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Greening Our Future By Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce Module 3: Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint
Greening Our Future By Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce
Module 3: Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint
Module 3: Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint
What You Will Learn From This Module:
• Carbon intensity of various energy sources
• The role of carbon dioxide and other air emissions in the greenhouse effect.
• How to calculate a discrete carbon footprint and propose ways to reduce it.
• How to read and disseminate information from an industrial energy bill.
• Energy intensive manufacturing processes and equipment.
Why Care About Energy?
• Economic imperative
• Energy security
• Environmental impacts
Carbon Intensity of Energy Sources
All energy sources are not created equally…
Carbon Intensity of Energy Sources
Coal Wood
Crude Oil Fuel Oil
Bio Diesel Gasoline
Propane (LPG) Natural Gas
Biogas Nuclear
Renewables
High Carbon
Lower Carbon
What about electricity?
Q.
Sources of Electricity Generation in the U.S.
Carbon Intensity of Electricity Sources
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Coal
Petroleum
US Average
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Renewables
Pounds of Carbon Dioxide per Kilowatt-hour
Greenhouse Effect
Role of Greenhouse Gasses
What’s Your Carbon Footprint?
Sources of Energy Used in Manufacturing
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2005
How Manufacturers Pay for Energy
• Fuel Costs
• Consumption Charges
• Demand Charges
• Transmission Charges
• Power Factor Adjustments
• Fuel Adjustment Charges
Demand Versus Consumption
Electrical charges typically have two metered components:
1. Demand 2. Consumption
Peak Electric Demand
• Q: Why do electricity providers need to charge
demand-based fees?
• A: Demand-based fees cover the cost for the
utility to maintain the infrastructure capacity to meet all its customers’ needs at all times.
Using Energy Bills as a Data Source
Energy bills can…
• Serve as up-to-date accounting of monthly energy consumption and associated costs.
• Provide records for each type of energy used (e.g., gas, electric, and oil)
• Can be converted into a single common unit to express the heating values of the various fuel sources (MMBtu).
• Detect trends and irregularities in energy usage and costs.
Reading Natural Gas Bills
Natural Gas Charges typically have two metered components: • Supply charges—the cost to purchase natural gas
from wholesalers. • Distribution charge—the cost to deliver natural gas
to the customer. Energy Units • Ccf—one hundred cubic feet • Mcf—one thousand cubic feet
Legislating Energy Efficiency
U.S. Congress passed major legislation that addressed energy efficiency and energy management.
• Energy Policy Act of 1992
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
Why Energy Efficiency? “Of one thing we can be sure; energy will be more challenging and more important in the future. Will you, and your business, be ready?”
— Peter Schwartz, Chairman, Global Business Network
“My interest is in the future because I going to spend the rest of my life there.”
—Charles Kettering, Founder of A.C. Delco and Former VP of Research General Motors
Energy Intensive Manufacturing Processes
•Air make-up units
•Heating, cooling, and ventilation unit
•Boilers
• Lighting
•Compressed air systems
•Melting, smelting, and metal heating
•Conveyors
•Milling rotors
•Curing and drying ovens
•Transportation
•Electric motors
•Any process with large amounts of waste heat as byproduct.
Holistic Energy Efficiency Opportunities
• Total productive maintenance
• Autonomous maintenance
• Right-sized equipment
• Reduce movement /motion
• Install visual controls
Distribution of Electricity Use in Vehicle Assembly Plants
End Use Share of Electricity Use (%)
Estimated Typical Electricity Consumption
(199) (KWh/car)
Average Electricity Applied in Analysis
(kWh/car)
HVAC 11 – 20 95 – 170 160
Paint Systems (e.g., fans)
27 – 50 230 – 320 260
Lighting 15 – 16 130 – 140 130
Compressed Air 9 – 14 80 – 120 120
Materials Handling/Tools
7 – 8 60 – 70 60
Metal Forming 2 – 9 20 – 80 30
Welding 9 – 11 80 – 95 80
Miscellaneous 4 – 5 35 – 45 20
Total 100% 730-1040 860
Energy Audits Manufacturers perform energy audits to establish a baseline for energy use, estimate potential savings, and benchmark energy reductions.
• Use accounting to gain a picture of a manufacturer’s energy consumption.
• Compare energy used versus what is actually needed to produce products.
• Focus on specific energy-intensive processes or a comprehensive facility-wide assessment.
• Typically the first step taken in projects to increase energy efficiency.
Appendix A
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
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Concluding Activity
“When you try to pick out anything by itself, you find it hitched to everything else in the universe.”
- John Muir
It’s All Connected!
