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Greece and Iran Chapter 4
Greece and Iran Chapter 4
Warm Up
1. Explain in your own words the happenings on September 11, 2001– Why did this happen– How does it impact the world around us– How is the US viewed by other countries and why– Why is it important to remember this event every
year– What should be the lasting impact of this event
• I. Ancient Iran, 1000-500 BCE– A. Geography and Resources– Iran is located around mountains and near the
Persian Gulf– The people have little land to retreat to which left
Iran open to attack from Central Asia– Iran had limited resources and water was scarce, did
have irrigation but was underground– Mineral resources included: copper, tin, iron, gold,
silver, and timber
– B. Rise of the Persian Empire– Median kingdom destroyed the Assyrian empire in
the 7th century BCE– Cyrus the Great overthrew the Median king and built
the Persian Empire– Persian empire had 3 founders: Cyrus, Cambyses, and
Darius I– Cyrus the Great was the first king who united all of
Persian empire– Cyrus captured Lydia in 546 BCE and Mesopotamia in
539 BCE– Cambyses defeated Egypt – Darius I extended the empire to the Indus river valley
Cyrus the Great
Cambyses
King Darius
– C. Imperial Organization and Ideology– King Darius divided his empire and had satraps run
these provinces – Position of satraps was hereditary– Provinces were required to pay a tribute to the
government and the government stored the gold and silver
– Provinces were connected by system of well maintained roads that led to the capital city of Susa
– Kings were the lawgivers but let the provinces keep their traditions and religions
– Persian empire had a religion called Zoroastrianism – Religion states that the universe is dualistic and that
good and evil are always struggling – When good prevails the world will be in a pure state
and the individuals will be either rewarded or punished for their actions
• II. Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 BCE– A. Geography and Resources– Greece did not have much to farm on but was on the
coast and had plentiful coastline for harbors– B. Emergence of the Polis– Mycenaean Greeks were the first true civilization,
after their fall a Dark Age impacted Greece– The Phoenicians (trading empire) played an
important role in getting Greece out of the Dark Ages and into the Archaic period
– Archaic period included urbanization, specialization, and the development of the polis
– The Polis (city state) was the Greece urban center and is how Greeks defined themselves
– Polis included an agora (public marketplace, meeting place, and religious center), fortified walls to protect, and public buildings to facilitate
– There is little distinction between the rich and poor– Greeks created soldiers called hoplites– Hoplites were heavily armored infantry in close
formations called a phalanx– Phalanx = a wall of shields created by foot soldiers
marching close together in rectangular formation
Greek Hoplite
Hoplite Helmet
• Weigh 10 pounds
• Restricted Vision andHearing
• Protected from swordand arrow
Hoplites Equipment
• the thrusting spear, measuring between 6 to 10 feet in length
• For close-in fighting, the hoplite would be armed with a 2-foot long sword held in an underarm wooden scabbard covered with strengthened leather (with bronze fittings)
• Only use their sword if spear was broken or gone
• The next important element in the hopla was the hoplite shield. Weighing in at some 12 to 15 pounds, the hoplon was a relatively large rounded piece of protection that shielded the user by covering his lower face on down to about mid-knee.
• The hoplon was predominantly made of wood with a bronze-constructed facing and furthered strengthened by a leather inner lining. The wearer would slip his forearm into a band on the inside of the shield for maximum fit and grip another available loop band in his hand.
• Shield was personal, hoplites would make personal designs on their own shields
• One Hoplite is documented as putting a small fly on his shield and saying he would get so close to the enemy that it would look like a lion
• Lower torsos were protected in a limited fashion by the use of pteruges, allowing the hoplite full freedom to run at full speed should the situation require it. Molded bronze greaves were allotted to the shins with basic sandals used for footwear
– Greeks were very involved in colonization when they could not meet populations needs
– Colonization would lead to resources and income– Invention in Lydia: coins begin to circulate in Lydia and now
people have a similar form of currency to trade in Greece– Out of Greece comes two forms of government: the
oligarchy (Sparta) and democracy (Athens)– Oligarchy is a rule by few, Sparta will have 2 kings– Democracy is a rule by many, Athens will have the people
vote on issues– Greek mythology is based on the nature around them and
will create ceremonies and sacrifices– Oracles are men who guide the people and give advise
from the gods
– C. New Intellectual Currents– Concept of Humanism: Greeks begin to focus on the
individual and knowledge – Bettering yourself and becoming more knowledgeable – Philosophy and Rationalization will come out of
Greece because of this concept of humanism (knowledge for knowledge’s sake)
– People begin to explain how the world is created and why it changes
– The gods no longer are the answer for changes in the world
– Herodotus begins to keep records and explain events (first historian)
Warm Up
1. First king of united Persia:2. Define Satrap:3. How did the Persian empire appease their colonies4. Persian religion:5. 800-480 BCE was the _________ period in Greece6. Greek soldiers: 7. Greek formation and its success:8. 2 types of government in Greece:9. Humanism:
Warm Up1. Describe the Minoans and why people do not
regard them as the first “Greeks”2. Two books written by Homer:3. Explain how the Assyrians used terror in their
empire:4. Assyrians created what in Nineveh:5. Explain the Phoenician empire:6. What is the greatest impact of the Phoenician
empire?7. What colony did the Phoenicians establish in Africa?8. Explain the impact of the Jewish Diaspora
– D. Athens and Sparta– Foreign Policy:– Sparta—Like most city-states, Sparta needed more land,
so they conquered neighboring peoples instead of starting new colonies
– The Spartans turned these conquered peoples into helots = state slaves
– The helots were given to Spartan citizens to work on farms
– Spartans were now free to spend all their time training for war
– Helots outnumbered Spartan citizens by 7 to 1– Foreigners were discouraged from visiting and Spartans
were not allowed to travel abroad– Kept out dangerous ideas and discouraged new thoughts
– Foreign Policy:– Athens—Economy was based on farming and trade– Encouraged to travel, make connections, and trade– Liked new ideas and cultures – Role of Women:– Sparta—Expected to exercise and raise healthy
children– Had greater freedom and power in the household
due to separation from their husbands– Could own property
Sparta
– Role of Women:– Athens—Women could not own property and always
had a male guardian– Chief obligation was to have children– Were expected to stay at home and out of sight,
unless attending religious festivals or funerals
– Government:– Sparta—Was an oligarchy headed by two kings who
led the army on its campaigns– Ephors – a group of five men elected each year• Responsible for the conduct of all citizens and
education– Government:– Athens—Democracy with 3 bodies – Council of 500 (propose law)– Athenian Assembly (voted on proposed laws)– People’s Court (enforce laws)
• III. Struggle for Persia and Greece, 546-323 BCE– A. Early Encounters– Greek cities of Anatolia (Ionia) revolt against the
Persian rule– King Darius angered about revolt attacks Greece in an
attempt to take Athens at the (Battle of Marathon)– Battle of Marathon is a disaster for the Persians and
they are forced to retreat– Darius plans another attack but dies before it is
carried out– Son is Xerxes who plans to carry out father’s plans
Battle of Marathon
• In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on Greek soil just north of Athens. Their mission was to crush the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Persian rule.
• One of the Greek generals - Miltiades - made a passionate plea for boldness and convinced his fellow generals to attack the Persians. Miltiades ordered the Greek hoplites to form a line equal in length to that of the Persians. Then - in an act that his enemy believed to be complete madness - he ordered his Greek warriors to attack the Persian line at a dead run.
• In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, but the flanks were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.
–Battle at Marathon – Athenians attack the Persians while they are unloading and the Persians retreat–An Athenian messenger runs 26 miles from
Marathon to Athens to announce “nike!!” –Which means victory in Greek
• He dies after delivering the message
Xerxes of Persia
King Leonidas
– Battle of Thermopylae: – Greeks do not have enough time to reassemble men
to hold of millions of Persians– King Leonidas and 300 men plan to delay Persians to
help Greece– Delay for several days until Ephialtes shows way
around– Navy of Athens also helps hold Persians
PHALANX FORMATION
• Massively outnumbered the Spartan navy attacks the Persian navy
• Happens during the evening so that the battle will not be too long in cause Spartans lose ground
• Spartans destroy some of the warships and retreat back because of nightfall
• Persians send 200 warships to go around the Island of Ionia and around the Spartan navy
• All 200 ships are caught in a storm and sink
Ephialtes
• The local that showed the Persians the path behind the 300 Spartans
• Was a shepherd of Sparta and became a traitor
• Showed Persians for monetary profit
– Battle of Salamis:– Persia is now on the mainland of Greece destroying
cities – Persian navy is lifeline to army so Athens draws
Persian navy into a small strait and easily defeat the large Persian ships
– Now the Persian army is left on the mainland of Greece with no supplies or replenishment
– 479 BCE Greeks defeat Persians ending the war– After the war Greece creates alliances so this attack
does not happen again– Sparta—Hellenistic League– Athens—Delian League 477 BCE
Battle over Salami?
– B. Height of Athenian Power– Delian League’s stated purpose: was set up by Athens
for protection of the Greek city states– Athens has largest cities and largest navy so cities in
the league give Athens money – Athens uses money to rebuild their own city
(real purpose) not help with the alliance– Athens power is in their navy – Trireme is a boat for speed (170 oar!) and ramming
and will be the best boat in the Athenian navy
– Socrates:– Socrates was charged with disrespect for religion and
corrupting the city’s children• Thought he caused children to question the
actions of the gods– Sentenced to death by drinking a cup of hemlock– Plato:– His most famous work was the Republic• Gov’t should be led by the people most qualified
to make good decisions – philosophers– Aristotle was Plato’s student, Alexander the Great
was Aristotle’s student
Plato
Plato
– C. Failure of the City State and Triumph of the Macedonians
– Delian League became a fundraiser for the city of Athens– If a city left the Delian League all other cities would attack
(signed agreement)– Other cities are upset but cannot leave– Declaration of Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE– Sparta attacked Athens on the ground and Athenian
people including Pericles (leader of Athens) hide inside the city walls
– Disease breaks out and 1/3 of the people including Pericles die
– Sparta wins but does not know how to control all of Greece
– Sparta could not rule and the kingdom of Macedonia came to power in Greece
– King Philip is the leader of Macedonia and his son is Alexander the Great
– Alexander the Great stretches his empire to Pakistan before returning home (dies on the way back)
• III. Hellenistic Synthesis, 323-30 BCE– A. Hellenistic Kingdoms– In the end the empire was divided among the three most
powerful generals• Macedonia and Greece, Persian Empire, and Egypt
– Hellenism: means “to imitate the Greeks” – Expansion of Greek language and ideas to other parts of the
world– Massive spread of Greek colonists to Asia
