Greece Chapter

8/10/2019 Greece Chapter

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GREECE :From Ancient Myths to Modern Realities

Chapter Submitted for the Second

Globe Anthology

(Corrected Version

by

!rofessor "ancy !apale#andris

Athens $ni%ersity of Economics and &usiness

'ecember )))


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GREECE :

From Ancient Myths to Modern Realities

C O N T E N T S

I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3

Study Aims and Objectives .....................................................................................3

Design and Methodo ogy.........................................................................................!

II. T"# $R##% #N&IRONM#NT.............................................................................'

"isto(ica )ac*g(ound ............................................................................................ '

The +o itica Situation in $(eece...........................................................................,-

The $(ee* #conomy .............................................................................................,!

The )an*ing Secto(................................................................................................,

The Te ecommunications Secto(............................................................................,/

III. $0O)# AND SOCI#TA0 CU0TUR# .................................................................-,

Socia &a ues and the $(ee* Nationa Cha(acte( ..................................................-,

1uantitative (esu ts o2 e(ceived and desi(ed cu tu(a dimensions .......................-3

4ina Rema(*s on Societa Cu tu(e .......................................................................35

I&. $0O)# AND 0#AD#RS"I+................................................................................3

0ite(atu(e Revie6 on 0eade(shi in $(eece ..........................................................3

Media Ana ysis.......................................................................................................!7

4ocus $(ou s on 0eade(shi .................................................................................!-

$ obe Resu ts on $(ee* 0eade(shi ....................................................................!'

4acto( Ana ysis on $ obe Resu ts 2o( $(eece ......................................................!

&. CONC0USIONS ...............................................................................................',

&I. R#4#R#NC#S 888888888888888888888888.'3

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GREECE :From Ancient Myths to Modern Realities

*+ *",R-'$C,*-"

Study Aims and -b.ecti%es

#ve(y (esea(che( oo*ing into o(gani9ations in $(eece: comes ac(oss t6o main (ea ities

6hich *ee (ecu((ing a the time. 4i(st: the 2act that societa cu tu(e has a ve(y st(ong

in2 uence on the 6ay 2i(ms and thei( membe(s a(e o e(ating and second that manage(ia

(actices 6hich a(e no(ma y e(ceived as (easonab e: 2ai( and 6o(th 2o o6ing cannot

be im emented un ess the a (o (iate o(gani9ationa cu tu(e and eade(shi sty e e;ists.

$0O)#cu tu(a

e ements and thei( in2 uence on eo ecommunications and 2inance secto(s.

Thi(d: to desc(ibe and inte( (et (esu ts 2(om the G/-&E study in Greece on

leadership and its most desirable attributes in combination 0ith information

pro%ided by focus groups and media analysis+

3


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Much about modern Gree1 reality is deeply rooted in ancient tradition and

practice 0hich 0as often e#pressed allegorically in mythology+ *s -dysseus

in%enti%eness2 3eus po0erfulness and Athena4s 0isdom among the main

characteristics Gree1s are loo1ing for in their leaders5 ,o 0hat e#tent a modern

country strongly oriented to0ards the future is rooted and dra0s from its past5 * ho e that by (eading th(ough this a e(: based a(ge y on e;isting in2o(mation and

inte( (etations o2 $0O)# 2indings: the (eade( 6i gain insight into a count(y o2ten

desc(ibed as indeci he(ab e but (esenting an integ(ated and meaning2u a(adigm

uni?ue in its combination o2 dive(se e ements.

'esign and Methodology

$(eece a(tici ated in the $0O)# study 2(om the initia hases 6ith the so(ting o2

?uestions and i ot testing o2 initia 2o(ms o2 ?uestionnai(es A and ). 4o o6ing that: the

2ina i9ed%ersions o2 the 1uestionnai(es @4o(m A and 4o(m ) 6e(e dist(ibuted to -3'

midd e manages as 2o o6s=

SEC,-R "o of Firms6uestionnaires

Form A Form B

)an*ing ! 55 B-

Te ecommunications 5 ! !/

Tota ,7 ,,! ,-,

T6o 2ocus g(ou s 6e(e conducted= The 2i(st too* ace (io( to gathe(ing the

?uestionnai(es in the ban*ing secto( and cente(ed a(ound the di22e(ences bet6een

manage(s and eade(s. ,he second too1 place among employed adult students of

engineering bac1ground attending a part7time e#ecuti%e M&A course . +a(tici ants

6e(e as*ed to se ect and comment on thei( (e2e((ed eade(s 2(om the histo(ica o itica

and business e(s ective. A media ana ysis 6as a so conducted on a(tic es desc(ibing

outstanding business eade(s as 6e as a 2acto( ana ysis o2 the (esu ts 2(om the

eade(shi a(t o2 the $ obe ?uestionnai(es.

!


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A the above combined 6ith the autho(


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sto and the Amphi1tyonies i+e+ meetings 6hich too* ace in De hi o( De os 6he(e

city states 6ou d discuss common (ob ems and t(y to so ve di22e(ences.

At the beginning o2 the ' th centu(y ).C.: the +e(sian #m i(e: in its attem t to e; and to

the est: attac*ed $(eece and th(eatened its inde endence 6ith a st(ong a(myoutnumbe(ing by 2a( the 2o(ces o2 $(eece. The +e(sian attac* 6as 2ina y con2(onted

a2te( a se(ies o2 batt es in Ma(athon: The(mo y ae: + ataea: and the sea batt e at Sa amis.

These batt es a(e sti a ive in the mind o2 Mode(n $(ee*s as (oo2s o2 s i(it and b(ave(y

and the names o2 thei( he(o 2igu(es such as A(istides: Mi tiadis: ,hemistocles :

0y*ou(gos: a(e ?uite common bi(th names among Mode(n $(ee*s. The most im o(tant

outcome o2 the 6a( 6as the 2act that the $(ee* city>states united 2o( the 2i(st time unde(

the common enemy.

The ' th centu(y is *no6n 2o( Athens as the $o den #(a o2 +e(ic es. Du(ing his (u e: the

Ac(o o is and the 2amous tem e o2 +a(thenon dedicated to Athena: goddess o2 6isdom:

6as bui t. +e(ic es made Athens the mi ita(y: o itica and a(tistic ca ita o2 the Ancient

$(ee* 6o( d. Un2o(tunate y: eace did not ast ong. A se(ies o2 6a(s bet0een Athens

and Sparta : *no6n as the +e o onnesian a(s: b(o*e out and asted 2o( t6enty seven

yea(s. This gave a 6ea*ening b o6 to the unity o2 the $(ee*s and ed to a dec ine o2

both o6e(2u cities o2 Athens and S a(ta.

Soon anothe( g(eat o6e(: Macedonia: eme(ged. 4(om his head?ua(te(s in &e(gina c ose

to Sa oni*a: %ing +hi i and his son A e;ande( the $(eat: succeeded in uniting

continenta $(eece: and began a g(eat cam aign in the #ast 6ith the u( ose o2

s (eading civi i9ation. A huge amount o2 te((ito(y 6as con?ue(ed and A e;ande( (eached

as 2a( as India. "e c(eated a huge em i(e 6hich cou d not su(vive intact a2te( his death

@


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(e igion 2o( the $(ee*s. The g(adua 6ea*ening o2 the Roman #m i(e ead to its

division into #aste(n and este(n a(t and thus at the c(eation o2 the )y9antine #m i(e

at the easte(n a(t 6ith Constantino e as its ca ita (


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humb ed and ens aved: *e t thei( 2aith st(ong 2o( thei( 2utu(e inde endence du(ing the

2ou( centu(ies o2 occu ation 6hich 2o o6ed.

This 6as a g(eat e(iod o2 su22e(ing 2o( $(eece es ecia y at a time 6hen othe(

#u(o eans 6e(e deve o ing and e; e(iencing the Renaissance: having success2u ycon2(onted Tu(*ish invasion 6hich (eached the outs*i(ts o2 &ienna. The main

conse?uences o2 occu ation 6e(e=

- a (eduction in the o u ation because o2 s aughte(: *idna ing o2 chi d(en: and

2o(ced conve(sion to Is amJ

- the dest(uction o2 $(ee* cu tu(eJ- a 6ea*ening o2 the economy due to the bu(den o2 ha(sh ta;ation.

An im o(tant (o e 6as ayed by 2amous educated $(ee*s o2 dias o(a 6ho had studied

in #u(o e and su o(ted $(eece by ma*ing its cause *no6n th(oughout #u(o e. These

ea(ned men: ed by Adamantios %o(ais and Regas 4e(aios: 6e(e the ionee(s in

c(eating a sym athetic movement 2o( the ibe(ation o2 $(eece. At the beginning o2 the

,/ th centu(y a Sec(et Society H4i i*i #te(ia 6as 2ounded in Odyssos to 6hich many

$(ee*s cont(ibuted money and became membe(s. The Society anned ca(e2u y the

count(y


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Nava(ino in Octobe( , -B 6he(e the nava 2o(ces o2 #ng and: 4(ance and Russia

defeated the navy o2 Tu(*ey and #gy t: $(eece 6as dec a(ed an inde endent count(y

occu ying on y a sma a(t o2 its (esent te((ito(y.

In , - : Ioannis %a odist(ias became the ne6 gove(no( o2 the count(y 6ith the b essingo2 the othe( #u(o ean count(ies. "e unde(too* the (eo(gani9ation o2 the state. At the

same time: the Russo>Tu(*ish 6a( b(o*e out 6hich ed to the de2eat o2 the Tu(*s. In

, 3-: (ince Otto a )ava(ian +(ince became the *ing o2 $(eece.

The(e 2o o6ed a e(iod in 6hich the $(ee*s 6e(e ab e to ibe(ate part of Thessa y. In

, 53: $eo(ge: a Danish (ince: 6as dec a(ed *ing o2 $(eece. In addition: the Ionian

Is ands 6e(e (etu(ned to $(eece. In , 55: (evo ution b(o*e out in C(ete 2o( union 6ith$(eece. 4o o6ing victo(ious batt es: C(ete 6as g(anted se 2>(u e and the use o2 the

$(ee* anguage. 4ina y: 6ith the T(eaty o2 )e( in in , B : the Tu(*s conceded # i(us

and the (est o2 Thessa y to $(eece.

In the mean6hi e: a ne6 enemy had a ea(ed in the no(th> the )u ga(ians: 6ho 6anted

to ta*e cont(o o2 Macedonia @,//7 . 4o o6ing g(eat batt es the $(ee*s e; e ed the

)u ga(ians. At the same time: in ,/7 : the C(etans con?ue(ed the Tu(*ish a(my and

dec a(ed C(ete


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had to (ende( #aste(n Th(ace: Imv(o: and Tenedos: as 6e as Smi(na: to $(eece. The

$(ee* gove(nment unde( Eleftherios &eni9e os as the (ime>ministe( 6anted this t(eaty

en2o(ced: but the Tu(*s (e2used. 4o( this (eason: the Asia Mino( cam aign began. $(ee*

t(oo s 6e(e de2eated and the (esu t 6as the dest(uction and the u (ooting o2 ,.5 mi ion

$(ee*s 2(om #aste(n Th(ace: and 2(om the coast o2 Asia Mino(: as 6e as the oss o2 these te((ito(ies. ith the in2 u; o2 (e2ugees amounting to an e;t(a , 3 o2 the count(yorld >ar ** +

The siege against $(eece asted -,5 days: 2(om Octobe( - : ,/!7 to May 3,: ,/!,. O2

those -,5 days: ,57 6e(e the (esistance o2 $(eece to the invasion o2 the Ita ians in the

mountains o2 No(th # i(usJ -' days 6e(e the (esistance o2 the $(ee* a(my to the Ita ians

and the $e(mans in No(the(n Macedonia and 3, days 6e(e the (esistance in C(ete. This

shoc*ed the 6o( d 6hich did not e; ect such b(ave(y at a time 6hen othe(: a(ge(

count(ies did not (esist o( 6e(e de2eated in just a 2e6 days. It is at that time 6hen

inston Chu(chi (ime ministe( o2 $(eat )(itain said= H4(om no6 on 6e 6i say not

that $(ee*s 2ight i*e he(oes but that he(oes 2ight i*e $(ee*s . A though the count(y

6as eventua y con?ue(ed: this (esistance 2o(ced "it e( to de ay his e; edition to Russia.

This de ay cont(ibuted a(ge y to "it e(


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Immediate y a2te( the end o2 the Second o( d a(: a civi 6a( b(o*e out in $(eece

bet6een (o>Russian 2o(ces 6ishing to estab ish a communist (egime and the (o

este(n gove(nment 2o(ces. This asted 2o( ' yea(s. At the end o2 this: $(eece 2ound

itse 2 dee y 6ounded: both hysica y and in te(ms o2 mo(a e. The visib e osses 6e(e

7:777 dead and B77:777 e2t home ess. )ut the most substantia conse?uence 6as theideo ogica : o itica and cu tu(a ga 6hich divided the eo e. "o6eve(: most o2 the

$(ee*s: sensing the dange(ous di(ection thei( count(y 6as heading: sta(ted on a ath

to6a(ds (econci iation and hea ing.

Du(ing the 2i(st e(iod a2te( the civi 6a(: $(eece joined NATO and 6ith the su o(t o2

the Ame(icans: $(eece too* bac* the *slands of the 'odecanese but not No(the(n

# i(us o( Cy (us. The Cy (iots: 6ith A(chbisho Ma*a(ios as thei( eade(: sta(ted a2ight 2o( inde endence: demanding thei( union 6ith $(eece. Cy (us became an

inde endent 2(ee State 6ith )(itain: $(eece and Tu(*ey as gua(anteeing o6e(s. In

,/5B: democ(acy 6as abo ished in $(eece and a mi ita(y (egime unde( $eo(ge

+a ado ou os 6as estab ished. In ,/B!: just be2o(e the end o2 the dictato(shi : the Tu(*s

2ound a mino( (ete;t and 6ith $(eece not standing in thei( 6ay due to the inte(na

o itica (ob ems: sei9ed a a(ge section o2 No(the(n Cy (us. This a(t they cont(o

even today against va(ious (eso utions assed by the United Nations: 6hi e in2o(mation

about -777 missing Cy (iots has been 6ithhe d eve( since.

In Fu y ,/B! 2o o6ing the 2a o2 dictato(shi : %onstantine %a(aman is became 2o( the

3(d time +(ime Ministe( o2 $(eece. Unde( his (esidency: on Fanua(y ,: ,/ ,: $(eece

became the tenth membe( o2 the #u(o ean #conomic Union. The economic situation o2

$(eece: 2a ing s ight y sho(t o2 c(ite(ia set by the Maast(icht T(eaty (evented the

count(y 2(om ente(ing the #u(o ean Moneta(y Union in ,///. "o6eve(: it is ve(y i*e y

that this 6i ha en in -77,.

Des ite its si9e: $(eece is a nation 6ith a g(eat: yet t(agic: histo(y 6hich has seen its

e;istence th(eatened seve(a times. Due to this: its he(oes a(e most y (es ected 2o( thei(

achievements in (ese(ving $(ee* nationa entity and $(ee*s seem to d(a6 st(ength

2(om thei( e;am e. They ta*e (ide in the 2act that thei( cu tu(e is *no6n th(oughout

the 6o( d. They be ieve that thei( civi i9ation and t(adition has sti a g(eat dea to o22e(

to humanity. "o6eve( the(e is common 2ee ing that mode(n $(eece being a sma

,,


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count(y cannot ive u to its desi(ed state and this eads to disa ointment and 6ounded

nationa (ide es ecia y0hene%er its nationa (ights a(e not (es ected.

,8E !-/*,*CA/ S*,$A,*-" *" GREECE

Ancient $(eece is the ace 6he(e democ(acy 6as bo(n. A though mode(n $(eece has

seen its democ(acy su22e( at times: a2te( , 37 6hen the democ(atic 2o(m o2 gove(nment

6as (e>int(oduced: democ(acy has su(vived t6o 6o( d 6a(s: a civi 6a( immediate y

a2te( o( d a( II: va(ious *ings and dictato(s.

Ove( the ast t6enty 2ive yea(s the state o2 o itics is cha(acte(i9ed by an im (essivestabi ity and the +(esidentia +a( iamenta(y Democ(acy 2unctions smooth y. 4(om ,/B!:

6hen the ast dictato(shi 2e : $(eece has enjoyed its most eace2u and c(eative e(iod

o2 the -7th centu(y. As the name o2 the gove(nment suggests: the o6e( is sha(ed

bet6een the Cabinet and the +a( iament 6hich a(e e ected by the eo e and the

+(esident 6ho is e ected by the +a( iament

Inte(na y: the egis ative body (evo ves a(ound t6o o itica a;es= the cente( and the

(ight. The t6o main a(ties: 6hich (e (esent these t6o sides: the +anhe enic Socia ist

+a(ty @+ASO% and Ne6 Democ(acy (es ective y: have had c ea( di22e(ences in thei(

o icies 2o( many yea(s. Today: the di22e(ences bet6een the t6o g(eat a(ties a(e sma :

and the(e a(e no se(ious di22e(ences as 2a( as the basic choices and the 2utu(e 6he(e the

count(y shou d go. The t6o a(ties com ete on y 2o( being e ected in o(de( to

im ement 6hat they be ieve is the most e22ective o icy 2o( the country and its eo e.

Among the most im o(tant goa s a(e the (est(iction o2 the ub ic secto(: the cu(bing o2

ub ic s ending: the im (ovement in (oductivity and com etitiveness o2 the economy:

and the im ementation o2 a(ge ub ic 6o(*s 2o( the count(y


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eade(s o2 the ast had given it. Things a(e not e;act y that 6ay: o2 cou(se. The t(uth is

that as 6e a (oach the -,st centu(y: the inte(est is shi2ting a6ay 2(om #u(o ean

ca ita s: inc uding Athens: to6a(ds )(usse s. The (os ective o2 the economic and

moneta(y uni2ication o2 #u(o e has 2o(ced the $(ee* o itica a(ties to (ethin* thei(

goa s 6ith $(ee* 2o(eign o icy in a(ticu a( *ee ing a st(ong #u(o ean o(ientation.

The Gtho(nG in $(ee* 2o(eign a22ai(s is its (o;imity to Tu(*ey. In )) : the (e ationshi

bet6een the t6o count(ies has been tested again. This ha ened 6hen Tu(*ey

announced its be ie2 that ce(tain (oc*y>is ets in the Aegean 6e(e a Gg(ey a(eaG. The

a(gument (esented is that the o6ne(shi o2 these is ands: estab ished th(ough

inte(nationa t(eaties: (emains undete(mined.

#ve(yone *no6s that this so>ca ed Gg(ey a(eaG does not e;ist since Tu(*ey acce ted the

boa(de(s 6hich 6e(e set by the 0ausane T(eaty signed in ,/-3. It has been suggested to

ta*e the matte( to the Inte(nationa Cou(t in the "ague: but Tu(*s (e2use to do: so they

(o ose instead a t6o 6ay dia ogue on (ob ems e;isting bet6een the t6o count(ies.

The e(manent osition o2 Athens is that this is not a t6o 6ay (ob em: but me(e y the

un2ounded c aims o2 the Tu(*s to6a(ds $(eece. Conse?uent y: the(e is no (eason 2o( any

con2e(ence on this matte(.

The 2o(eign o icy o2 $(eece sti has to 2ace the cha enge o2 the Cy (us (ob em. As

U.N. (eso utions have dec a(ed: the issue is that o2 a mi ita(y invasion and an i ega

occu ation o2 an inde endent count(y: Cy (us: by anothe(: Tu(*ey. On this basis: the

Cy (us issue is an in2(ingement on inte(nationa a6: 6hich has asted 2o( -' yea(s no6.

It is a (ob em: 6hich must be so ved by the de a(tu(e o2 the invading 2o(ces 2(om

No(the(n Cy (us.

/ately in August and September ))) follo0ing the catastrophic earth ua1es2

0hich hit both ,ur1ey and Greece2 the t0o countries ha%e come closer offering

humanitarian assistance to each other+ *t is hoped that this 0ill be the beginning

for easing out tension and sol%ing long standing political problems+

$(ee* di omatic (e ations 6ith the )a *an States is es ecia y 2(iend y and is based on

the (emise o2 being good neighbo(s and (oviding su o(t 6hen necessa(y. $(eece has

a (eady done this du(ing the time the )a *ans 6e(e th(eatened 6ith g(eat o itica and

,3


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economic (ob ems. The on y da(* oint 6as 6hen a neighbo(ing state se a(ated 2(om

the Con2ede(ation o2 Lugos avia and named itse 2 the Re ub ic o2 Macedonia. $(eece

(e?uested the (emova o2 the 6o(d GMacedoniaG since the same name is used 2o( a a(ge

dist(ict o2 $(eece. They succeeded in getting this count(y (enamed the G4o(me(

Lugos av Re ub ic o2 MacedoniaG o( 4LROM. It 6as 2u(the( ag(eed that this name6ou d be tem o(a(y unti a common y acce tab e so ution cou d be 2ound. To date: no

(og(ess has been noted: but this in no 6ay (events the t6o count(ies 2(om having ve(y

good di omatic and economic (e ations.

A this has ha ened du(ing a time 6hen $(eece has been unde(going changes in its

inte(na st(uctu(e. Since ,//!: the im o(tance o2 oca gove(nment has inc(eased

(esu ting in administ(ative decent(a i9ation. 4(om ast yea(: ,// : the o itica ma o2 the count(y has a so changed: acco(ding to the G+ an o2 %a odist(iasG. The /77

munici a ities and ':'77 communities 6e(e combined to ma*e ,:,77 munici a ities.

The(e a(e many changes ha ening no6 6hich 6i not have immediate (esu ts. They

6i cause changes in ate( yea(s 6hich: it is be ieved: 6i cont(ibute to the

mode(ni9ation o2 $(eece and its e?ua a(tici ation in the #U.

,8E GREE9 EC-"-MB

The s ectacu a( im (ovement in the mac(o>economic indicato(s: the change in the

menta ity o2 the ub ic secto( and o2 business: as 6e as the o ening o2 ne6 e; o(t

(outes to #aste(n #u(o e and Asia a(e the most im o(tant achievements in the $(ee*

economy du(ing the ast yea(s.

Inte(nationa o(gani9ations: i*e the UN: the O#CD: and the Inte(nationa )an*: have

(an*ed $(eece as an indust(ia economy: ho6eve( not among the most economica y

deve o ed nations. $(eece does not possess a de%eloped heavy indust(y o( a high>tech

indust(ia base. Food : beve(ages and te;ti es: constitute the a(gest o(tion o2

manu2actu(ing. It is c ea( that $(ee* indust(y is o(iented to6a(ds (oducing goods:

6hich a(e abo( intensive (athe( than innovative and high>tech and the(e2o(e o2 a o6e(

tota va ue.

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Most economists (ight y be ieve that the main st(uctu(a (ob em in the $(ee* economy

stem 2(om the a(ge: s o6 and o6 e(2o(ming ub ic secto(. The 3-7:777 ub ic>secto(

em oyees a(e e?ua to the numbe( o2 6o(*e(s in indust(y but thei( 6o(* is o2 ess va ue

6hen com a(ed to 6hat they o22e( the economy. This has caused a a(ge de2icit and

2ina y an accumu ated debt: 6hich su( asses the annua nationa budget o2 the count(y(-+E+C+'+ 4) +

The a(ge ub ic secto( 6ith its heavy bu(eauc(acy and ine22iciency (eceives constant

c(iticism @+a a e;and(is and )ou(antas: ,//3 . "o6eve( its ove(sta22ing has a cu tu(a

e; anation. The ,/ th cent(u(y $(ee* state ac*ed any e22ective deve o ment o icy and

me(e y acted as an em oyment agency 2o( easants 6ho had e2t the count(yside in

sea(ch 2o( 6o(* in the cities @Mou9e is: ,/B . This 6as accom ished th(ough a a(gec iente istic net6o(* unde( the at(onage o2 high y e(sona i9ed o itica a(ties and

using a (actice common y *no6n as H(ous2eti . This is a 6o(d o2 A(ab o(igin 6hich

means e(sona 2avou( to su o(te(s and di22e(s 2(om b(ibe(y @)(oome: ,//5 .

HRousfeti o2ten se(ves to su( ass bu(eauc(atic 2o(ma ities and se(ves to connect

individua s thus o22setting insecu(ity. hi e today sta22ing in the ub ic secto( is st(ict y

imited to objective ty es o2 ent(y (ocedu(es: e(sona (e ations a(e sti im o(tant in

dea ing 6ith the State 6hi e o itica a22i iations in2 uence sta22ing decisions 2o( highe(

ositions.

A a(t 2(om the ecu ia(ities o2 the ub ic secto(: ca(e2u study o2 the st(uctu(e o2 the

$(ee* economy sho6s anothe( im o(tant st(uctu(a (ob em: the o(ientation o2 the

$(ee* economy to6a(d the (oduction o2 o6 va ue goods unti (ecent y. $(eece

(oduced and e; o(ted main y 2ood and chea ga(ments: 6hi e it im o(ted ca(s:

indust(ia e?ui ment: com ute(s: e ect(ica a iances: and othe( simi a( items. The

count(y e;hibited a henomena consum tion: 6hich 6as 2a( g(eate( than its (oduction.

This 6as t(ans ated to de2icit 2o( the state as 6e as in the t(ade ba ance. 4o( yea(s this

has caused in2 ation: do6n6a(d t(ends and the deva uation o2 cu((ency. 4o( the ast

three yea(s this situation has been changing 2o( the bette(. Investment in techno ogy and

economic eanness measu(es a ied 2(om ,/ ' to ,/ B and 2(om ,//7 unti no6 have

yie ded thei( 2(uits impro%ing the ictu(e o2 the economy. Today: in2 ation is at - : the

ub ic de2icit at -.' : inte(est (ates have 2a en substantia y 6hi e ub ic and (ivate

investments have sho6n steady inc(ease since ,//5.

,'


16/60


17/60

To sum u : des ite st(uctu(a (ob ems: continuous change and impro%ement is ta*ing

ace in the $(ee* economy. The e;tensive (ivati9ation: the im (ovements in the

in2(ast(uctu(e o2 t(ans o(tation: ene(gy: communication: the envi(onment and education:

the im (ovement in the economic inde; and the inc(ease in (ivate investments sho6

that the count(y is (og(essing to6a(ds its cent(a goa 6hich is to have e?ua standingamong othe( count(ies in the #u(o ean Union.

,B


18/60

,8E &A"9*"G SEC,-R

)an*ing 6as one o2 the t6o secto(s K$ obeK used in this study. The se ection o2 ban*ing

is due to the g(eat im o(tance it has gained ove( the ast 2e6 decades in the c(eation o2 a

6o( d economy and the im o(tant (o e &an1s a(e aying in the $(ee* economy. T6o

Semi>state )an*s: #m o(i*i and Ioni*i: and t6o (ivate )an*s: A ha C(edit and

)a(c ays 6e(e inc uded in the sam e 6ith the u( ose to have ate( the ossibi ity to

conduct inte( secto( com a(isons.

4o( the ast 2e6 yea(s: the (eo(gani9ation o2 the $(ee* ban*ing ma(*et: 2o o6ing the

t(end to6a(ds me(ge(s: 6hich has a (eady sta(ted in the inte(nationa ma(*et: has

become an im o(tant issue. The mu ti2aceted $(ee* ban*ing system: consisting o2

many sma and medium si9ed ban*s: both $(ee* and 2o(eign on the one hand and some

a(ge State )an*s on the othe(: have dictated a change in the 2ace o2 $(ee* ban*ing.

Today in the $(ee* ma(*et: the(e a(e t6o g(eat ban*ing cong ome(ates: 6hich a(e

cont(o ed by the state. One is the Nationa )an* o2 $(eece: 6ith many b(anches a

ove( the count(y. Cont(o ing this ban* a o6s the gove(nment to institute moneta(y

o icies: since it has access to a a(ge o(tion o2 the ma(*et. 4o( the ast 2e6 yea(s: the

Nationa )an* has e; e(ienced deve o ments: 6hich have estab ished it as one o2 the

most (e utab e ban*s in #u(o e. The othe( state ban* is the Ag(icu tu(a )an*: 6hich

se(ves the s eci2ic needs o2 the eo e in (u(a a(eas. A so be onging to the semi state

secto( a(e #m o(i*i and Ioni*i )an*. In the (ivate secto(: the th(ee ban*s 6hich 6i

ay a majo( (o e in the -,st centu(y a(e A ha C(edit )an*: #u(oban* and the )an* o2

+i(aeus. Ove( the ast 2e6 yea(s: the im o(tant moves in the ban*ing ma have inc uded

a numbe( o2 me(ge(s and ac?uisitions 6hich is continuing so that ove( the ne;t t6o to

th(ee yea(s: the 2o o6ing is e; ected in $(ee* ban*ing=

>Th(ee to 2ou( ban*ing cong ome(ates 6i become st(onge( th(ough

mergers 6ith sma e( ban*s: 6hich be ong to the same g(ou o( a(e outside

the g(ou and th(ough ac?uisitions o2 ce(tain sma e(: state ban*s 6hich 6i be bought

u by othe( a(ge( ban*s.

>Ce(tain 2o(eign ban*s: in the 2(ame6o(* o2 thei( mo(e gene(a an: 6i 6ithd(a6 2(omthe $(ee* ma(*et: 6hi e othe(s 6hich have decided to inc(ease thei( activity in $(eece

,


19/60

6i (obab y buy out sma e( $(ee* ban*s that can not su(vive in

the ne6 com etitive envi(onment: in o(de( to st(engthen thei( 6o( d6ide net6o(*s and

in2(ast(uctu(e.

In vie6 o2 this 6ave o2 me(ge(s and ac?uisitions: e; o(ing va ues and attitudes in the)an*ing secto(s th(ough $ obe can be ate( used 2o( purposes o2 o(gani9ationa cu tu(e

integ(ation and eade(shi t(aining necessa(y 2o( smooth o e(ation o2 the ne6 entities.

Telecommunications Sector

In (ecent yea(s d(astic changes occu((ed in the 2ie d o2 te ecommunications. Unti ,//-:the(e 6as on y one state>o6ned com any: OT# @O(gani9ation o2 Te ecommunication o2

$(eece (oviding conventiona hone se(vices. Today OT# continues to be the on y

com any to (ovide standa(d @conventiona hone se(vice in $(eece but in ,//' its

stoc* 6ent ub ic: meaning that no6 3' o2 the com any is o6ned by (ivate

investo(s. Since ,//-: th(ee othe( ente( (ises have ente(ed the ma(*et (oviding

mobi e hone se(vice. Te estet $(eece: +ana2on: and Cosmote: a subsidia(y o2 OT#.

Te ecommunications is not on y a dynamic: (a id y deve o ing b(anch o2 the $(ee*

economy: but a secto(: in 6hich the count(y has sho6n (ea techno ogica (og(ess and

in 6hich $(eece a(a e s inte(nationa deve o ment having su( assed eve(y 2o(ecast

made by economic o icy ma*e(s. A 2e6 statistics a(e enough to sho6 the st(ength o2

te ecommunications in $(eece. The (o2it o2 the telecommunication industry

a (oaches 3.3 bi ion do a(s and constitutes 3 o2 the $N+ o2 $(eece. In ,//7: this

6as at ,.' . 4(om ,//! to the yea( -777: the yea( y investments in this secto( a(e

estimated at ,.' bi ion do a(s.

The most inte(esting statistic: ho6eve(: is the numbe( o2 eo e 6ho have mobi e

hones. hen they 6e(e int(oduced in ,//-: 2o(ecasts 6e(e that in the yea( -777 ha 2 a

mi ion $(ee*s 6ou d have ce u a( te e hones. Today the(e a(e a (eady /'7:777

ce u a( hone o6ne(s: and the numbe( is e; ected to (each !.' mi ion by -77'. The

g(eat jum came in ,//B 6hen mobi e hone subsc(ibe(s inc(eased by B : 6hich

(an*ed the $(ee* mobi e hone ma(*et as the ! th most deve o ed in #u(o e: acco(ding

to statistics ub ished by Mobi e Communications Inte(nationa .

,/


20/60


21/60

***+ G/-&E A"' S-C*E,A/ C$/,$RE

)e2o(e (esenting and inte( (eting $0O)# 2indings some majo( cha(acte(istics o2

$(ee* cu tu(e 6i be int(oduced as bac*g(ound in2o(mation.

Social Values and the Gree1 "ational Character

The g(eat C(etan 6(ite( Ni*os %a9ant9a*is (e2e(s to Hthe t6o g(eat cu((ents 6hich

constitute the doub ebo(n sou o2 $(eece @%a9ant9a*is: ,/55 . )y this dua ity he

meant the com e; mi;tu(e o2 cha(acte( constituents 6hich have (esu ted 2(om $(eece asting 2o(eign

dominations. A st(ong cont(ibuto(y 2acto( in this (es ect 6as undoubted y the ove 2o(

inde endence: the im o(tance o2 (e igion and the st(ength o2 the 2ami y institution.

Re igion is c ose y in*ed 6ith $(ee* nationa ity as /B o2 the eo e a(e $(ee*

O(thodo; Ch(istians. The O(thodo; c e(gy has ayed a majo( (o e in the (evo ution

2o( inde endence and in (ese(ving $(ee* anguage: cu tu(e and t(adition th(ough

centu(ies o2 2o(eign occu ation. 0in*s bet6een $(ee* O(thodo; Chu(ch and $(ee*

t(adition a(e be ieved to be ve(y dee y (ooted dating 2(om the time 6hen the Roman

#m i(e 6as divided into its #aste(n and este(n ha ves in 3/' A.D. and the )y9antine

#m i(e 6as estab ished in the #aste(n a(t 6ith $(ee* as its o22icia anguage

@A(mst(ong and Ma(*us: ,/57 . The chu(ch 6ith its many scho a(s: some iving in

monaste(ies: ayed an im o(tant (o e in (ese(ving ancient $(ee* cu tu(e and

hi oso hy. It is be ieved that the Renaissance in #u(o e sta(ted 6hen the )y9antine

thin*e(s b(ought ancient $(ee* 6o(*s to #u(o e 2o o6ing the 2a o2 Constantino e in

,!'3 @Cam be and She((a(d: ,/5 . Today im o(tant events in a person4s i2e: such as

ba tism and ma((iage: a(e usua y ce eb(ated in chu(ches: eo e ce eb(ate thei( saintsday instead o2 thei( bi(thday: 6hi e many (e igious 2easts to honou( saints

invo ve music: d(in*ing and dancing: thus acting as occasions 2o( socia gathe(ing and

(ein2o(cement o2 socia ties.

-,


22/60


23/60

6ay that is H o ite: vi(tuous: (e iab e: (oud: t(uth2u : gene(ous: se 2>sac(i2icing: tact2u :

(es ect2u and g(ate2u .

The st(ong individua ism o2 $(ee*s ma*e them to (e2e( 6o(*ing 2o( themse ves. The

hase HI 6ant to be my o6n boss is common y hea(d among young eo e 6ho a2te( 6o(*ing 2o( a 2e6 yea(s as em oyees: sta(t thei( o6n sma business. About ha 2 o2 the

abou( 2o(ce is se 2>em oyed and /7 o2 $(ee* 2i(ms have 2e6e( than ,7 6o(*e(s @)a

,//- .

Ove(a : the (eadiness o2 $(ee*s to engage in ent(e (eneu(ia activities is 2u(the(

st(engthened by the conside(ab e deg(ee o2 socia mobi ity in $(eece. ith no ine o2

se a(ation bet6een c asses: the(e is high e; ectation and much o o(tunity 2o( success.The(e is no imit to the o o(tunities 2o( eo e to advance: and $(ee*s tend to com ete

2ie(ce y to g(as these o o(tunities be2o(e anyone e se does. This e; ains a so the

(e2e(ence 2o( ventu(es 6hich a o6 a high ma(gin to (o2it @t(ade: shi ing and: the

6i ingness to see* o o(tunities ab(oad @+a a e;and(is: ,//' .

The desi(e to advance socia y and secu(e socia (ecognition togethe( 6ith the ove 2o(

ea(ning and se 2 2u 2i ment a so e; ain the g(eat va ue $(ee*s attach to highe(

education 6hich 6as t(aditiona y a (e(e?uisite 2o( success: socia status and economic

(os e(ity @Dima*i ,/B! . 8igher education in Gree1 $ni%ersities is free for those

0ho can pass the national admission e#am+ 8o0e%er since the number of

candidates by far e#ceeds the a%ailable places for admission2 for students 0ho are

not admitted to the Gree1 $ni%ersities2 the $(ee* 2ami y is (eady to sac(i2ice

im o(tant sums o2 money 2o( thei( education eithe( ab(oad o( in (ivate co eges in

$(eece. A so it is ?uite common 2o( the 2ami y to 2inance chi d(eng(aduate

Studies ab(oad.

Against this ove(a count(y bac*g(ound (esu ts obtained 2(om $ obe on societa cu tu(e

6i be inte( (eted.

6uantitati%e results on percei%ed and desired cultural dimensions

Resu ts 2(om $ obe on the societa eve o2 cu tu(e in $(eece a(e (esented in Tab e 3.

This Tab e sho6s the mean sco(es and (an*s o2 the va(ious dimensions o2 cu tu(e: as

-3


24/60

(es ondents be ieve that they cu((ent y e;ist and shou d e;ist: as 6e as the di22e(ences

bet6een them.

)e2o(e beginning the ana ysis o2 the di22e(ent dimensions 6e can gene(a y obse(ve that

$(eece has o6 mean sco(es in Hsociety as is and high sco(es in Hsociety shou d be .These (esu ts con2i(m the e;istence o2 a cu tu(e ga 2ound in (evious (esea(ch studies

on o(gani9ationa cu tu(e. Acco(ding to )ou(antas and othe(s @,//7 the(e is a

disc(e ancy bet6een gene(a o(gani9ationa cu tu(e as e(ceived by manage(s and thei(

e(sona y (e2e((ed cu tu(e. ,hey belie%e this to be an indication of the desire 2o(

change 6ithin o(gani9ations. I2 this is t(ue 6ithin o(gani9ations: it is even mo(e the case

6ithin societa cu tu(e 6hich (es ondents e(ceive as being di22e(ent 2(om 6hat they

6ou d i*e it to be.

"e(e 6e must note that (es ondents 6e(e most y unive(sity g(aduates and 6o(*ed in

some o2 the best 2i(ms in $(eece: the(e2o(e thei( e(ce tion o2 societa (ea ity as ac*ing

in ce(tain dimensions is a(t y due to thei( high e; ectations about an idea societa

cu tu(e. 4u(the(mo(e the(e is a 6ides (ead tendency 2o( se 2>c(iticism among $(ee*s

es ecia y those iving in Athens 6he(e (ob ems o2 t(a22ic congestion ove( o u ation

and o ution have made i2e ?uite di22icu t. ,he influ# of 2 million economic

(e2ugees main y 2(om #aste(n count(ies a2te( the /7


25/60

,A&/E =G/-&E RES$/,S -" GREE9 S-C*E,A/ C$/,$RE

Societa Cu tu(e

Dimension

Society

As Is

Count(y

Ran*ing

$(ou

Ran*ing

Society

Shou d be

Count(y

Ran*ing

$(ou

Ran*ing

Di22e(ence

bet6eenAs is

Shou d beSco(e Ran* $(ou Sco(e Ran* $(ou Sco(e

+e(2o(mance

O(ientation

3.-7 5, C '. , 3/ ) -.5,

4utu(e O(ientation 3.!7 ', C '.,/ ! ) ,.B/Asserti%eness


26/60

o y synd(ome obse(ved in Aust(a ia @Ash*anasy and 4a *us ,// is a so

evident in $(eece. This is a so (ein2o(ced by the (evious y mentioned

cha(acte(istic o2 antagonism. Thus a though $(ee*s st(ive 2o( achievements:

they o2ten (e2use (ecognition to those e(2o(ming 6e : 6hi e on the cont(a(y

they ve(y o2ten thin* o2 themse ves as victims o2 this ac* o2 (ecognition havinga 2ee ing o2 being bet(ayed by society in gene(a .

Th(ough these (esu ts (es ondents send the message that $(ee* society must

become mo(e e(2o(mance o(iented com eting 2o( and (e6a(ding em oyeesc(iticism stems to a a(ge e;tent

2(om thei( need 2o( (og(ess: (esu ts and e;ce ence: 6hich eve(yone 6ou d i*e

to see: but due to the ac* o2 in2(ast(uctu(e: o( the gene(a 2(ame6o(* 2inds

di22icu t to achieve. This d(ive and desire 2o( e;ce ence can be seen in the

achievements o2 ove(seas $(ee*s 6ho sho6 g(eat (og(ess as immig(ants in

thei( ne6 count(ies.

4ina y: (esu ts e; (ess the disa ointment 6ith the $(ee* ub ic secto( 6hich

constitutes an im o(tant o(tion o2 the tota 6o(*ing 2o(ce o2 the count(y. The

indicato(s o2 (oductivity and e22ectiveness in the ub ic secto( a(e o6 and

constitute the main (ob em 2o( any gove(nment since they (esent obstac es to

the economic deve o ment o2 the count(y and ha%e re7delayed its ent(y in the

#u(o ean Moneta(y Union. It is a 2act that the (evai ing menta ities o2 o itica

2avou(itism and oo( se(vice: 2ound in the ub ic secto( and in some a(ge semi>

ub ic o(gani9ations: o2ten have in2 uence on the ove(a economic e(2o(mance.

The o6 e(2o(mance o2 the ub ic secto( a though 6ide y c(itici9ed someho6

in2 uences attitudes to6a(d 6o(* o2 the ave(age $(ee* and is o2ten a se(ious

obstac e 2o( $(ee* businesses.

"o6eve(: ove( the ast 2e6 yea(s as sho6n by economic 2igu(es: things have sta(ted to

change. The conce ts o2 (oductivity and 2(ee t(ade a (eady (ominent in the (ivate

secto( have ente(ed in the ub ic secto( 6hi e at the same time: the(e a(e mo(e and mo(e

-5


27/60


28/60

meet 2utu(e needs. It seems that 6a(s: th(eats and va(ious ca amities 6hich $(ee*s

have 2aced ove( the yea(s ma*e them (e uctant to an too 2a( ahead. To this shou d

be added the 2(e?uent changes in egis ation (acticed ove( the ast yea(s by the

state and the gene(a mist(ust about 6hat ies ahead due main y to the count(yestern #u(o e. ,here is

itt e advance anningunless it is im osed 2(om the outside. On a e(sona eve i2

you as* a $(ee* 6hat he 6i do ove( the ne;t 2e6 yea(s you may (eceive the

2o o6ing ans6e( H ho *no6sP I may even not be a ive then .

$ntil recently this phenomenon could be obser%ed at all le%els of Gree1 Culture

0ith politicians and businessmen in the forefront+ As a result the talent forbusiness and the intelligence 0hich distinguish Gree1s 0as rather channeled to

short7term plans . T(ade has been a (e2e((ed activity ove( manu2actu(ing and

sho(t>te(m (o2it 6as mo(e a ea ing than ong>te(m investment @A e;ande( ,/5 .

-%er the last fe0 years there ha%e been efforts in large Gree1s organiHations to

implement strategic planning and get ready to anticipate and face the future by

building alternati%e solutions for unpredictable changes+ ,hus many $(ee*

2i(ms have invested ab(oad both in #aste(n and este(n count(ies ho ing 2o( ong

te(m bene2its. This is a(ge y due to g oba i9ation and the com etition 2aced by the

o e(ation o2 Mu tinationa 2i(ms in $(eece. 4u(the(mo(e the 2act that $(eece is a

membe( o2 the #.U. 6he(e detai ed anning ahead o2 time a necessa(y in o(de( to

a(tici ate in (ojects and get access to avai ab e 2unds has 2o(ced state

administ(ation to adjust thei( (actice and become mo(e 2utu(e o(iented.

4ina y in this dimension $(eece 2o o6s the gene(a tendency o2 count(ies in the

g obe to desi(e a highe( deg(ee of future orientation .

3) Assertiveness

,his dimension refers to the degree to 0hich members of the society are

encouraged to be tough2 dominant and aggressi%e+ Greece is th in the society

?as is@ and th in the society ?should be@ ran1ing sho0ing the least intra

country difference bet0een the t0o as compared 0ith all other dimensions+

,his means that respondents belie%e Gree1 society is not high on aggression

and 0ish e%en lo0er aggression+

-


29/60

*t is true that from their early childhood children are taught to cherish peace

and there is a general tendency for young parents to discourage use of toy

0eapons+ Aggression is permitted only in case of threat to e#istence+

Although Greece has been in%ol%ed in se%eral 0ars o%er the years2 it 0as

al0ays in response to a foreign in%asion or in order to liberate occupiedterritories+ ,he Christian spirit of peace lo%ing and the motto of ?/o%e though

neighbour as thouself@ is something strongly encouraged by parents and

teachers in child rearing+ Among school children it is not the person 0ho

sho0s aggression that 0ill become a leader but rather the child 0ho can help

schoolmates in meeting difficult assignments and teachers4 re uirements or the

child 0ho 0ill defend %erbally his class mate to the teacher e%en if the latter is

a 0rong doer+

*n the organiHational setting2 although competition and the need for efficiency

ma1e aggressi%e beha%ior necessary2 bac17stabbing or .udging strictly your

colleagues or subordinates is not encouraged and solidarity is reinforced+ >ith

reference to super%isors4 beha%iour2 unless people4s feelings are ta1en into

consideration in the 0or1 place2 little can be accomplished and threats or

tough and aggressi%e beha%ior can often bring the opposite results+

As &roome ( )) describes in order to moti%ate employees to put e#tra effort

into a pro.ect it is necessary to appeal to their ?philotimo@ or ?lo%e of honor@

by sho0ing trust in their abilities2 1indness and concern about their personal

problems+ ,he allo0ance of non0or17related acti%ity on the .ob and the time

often spent by managers in order to learn about their employees4 family

concerns and problems can create more loyalty and a sense of obligation thus

leading to higher degrees of producti%ity 0hene%er needed+ 9indness and

concern about people rather than about products 0ill bring much better

results since 1eeping to the norms and being tough and strict can create an

ad%ersarial relationship and %ery negati%e results+ *t appears that less

aggression is 0hat all countries participating in the Globe around the 0orld

desire and Greece is among the countries 0ith the strongest orientation

to0ards lo0er le%els of aggression+

4) Collectivism 1: Societal Em !asis

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30/60

The dimension o2 co ectivism (e2e(s to the e;tent to 6hich the st(uctu(e o2 the

society eads to o( 2avou(s the coo e(ative ve(sus individua istic behaviou(. "e(e:

$(ee* society has a ve(y o6 coe22icient: 3.-': and is in the 5, st osition. This

coe22icient aces it in g(ou C: since it is statistica y o6e( than !/ othe( count(ies.

On the ?uestion o2 6hat shou d be ha ening in $(ee* society: the coe22icient ises ecia y high: '.!7 6hich aces $(eece ' th among the othe( count(ies. The

di22e(ence is -.,' and is the g(eatest di22e(ence any count(y has.

The (esu ts o2 this section b(ing 2o(6a(d one o2 the cha(acte(istics o2 $(ee* society:

6hich is individua ism. $(ee*s have ea(ned to ta*e initiative: they a(e inte igent

and have a st(ong ent(e (eneu(ia s i(it. "o6eve(: they do not easi y 6o(* 6e 6ith

othe(s es ecia y in o(gani9ationa settings. It is common 2o( those in osition o2 o6e( to ta*e a the (es onsibi ity and de egate on y to a imited e;tent: since thei(

subo(dinates a(e neithe( t(ained not encou(aged to 6o(* in teams. Team s i(it is

(eached on y in cases o2 eme(gency. In $(ee* histo(y the(e a(e instances 6he(e

(ominent $(ee*s have ove(come thei( di22e(ences and came togethe( 6hen

im o(tant decisions had to be (eached. "o6eve(: it seems that once the dange( 6as

ove( the need to act as a team 2aded and individua ity (evai ed again.

An im o(tant cha(acte(istic in $(ee* societa cu tu(e is the distinction bet6een

ing(ou and outg(ou 6hich a22ects signi2icant y the 6ays in 6hich $(ee*s (e ate to

othe(s @T(iandis: ,/B- . The ing(ou usua y inc udes 2ami y: (e atives and 2(iends

and the(e is a ot o2 (otection: t(ust: su o(t and coo e(ation bet6een its membe(s.

The outg(ou is o2ten vie6ed 6ith hosti ity and (e ations 6ith outg(ou membe(s

a(e o2ten cha(acte(i9ed by sus icion and mist(ust. Acco(ding to Doumanis< @,/ 3 in

t(aditiona $(ee* communities socia (e ationshi s 6e(e o a(i9ed being eithe(

ositive o( negative 6ith no (oom o( neut(a g(adation in bet6een the t6o. This

e; ains the ac* o2 coo e(ation bet6een management and em oyees o( bet6een

state o22icia s be onging to di22e(ent o itica a(ties. "o6eve( any st(ange( o(

2o(eigne( is a otentia ing(ou membe( and (eceives e;ce ent t(eatment because o2

the em hasis t(adition aces on H hi o;enia o( 2(iend iness to st(ange(s.

As 8erHfeld ( ) obser%ed one finds in the mosaic of Gree1 culture a mi#ture

of the traditional and modern that cannot be easily separated+ Although the

largest percentage of Gree1 population li%e in urban centers such as Athens2

37


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(ivate secto(. omen outnumbe( men gaining ent(ance to Unive(sities: 6omen

manage(s have been ve(y success2u in the se(vices secto( and ove( the ne;t 2e6

yea(s: t(ends sho6 that they 6i be an im o(tant a(t o2 the business 6o( d. Sti the

a(ge sha(e o2 ob igations having to do 6ith chi d (ea(ing and house6o(* is ca((ied

out by 6omen 6ho seem to manage a(ticu a( y 6e in most cases a(ge y due to thesu o(t o2 the e;tended 2ami y (parents and close relati%es sti (evai ing in

$(eece.

) *umane orientation

This dimension is de2ined as the e22o(t and (actices 6hich a society sho6s in

su o(t o2 human beings inc uding gene(osity: conce(n and 2(iend iness. In this

dimension: $(ee* society has a coe22icient o2 3.3!: 6hich is ve(y o6. This sco(e aces it '/ th among the othe( count(ies and in>g(ou D: 6hich is the o6est g(ou .

The coe22icient 2o( the desi(ed state is '.-3 and uts $(eece ! th and in>g(ou ). The

di22e(ence bet6een the - coe22icients is ,. /: 6hich is signi2icant. This di22e(ence

sho6s that as (es ondents 2ee : $(ee* society shou d be mo(e ca(ing to6a(ds eo e.

>hile it also reflects the antagonism often e#isting in organiHational settings+

-ne must ho0e%er loo1 closer at the Gree1 society in order to understand the

respondents %ie0s .

A person not familiar 0ith Gree1 culture may gain the impression that Gree1

society is actually lo0 on the humane orientation+ ,he fact is that it is much

lo0er than 0hat respondents 0ould li1e it to be and this high desire for

humanism is deeply rooted in Gree1 traditional %alues 0hich respondents see

as being threatened in an era of commercialiHation and cut7throat competition+

One o2 the most 6e >*no6n t(aditiona $(ee* va ues has been the offer o2

H hi o;enia o( hos itabi ity. As Fermor ( ) states2 philo#enia is based on ?a

genuine and deep7seated 1indness2 the feeling of pity and charity to0ard a

stranger 0ho is far from home as in ancient Gree1 the 0ord ?#enos@ means

both stranger and guest+ Gree1 hospitality especially in smaller communities is

one of the reasons that many tourists 1eep coming bac1 to Greece+

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,he inborn foreigner or the ne0ly met person is considered a potential friend

until he pro%es the opposite+

-f course this contradicts the already mentioned antagonism and distrust often

sho0n by Gree1s+ ,he e#planation can be found in the distinction bet0eeninner and outer circle described by ,riandis+

*n spite of the apparent contradiction2 the independence and indi%idualism of

Gree1s coincide 0ith the strong loyalty and e%en sacrifice for the in7group or

for appropriate others+ According to 8art ( ))= 0ho studied rural Greece2

indi%iduality is admired 0hereas autonomy 0hich disregards needs of family or

community is condemned+

As &roome ( )) describes2 closely related to hospitality is generosity or the

o%er0helming spirit of gi%ing that accompanies true friendship in Greece+ A

person may ma1e real sacrifices to help a friend in need+ 8o0e%er if something

goes 0rong in the relationship or the person .oins a conflicting interest group2

the situation may change drastically and strong antagonism may de%elop+

An e#ample from the recent past sho0s the difference bet0een Gree1 culture

and the >est in humane orientation+ *n ))< during the campaign for

parliamentary election2 one of the t0o ma.or candidates 0as in a bad health

condition and apparently unable to rule the country as before+ ,he opposite

party2 follo0ing ad%ice by foreign consultants2 used this as an argument against

their opponent+ Contrary to 0hat foreign ad%isors had belie%ed2 the 0ea1

candidate did not lose any of his supporters 0ho felt %ery sympathetic to0ards

him2 and he finally 0on the election+

It is t(ue that $(ee*s o2 a socia eve s ha%e traditionally been humanita(ian and

su o(ting to6a(ds thei( 2e o6 men. It is still common 2o( oo( eo e to su(vive

on neighbo(


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most (es ondents conside( undesi(ab e and un2ai(. A e(son 6ho is not 2ami ia( 6ith

$(ee* society may conc ude 2(om these (esu ts that $(ee* society is a 2o(ma society

6he(e eo e


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(e ations bet6een top management and em oyees. ,oday the tendency to6a(ds

g oba i9ation (e?ui(es the invo vement o2 the individua and his he( conscious

a(tici ation in the common vision. $(ee* management is sti cha(acte(i9ed to a

a(ge e;tent by 2o(ma (e ationshi s 6hich no one a (oves and eve(yone ?uestions.

A di22e(ent ty e o2 em oyee invo vement is evident in some mode(n o(gani9ationsand the e(s ective o2 s (eading this to othe( o(gani9ations and othe( institutions o2

$(ee* society is high y desi(ab e and st(ong y demanded.

-) Famil( collectivism

This dimension desc(ibes the st(ength o2 the 2ami y bond. In this section: $(eece has

a high coe22icient o2 '.-B and is 3' th among a(tici ating count(ies in the Has is

sco(e. This coe22icient aces it in g(ou ) 6ith statistica coe22icient highe( than -5count(ies. The osition $(eece ho ds in the Hshou d be sco(e in (e ation to othe(

count(ies is ;rth : 6hich uts again it in the ) g(ou . The di22e(ence bet6een the

cu((ent and desi(ed state o2 affairs is on y .,/. This sho6s that on the issue o2 2ami y

i2e (es ondents 2ee that $(ee* society in on the (ight t(ac*.

4ami y co ectivism togethe( 6ith asse(tiveness a(e the t6o dimensions 6he(e

(es ondents 2ee that $(ee* society a (oaches the desi(ed state. This 6as to be

e; ected since the bond o2 2ami y has an unb(ea*ab e connection to the deve o ment

o2 $(ee* society. As a (eady mentioned th(oughout the t(adition o2 centu(ies and

6ith the assing o2 di22e(ent 2o(ms o2 2ami y: 2(om the at(ia(cha 2ami y 2ound in

continenta $(eece to the mat(ia(cha 2ami y 2ound in the $(ee* is ands: the 2ami y

bond has constituted the 2i(st: and st(ongest societa g(ou th(ough 6hich the

individua deve o s his e(sona identity.

4ami y co ectivism is e; (essed in the 2o(m o2 most sma >medium $(ee* businesses

o2 the ast decades. The majo(ity o2 these businesses (ese(ve thei( 2ami y cha(acte(

th(oughout thei( i2e and ve(y o2ten the motivation 2o( estab ishing them stems 2(om

the need to c(eate a sa2e 6o(*ing envi(onment 2o( membe(s o2 the 2ami y. The(e a(e

many e;am es o2 com anies in $(eece: 6hich have deve o ed 6hi e (ese(ving

thei( 2ami y natu(e. These com anies 2ace the se(ious (ob em o2 t(ansmission 6hen

the 2ounde( g(o6s and 6hen some othe( membe( o2 the 2ami y ta*ing ove( is not

necessa(i y ab e to *ee the business a ive.

3B


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This dimension (e2e(s to (actices ado ted and encou(aged 6ithin the 2(ame6o(* o2 a

society in o(de( to avoid the unce(tainty e;isting among its membe(s o2ten at the

e; ense o2 e; e(imentation and in 2avou( o2 st(ict (u es and st(ong egis ation.

In this dimension: $(ee* society has a ve(y o6 mean o2 3.3/. hich aces it in the'B th osition and in g(ou D: 6hich is the o6est g(ou . In the desi(ed state: $(eece

has a mean o2 '.7/: 6hich is ve(y high and uts it in the ,B th ace and in>g(ou A.

4(om the above: 6e can see that (es ondents 2ee that the(e is o6 unce(tainty

avoidance in thei( society 6hich su22e(s 2(om ac* o2 (eventive measu(es 2o( the

avoidance o2 un easant situations @6ood 2i(es: 2 oods: (oad accidents: c(imes etc. .

This 6as to be e; ected since the $(ee* State is o2ten accused 2o( im (ovisation inso ving (ob ems and a ac* o2 (og(amming in 2acing im o(tant issues. The (esu t

o2 this is the inabi ity to 2ace eme(gency situations: 6hich cause anic and a(e met

6ith g(eat di22icu ty and o2ten 6ithout (esu t. The distance se a(ating $(ee* society

bet6een 6he(e it cu((ent y is and 6he(e respondents feel it shou d be is sho6n in

the di22e(ence o2 ,.B7 bet6een the mean sco(es 6hich is signi2icant. In o(de( 2o( this

distance to be b(idged: the(e must be a t(ansition 2(om the e;isting common

a6a(eness to actua decision ma*ing and action ta*ing. Une; ected situations can

not be 2aced ad hoc and se(ious e22o(ts 2o( anning ahead in o(de( to meet them

6hen they occu( a(e necessa(y.

Resu ts in this dimension match (esu ts in the 2utu(e o(ientation. Des ite ce(tain

e#ceptions : eo e a(e (e uctant to an ahead since they 2ee unce(tain about the

2utu(e: and the(e is a common attitude o2 H6ho *no6s 6hat ies ahead .

Acco(ding to "o2stede @,//, $(eece sho6ed the highest sco(e in the unce(tainty

avoidance inde;. This coincides 6ith the high Hshou d be sco(e 2ound in $ obe.

"igh unce(tainty avoidance cu tu(es a(e mo(e an;ious cu tu(es and a so mo(e

e; (essive cu tu(es 6he(e eo e a ea( busy: emotiona : agg(essive: active. This

desc(i tion coincides 6ith the im (ession one gets 2(om 6atching $(ee*s.

$(ee*s tend to (eact to un easant situations and unce(tainty 6ith sociabi ity.

Ta *ing: eating: d(in*ing: dancing: discussing the 6o( d


40/60

6e(e att(acted to State jobs: 6hich in the ast o22e(ed tenu(e and vote(s e#ercised

great pressure to politicians to obtain them . hi e the heavi y sta22ed state secto(

a o6s itt e (oom 2o( such (actices any onge(: o itica a(ties have 2o( many yea(s

secu(ed votes in e;change 2o( the ce(tainty o22e(ed by a tenu(ed job in the State>

Secto(.

"o2stede @,//, a so 2ound that count(ies 6ith high unce(tainty avoidance in an

attem t to mode(ate it have a com icated and (ecise system o2 a6s and (u es.

I(onica y this does not (educe but inc(eases unce(tainty. This is a so t(ue 2o( $(eece

6he(e the com icated ega 2(ame6o(*: ending itse 2 to va(ious inte( (etations is

something 6hich adds to the gene(a 2ee ing o2 unce(tainty. It seems that the

di22e(ence bet6een Has is and Hshou d be a so (e2 ect di22e(ences in o ositecha(acte(istics 6hich simu taneous y occu( at the $(ee* Societa eve .

Thus: a though (es ondents 6ho 6e(e most y manage(s in secu(e jobs: 6ou d

6e come even o6e( eve s o2 unce(tainty: innovation and e; e(imentation is

common among a numbe( o2 business e(sons. Many ent(e (eneu(ia 2i(ms a(e

c(eated at high (is* mostly to satis2y the individua ism o2 thei( 2ounde(s but a so

because people 0ho ha%e a high moti%e to assume entrepreneurial ris1 have in

2act high eve s o2 to e(ance to uncertainty . Resea(ch among people employed in

State4s those employed in less secure more demanding .obs has sho6n that

eo e att(acted to mo(e secu(e jobs @)an*ing>Te ecommunications as is the case

6ith ou( (es ondents have different personality traits and someho6 highe(

secu(ity needs @)ou(antas: +a a e;and(is ,/// .

-ne should mention the 2act that the high sco(es o2 e(ceived unce(tainty do not

hinde( a(ge a(ts o2 the population from engaging in entrepreneurial acti%ity

something 0hich ma1es Greece the country 0ith the highest percentage of

entrepreneurs 0ithin the E+$+ (!apale#andris + As &roome ( )) belie%es a ot

o2 sa2egua(d against unce(tainty is (ovided by the e;tended 2ami y and

2(iends membe(s o2 the in>g(ou . Insecu(ity caused by the societa envi(onment and

the ac* o2 in2(ast(uctu(e can be met by estab ishing e(sona connections and

$(ee*s invest a ot o2 time and e22o(t in that di(ection.

!7


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Final Remar1s on Societal Culture

The ?uantitative (esu ts 2(om the $ obe Study have on y se(ved as a sta(ting oint 2o(

o22e(ing some ove(a e; anations (e2 ecting $(ee* societa cu tu(e. Many

cu tu(a anth(o o ogists and socio ogists have st(essed the dua ity and the va(ious

e ements com (ising the $(ee* mosaic. In his e;ce ent boo* on $(eece )(oome

@,//5 mentions seve(a o2 this dua ities. Some o2 them a(e=

The geog(a hica ocation bet6een #ast and est and the simu taneous (o;imity

6ith both sides.

The o(ientation to6a(ds the ast as a sou(ce o2 st(ength 2o( heading 2o( the 2utu(e.

The tendency to eave $(eece 2o( distant ands combined 6ith the g(eat tenacity in

*ee ing ethnic identity.

The gene(a c(itica and essimistic attitude 6ith the g(eat desi(e to enjoy i2e and

engage in socia activity.

The u(bani9ation o2 $(ee* o u ation combined 6ith ove 2o( the ace o2 native

bi(th 6ith 6hich most eo e *ee c ose ties.

The e(sistence o2 the t(aditiona 2ami y institution and the inde endence young

6omen enjoy ate y.

The c ose in* 6ith a (e igion 6hich a though c ose to o d t(adition and ea( y (itua s

is 2u o2 2easts: music and dancing and o22e(s an in2o(ma atmos he(e to membe(s

o2 its community.

The ove and su o(t g(anted to membe(s o2 the inne( g(ou to6a(ds the (iva (y and

antagonism sho6n to outg(ou membe(s.

The (esistance to im osed behaviou( and the vo unta(y se 2>sac(i2ice 6hen a ea to

a e(sons hi otimo is made by someone e(ceived as 2ai(: 2(iend y and t(ust6o(thy.

The 2ea( o2 the un*no6n and the need to cha enge the 2utu(e by being ventu(esome:

t(ave ing ab(oad and e; o(ing ne6 ands.

The ove 2o( 2(iendshi and c ose ties and the enjoyment in engaging in continuous

a(gument ove( o itica issues: constant c(iticism and debate ove( 2acts and vie6s.

# asticity as sho6n by the ado tion o2 mode(n i2e sty es and t(adition as sho6n by

*ee ing 2ami y and (e igious t(aditions.

+e(ha s the 2o o6ing statement 6(itten by "o den @,/B- best desc(ibes these

cha(acte(istics o2 $(ee* cu tu(e.

!,


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su o(ts individua initiative. One must ta*e into account that $(ee*s a(e ve(y ha(d

6o(*ing eo e 6hen the situation (e?ui(es and it is the e(sona ?ua ity o2 di igence not

6o(* itse 2 6hich is im o(tant. @0ee: ,/'/ . Meaning ess and (outine 6o(* is vie6ed

6ith disdain and this e; ains the o6 (oductivity o2 the ub ic secto( 6hich is

neve(the ess sought by em oyees since it o22e(s job secu(ity. Let many eo esho6ing o6e( (oductivity in o6e( aid jobs o2 the ub ic secto( 6i ta*e and e;t(a

job to su o(t thei( 2ami y. Recent statistics have sho6n than $(ee*s 6o(* the ongest

6ee* hou(s in the #u(o ean Union @Ne6 ays ,// .

&e(y im o(tant is the abi ity to t(eat each em oyee as a e(son. As stated by )(oome

@,//5 Hin $(eece you must manage e(sons: not e(sonne . As a (eady mentioned in

the societa envi(onment $(ee*s a(e both ve(y individua istic and inde endent.Acco(ding to 4e(mo( @,/' : ,/55 an #ng ish autho( 6ho 2ought in $(eece du(ing

o( d a( II and has studied $(ee* cu tu(e e;tensive y: Heve(y $(ee* may be said to

com (ise a one>man s inte(>g(ou 6hi e the $(ee* 6o(d 2o( e(son: Hatomo comes

2(om the 6o(d 6hich 6as be ieved by ancient $(ee* scientists to be the indivisib e unit

o2 the unive(se. In the 6o(* envi(onment em oyees a(e a 6ays inc ined to 2ight against

e(ceived imitations on thei( e(sona 2(eedom: inde endence and individua (ights.

In vie6 o2 the above: being g(anted the att(ibute eade( in a $(ee* o(gani9ation is not a

sim e tas* but a g(eat achievement. $(ee*s do not i*e to be to d 6hat to do 6ithout

(o e( e; anations: dis i*e o(de(s and a(e not at a intimidated by status. They 2ace

di22icu ties in coo e(ating and a(e ve(y 2ast at ?uestioning autho(ity and mist(usting

su e(io(s. The(e2o(e on y the e(son 6ho can 6in a (ova : encou(age team6o(*: be

(ecogni9ed as su e(io( due to his ?ua ities: s*i s: 2ai(ness and integ(ity can be

cha(acte(i9ed as a eade(. Such a e(son can achieve eve s o2 e(2o(mance 2(om his

g(ou that 2a( e;ce 6hat 6ou d be conside(ed as no(ma by inte(nationa standa(ds.

This ove(a ictu(e o2 $(ee* eade(shi 6i be 2u(the( ana y9ed 6ith the he o2 data

2(om media ana ysis: 2ocus g(ou s 2indings and 2acto( ana ysis o2 eade(shi (esu ts

2(om $ obe.

!!


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,A&/E so ve( ' ,.B,Im (ove( ! ,.3B+ositive ! ,.3B

e (e a(ed ! ,.3B4ai( 3 7.73Di omatic 3 ,.73#mi2ie( 3 ,.73Mind>stimu ato( 3 ,.73Uni?ue 3 ,.73Ca m - 7.5C ea(>conc(ete - 7.5Consu tative - 7.5O(de( y - 7.5Mediato( - 7.5Mo(a e booste( , 7.3!4o(ma , 7.3!

,-,A/ =)= DD+DD

4(om the ,'7 to >manage(s 6ho 6e(e in the ana ysis eve(y one 6as cha(acte(i9ed by

mo(e than one adjective. As 6e can see 2(om the (esu t o2 the (esea(ch: the basic

cha(acte(istic o2 the success2u $(ee* manage( is e; e(ience as 2(om the tota

cha(acte(istics 37.,! (e2e((ed to the e; e(ience o2 the manage(s. Othe( cha(acte(istics:

6hich 6e(e mentioned: 6e(e inte igence and decisiveness: innovation and

administ(ative abi ity: (is* ta*ing and the abi ity to ins i(e. A ong gene(a ines: the(e

a(e no signi2icant di22e(ences in the (esu ts o2 the media ana ysis and the (esea(ch on

!5


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- "is o inion dominates.- "e 2unctions 6ithin a (eady e;isting imits.- "e ta*es initiatives and has ideas: 6hich cannot a 6ays be a ied because he can

not get the (est o2 the team to co abo(ate.

- "e att(ibutes im o(tance to bu(eauc(atic detai s.- "e ays s ecia attention to schedu ing and cont(o .- "e is not necessa(i y 2 e;ib e and mu ti>2aceted and o2ten avoids (is*.- "e can use th(eats such as 2i(ing.

/eader

> "e uts em hasis on (esu ts and on eo e. "e gets (esu ts th(ough the t(ust he has6on.

- "e motivates his team to do thei( 6o(* in the best ossib e 6ay.- "e motivates not by giving o(de(s: but by e(suading his em oyees.- "e e(suades by giving e;am e to othe(s.- "e c(eates the idea envi(onment and c imate in o(de( to motivate his eo e.- "e is di22e(entiated 2(om the othe( membe(s o2 the team by his abi ity to he in the

6o(*.

- "e is the conducto(: but communicates 6ith the o(chest(a 6ithout using the 6and.- "e gains the admi(ation o2 those a(ound him.- "e has vision.- "is o inion does not dominate.- "e o22e(s ne6 ideas at di22icu t moments.- "e has the abi ity to e(suade: to im (ess and in2 uence othe(s to acce t his ideas.- "e sycho ogica y su o(ts his team.- "e is ab e to t(ans2o(m an un (oductive team into a success2u : (oductive one:

ma*ing them (ea i9e that this is the co((ect 6ay to 6o(*.

- "e is o2ten insubo(dinate: going against the (u es and ta*ing (is*s.- "e is ta ented: has a st(ong e(sona ity 6hich he s him ead othe(s: s (ead his

vision: c(eate enthusiasm.

The conc usions (eached 2(om this 2ocus g(ou desc(ibe the eade( as someone 6ith

vision and ins i(ation: and the abi ity to be e(suasive. "e is a e(son 6ho can motivate

othe(s and (esent ne6 ideas: 6hich can be mate(ia i9ed. The eade( is thought to be a

!/


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"o6eve( ve(y encou(aging is the high sco(e given to a(tici ative and co abo(ative

behaviou( 6hich is gaining g(ound in mode(n com anies and 6hich is the on y 6ay 2o(

o22setting st(ong individua ism in the 6o(* envi(onment.

Tab e ! sho6s the mean sco(e: the (an*ing o2 $(eece in each o2 the -, eade(shidimensions and the g(ou o2 count(ies in 6hich $(eece has been c assi2ied.

',


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53/60


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,A&/E Rotated 4acto( Mat(i;

FAC,-R = < ;

Mo(a e )ooste( :5!!Intuitive :53BDynamic :'5,Team )ui de( :'5,

i 2u :'!5#ncou(aging :'!3&isiona(y :'-7Con2idence )ui de( :!/Asocia >:!/3"osti e >:! -

in> in (ob em So ve( :!B-C ea( :!B-Decisive :!5!Communicative :!5,Co abo(ative :!'/

Ca m :!'-Integ(ato( :!'-+(e a(ed :!77Convincing :3B#nthusiastic :355Ambitious :355+e(2o(mance O(iented :35-0one( >:33/Inte ectua y stimu ating :3--De endab e :3,,Since(e >:5 7Ins i(ationa >:53

Ty(annica :5-'Se 2>inte(ested :5,/T(ust6o(thy >:' 'Fust >:'5,#gocent(ic >'-B&indictive :'7'

Non>e; icit :! /Sec(etive :! -Im (ovement o(ientated >:!B7+ositive >:!55Ruth ess :!55)ossy :!'!+(ovocateu( :!35#vasive :!7/I((itab e :3'7Ru e( :5,-# itist :'3-#gotistica :!53

Non>ega ita(ian :!!Dictato(ia :!!3Dominee(ing :!,BCynica :!7!Individua y o(iented :35'Cunning :3''Mic(o>Manage( :3'-

Autonomous :333

'!


55/60

,A&/E (continued

FAC,-R = < ;

"onest :'!7Com assionate :',-4(ate(na :!B!Cautious :!B7C ass>conscious :!5!Modest :!5!+atient :!!'+(ocedu(a :!35Tende( :!3-4o(ma :!3-$ene(ous :!7'$(ou o(iented :3B0ogica :35'Se 2 Sac(i2icia :35'Se 2 e22acing :337

0oya :3-54o(esight :B!+ ans ahead :B,,Motive a(ouse( :'/'Ab e to antici ate :' 'Status conscious :3!,Avoids negatives >:3,'Administ(ative y s*i ed :! 7O(de( y :!'#;ce ence o(iented :!33$ood administ(ato( :!-Int(a>g(ou con2 ict avoide( :!,-

Inte igent :3/B#;t(action Method= Ma;imum 0i*e ihood.Rotation Method= &a(ima; 6ith %aise( No(ma i9ation

Acco(ding to the inte(esting (esu ts o2 this ana ysis 6e can give the 2o o6ing

cha(acte(i9ation to the si; 2acto(s obse(ved.

FAC,-RS /EA'ERS8*!7C8ARAC,ER*SA,*-"

, Cha(ismatic Idea 0eade( - Ruth ess>Ty(annica 0eade( 3 #gotistica ># itist! "onest>Com assionate>

4(ate(na' Ca(e2u + anne( 5 Administ(ative y S*i ed

The numbe( o2 2acto(s is simi a( to the ones (oduced by the tota ity o2 $ obe (esu ts.

''


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"o6eve( the(e a(e some di22e(ences in the case o2 $(eece. In 4acto( , 6e have at 2i(st

the idea cha(ismatic eade( 6ho ossesses a the cha(acte(istics 6hich 6e(e 2ound as

most desi(ab e both in the media ana ysis and the 2i(st 2ocus g(ou . This eade( is a

mo(a e booste(: has vision: has intuition: inte igence and dynamism. These a(e a so the

common cha(acte(istics among the t0o gree1 (ominent o itica and business e(sona ities as (evea ed by the 2i(st 2ocus g(ou .

In 2acto(s - and 3 6e have t6o ty es o2 eade(s 6ith negative (o2i es. T6o is (uth ess

and ty(annica 6ith high negative va ues in many ositive cha(acte(istics: something

6hich d(astica y (educes his ca abi ities to ead e22ective y. Th(ee is a so dictato(ia

but a so e itist 6ith a se 2 cent(ed individua y o(iented attitude.

The (emaining th(ee 2acto(s have a ositive cha(acte(istics. 4acto( ! is the human

o(iented: su o(tive: gene(ous and gene(a y s ea*ing o6 (o2i e eade( 6ho is ca(e2u

and 2o o6s (ocedu(es. 4acto( ' is the eade( 6ho ans ahead: has 2o(esight and is

ab e to antici ate changes: the(e2o(e he has a st(ong 2utu(e o(ientation and 4acto( 5 is

the administ(ative y s*i ed: e;ce ence o(iented: inte igent eade( 6ho is a so s*i ed in

avoiding int(a g(ou con2 ict.

*n general the positi%e profiles coincide 0ith results from the media analysis and

the second focus group+

At this oint 6e may conc ude that the si; eade(shi dimensions 6hich (esu ted 2(om

the 2acto( ana ysis seem to cove( to a a(ge e;tent $(ee* (ea ity as a (eady desc(ibed:

6ith most cha(acte(istics ho6eve( oading as in the case o2 $ obe


57/60

O(thodo; Chu(ch a ong 6ith the s i(it o2 e; o(ation e; (essed by OdysseusJ The

thunde( o6e( o2 eus b ending 6ith humane: ega ita(ian behaviou(J Athenato>be can be com a(ed to an

e; o(e( in socia (ea ity 6ho sets out to 2ind about his ee(s: em oyees and su e(io(s

6hi e a so ea(ning about himse 2. )ecause to H%no6 Thouse 2 : acco(ding to Ancient

$(ee* +hi oso he(s 6as the o timum achievement. And the(e is no bette( 6ay 2o(

becoming a eade( than th(ough se 2>*no6 edge and *no6 edge o2 you( eo e 6ho can

se(ve as a oo*ing g ass 6he(e you can obse(ve un*no6n a(ts o2 you(se 2.

"aving a((ived at the end o2 this sho(t desc(i tion o2 societa cu tu(e and eade(shi in

$(eece: I 6ish to than* )ob "ouse: his scienti2ic team and a $ obe cont(ibuto(s 2o(

(oviding me 6ith the stimu us to oo* again 6ith a 2(esh eye into my count(y and gain

dee e( insight into my ast and (esent.

'B


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