Gramática Libro

By Jeremias Moss

Table of Contents

1. Present Tense

2. Stem Changers

3. Irregular “Yo” Form

4. Saber Vs. Conocer

5. Reflexive Verbs

6. “Se” Impersonal

7. Verbs Similar to Gustar

8. Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir

9. Hacer Expression

10. Imperfect

1. Irregular

2. Trigger Words

11. Preterite Tense

1. Irregular (-car/gar/zar, spock, cucarcha, & snake/snakeys)

2. Trigger Words

12. Comparatives/Superlatives

13. Future

1. Irregular

2. Trigger Words

Table of Contents

14.Conditional

15.Por y Para

16.Commands

17.Present Perfects

18.Irregular Past Participle

19.Double Object

20.Adverbs

21.Subjunctive

22.“Se” impersonal

23.Progressive w/ ir, andar and seguir

Present Tense

Used to express a past action that continues to have importance until the present.

-ar Nadar (to swim)- nado, nadas, nada, nadamos,

nadàis, nadan

-er Comer (to eat)- como, comes, come, comemos,

coméis, comen

-ir Vivir (to live)- vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven

Stem Changers

These verbs don’t change only in the nosotros/vosotros form

“e” se convierte a “ie”

Ex. Pensar- pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensàis,

piensan

More words: cerrar, despertar, divertirse, empezar…

“e” se convierte a “i”

Ex. Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden

More words: conseguir, despedir, seguir, servir…

“o” se convierte a “ue”

Ex. Poder- puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden

More words: acostar, colgar, devolver, dormir…

“u” se convierte a “ue”

Jugar has “u” to “ue” stem change in all except

nosotros/vosotros

Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in

nosotros/vosotros

Irregular “Yo” Form

“Go” verbs- coer, decir, oír, poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir…

Tener- tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen

Decir- digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen

Oír- oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

“Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…

Conocer- conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen

Saber Vs Conocer

They both mean “to know”

Both are verbs with a irregular “yo” form

Saber is used in the context of knowing

information or ideas.

Ex. Sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben

Conocer is used in the context of knowing a

person or a place.

Ex. Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos,

conocéis, conocen

Reflexive Verbs

Verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when

used.

Reflected upon ones self

Identified by –se suffix

Ex. Laverse (to wash)- lavo, lavas, lava, lavamos,

lavàis, levan

Ex. Caerse (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos,

caéis, caen

Reflexive pronouns before the verb: me

(myself), te (yourself), se (him/herself,

themsleves), nos (ourselves)

Ex. Me Lavo, Te Lavas, Se Lava, Nos Lavamos, Se

Lavan

“Se” Impersonal

To form the “Se” impersonal, verbs are

always 3rd person singular and are

commonly followed by a direct object.

Formula: se + 3rd person singular

Ex. Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is

spoken here.)

Ex. Se dice que va a llover mañana. (It's

said it is going to rain tomorrow.)

Verbs Similar to Gustar

I.O. + “gusta verb” + noun

I.O- me, te, le, les, nos, os

Ex. Me encantan los deportes

Te fascina la música

Le molesta el arte

Les intersan los estudios

Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-

uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir

Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -gir change

the g to j before an a or an o.

Ex. Proteger (to protect)- protejo (yo)

Ex. Exigir (to require)- exijo (yo)

More words: dirigir, escoger, recoger,

encoger, fingir, elegir, corregir…

“Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…

Conocer- conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen

Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in nosotros/vosotros

Hacer Expressions

The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the

length of time an action has been taking place

Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb

Ex. Hace un año que estudio español.

To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“

Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb

Ex. Hace un año que no estudio español.

Present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time

Ex. Estudio español desde hace un año

To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“

No + present tense form of the verb + desde hace + time

Imperfect Tense Regular

Verbs

Imperfect tense is used to express a past

event that was outgoing for an

indeterminate length of time

The imperfect generally means “used to

do” or “was doing” when talking about

actions that happened in the past

Rules of Imperfect

1. To express what was in the middle of happening at the time of narration, what use to happen, or what happened repeatedly in the past

2. To describe people or things in the past

3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling the past

4. To describe the time of day in the past

5. When describing an action that was in the process of happening when interrupted by another action

6. To set the stage, describe a situation

Imperfect Conjugations

Yo

-aba

Nosotros

-àbamos

Tú

-abas

Vosotros

-abais

Él/ella/Ud.

-aba

Ello(a)s/Ud

s.

-aban

Yo

-ía

Nosotros

-íamos

Tú

-ias

Vosotros

-íais

Él/ella/Ud.

-ía

Ello(a)s/Ud

s.

-ían

-ar -er/-ir

Imperfect Trigger Words

a menudo (often)

a veces (sometimes)

cada día (every day)

cada semana (every week)

cada mes (every month)

cada año (every year)

con frecuencia (frequently)

de vez en cuando (from time to time)

en aquella época (at that time)

frecuentemente (frequently)

generalmente (usually)

muchas veces (many times)

mucho (a lot)

nunca (never)

por un rato (for awhile)

siempre (always)

tantas veces (so many times)

todas las semanas (every week)

todos los días (every day)

todo el tiempo (all the time)

varias veces (several times)

Imperfect Irregulars

Ir

Iba, ibas, ibamos, ibais, iban

Ser

Era, eras, éramos, erais, eran

Ver

Veía, veías, veíamos, veíais, veían

Verbos Irregulars En El

Presente

ir (to go)

Ex. Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van

Estar (to be)

Ex. Estoy, estàs, està, estamos, estàis,

estàn

Ser (to be)

Ex. Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

Dar (to give)

Ex. Doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan

Ser Vs Estar

Ser & Estar both mean –to be ,but they are used in different situations. Estar (temporary)- health, emotion/mood, location,

present condition, appearance and civil state (married, dead, etc.)

Use present progressive tense (-o to –ing) during state of motion -ar to –ando

Ex. I am angry (Estoy enojada)

-er/-ir to –iendo/yendo

Ex. I read (Leyendo)

Ser Vs Estar Cont.

Ser (Permanent)- physical description,

personality and character, nationality, race,

gender, profession, origin, What things are

made of, Dates, days, seasons, time,

events, concerts, and parties

Origin and possession are followed by “de.”

Ser/Estar Conjugation

Yo

Soy

Nosotros

Somos

Tú

Eres

Vosotros

Soís

Él/ella/Ud.

Es

Ello(a)s/Ud

s.

Son

Yo

Estoy

Nosotros

Estamos

Tú

Estàs

Vosotros

Estàis

Él/ella/Ud.

Està

Ello(a)s/Ud

s.

Estàn

Ser/Estar Rap

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=p

layer_detailpage&v=lY10_T_ROq4

Verbs w/ Accents in the

Present Indicative Tense

The vowels i and u are “weak vowels” in contrast to the “strong vowels” a, e, and o. When they come in contact with any other vowel they normally form a diphthong. Diphthong is when a weak vowel (i/y, u) and a

strong vowel (a,e,o) or two weak vowels come together.

Ex. Esquiar (to ski)- esquío, esquías, esquía, esquiamos, esquiàis, esquían

Ex. Continuar (to continue)- continùo, continùas, continùa, continuamos, continuàis, continùan

Preterite

Preterit tense is used to express a totally

completed past action, a past determinate

action, or an action that lasted for a

specific length of time.

A perfected action in the past (beginning

and/or ending)

Past tense

“Snapshot” of time

Song: é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos,

aron, ieron, esto es el preterito

Preterite Conjugation

Yo

-é

Nosotros

-amos

Tú

-aste

Vosotros

-asteis

Él/ella/Ud.

- ó

Ello(a)s/Ud

s.

-aron

Yo

- í

Nosotros

-imos

Tú

-iste

Vosotros

-isteis

Él/ella/Ud.

-ió

Ello(a)s/Ud

s.-ieron

-ar -er/-ir

Los Irregulars

Prefix (1st person only yo)

-gar to –gué (verbs with –gué in the “yo” form)

Pagar to Pagué

More words: apagar, jugar, llegar…

-car to –qué (verbs with –qué in the “yo” form)

Sacar to saqué

More words: buscar, practicar, tocar…-zar to –cé (verbs with

–cé in the “yo” form)

-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the “yo” form)

Cruzar to Crucé

More words: empezar, lanzar…

Includes Spock Words, Cucaracha Verbs, and

Snake/ys

Spock Words

Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs

Hacer (hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron)

Ir/ser (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron)

Dar/ver (-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -ieron)

Cucaracha Verbs

Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Andar/anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos,

anduvisteis, anduvieron - (to walk)

Estar/estuve…- (to be)

Poder/pude…- (to be able to)

Poner/puse…- (to put into lace)

Querer/quise…- (to want/wish)

Saber/supe…- (to know facts or info)

Tener/tuve…- (to have)

Venir/vine…- (to come)

conducir/conduje…- (to conduct/drive)

Producir/produje…- (to produce)

Tradacir/traduje…- (to translate)

Traer/traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron-(to bring)

Decir/dije…- (to say) If it has a –j than you omit the –i in -ieron

Snake/Snake-y

Snakes are Preterite Tense Irregular

Verbs

Snakeys are Preterite Tense With

Spelling Changes

Stem changers & -y changers

Snake/Snake-y Cont.

Example of -o to –u Dormir- (dormí, dormiste, dúrmió, dormimos,

dúrmieron)

Example of -e to –i Pedir- (pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis,

pidieron)

More words: conseguir, despedirse, divertirse, hervir, mentir, prefirir, seguir, sentir, servir, sugerir, vestirse, morir…

Example of verbs with -y Leer- (lei, leiste, leýo, leimos, leýeron)

More words: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir, influir…

Preterite Trigger Words

Ayer- yesterday

Anoche- last night

Anteayer- day before yesterday

La Samana Pasada- last week

El Dia Anterior- the day before

El Lunes/Martes/Jueves/etc. Pasada- last (day)

El Fin De Semana Pasado- last weekend

El Mes Pasado- last month

Ayer Por La Manana- yesterday morning

Ayer Por La Tarde- yesterday afternoon

El Otro Dia- the other day

Una Vez- one time

Esta Tarde- this afternoon

Esta Manana- this morning

Esta Noche- tonight

Comparatives/superlatives

Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another (more, less,

or as... As)

Más/menos- adj/adv/noun + que Ex. Menos intersantes- less interesting

“de” used instead of “que” w/ numbers

Verb + Más/menos que superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.

Two types of superlative: relative and absolute

The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some larger

group.

definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de

Ex. Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.

The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger

group.

muy + adjective

sumamente + adjective

adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)

Ex. muy guapo/ sumamente guapo/ guapísimo

El Futuro

Used to express an action that will take

place after the present moment

Infinitive + e, as a, emos, an

Infinitive- “will” I will eat

Ex. Vive, viviras, te amare*

-ir + -a + infinitive (immediate future)

Future Conjugations

Yo

-é

Nosotros

-emos

Tú

-às

Vosotros

-éis

Él/ella/Ud.

-à

Ello(a)s/Uds.

- àn

Future Irregular

Their endings are regular, but their -yo stem

changes.

Infinitive + ending (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)

Ex. Caber/ yo cabré

Ex. decir/ yo diré

Ex. Resaber/ yo resabré

Future Irregular Tense

Tener (to have): tendré, tendràs, tendrà, tendremos, tendréis, tendràn

Decir (to say): dir-

Hacer (to do): har-

Haber (to have): habr-

Saber (to know): sabr-

Poder (to be able to): podr-

Querer (to want): querr-

Salir (to exit): saldr-

Poner (to place): pondr-

Venir (to come): vendr-

Conditional

Should, would, could do

What happens under certain conditions

Make polite requests

Ex. Yo no ne quejarle tanto (I wouldn’t

complain a lot)

-ar/-er/-ir (same ending in conditional)

Ía, ías, íamos, ían

Use same irregular stem as the future

Conditional of “hay” is always “habría”

Por Y Para

Por/Para- “for”

Por≠Para

Por

Used to indicate motion/general location

Around, through, along, by

Describe duration of an action

During, in, for

Express reason/motive for an action

Because of, on account of, on behalf of

Por Y Para Cont.

Por

Object of a search

For, in search of

Means by which something is done

By, by way of, by means of

Exchange or substitution

For, in exchange of

Unit of measure

Per, by

Por Y Para Cont.

Para

Destination

Forward, in direction of

Deadline or specific time

By, for

Purpose + noun

For, used for

Purpose or goal + infinitive

In order to

Por Y Para Cont.

Para

Recipient of something

For

To make a comparison/opinion

For, considering]

In employment

Works for

Commands

Formal

Commands are used when ordering, or telling

someone to do something. This is often referred to as

the "imperative" form of the verb.

1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.

2. Then drop the -o ending.

3. Finally, add the following endings:

Ex. Compre Ud. el anillo.

(You) Buy the ring.

Ex. Haga Ud. la tarea.

(You) Do the homework.

Commands Cont.

Informal

commands are used when ordering, or

telling someone to do something

(hablar - ar + a = habla)

(comer - er + e = come)

(escribir - ir + e = escribe)

Ex. Compra (tú) el anillo. (You) Buy the ring.

Ex. Escribe (tú) la tarea. (You) Do the homework.

Present Perfects

Is frequently used for past actions that

continue into present or continue to affect

the person in the present

Add “no” before conjugated verb of haber to

make negative

Auxiliary verb + past participle

Haber + ar(-ado) and er/ir (-ido)

Ex. He hablado (I have spoken)

Irregular Past Participle

Ir- ido

Abrir- abierto

Cubrir- cubierto

Decir- dicho

Escribir- escrito

Hacer- hecho

Morir- muerto

Poner- puesto

Resolver- resuelto

Romper- roto

Ver- visto

Volver- vuelta

Double Object

Place them either directly before a conjugated

verb or attach them to an infinitive, a present

participle or a command

Ex. Ellos me los dan. (They give them to me.)

Direct Object Indirect Oblect English

Me Me Me

Le Te You (familiar)

Lo, la Le Him, her, it, you

Nos Nos Us

Os Os You all

Los, las Les Them, you all

Direct Object Cont.

Whenever both pronouns begin with the

letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se.“

Ex. No se lo tengo. (I don't have it for you.)

“I” “Se”

Le lo Se lo

Le la Se la

Le los Se los

Le las Se las

Les lo Se lo

Les la Se la

Les los Se los

Les las Se las

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that describe, or

modify, verbs, adjectives or other

adverbs.

-mente = -ly

Feliz = felizmente

-o = -a

tranquilo = tranquilamente

Adverbs Cont.

Basente- quite

Demasiado- too

Mal- badly

Mucho- a lot

Muy- very

Nunca- never

Peor- worse

Poco- little

Siempre- always

Present Subjunctive

Indicative mood

Facts, actions and states (real/definite)

Subjunctive

Attitudes (uncertain/hypothetical)

To express: will & influence, emotion,

doubt/disbelief/denial, nonexistence and marriage

Main clause +(connected by “que”)+ subordinate clause

-ar = -e

Hablar- hable/hables/hablemos/hableís, hablen

-er/-ir = -a

Comer- coma, comas, comamos, comaís, coman

Escribir- esciba, escribas, escribamos, escribaís, escriban

Impressions

Es bueno que- It’s good that…

Es malo que- it’s bad that…

Es mejor que- it’s better that…

Es importante que- it’s important that…

Ojala que- I hope

Es urgente que- it’s urgent that…

Es necessario que- it’s necessary that…

“Se” Impersonal

Use “se” to avoid specifying a person

who is doing the action of the verb

Use “se” in 3rd person

Use in all tenses

Ex. Se hizo mucho

Ex. Se horá mucho

Ex. Se hablá hecho

Progressive w/ ir, andar,

and seguir

Ir + present participle= is slowly but

surely ___-ing

Yo voy cantando una canción

Andar + presnt participle= is going

around ___-ing

Jaime anda buscando trabajo

Seguir + present participle= is still

___-ing

Ustedes sequen estudiando historia

The End

Production by: Jeremias Moss

Credits by: Jeremias Moss

Writer: Jeremias Moss

Editor: Jeremias “Boss” Moss

Creator: Jeremias Moss

Animation by: Jeremias Moss

“You are welcome.”