Date post: | 24-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | charla-marshall |
View: | 224 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Great Britain
Tourism SurveyApril 2015
2
HeadlinesAPRIL 2015
• There were almost 11 million domestic overnight trips in GB in April 2015, up +8% from April 2014 when there were 10.2 million trips.
• Expenditure on these trips was also up by +8% to £2 billion, while nights were up by +6% to 32.6 million.
• There were 9 million domestic overnight trips to England in April 2015, up +10% on April 2014 when there were 8.2 million trips
• Bednights and expenditure were up by +8% and +5% to 25.3 million and £1.5 billion respectively.
YEAR-TO-DATE
• In the year January to April 2015, GB trips were up +17% to 34.6 million from 29.6 million in the same period 2014. This is the highest volume of trips recorded in the survey for this period since it began in 2006.
• Nights and particularly expenditure are also up for the year to date, +16% and +21% respectively
• For the year to April 2015, England trips were up +18% to 28.7 million from 24.3 million in 2014. Nights and spend were also up by +18%
Context• Temperatures and sunshine in England in April were above average, and rainfall was
below average, except in the North West.• Good Friday 2015 was on the 3rd of April (April 18th in 2014), and Easter Monday was on
the 6th of April (April 21st in 2014). Please note that trips that started in the week prior in March and continued to Easter were included in the March results.
Summary of Results GB And England
Trips Nights
+8% +6% +8%
Spend
+10% +8% +5%
+17% +16% +21%
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
Weather
+18% +18% +18%
3
YEAR-TO-DATE (Jan–April 2015) Trip Characteristics Trips Nights Spend PURPOSE
• HOLIDAY TRIPS in England from January to April 2015 increased +7% compared to the same period last year, to 10.3 million.
• Expenditure has increased at the same rate as trips overall (+7%), while bednights have increased further by +10%
• VISITS TO FRIENDS AND RELATIVES increased by +18% to 11.9 million, with bednights and spend for this trip type increasing at a slightly greater rate, by +21% and +22% respectively
• BUSINESS trips have also increased for the January to April period, up by +26% to 3.6 million. Nights (+24%) and spend (+25%) also increased at a similar rate.
55+ Class AB TRIP TAKERS
• Trips increased among all age groups and social grades• The biggest increases were among those aged 55+ (+27%), and in social class AB
(+26%)
North East Countryside DESTINATION TYPE
• All regions saw an increase compared to January-April 2014, with the North East recording the greatest increase (+30%)
• Trips increased to all destination types, with the biggest increase in trips to the countryside/villages (+24%)
Summary of Results England
+7% +10% +7%
+18% +21% +22%
+26% +24% +25%
+27% +26%
+30% +24%
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
4
Overseas Travel by UK ResidentsInternational Passenger SurveyAPRIL 2015 JAN - APRIL 2015
Trip Spend Trip Spend
• In April, trips by Brits abroad were up by +12% and expenditure by +8%. • In the year to date, trips were up +9%. Expenditure has increased at a lower rate, +3%.
Other Tourism Surveys
APRIL 15 Room Bedspace OCCUPANCY
• Room occupancy in England in April remained flat compared to 2014 on 68%, while bedspace occupancy fell slightly by -3% to 50%
FEB-APR 15 Volume Spend DAY VISITS
• The volume of tourism day visits in England in the period February to April 2015 decreased by -8% to 289 million compared to 313 million in the same period 2014
• The value of those visits also decreased, by -4% to £10.2 billion
JUNE 15 Attractions Accomodation TOURISM BUSINESS MONITOR
• Attractions and accommodation businesses reported an increase in visitors for the period from January until the end of May
Context Other Surveys
+12% +3%+8% +9%
0% -3%
-8% -4%
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
5
Headline Data GB and EnglandVolume and spend (2014 vs 2015)
£4,987
£3,987
£1,530
£4,242
£3,407
£1,455
Spend (£m)
Year to Date
Past 3 months
April '15
28.7
22.8
9.0
24.3
19.4
8.2
Trip Volume (millions)
+10%
+17%
+18%
Year to Date
Past 3 months
April '15
34.6
27.6
11.0
29.6
24.1
10.2
Trip Volume (millions)
+8%
+15%
+17%
+5%
+17%
+18%
£6,348
£5,113
£2,020
£5,267
£4,317
£1,871
Spend (£m)
+8%
+18%
+21%
England aa
2014
2015
GB aa
2014
2015
% change vs 2014
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
6
Trips EnglandVolume of trips (millions) (2014 vs 2015)
April '15 Past 3 months Year to Date
8.2
19.4
24.3
9.0
22.8
28.7
3.8
8.29.7
3.7
8.710.3
1.12.9
3.9
1.2
3.94.9
3.1
7.9
10.1
3.5
9.1
11.9
+10% -1% +11% +11% +17% +6% +32% +15% +18% +7% +26% +18%
All trips
a a
2014 2015
Holiday trips
a a
2014 2015
Business trips
a a
2014 2015
VFR trips
a a
2014 2015
% change vs 2014
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
7
April '15 Past 3 months Year to Date
23.3
50.8
62.2
25.3
59.6
73.4
11.7
23.026.5
12.3
25.529.1
2.56.7 8.3
2.4
7.810.38.7
19.8
24.7
9.4
23.5
30.0
+8% +5% -2% +8% +17% +11% +16% +19% +18% +10% +24% +21%
Nights EnglandVolume of nights (millions) (2014 vs 2015)
All trips
a a
2014 2015
Holiday trips
a a
2014 2015
Business trips
a a
2014 2015
VFR trips
a a
2014 2015
% change vs 2014
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
8
April '15 Past 3 months Year to Date
£1
,45
5
£3
,40
7
£4
,24
2
£1
,53
0
£3
,98
7
£4
,98
7
£7
99
£1
,77
4
£2
,13
1
£8
08
£1
,91
7
£2
,28
5
£2
32 £
72
8
£9
08
£2
42
£8
65
£1
,13
6
£3
77 £
83
1
£1
,06
4
£4
07
£1
,03
5
£1
,29
8
+5% +1% +4% +8% +17% +8% +19% +25% +18% +7% +25% +22%
Spend EnglandExpenditure (£m) (2014 vs 2015)
All trips
a a
2014 2015
Holiday trips
a a
2014 2015
Business trips
a a
2014 2015
VFR trips
a a
2014 2015
% change vs 2014
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
VOLUME by Month (2006-2015)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
10.742 10.311
8.443
11.296 11.41711.963
11.154
9.35710.172
10.956
VOLUME – April (2006-2015)
Long Term Trends by Month GB2006-2015 (millions)
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
10
Jan
-Ap
r '0
8
Jan
-Ap
r '0
9
Jan
-Ap
r '1
0
Jan
-Ap
r '1
1
Jan
-Ap
r '1
2
Jan
-Ap
r '1
3
Jan
-Ap
r '1
4
Jan
-Ap
r '1
5
£4,341 £4,200
£4,051
£4,447
£4,727 £4,585
£4,242
£4,987
£1,872 £1,995 £1,911
£2,193 £2,318
£2,012 £2,131
£2,285
£1,250 £1,067 £1,023 £1,050
£1,208 £1,289
£908 £1,136
£1,086 £1,035 £991 £1,059 £1,032 £1,084 £1,064 £1,298
Spend (£m)
Jan
-Ap
r '0
8
Jan
-Ap
r '0
9
Jan
-Ap
r '1
0
Jan
-Ap
r '1
1
Jan
-Ap
r '1
2
Jan
-Ap
r '1
3
Jan
-Ap
r '1
4
Jan
-Ap
r '1
5
26.71 26.84 26.91
28.3727.64
25.85
24.28
28.68
9.16
10.479.88
11.11 10.889.68 9.69
10.34
5.134.59 4.69 4.83 5.00 5.05
3.864.86
11.37 11.0011.53 11.49 10.58
9.96 10.13
11.93
Trip Volume (millions)
Long Term Trends, Year-to-Year England
Holiday TripsAll Trips Business Trips VFR Trips
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
11
Rolling 12 Month Trendlines EnglandAll trips and spend
Apr-
06
Jun-0
6
Aug-0
6
Oct-
06
Dec-0
6
Feb-0
7
Apr-
07
Jun-0
7
Aug-0
7
Oct-
07
Dec-0
7
Feb-0
8
Apr-
08
Jun-0
8
Aug-0
8
Oct-
08
Dec-0
8
Feb-0
9
Apr-
09
Jun-0
9
Aug-0
9
Oct-
09
Dec-0
9
Feb-1
0
Apr-
10
Jun-1
0
Aug-1
0
Oct-
10
Dec-1
0
Feb-1
1
Apr-
11
Jun-1
1
Aug-1
1
Oct-
11
Dec-1
1
Feb-1
2
Apr-
12
Jun-1
2
Aug-1
2
Oct-
12
Dec-1
2
Feb-1
3
Apr-
13
Jun-1
3
Aug-1
3
Oct-
13
Dec-1
3
Feb-1
4
Apr-
14
Jun-1
4
Aug-1
4
Oct-
14
Dec-1
4
Feb-1
5
Apr-
15
90
95
100
105
110All Trips (millions)
Apr-
06
Jun-0
6
Aug-0
6
Oct-
06
Dec-0
6
Feb-0
7
Apr-
07
Jun-0
7
Aug-0
7
Oct-
07
Dec-0
7
Feb-0
8
Apr-
08
Jun-0
8
Aug-0
8
Oct-
08
Dec-0
8
Feb-0
9
Apr-
09
Jun-0
9
Aug-0
9
Oct-
09
Dec-0
9
Feb-1
0
Apr-
10
Jun-1
0
Aug-1
0
Oct-
10
Dec-1
0
Feb-1
1
Apr-
11
Jun-1
1
Aug-1
1
Oct-
11
Dec-1
1
Feb-1
2
Apr-
12
Jun-1
2
Aug-1
2
Oct-
12
Dec-1
2
Feb-1
3
Apr-
13
Jun-1
3
Aug-1
3
Oct-
13
Dec-1
3
Feb-1
4
Apr-
14
Jun-1
4
Aug-1
4
Oct-
14
Dec-1
4
Feb-1
5
Apr-
15
£15,000
£16,000
£17,000
£18,000
£19,000
£20,000
Spend (£BN)
Apr-06; 16194 Apr-07; 16225Apr-08; 16407
Apr-09; 15939
Apr-10; 16868
Apr-11; 16236
Apr-12; 18194
Apr-13; 19355
Apr-14; 18366
Apr-15; 18808
Apr-06; 103.888
Apr-07; 101.599
Apr-08; 98.765
Apr-09; 94.915
Apr-10; 102.318
Apr-11; 96.96
Apr-12; 103.549Apr-13; 102.667
Apr-14; 100.188
Apr-15; 96.89
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
12
Rolling 12 Month Trendlines EnglandTrips by purpose (millions)
Apr-
06
Jun-0
6
Aug-0
6
Oct-
06
Dec-0
6
Feb-0
7
Apr-
07
Jun-0
7
Aug-0
7
Oct-
07
Dec-0
7
Feb-0
8
Apr-
08
Jun-0
8
Aug-0
8
Oct-
08
Dec-0
8
Feb-0
9
Apr-
09
Jun-0
9
Aug-0
9
Oct-
09
Dec-0
9
Feb-1
0
Apr-
10
Jun-1
0
Aug-1
0
Oct-
10
Dec-1
0
Feb-1
1
Apr-
11
Jun-1
1
Aug-1
1
Oct-
11
Dec-1
1
Feb-1
2
Apr-
12
Jun-1
2
Aug-1
2
Oct-
12
Dec-1
2
Feb-1
3
Apr-
13
Jun-1
3
Aug-1
3
Oct-
13
Dec-1
3
Feb-1
4
Apr-
14
Jun-1
4
Aug-1
4
Oct-
14
Dec-1
4
Feb-1
5
Apr-
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Holiday trips Business trips VFR trips
Apr-0643.025
Apr-0741.001
Apr-0841.158
Apr-0941.068
Apr-1046.415 Apr-11
44.772
Apr-1245.929 Apr-13
44.799Apr-1444.932
Apr-1541.388
Apr-0640.696
Apr-0741.767
Apr-0839.76
Apr-0936.814
Apr-1038.526
Apr-1135.924
Apr-1238.472
Apr-1338.302
Apr-1438.36 Apr-15
37.7
Apr-0616.936 Apr-07
15.76 Apr-0815.054 Apr-09
14.425
Apr-1014.97 Apr-11
13.598
Apr-1215.677
Apr-1315.944
Apr-1413.932
Apr-1514.55
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
13
Rolling 12 Month Trendlines EnglandSpend by purpose (£m)
Apr-
06
Jun-0
6
Aug-0
6
Oct-
06
Dec-0
6
Feb-0
7
Apr-
07
Jun-0
7
Aug-0
7
Oct-
07
Dec-0
7
Feb-0
8
Apr-
08
Jun-0
8
Aug-0
8
Oct-
08
Dec-0
8
Feb-0
9
Apr-
09
Jun-0
9
Aug-0
9
Oct-
09
Dec-0
9
Feb-1
0
Apr-
10
Jun-1
0
Aug-1
0
Oct-
10
Dec-1
0
Feb-1
1
Apr-
11
Jun-1
1
Aug-1
1
Oct-
11
Dec-1
1
Feb-1
2
Apr-
12
Jun-1
2
Aug-1
2
Oct-
12
Dec-1
2
Feb-1
3
Apr-
13
Jun-1
3
Aug-1
3
Oct-
13
Dec-1
3
Feb-1
4
Apr-
14
Jun-1
4
Aug-1
4
Oct-
14
Dec-1
4
Feb-1
5
Apr-
15
£0
£2,000
£4,000
£6,000
£8,000
£10,000
£12,000
Holiday trips Business trips VFR trips
Apr-068250
Apr-078253
Apr-088776 Apr-09
8599
Apr-109530 Apr-11
9355
Apr-1210158
Apr-1310702
Apr-1410584 Apr-15
10201
Apr-063806
Apr-073846
Apr-083827 Apr-09
3659Apr-103582
Apr-113545
Apr-123874
Apr-134244 Apr-14
4059
Apr-154295
Apr-063690
Apr-073672 Apr-08
3434Apr-093327
Apr-103423 Apr-11
2988
Apr-123696
Apr-133830
Apr-143276
Apr-153726
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
14
South East
YTD
2014 2015
4003 4689 +17%
9656 11653 +21%
580 646 +11%
Regional Analysis EnglandTrip characteristics – region (2014 vs 2015)
Trips(000s)
Spend(£ millions)
Nights(000s)
North East
YTD
2014 2015
909 1184 +30%
2548 2814 +10%
148 189 +28%
North West
YTD
2014 2015
3462 3998 +16%
8189 10367 +27%
621 709 +14%
West Midlands
YTD
2014 2015
1971 2503 +27%
4247 6197 +46%
280 435 +55%
Yorkshire & Humberside
YTD
2014 2015
2793 3215 +15%
6995 7914 +13%
402 519 +29%
East Midlands
YTD
2014 2015
1837 2222 +21%
4751 5394 +14%
254 292 +15%
East
YTD
2014 2015
2362 2672 +13%
7166 6904 -4%
364 366 +1%
South West
YTD
2014 2015
3879 4505 +16%
11728 13533 +15%
783 859 +10%
London
YTD
2014 2015
3297 4151 +26%
6339 8375 +32%
762 950 +25%
GBTS March 2015 Published 23rd June 2015
15
UK Outbound Travel (International Passenger Survey)Total volume (millions) and spend (£bn)
April '15 Past 3 Months Year to Date
5.00
11.92
15.64
5.59
13.15
17.09
2.73
7.13
9.45
2.95
7.44
9.74
Trips
a a
2014 2015
Spend
a a
2014 2015
+12% +8% +10% +4% +9% +3%
% change vs 2014
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
16
Appendix: Domestic Tourism EnglandTrip characteristics (Year-To-Date: Jan-April 2015)
PURPOSE
Pure Holiday 1-3 nights +4 nightsVFR
(on holiday)Holiday(total)
VFR(non-holiday)
VFR(total)
Business
TRIPS000s
2014 9690 7282 2408 6165 15856 3963 10128 3857
2015 10337 7685 2652 7022 17359 4903 11925 4861
+7% +6% +10% +14% +10% +24% +18% +26%
NIGHTS000s
2014 26519 13559 12960 16057 42576 8691 24748 8334
2015 29139 14536 14603 18808 47947 11225 30033 10335
+10% +7% +13% +17% +13% +29% +21% +24%
SPEND
£millions
2014 2131 1454 677 688 2819 377 1064 908
2015 2304 1500 804 828 3132 472 1300 1145
+8% +3% +19% +20% +11% +25% +22% +26%
Unwtd Trips 1415 1029 385 1007 2420 680 1686 532REGION
West Midlands East of England East Midlands London North West North East South East South WestYorkshire &
the HumbersideTRIPS
000s
2014 1971 2362 1837 3297 3462 909 4003 3879 2793
2015 2503 2672 2222 4151 3998 1184 4689 4505 3215
+27% +13% +21% +26% +16% +30% +17% +16% +15%
NIGHTS
000s
2014 4247 7166 4751 6339 8189 2548 9656 11728 6995
2015 6197 6904 5394 8375 10367 2814 11653 13533 7914
+46% -4% +14% +32% +27% +10% +21% +15% +13%
SPEND£millions
2014 280 364 254 762 621 148 580 783 402
2015 435 366 292 950 709 189 646 859 519
+55% +1% +15% +25% +14% +28% +11% +10% +29%
Unwtd Trips 340 377 311 520 525 154 626 617 427
% change vs 2014
GBTS March 2015 Published 23rd June 2015
17
SOCIALGRADE
AB C1 C2 DE
TRIPS
000s
2014 10353 7370 3871 2684
2015 12998 8341 4175 3163
+26% +13% +8% +18%
NIGHTS
000s
2014 25436 18581 11034 7188
2015 32480 20574 10760 9598
+28% +11% -3% +34%
SPEND£millions
2014 1981 1274 634 353
2015 2409 1479 678 452
+22% +16% +7% +28%
Unwtd Trips 1374 1200 596 665
CHILDRENIN H/H
Any None
TRIPS
000s
2014 7326 16952
2015 8694 19982
+19% +18%
NIGHTS
000s
2014 18871 43369
2015 21231 52181
+13% +20%
SPEND£millions
2014 1100 3142
2015 1263 3756
+15% +20%
Unwtd Trips 1267 2572
LOCATIONTYPE
Seaside Large City/Town Small TownCountryside
/VillageTRIPS
000s
2014 3580 11553 5564 4212
2015 4184 13522 6240 5223
+17% +17% +12% +24%
NIGHTS
000s
2014 10900 24716 13842 12669
2015 12401 29480 15462 15945
+14% +19% +12% +26%
SPEND£millions
2014 711 2106 758 657
2015 790 2525 887 810
+11% +20% +17% +23%
Unwtd Trips 592 1737 853 715
Appendix: Domestic Tourism England
AGE
16-24 25-34 35-44 44-54 55+
TRIPS
000s
2014 2941 4210 4792 4938 7397
2015 3283 4514 5641 5818 9420
+12% +7% +18% +18% +27%
NIGHTS
000s
2014 7691 10250 11474 11633 21191
2015 9312 10779 13415 13755 26151
+21% +5% +17% +18% +23%
SPEND£millions
2014 450 652 843 978 1319
2015 531 751 891 1120 1726
+18% +15% +6% +15% +31%
Unwtd Trips 447 613 700 675 1402
% change vs 2014
GBTS March 2015 Published 23rd June 2015
Trip characteristics (Year-To-Date: Jan-April 2015)
18
Accommodation
CommercialAccommodation
(a)Serviced accom
(b)Hotel/motel/guesthouse
(c)Bed & Breakfast
Totalself-catering
rented
(a)Camping &
Caravanning (inc. owned caravans)
(b)Other self-catering
rentedHostels*
Own home/friends'/
relatives'
TRIPS
000s
2014 14130 11027 10033 880 2807 1538 1614 150 10005
2015 15783 12148 10988 1087 3144 1893 1741 291 12509
+12% +10% +10% +24% +12% +23% +8% +94% +25%
NIGHTS
000s
2014 10900 24716 13842 12669 10900 24716 13842 12669 10900
2015 12401 29480 15462 15945 12401 29480 15462 15945 12401
+10% +2% +6% -3% +21% +36% +15% +133% +24%
SPEND£millions
2014 10900 24716 13842 12669 10900 24716 13842 12669 10900
2015 12401 29480 15462 15945 12401 29480 15462 15945 12401
+12% +8% +8% +5% +26% +25% +30% +261% +37%
Unwtd Trips 2115 1628 1472 146 421 254 233 39 1676
Appendix: Domestic Tourism EnglandTrip characteristics (Year-To-Date: Jan-April 2015)
*caution small sample size % change vs 2014
GBTS March 2015 Published 23rd June 2015
19
All Tourism Holidays Business VFR
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
TripLength
2.56 2.68 2.56 2.52 2.56 2.56 2.98 2.89 2.77 2.71 2.74 2.82 2.44 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.44 2.52 2.00 2.19 2.24 2.21 2.16 2.13
SpendPer
Night£59 £59 £67 £70 £68 £68 £65 £68 £77 £77 £80 £78 £35 £36 £39 £43 £43 £43 £109 £100 £108 £116 £109 £110
SpendPer Trip
£151 £157 £171 £177 £175 £174 £193 £197 £213 £208 £220 £221 £86 £92 £98 £109 £105 £109 £218 £217 £241 £255 £235 £234
Appendix: Domestic Tourism EnglandYear to date trip length, spend/night, spend/trip
GBTS April 2015 Published 28th July 2015
20
Note about these results: The GB Tourism Survey is a survey of British residents, in which 2000 respondents are interviewed each week, making a total of 100,000 each year. Any respondent having taken one or more overnight trips in the previous 4 week period is asked to describe the details of trips taken. Each year, data from around 17,000 trips is collected, and this is subsequently grossed up to provide population estimates. Full details of the survey methodology can be found at: https://www.visitengland.com/sites/default/files/banner-images/gbts_2013_-_methods_performance_report_v2.pdf On an annual basis, the survey is extremely robust, with a confidence level for England data at +/- 3% at the 95% level for the number of trips and nights measured, and +/- 4% for the expenditure figure. For shorter time periods and for other subsets of the data such as region or trip purpose, the margin of error is wider – guidance on confidence intervals at national and regional level for annual and quarterly data is provided on the next page. For any questions about data interpretation, please contact [email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced for commercial purposes without the permission of VisitEngland. Extracts may be quoted if the source is acknowledged. Users wishing to include results from this survey within a press release should contact Angelah Sparg in the VisitEngland Press Office [email protected] for review prior to external release.
21
GB Domestic Tourism: Confidence Limits at the 95% level
TRIPS (millions) BEDNIGHTS (millions) EXPENDITURE (£ millions)
Destination: Single Quarter Annual Single Quarter Annual Single Quarter Annual
GB Total 4.8% 2.5% 5.5% 3.0% 6.8 3.6%
England Total 5.2% 2.8% 6.0% 3.2% 7.5% 4.0%
East 14.5% 7.7% 18.9% 9.4% 20.1% 11.6%
East Midlands 15.7% 8.3% 17.0% 9.4% 19.2% 10.6%
London 15.7% 7.2% 17.0% 9.1% 19.2% 11.0%
North East 20.4% 11.0% 25.9% 14.3% 49.0% 20.6%
North West 11.6% 6.2% 13.8% 7.4% 16.2% 8.0%
South East 10.5% 5.7% 11.8% 7.5% 13.3% 9.1%
South West 10.5% 5.4% 13.5% 6.3% 20.5% 9.2%
West Midlands 15.6% 8.1% 18.4% 10.0% 19.8% 11.6%
Yorks & Humb 13.2% 6.9% 16.3% 10.1% 19.5% 12.0%
Based on Quarter 2