GRAMMAR BOOK

COCO CREIGH

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Preterite2. Trigger Words3. Car/Gar/Zar4. Spock Verbs5. Cucaracha 6. Snake7. Snakey8. Imperfect9. Trigger Words10. Irregulares11. Preterite vs. Imperfect12. Ser vs. Estar13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives/

Superlatives15. Transition Words16. Future17. Trigger Words

18. Irregulars19. Por20. Para21. Demonstrative

Adjectives22. Demonstrative Pronouns23. Conditional 24. Irregulars25. Perfect Tenses26. Present27. Past28. Present Perfect

Irregulars29. Subjunctive Perfect30. Tan y Tanto31. Impersonal se32. Saber vs. Conocer33. Los Mandatos

34. Informal/ Formal35. Affirmative36. Negative37. Irregular38. DOP & IOP Placement39. Nosotros Commands40. Mono Verbs41. Subjunctive42. Irregulars43. Trigger Phrases44. Impersonal Expressions45. Expressions of Emotion46. Conjunctions of time47. Demonstrative

Adjectives 48. Demonstrative Pronouns

PRETERITE

a completed action in the past (snap shot)

AR e aste o amos aronER/ IR i iste io imos

ieron

TRIGGER WORDS

el dia anterior- the day beforeayer- yesterdayla semanapasada- last weekel fin de semanapasada- last weekendel mespasado- last monthanoche- last nightya- alreadyanteayer- day before yesterday

CAR/GAR/ZAR

those tend to have changes to their ends in conjugation in subjunctive form

car quegar guezar ce this one does it for habit not

becuase it has to for pronunciation

SPOCK VERBS

the verbs Ir (to go) and ser (to be) are conjugated the same way

fui fuimosuiste fuisteis fue fueronthe verb hacer (to make or do) is conjugated

differently from the rest of the “Spock” verbshice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo

hicieronthe verbs dar (to give) and ver (to see) are

also conjugated the same way

CUCARACHAandar- anduvestar- estuvpoder- pudeponer-pusquerer-quissaber- suptener- tuvvenir- vinconducir- condujcroducir- produjtraducir- tradujdecir- dijtraer-traj

Eisteimosisteisieron“j” verbs drop the “I”- eron

SNAKE VERBS

stem changers in the preteriteonly change in the 3rd person

ex. dormirdurmió

SNAKEY VERBS

stem changers in the preteritechange only in the 3rd personY is added

ex. leer-leye

IMPERFECT

actions repeated habituallyactions that “set the stage”another past actiontelling timestating agemental statesphysical statesto describe characteristics of people, things, or

conditionsAR aba abas aba ábamosaban

ER/IR ia ias ia iamos ian

TRIGGER WORDS

a veces- sometimesmientras- whilecadadía- everydaya menudo- oftenmuchas veces- many timestodos los días- everydaysiempre- alwaysfrecuentemente- frequently

IRREGULARS

decir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr

PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT

preterite

irregulars- ir, ser, verno definite beginning or end

imperfect

irregulars- spock, cucarachadefinite beginning or end

SER VS. ESTAR

serD-descriptionO-originC-characteristicsT-timeO-occupationR-relationshipP-physical characteristicsE-eventD-date

estarH-health E-emotional L-location P-physical appearance I -ando N -ando G -ando

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

show emotions about somethingpronouns go before verb

ex. Me gusta chicas.if object is plural, add n

ex. Les encantan las chicas.me te le nos les

COMPARATIVES/ SUPERLATIVES

show a relationship between two things

comparatives use que, superlatives de

TRANSITION WORDS

aunque- even thoughtambién- alsomientras- whilea pesar de- inspite of por lo tanto- thereforesin embargo- nevertheless

FUTURE

used to tell what “will” happenadd endings to infinitive

ex. hablaréé ás á emos án

TRIGGER WORDS

mañanaen el futuroen el díapróximoen el añopróximo

IRREGULARS

decir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr

é ás á emos án

POR

passing through- portalgeneral rather than specific location-

portugalhow long something lasts- poreverthe cause of something- porposean exchange- import/exportdoing something in place of someone

elsea means of transportation

PARA

for whom something is done- surprise paraty

destination- paraguaypurpose for which something is done-

parachuteto express an opinion- paradon (me)to compare/contrast- comparasonidea or deadline- paramedic

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

describe a nouneste- thisese- thataquel- that one over there

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

describe a nounesto- this matter, this thingeso- that matter, that thingaquello- that matter/thing over there

CONDITIONAL

expresses probability, possibility, or conjecture

“would”ía ías ía íamos ían

IRREGULARS

same as future irregularsdecir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr

PERFECT TENSES

helping verb + past participlethere are three main perfect tenses:

present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect

portray an action or state as completed and not in progress, from a different point of view

PRESENT

present tense of haber w/ past participle

“has” or “have”ex. He comido.

he has ha hemos han

PAST

“had”ex. habíavivido

había habías había habíamoshabían

PRESENT PERFECT IRREGULARS

hemospuesto- we have puthan escrito- they have writtenhe abierto- I have openedha muerto- she has diedhan visto- you all have seenha dicho- you (formal) have saidhas vuelto- you have returnedhemoshecho- we have done

SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT

compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb

TAN & TANTO

tan

forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs:tan + adj(adverb) + como

tanto

forming comparisons of equalities with nouns:tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

IMPERSONAL SE

verbs always 3rd person and followed by a direct object

se + 3rd person singularex. Se hablaespañol.

SABER VS. CONOCER

saber

to know factsinformationhow to do something something by heart

conocer

to know to be familiar with peopleplacesthings

LOS MANDATOS

used to directly address someone and give them an order

can be formal or informalcan be nosotroscan be affirmative or negative

INFORMAL/FORMAL

informal

use the present indicative Ud. form in the affirmitive

use the present subjunctive tú form in the negative

formal

use the present subjunctive forms

AFFIRMATIVE

the affirmative tú commands are not based on the subjunctive

there is however, a list of verbs that are irregular in the affirmative tú command form that you must learn.

NEGATIVEto make a sentence negative, place the word "no" before the verbalgo (something)nada (nothing)alguien (somebody)nadie (nobody)algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something)ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)siempre (always)nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)también (also)tampoco (neither, not either)o . . . o (either . . . or)ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)

IRREGULARS

decir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr

DOP & IOP PLACEMENT

placed before verbanswer the questions of who? & what?

placed before verb answer the questions of to whom? & for whom?

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

used when speaker is included, used to express lets + verb

opposite nosotros endingex. Comamosallí.

for negative, just add no before verb

MONO VERBS

with affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –seex. Sentemos + nos = sentémonos

but with negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verbex. No nossentemos

SUBJUNCTIVE

used to express everything but certainty and objectivity

start w/ “yo” form of present indicative, drop the –o ending, and addthe following endings

for stem-changers, formula applies but no stem change in nosotrosex. Piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen

for –ir stem changing verbs, the formular applies except nosotros changes to o:U, E:Iex. Durmamos, sintamos, pidamos

IRREGULARScar, gar, zarsTvdishes

ex. dardédesdédemosdenex. estarestéestésestéestemosesténex. irvayavayasvayavayamosvayanex. serseaseasseaseamossean

TRIGGER PHASESa menosque…antes que…cuando…dudarque…en cuanto…es buenoque…es imposibleque…es maloque…quererque… sin que… negarque… hastaque… en raroque… es mejorque… es posibleque… esperarque…

IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS

triggers of the subjunctive

EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS

Verbs/expressions of will or want which express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire:

aconsejar que to advise decir que to tell dejar que to let allow desear que to desire that es hora que it's time that es importante que it is important that es necesario que it is necessary that esperar que to hope that

CONJUCTIONS OF TIME

present Subjunctive - incompleted actionsa menos queantes de quecon tal de quedespués de quehasta quemientras quetan pronto como

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

describe a nouneste- thisese- thataquel- that one over there

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

describe a nounesto- this matter, this thingeso- that matter, that thingaquello- that matter/thing over there