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Preview8-1 Connecting ideas with and8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or8-3 Connecting ideas with so8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and8-5 Using and + too, so, either, neither8-6 Connecting ideas with because8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although
CONTENTS
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PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Elephants eat leaves and brush.
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PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Flounder are fish all fish live in water.
Flounder are fish. All fish live in water.
CORRECT
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PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
CORRECT
, ,
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
We had salmon, asparagus,
and salad for dinner.
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,
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and connects two words NO COMMA
and connects three or more COMMAS
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear., ,
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,
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and connects two sentences COMMA
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.,
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
.
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
.
period two complete sentences no “and”
no comma
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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.
COMMANO COMMA
COMMAS?
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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.
COMMANO COMMA
COMMAS?
,
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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
COMMANO COMMA
COMMAS?
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8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
COMMANO COMMA
COMMAS?
, ,
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I studied for the test, but I failed.
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(a) The team played well but didn’t win.
(b) Is it going to rain or snow?
(c) Would you like peas carrots squash?
and, but and or “conjunctions”
connect items
commas series of three or more
, , or
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(d) I had the flu but I didn’t feel sick.
(e) Did you have the flu or was it just a cold?
I had the flu. = a sentenceI didn’t feel sick. = a sentence
,
,
two complete sentences with but or or
comma
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8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
andbut or
COMMANO COMMA+
I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.
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I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
but,
andbut or
COMMANO COMMA+
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8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and ,
andbut or
COMMANO COMMA+
She goes to school, studies hard ____
gets good grades.
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8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
andbut or
COMMANO COMMA+
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.
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8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
or
andbut or
COMMANO COMMA+
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
Rajiv got a new bike, so he went for a
ride.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
, so
two independent clauses
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
So results:
cause: She was tired.
result: She took a nap.
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she didn’t take a nap.
but unexpected result
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8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
sobut
He was frightened, ___ he didn’t cry.but
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8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
She was lonely, ___ she
hugged her stuffed monkey.
so
sobut
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8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
His mother told him not to play in the mud,
___ he didn’t listen.but
sobut
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
He likes pizza, but I don’t.
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(a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.
(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.
(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
does = play tennis
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(f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.
(h) I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
(i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too.
(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
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I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
negative + but + affirmative
affirmative + but + negative
I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
negative + and + negative
negative + and + negative
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8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
I love to ski, but my sister does too.
CORRECT
I love to ski, and my sister does too.
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8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t.
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8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
CORRECT
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram has.
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Ms. Poulos plays the violin,
and her daughter does too.
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too. subj + aux + TOO
(b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee.SO + aux + subj
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.
subj + aux + EITHER
(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.
NEITHER + aux + subj
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
I am too.
same meaning
(e) I’m happy that we are cooking together. So am I.
(f) I’m happy that we are cooking together.
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
I don’t either.
(g) I don’t like bread.
Neither do I.
(h) I don’t like bread.
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Me too.
(i) I like fruit.
Me neither.
(j) I don’t like bread.
informalEnglish
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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Emma Jay
Amy
too
Amy is wearing highheels, and _______________________.
Emmais too
June
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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
June
Emma Jay
Amy
Amy wears highheels, and _______________________.
so doesEmma
so
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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
June
Emma Jay
Amy
Jay doesn’t havelong hair, and________________.neither does Amy
neither
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
They are happy because they bought a new house.
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(a) She is smiling because she is happy.
because cause reason
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complete sentence
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.
because + subject + verb = an adverb clause
complete sentence
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE
main clause + no comma + adverb clause
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE
adverb clause + comma + main clause
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
MAIN CLAUSEADVERB CLAUSE
same meaning
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:
She is smiling. Because she is happy.
must be connected to a main clause
Written?
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:
Why is helaughing?
Because I told him a joke.
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8-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT?OR
Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.
CORRECT
Her eyes are watering ________________.
OR
Because she is sick, __________________her eyes are watering.
because she is sick
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8-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT INCORRECT ?OR
The woman is happy because she loves her English class.
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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
Even though we were tired,
we didn’t rest.
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(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
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(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.
(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry. I did not cry although I was very sad.
even thoughalthough
samemeaning
adverb clause
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
+
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(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.
(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.
because expected result
even thoughalthough
unexpected result
COMPARE:
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
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8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
even thoughbecause
___________ I wanted to become a doctor, I
went to medical school.
Because
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8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
___________ it was difficult
to become a doctor, I did it anyway.
Even though
even thoughbecause
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