Libra de

gramaticaSelena McCann

Table of contents 1-title page 2-table of contents 3- present 4- stem changers

5-irregulars “yo” 6- saber vs conocer 7-reflexives 8-”se” impersonal 9- diphthongs with accents 10- verbs like uir/ guir, cer/cir, ger/ gir 11- hace + time+que+ presente 12- imperfect 13-preterit tense 14-preterit continued

15-comparatives 16-superlatives 17-Future 18-commands 19-por 20-para 21-por vs para 22-present perfect 23-double object pronouns

24- adverbs 25-subjunctive 26- se impersonal 27- progressives (ir, andar, seguir)

Present:

“ar”

Yo-o Tu-asUd.

El/ella-a

Nosotros-amo

s

Uds. Ellos/ellas-

an

To create the present

tense of a regular

verb you replace the

ar/er/ir ending with

the corresponding

conjugation

“er/ir”

Yo- o Tu-es

Ud. El/

ella-e

Nosotros-imos

Uds. Ellos/ellas-

en

Irregular present

Ir:

-Voy

-Vas

-Va

-Vamos

-Van

Estar:

-Estoy

-Estas

-Esta

-Estamos

-Estan

Ser:

-Soy

-Eres

-Es

-Somos

-Son

Dar:

-Doy

-Das

-Da

-Damos

-Dan

Stem Changers:

E IEPensar

-Pienso

-Piensas

-Piensa

-Pensamos

-Piensan

O UEPoder:

-Puedo

-Puedes

-Puede

-Podemos

-Pueden

E IPedir:

-Pido

-Pides

-pide

-Pedimos

-Piden

Have a stem change in all forms

with the exception of nosotros

Similar verbs:

Cerrar , despertar,

empezar, divertise,

encender, hervir,

mentir, perder,

preferir.

Similar verbs:

Acoster, colgar,

devolter, dormir,

encontrar,

mostrar, probar,

recordar, revolver.

Similar

verbs:

Conseguir,

despedir,

seguir,

servir, vestir.

Irregulars “yo” form:

Go verbs

Tener-Tengo

Decir- Digo

Oir-Oigo

Hacer- Hago

Traer: Traigo

Caer-Caigo

Poner-Pongo

Salir- Salgo

GJ

Proteger-Protejo

Dirigir- Dirijo

Escoger-Escojo

Recoger-Recojo

C ZC

Conocer-conozco

Obedecer-Obedezco

C Z

Cocer-cuezo

Torer- Tuerzo

Mecer-Mezo

Ejercer-Ejerzo

Vencer-Venzo

Irregular verbs

whose yo forms

have a diffent

conjugation than

the rest of subjects

Saber VS.

:

Conocer

SABER

• To know a fact, information, or data.

CONOCER

• To be familiar with, to be acquainted with, people, places, and general concepts.

Though both verbs mean

“to know” each stands

for something different.

Saber

Yo- se

Tu- sabes

Ud. El/ella-sabe

Nosotros-sabemos

Uds. Ellos/ellas-

saben

Conocer

Yo-conozco

Tu-conoces

Ud. El/ella-conoce

Nosotros-conocemos

Uds.ellos/ellas-conocen

ME

•myself

TE

•yourself

SE

•Yourself

•Himself

•Herself

•itself

NOS

•ourselves

SE

•Yourselves

•themselves

Reflexives:Reflexives are what

is being reflected

upon.

Reflexive verbsLavaerse: to wash oneself

Me lavo

Te lavas

Se lava

Nos lavamos

Se lavan

Llamarse: to be called

Levantarse: to get up

Acostarse: to go to bed

Ponerse: to put on

Vestirse: to get dressed

Sentarse: to sit down

Cansarse: to get tired

Alegrarse: to be glad

“se”

impersonal

Passive voice-Se hablaEspanol

Reciprocal action- Nos

vemos

There isn’t anyone in specific

its referring to, it means

people in general. Indicates what

happened to

the subject of

the sentence

without saying

who or what

carried out the

action.

Indicate that

action is being

preformed on

one or more

subjects. The

most common

translation is that

people do

something to or

with each other

Diphthongs with accents:When a strong and weak vowel or

two weak vowels combine to form a

single syllable.

Esquiar: to ski

•Esquio

•Esquias

•Esquia

•Esquiamos

•esquian

Mas palabras

•Enviar: to send

•Continuar: to continue

•Graduarse: to graduate

Mas palabras

•Puerto

•Tierra

•Siete

•Hay

•Cuida

•Ciudad

•Labio

•Hacia

•canción

Verbs

like:

uir/guir

y

cer/cir

y

ger/gir

coger

• Cojo

• Coges

• Coge

• Cogemos

• cogen

exigir

• Exijo

• Exiges

• Exige

• Exigimos

• exigen

conocer

• Conozco

• Conoces

• Conoce

• Conocemos

• conocen

decir

•Digo

•Dices

•Dice

•Decimos

•Dicen

atribuir

•Atribuyo

•Atribuyes

•Atribuye

•Atribuimos

•Atribuyen

conseguir

•Consigo

•Consigues

•Consigue

•Consigimos

•consiguen

Hace+ Time+ Que + present

tense of the verb: This formula is used to

show how long an action

was happening or the

length of time an action

took place.

Hace+ Time+ Que+ Present tense of the verb

Hace+ Tres

anos+que+ Estudio espanol =

Hace tres anos que estudioespanol.

Imperfect trigger words

Nuca: never

A veces: sometimes

Todo el tiempo: all the time

“Ar”

aba

abas

aba

Abamos

aban

“Er/ir”

ia

ias

Ia

Iamos

ian

Uncompleted action

No definite beginning or end

Descriptive tense; who? What? When? Where?

Imperfect:

Preterit tense Irregulars

Car:

c qu

Buscarbusque

Gar: G gu

Jugarjugue

Zar:

z c

Amlorzar

almorce

spockIr/ser

Fui

Fuiste

Fue

Fuimos

Fueron

Dar/ver

Di/vi

Diste/viste

Dio/vio

Dimos/vimos

Dieron/vieron

Hacer

Hice

Hiciste

Hizo

Hicimos

hicieron

cucuracha

andar estar poder poner Quere

r

Saber Tener venir Conducir Producir Traducir Decir Traer

Anduve Estuve Pude Puse Quise Supe Tuve Vine Conduje Produje Traduje Dije traje

Conjugations

-e -iste -o -Imos -Ieron

Preterit conjugations

Ar

-e

-aste

-o

-amos

-Aron

Er/ir

-I

-iste

-io

-imos

-ieron

Preterit continued

Snake

Stem changers

dormir

-Dormi

-Dormimos

-Dormiste

-Durmio

-dumieron

snakey

leer

-lei

-leimos

-leiste

-leyo

-leyeron

Trigger words

Ayer-

yesterday

Anoche-lastnight

Anteaye-day

before yesterday

La semanapasada-last week

Comparatives

Comparatives: mas/menos + adj + que Me acuesto mas tarde que

If using numbers use de in place of que

Used to show comparison of

one thing to another using :

more, less, or, as…

When showing

equality use:

Tan- so

Tanto- so much

Tantos- so many

comparative adj

Mejor Bueno

Peor Malo

Mayor Grande

menor pequeno

superlatives Indicates the noun that is least, worst,

most, or best of all.

Definite article + noun+ mas/menos+

adj+de

Miguel es el chico mas inteligente de la clase

irregularsAdj

-bueno

-malo

-grande

-pequeno

Superlative

-el/la mejor

-el/la peor

-el/la meyor

-el/la menor

Future

Irregular

•Decir- dir

•Haber- habr

•Hacer- har

•Poder-podr

•Poner-pondr

•Querer- querr

•Saber- sabr

•Salir- saldr-

•Tener- tendr

•Valer- valdr

•Venir-vendr

Trigger words

Proximoano- next

year

Proximosemana-

next week

Manana-tomorrow

oInfinitive + ending oVivir vivire

ocomer comere

ohablar hablare

-e

-as

-a

-emos

-an

Ir+ a+ infinitive =

the immediate

future

Commands For tu commands, you

simply put the verb in the “usted” form.

EX: Comer- Come For negative tu commands,

use the usted form, switch the vowel, and add an “s”.

EX: Comer- No comas For usted commands, you

simply put the verb in the “yo” form and switch the ending vowel.

EX: Comer- Coma/coman For usted negative

commands, you do the same thing.

For nosotros commands, just put it in nosotros form and switch the vowel.

EX: Comer- comamos

If it’s a verb like “irse”, the correct conjugation would be like IR- Vamosnos-Vamonos

It’s the same for negative commands.

EX: Comer- No comamos

Por Unit of measure (per or by)

Exchange or substitution (in exchange for)

Object of search

Means by which something is done (by, by way of, or by means of)

Reason or motive for an action (because of, on account of, on behalf of)

Duration of an action ( during)

Motion or general location ( around, through, along, by)

Para Who someone works for Recipient of something Comparison with others or an opinion Considering

Purpose + Noun For, used for

Purpose – Goal + Infinitive In order to

Destination – Towards, In the direction of Deadline – Specific time in the future By, For

Por vs. para

Both represent the word “for” but are not

used in the same context.

Por Para

Present perfect Haber + -Ado or – Ido

He Habia, Has Habias, Ha Habia, Hemos Habiamos, Hand Habian

Irregulars

Abrir – Abierto

Cubir – Cubierto

Decir – Dicho

Escribir – Escrito

Hacer – Hecho

Morir – Muerto

Poner – Puesto

Resolver – Resuelto

Romper – Roto

Ver – Visto

Volver – Vuelto

Ir - Ido

Double object pronouns

Verbo + Indirect Object Pronoun + Direct Object

Pronoun

Damelo! – Give it to me!

Dimelo! - Tell me it!

Give him the present

• Da le (se) DOP

Adverbs -mente = -ly Slowly, Quickly,

Readily Changing an

adverb that ends with an “o” Change “o” to “a”

and and –mente Rapido –

Rapidamente : Tranquilo –Tranquilamente

For others…

Just add –mentewhen ending with a consonant Facil – Facilmente :

Frequente –Frequentemente

Irregular Adverbs Bastante- Bad Demasiando – Too Mal – Badly Peor – Worse Siempre - Always

Subjunctive W- Wish, Want E- Emotion D-Doubt (no creer) D- Denial I- Impersonal

Expressions N- non-Existing G- God (Ojala) Guest Main Clause + Connector

+ Subordinate Clause

Es muy importante queaprendas el subjectivo

Impersonal Expressions Es bueno que… Es mejor que… Ojala que… Es malo que… Es necesario que… Es urgente que…

Indicative Subjunctive

Facts Attitudes

Real Uncertain

Definite Hypothetical

Subjuntive continued…

Regular Present Subjunctive- Hablar

(change to opposite vowel)

Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Hablen

Irregular Yo

Conducir (zco) Conduzca

Ir Stem Changers

Pedir – e:i Pida, Pidamos

Sentir – e:ie Sienta

Dormir – o:ue Duerma, Duermas, Dueran

Progressives (ir, andar, seguir) Ando/ Iendo/ Yendo Ir + present participle = is

slowly but surely ____ing Voy estudiando

Andar + present participle = is going around ___ing Caminando

Seguir + present participle= is still ___ing Sigo calificando

Jaime/andar/buscar trabajo Jaime anda buscando

trabajo.

Yo/ir/cantar/ una cancion

Voy cantando una cancion

Uds./ seguir/ estudiar historia Uds. Sigen estudiando

historia.

Tu/ andar/ perder todo. Tu andads perdiendo todo.