; nfhLj;jth; ghujp vd;why; kpifad;W. mQ;rhik vDk; gz;G jkpohpd;

FUjpapy; Cwpa ngUk; gz;G.

“fy; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj – thndhL

Kd; Njhd;wpa %j;j Fb” vdg; Gfog;ngWtJ jkpo;f;Fb. murd; Kiwapd;wp

kf;fSf;F thp tpjpf;Fk; NghJ> mjidr; Rl;bf; fhl;b> mjdhy; tUk; NfLfis

vLj;Jf; fhl;b newpg;gLj;jpa gprpuhe;ijahh; vDk; Gythpd; ghliyg; GwehD}w;wpy;

fhz KbAk;. “vj;jpirr;; nrypDk; mj;jpirr; NrhNw” vdTk; “kd;dtDk; ePNah

tsehLk; cdNjh?” vdTk; kd;dh;fisf;$l vjph;j;Jg; NgRk; mQ;rhikia ek;

Gyth;fsplj;jpy; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.


“ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;> ekid aQ;Nrhk;

eufj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk; eliy ,y;Nyhk;

Vkhg;Nghk; gpzpawpNahk; gzpNth ky;Nyhk;

,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy”

(mg;gh; Njthuk; 6:98)

vd kd;did Nehf;fpm mQ;rhky; miw$ty; tpLk; JzpT jpUehTf;furh; vDk;

Jwtpaplk; ,Ue;jJ. jkJ nfhs;ifapy; nfhz;l cWjpg;ghL fhuzkhf> ve;jnthU

vjph;g;G te;jhYk;> mQ;rhj> xU Kw;Nghf;fhd> Nkk;gl;l kdepiyia mth;

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. “jhkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;yhj; jd;ikahd rq;fuDf;fd;wpr; rhjhuz

kdpj Nte;jDf;F ehk; mbgzptjpy;iy” vd;Dk; mtuJ kd cWjpAk; mQ;rhikAk;

,d;wsTk; Vw;fg;glj; jf;fit. GtpahSk; kd;dd; kl;Lkh> njd;jpirahSk; ,akd;

$lj; jpUehTf;furhpd; mQ;rhikr; rpe;jidapd; Kd;dhy; typtpoe;J Nghfpd;whd;.

,j;jifa Gyth;fspd; topj;Njhd;wyhd ghujp> „mQ;rhik‟ nfhz;bUg;gjpy; mf;fpdpf;

Fd;whfNt njhpfpd;whh;.

jkJ tho;f;if KOf;f mth; nfhz;bUe;j ,g;gz;G> mtuJ ghly;fspYk;

ciueilapYk; njw;nwdj; njhptijf; fw;why; czuyhk;.

“mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy” vdj; njhlq;Fk; gz;lhug; ghl;L xd;Nw mtUila

kd cWjpf;F kpfr;rpwe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.

“,r;rfj;JNsh nuyhk; vjph;j;J epd;wNghjpDk;

mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rnkd;gjpy;iyNa”

vDk; ghlybfs; rpe;jpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;Jg; Nghw;Wjw;Fhpad.

mtUila tho;f;if mikjpahd xd;W ,y;iy. gy;NtW ,d;dy;fs;

mtiuj; njhlh;e;J te;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jd. ngw;Nwhhpd; kiwT> fhrp thrk;>

nghUshjhur; rpf;fy;fs;> nrhe;j ,d vjph;g;G> tWik vd;gdtw;NwhL muR vjph;g;G

vd;Dk; neUg;G tisaq;fSf;F cs;shfNtjhd; mth; jkJ tho;f;ifr; rf;fuj;ijr;

Row;wp te;jhh;. rhjhuz kdpjuhapd; ,j;Jiz ,lh;g;ghLfspy; rpf;fpr; rpije;J

NghapUg;gh;. Mdhy; ghujpapd; mQ;rhikAk; JzpTk; mtiu> xsptPRk;

Nghh;thshfNt kpspur; nra;jd. vdNtjhd;

“,r;irnfhz;l nghUnsyhk; ,oe;Jtpl;l NghjpDk;

mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rnkd;gjpy;iyNa”


vd mtuhy; ghl Kbe;jJ: gankDk; Nga;jid mbj;J n[aNghpif nfhl;l

Kbe;jJ”.

tha;g;Gf; fpilj;j ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; mQ;rhikg; gz;gpid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;

ghujp.

“Miriaf; nfhy;Nthk; - Giy

mr;rj;ijf; nfhd;W nghRf;fpLNthk;”

(Qhdg;ghly;fs; - gf;jp)

vd mr;rj;ij ,fo;e;J NgRfpd;w” (Fws; 1075) vDk; ts;Sth; thf;fpDf;F muz;

nra;tJ Nghy miktJ ghujpapd; ,g;ghlybahFk;.

mtUila Gjpa Mj;jp #bapy;jhd; vj;jid vj;jid fUj;Jfs; mQ;rhik

Fwpj;J! Kjy; mbNa „mr;rk; jtph;‟ vd;Nw njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. njhlh;e;J “fPNohh;f;F

mQ;Nry;> Nfl;bYk; Jzpe;J epy;> nfhLikia vjph;j;J epy;> rtjw;F mQ;Nry;>

RikapDf;F ,isj;jpNly;> nra;tJ Jzpe;J nra;> jPNahh;f;F mQ;Nry;> njhd;ikf;F

mQ;Nry;> Nga;fSf;F mQ;Nry;” vdg; gythwhf mth; $wpr;nry;tijf; fhz

Kbfpd;wJ> mjNdhNl

“ghjfk; nra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; - ehk;

gaq;nfhs;s yhfhJ ghg;gh

Nkhjp kpjpj;JtpL ghg;gh – mth;

Kfj;jpy; ckpo;e;J tpL ghg;gh”

vdg; ghg;ghTf;F mth; $WtjpYk; Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jfs; njhdpg;gij czuyhk;.

njhd;ikf; fhye;njhl;Lg; ngz;fSf;Fhpa Fzq;fshff; $wg;gLk; mr;rk;> klk;>

ehzk;> gaph;g;G vd;gdtw;iw ,fo;fpd;whh; mth;.

“ehDk; mr;rKk; eha;fl;F Ntz;Lkhk;”

mth; fhZk; GJikg;ngz;

“epkph;e;j ed;dil Neh;nfhz;l ghh;itAk;

epyj;jpy; ahh;f;Fk; mQ;rhj newpfSk;

jpkph;e;j Qhdr; nrUf;Fk;…… nfhz;lts;.

ghuj [dq;fspd; jw;fhy epiyik Fwpj;Jf; $Wk;NghJ kf;fspd;

mr;repiyiaf; fz;L milAk; Ntjidiag; gjpT nra;fpd;whh; ghujp>

“neQ;R nghWf;F jpiyNa - ,e;j

epiynfl;l kdpjiu epidj;J tpl;lhy;


mQ;rp aQ;rpr; rhthh; - ,th;

mQ;rhj nghUspy;iy mtdpapNy

rpg;ghiaf; fz;L mQ;Rthh; - Ch;r;

Nrtfd; tUjy; fz;L kdk; gijg;ghh;

mg;ghy; vtNdh nry;thd; - mtd;

Miliaf; fz;L gae;njOe;J epw;ghh;”

mJ Nghd;Nw ebg;Gr; RNjrpfisf; fz;L Mw;whik nfhs;Sk; NghJk;?

“mr;rKk; NgbikAk; mbikr; rpWkjpAk;

cr;rj;jpw; nfhz;lhuB – fpspNa

Cikr; rdq;fsB

vd mth;fspd; mr;r kdepiyiar; Rl;Lfpd;whh;.

mQ;rhik vd;gJ ghujpapd; caphpYk; CdpYk; CwpaJ vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;

fhl;lha; mtuJ tho;tpay; epfo;Tfs; gy mike;jpUe;jd.

xUKiw jpUtde;jGuk; kpUff; fhl;rpr; rhiyf;F nrd;w ghujp> mq;fpUe;j

rpq;fj;ijj; njhl;Lj; jltpf; nfhLj;jhuhk;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp> “rpq;fuh[h> cd;idf;

fhzf; ftpuh[d; ghujp te;jpUf;fpNw;d. vd; tuit mq;fPfhpf;Fk; tifapy; fh;[id

Ghp” vd;whuhk;. rpq;fKk; mtuJ $w;iw MNkhjpf;Fk; tifapy; Kk;Kiw

fh;[pj;jjhk;. mtuJ tho;ehspd; ,Wjp ehl;fspy; jpUty;ypf;Nfzp ahidapd;

mUfpy; nrd;W gok; nfhLj;jJk; xU rhd;whFk;.

ghujpapd;; ciueilapd; „ijhpak;‟ vd;nwhU gFjp cz;L. mjidg; gbj;jhy;

ghujpapd; mQ;rhik czh;T vj;jifaJ vd czu KbAk;.

“JzpTs;stidNa mwpTs;stndd;gjhf ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; kjpf;fpwhh;fs;.

vLj;jjw;nfy;yhk; mQ;Rk; ,ay;Gila NfhionahUtd; jd;idg; gy rh];jpuq;fs;

fw;wtd; vd;Wk; mwpthspnad;Wk; nrhy;thdhdhy; mtid ek;ghNj! mtd; Kfj;ij

Nehf;fpf; fhwpAkpo;e;J tpl;L> mtdplk; gpd;tUkhW nrhy;:-….. „mr;rk; ,Uf;Fk;giu eP

mwpthspahf khl;lha;. mQ;rhikf;Fk; mwpTf;Fk; ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; xNu nrhy;iy

cgNahfg; gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. mij eP Nfs;tpg; gl;ljpy;iy NghYk;‟

Mk;! mr;rNk klik. mr;rkpy;yhikNa mwpT…. tpgj;Jfs; tUk;NghJ> vtd;

cs;sk; eLq;fhky; JzpTld; mtw;iwnay;yhk; Nghf;f Kaw;rp nra;fpwhNdh> mtNd

Qhdp. ….. ghuj thrpfshfpa ehk; ,g;NghJ GdUj;jhuzk; ngWtjw;Ff; fy;tp


Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpyh; nrhy;Yfpwhh;fs;. ehk; „JzpT Ntz;Lk;‟ vd;fpNwhk;. JzpNt

jha;É mjpypUe;Jjhd; fy;tp Kjypa kw;nwy;yh ed;ikfSk; gpwf;fpd;wd.”

jkJ Mo;e;j rkw;fpUj nkhopawpitf; nfhz;L „ijhpak;‟ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F

mwpTiliknad;Wk; JzpTiliknad;Wk; ,Utpjg; nghUs; cs;sjijf;

fhz;fpd;whh; ghujpahh;. vdNt JzpTilikNa mwpTilik vdj; Jzpe;J mtuhy;

$wKbfpd;wJ. JzpTila tPuh; gyiuAk; mwpQh; gyiuAk; mth; tpae;J

ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. KfkJ egpiag; gw;wpf; $Wifapy;> “fyq;fhj neQ;Rila

QhdjPuKk; mopahj ek;gpf;ifAk; mthplj;NjapUe;jd. Mjyhy; mtUf;F

vLj;j fhhpak; ahtpDk; ntw;wp

vq;Fk; ntw;wp vjpYk; ntw;wp” vd;fpd;whh;.

,f;fUj;jpidNa ghlyhfTk; ghLfpd;whh; ghujp.

“neQ;rpw; ftiy epjKk; gapuhf;fp

mQ;rp caph; tho;jy; mwpahik – jQ;rnkd

itankyhq; fhf;F kfhrf;jp ey;yUis

Iakwg; gw;wy; mwpT”

xspgilj;j fz;NzhLk; cWjp nfhz;l neQ;NrhLk; ,isaghujk; vOe;J tu

Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh; mth;. vdNtjhd;>

“typikaw;w Njhspdha; Ngh Ngh Ngh

khh;gpNy xLq;fpdha; Ngh Ngh Ngh

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

fpypgpbj;j neQ;rpdha; Ngh Ngh Ngh

- - - - - - -

ed;W $wpy; mQ;Rtha; Ngh Ngh Ngh”

vd;W Nghfpd;w ghujj;ijr; rgpf;fpd;whh;. mtdpapy; vy;yhg; nghUSf;Fk; mQ;rp

mQ;rpr; rhfpd;w kdpjiug; ghh;j;J neQ;R nghWf;fhky; ghLfpd;whh;. jhNkh>

fhyDf;Fk; mQ;rhky; epw;fpd;w epiyapid cuf;f vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

“fhyh cidehd;rpW Gy;nyd kjpf;fpNwd; - vd;wd;

fhyUNf thlh rw;Nw cid kpjpf;fpNwd;


vd;W kpul;LtNjhly;yhky;> Guhzj;jpy; fhZk; fhydpd; Njhy;tpfis Vsdk; nra;J>

jk; kdj;JzpitAk; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.

jd;Dila tWikiag; Nghf;fhj guhrf;jpiag; ghh;j;J> “,t;tpjk; ePbj;jhy;

ehd; ehj;jpfdhfp tpLNtd;” vd;W $Wk; JzpTk;> “jdpnahUtDf;F

cztpiynadpy; [fj;jpid mopj;jpLNtd;” vd;Wk; MNtrf;$w;Wk; ghujp vd;Dk;

kfhftpapd; mQ;rhikg; gz;gpidj; njw;nwdf; fhl;Ltd md;Nwh?

Jiz E}y;fs;:-

1. ghujpahh; ftpijfs;

2. ghujpahh; fl;Liufs;

3. ghujp tho;tpy; 100 Ritahd epfo;r;rpfs; - fq;fh uhk%h;j;jp

4. ghujpAk; Gul;rp ,af;fKk; - njh.K.rp.uFehjd;

5. ghujp jkpo; - ng.J}ud;

Course Material Prepared by

Dr. S. SIVASANKAR

Associate Professor & Head, Department of Tamil

Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam.

Date post:	26-May-2018
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