+

Grammar Book

Adriana Pitman

+Table of Contents

1. Nacionalidades

2. Stem Changing Verbs

3. para

4. Indirect Object Pronouns

5. Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmative and Negative Words

8. Superlatives

9. reflexives

10. affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

12. sequencing events

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+Stem Changers

pedir e>i pido pides pide pedimos pedis piden

contar o>ue cuento cuentas cuenta contamos contais cuentan

poder o>ue puedo puedes puede podemos podeis pueden

+Para

Purpose

Recipient

Opinion

Destination

Deadline

Standard

Esta agua es para beber.

This water is for drinking.

Yo traje la comida para mi abuela.

I brought the meal for my grandmother.

Para mí los derechos humanos son importantes.

In my opinion, human rights are important.

Las toallas son para el baño.

The towels are for the bathroom.

El proyecto es para el veinte de mayo.

The project is due the 20th of May.

Su hijo sabe mucho para su edad.

His son knows a lot for his age.

+Indirect Object Pronouns

Me-me A me compro unos aretes.

Te-you (familiar)

Le- you (formal), him, her El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre.

Nos- us A nosotros no nos interesa el tenis.

Os- you (familiar)

Les- you, them Yo les escribi una carta a mis tios.

Examples:

+Pronoun Placement

Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

+Gustar- to like

Singular Plural

Me gusta la idea Me gustan las personas

Te gusta la idea Te gustan las personas

Le gusta la idea Le gustan las personas

Nos gusta la idea Nos gustan las

personas

Os gusta la idea Os gustan las

personas

Les gusta la idea Les gustan las

personas

+Affirmative + Negatives

Affirmatives algo alguien algun/alguno(a) siempre Tambien

english something someone some always also

nadie

Ningun/ninguno(a)

nunca

tampoco

nada

no one

none/not any

never

neither/either

nothing

Negatives

+Superlatives

Ismo

Isimos

Isima

Isimas

These are added to adjectives and

adverbs.

If the adjective/adverb ends in c, g, z

they change to qu, gu, and c.

Examples:

rico>riquisimo

larga>larguisima

feliz>felicismo

mal>malismo

muchas>muchisimo

+Reflexives

Used when the subject also receives the actions.

-se is usually attached

Reflexive Pronouns

me

te

se

nos

os

se

Examples:

Pepa se lava.

Pedro se afeita.

+Affirmative tu commands +

irregulars + pronoun placement

decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir sal

ser se

tener ten

venir ven

Irregular Affirmative tu commands

Affirmative tu commands

Simply place verb in its infinitive

form, then remove the “r”.

Example:

Caminar> Camina!

When a pronoun is used, attach the pronoun to

the command. Example: Ponte otra comisa!

(Put on (yourself) another shirt!)

Example:

Primero haz los quehaceres.

(First do the chores!)

+Negative tu command + irregulars +

pronoun placement

Hablar hablo No hables!

Volver vuelvo No vuelves!

Negative tu commands

1. Place verb in yo form

2. Use the opposite ending –es

for –ar verbs, -as for –er and

–ir verbs Irregular tu commands

Examples:

No le des direccion a nadie.

(Don’t give my address to

anyone)

*The pronoun comes before

the verbs in negative

commands

+Sequencing Events

Primero>first

Entonces>then

Luego/despues>after, later

Por fin>end, last

Antes de/despues de>before/after

Por la manana/tarde/noche>in the morning/afternoon/night

Los lunes/martes…>every Monday/Tuesday…

+Preterite

A snapshot in time

-AR verbs

é amos

Aste asteis

o aron

-ER verbs

I imos

iste isteis

io ieron

+Trigger Words

Un dia One day

Una vez once

Ayer Yesterday

A noche At night

Hace un ano A year ago

Ya Already

El mes pasado Last month

Anteayer Day before yesterday

Por una hora For one hour

Por fin Finally

Una dia One day

A las ocho At eight

Dos veces twice

+-car, -gar, -zar

-car > -qué tocar > toqué

-gar > -gué Jugar > jugué

-zar > cé comenzar > comencé

+Deber + infinitive

Deber = should

Example: Yo debo cantar. (I should sing.)

debo debemos

debes debéis

debe deben

+Modal Verbs

Can’t have two conjugated verbs

Examples of modal verbs: deber (should), desear (to desire),

necesitar (to need), poder (to want)

Nonexamples: Yo debo bailo.

+Present Progressive

-er, -ir verbs change to –iendo

-ar verbs change to –ando

If the verb has a double vowel like leer then it changes to

leyendo

Examples:

Bailar > bailando

Mover > moviendo

+Adverbs

Ending in –o or –a the adjective changes to –amente

Ending in –e or other consonant then just add –mente

Facil > facilmente

Rapido > rapidamente