GREK 1001 Text

Homework Text for Greek 1001 (for use with Athenaze vol. 1)

by

Prof. Naomi J. Norman

(with additional material by Prof. T. Keith Dix)

Table of Contents

Greek 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Homework Assignments for Week 1, 16-17 August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Homework Assignments for Week 2, 21-24 August (Chapter 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Chapter 1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Greek Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Breathing Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Accent Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Alphabet Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Speech Acts and Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Exercise on Speech Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Tips on Translating Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Identifying Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Thematic Verbs in the Present Active Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Present Active Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive of eimi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Homework Assignments for Week 3, 28-31 August (Chapter 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Chapter 2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Accentuation in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Enclitics and Proclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Homework Assignments for Week 4, 5-7 September (Chapter 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Chapter 3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Homework Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table of Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Homework Assignments for Week 5, 11-14 September (Chapter 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Chapter 4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Homework Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

First Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

First Declension Masculine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37


Alpha Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43


Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Notes on the Middle Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Homework Assignments for Week 8, 2-5 October (Chapter 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Chapter 7 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Homework Exercises for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Homework Assignments for Week 9, 9-12 October (Chapter 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Homework Exercises for Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58


Paradigm of pas, pasa, pan and heis, mia, hen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Homework Assignments for Week 10, 16-19 October (Chapter 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Homework Exercises for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Present Active Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68


Homework Assignments for Week 11, 23-25 October (Chapter 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Homework Exercises for Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Formation of the Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Homework Assignments for Week 12, 30 October-2 November (Chapter 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Homework Exercises for Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The Aorist System in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Personal Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Second or Root Aorist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Homework Assignments for Week 13, 6-9 November (Chapter 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Homework Exercises for Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

First Aorist Active and Middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Homework Assignments for Week 14, 13-16 November (Chapter 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Homework Exercises for Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Imperfect of eimi and eimi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93


Paradigm of upsilon-stem Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Homework Assignments for Week 15, 20-21 November (Chapter 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Homework Exercises for Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Homework Assignments for Week 16, 27-30 November (Chapters 14-15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Homework Assignments for Week 17, 4-5 December (Chapter 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Homework Exercises for Chapters 15-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Omicron Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Greek 1001 Fall 2000 Dr. N. J. Norman email: [email protected] Park Hall 227, 542-2187 Office Hours: M-Th 9 - 10 am

COURSE TEXTS:

• Balme and Lawall, Athenaze vol. 1 • Supplementary text by N. Norman (available via the course website)

GENERAL COURSE INFORMATION:

• We will go through all of volume two of Athenaze this semester & the supplementary text. • There will be a test approximately every two weeks, on a Monday. Each test will focus on

material covered in the previous weeks, but will, of course, be cumulative. Make-up tests will only be administered for excused absences.

• There will be many short quizzes, usually twice a week. No make-up quizzes will be given, but your two lowest quiz grades will be dropped.

• There will be a final, cumulative examination on Mon, May 3, 2004, 12:00 - 3:00 pm • The Classics Department provides free tutors for elementary Greek students in Park Hall 229.

A schedule will be distributed as soon as possible. • We will have a Vocabulary Jeopardy on the last day of class. Study hard because the winner

will get an excellent prize! COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

• Class attendance and participation is essential. Excessive absences (more than four unexcused) will result in your being dropped from the course; please note that it is within my prerogative to assign a grade of WF even if you drop or are dropped from the course before the withdrawal deadline, depending on the quality of work up to that point. If you enroll in this course, you have made a commitment to attend and to do the work. If you are not willing to do that, drop the course now.

• You are required to take all quizzes, tests and the final. GRADING:

Participation 5% Quizzes 15% Weekly tests 45% Final Exam 35%

I grade on a 100 point scale, as follows: 100-95: A 94-90: A- 89-86: B+ 85-83: B 82-80: B-

79-76: C+ 75-73: C 72-70: C- 69-60: D 59-00: F

UNIVERSITY HONOR CODE AND ACADEMIC HONESTY POLICY: All academic work must meet the standards contained in “A Culture of Honesty.” You are responsible for informing yourself about those standards before performing academic work. See http://www.uga.edu/ovpi/honesty/acadhon.htm for more detailed information about academic honesty. SOME ADVICE FOR THE AMBITIOUS & WISE:

• Do not write your translation in your book. Instead, keep a special notebook to record vocabulary, difficulties, questions, and points made in class. Review your notes regularly, each time you are going to work through next day=s assignment and before a test.

• Do not write out a translation of the stories in Athenaze. If you do, you will probably look more closely at your English translation than at the Greek text. The more often you work through the Greek text, the better you will understand it and the more quickly you will learn the vocabulary. Furthermore, trying to correct your English translation during class will keep you from looking at the Greek, but looking at the Greek again will help you far more in developing your translation skills than will a correct written English translation.

• Regular study habits are crucial for successfully completing this course. In this course, I expect you to spend two hours outside of class to prepare for every hour spent in class.

• Study via “study bursts” (10-15 minute periods of intense study). Four “study bursts” spread over the course of the day are much more effective for learning vocabulary and memorizing paradigms than one 60-minute “study hall.”

• Work every day. Last minute cramming is a waste of time and energy. • Consider using ANKI (a free open-source software) for creating flash cards for vocabulary,

paradigms etc. • Read and pronounce all Greek out loud as you are learning it. If you have any doubts or

questions regarding the pronunciation of forms, please ask me. You don’t need to be able to order a coffee in ancient Greek, but we do need to be able to understand one another in class.

http://www.uga.edu/ovpi/honesty/acadhon.htm

3

General Introduction

Fifth century Greeks wrote in CAPITAL LETTERS, with NOGAPSBETWEENWORDS, withno accents and no breathing marks and virtually no punctuation. All of these conventions sprangup later, some very much later. Consequently the act of reading required a high level ofconcentration and a high degree of literacy. Try it in English on this fragment of Plato’s Apology.

HOWYOUMENOFATHENSHAVEBEENAFFECTEDBYMYACCUSERSIDONOTKNOWBUTIFORMYPARTALMOSTFORGOTMYOWNIDENTITYSOPERSUASIVELYDIDTHEYTALKANDYETTHEREISHARDLYAWORDOFTRUTHINWHATTHEYHAVESAIDBUTIWASMOSTAMAZEDBYONEOFTHEMANYLIESTHATTHEYTOLDWHENTHEYSAIDTHATYOUMUSTBEONYOURGUARDNOTTOBEDECEIVEDBYMEBECAUSEIWASACLEVERSPEAKER

Now, look at it in Greek.

?I39+;K9+3ES!;)C+E!1/S;!3?3A+A?;1!I+KA?IS;+9S;5!I/'?CS;?K5?3)!+'S)?K;5!3!KI?EKA!KIS;?73'?K+9!KI?K+A+7!1?9/;?KISA31!;SE+7+'?;5!3I?3!7/1+EK+SE+A?E+3A+3;?K)+;+3A/5!E3;9!73EI!)+!KIS;+;+1!K9!E!IS;A?77S;S;+Q+KE!;I?I?KI?+;S3+7+'?;SEOC/K9!E+K7!#+3E1!3;/KA+9?K+=!A!I/1/I+SE)+3;?K?;I?E7+'+

Notice that this Greek excerpt also does not have punctuation marks, accents, or breathing marks.These were all added later when the Greek language became widespread as a universal means ofcommunication and others needed help with pronunciation.

4

Homework Assignments for Week 1, 16-17 August

for Thursday: study the Greek alphabet

read and study Athenaze (Ath.), pp. ix-xx

for Monday: quiz on the Greek alphabet

read and study Ath. pp. 4-6

read and study course pack pp. 6-8

do alphabet exercise, course pack pp. 7-8

5

Homework Assignments for Week 2, 21-24 August (Chapter 1)

for Monday: quiz on the Greek alphabet

read and study Ath. pp. 4-6

read and study course pack pp. 6-8

do alphabet exercise, course pack pp. 7-8

for Tuesday: read and study course pack pg. 11-14 and do the exercises on pg. 11

read Ath. pp. 6-7 ("The Athenian Farmer")

read and translate Reading 1" (p. 3)

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz, chapter 1 (vocabulary lists in Ath. + the addendum

in course pack)

read and study course pack pp.15-17

read Ath. p. 9

do exercise 1g, Ath. pg. 10

read and translate Reading 1$ (p. 8)

for Thursday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)

read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 13-15

read and translate Reading 2" (pp. 12-13)

for Monday: quiz on conjugation in Pres. Act. Indicative and Imperative of eÞmÛ

do exercise 2a (odds) and 2g (evens)

read Ath. pp. 15-16 ("Slavery")

read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 20-21 and 31

6

Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Addendum to the Vocabulary List on Athenaze (Ath) page 2

Nouns:�grñw, �groè õ: field

�nyrvpow, �nyrÅpou õ: man, human being, person

aétourgñw, aétourgoè õ: farmer

oäkow, oàkou õ: house, home, dwelling

pñnow, pñnou õ: toil, work

sÝtow, sÛtou õ: grain, food

Adjectives:kalñw, kal®, kalñn: beautiful, good

makrñw, makr®, makrñn: long, large

mikrñw, mikr®, mikrñn: small

polæw, poll®, polæ: much, (plural) many

Addendum to page 8:

Nouns:´liow, ²lÛou õ: sun

xrñnow, xrñnou õ: time

Adjectives:Þsxurñw, Þsxur®, Þsxurñn: strong

xalepñw, xalep®, xalepñn: difficult

NOTE: The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard format found in Greek

dictionaries. For nouns, the standard listing consists of nominative singular (�grñw),

genitive singular (�groè), gender, indicated by the appropriate form of the article (õ

indicates masculine, ² indicates feminine, tñ indicates neuter), and English equivalent.

For adjectives, the Greek forms listed are all nominative singular, in the standard order

nominative singular masculine (kalñw), nominative singular feminine (kal®), nominative

singular neuter (kalñn). For vocabulary quizzes, you need to learn the information both

in Athenaze and in the course pack.

7

Greek Text

A printed page in a modern edition of a Greek text includes punctuation marks, word

divisions, breathing marks, apostrophes, and accents.

Punctuation Marks:

C The period (.) indicates that the sentence is complete and that all syntactical

expectations have been met.

C The comma (,) operates as it does in English.

C The question mark (;) indicates a questions and that all syntactical expectations

have been met.

C The semicolon (:) operates as it does in English.

Breathing Marks:

C The rough breathing ( � ) corresponds to the English “h” sound.

C The smooth breathing (� ) signals the absence of the “h” sound.

C All initial vowels and diphthongs show breathing marks and so does the letter =.

Accent Marks:

C The acute accent (t) originally indicated ascending pitch on the accented syllable.

C The circumflex accent (y) originally indicated ascending and descending pitch on

the accented syllable.

C The grave accent (x) originally indicated descending pitch on the accented

syllable.

C Today we pronounce all accents with a stress.

C The apostrophe (z) signals a zero, that is the absence of a sound or sounds which

have dropped out, as in the English “don’t.”

8

The Alphabet:

The standard Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as follows.

Form Name Form Name

! " alpha

# $ beta

' ( gamma

) * delta

+ , epsilon

- . zeta

/ 0 eta

1 2 theta

3 4 iota

5 6 kappa

7 8 lambda

9 : mu

; < nu

= > xi

? @ omicron

A B pi

C D rho

E F H sigma

I J tau

K L upsilon

M N phi

O P chi

Q R psi

S T omega

The alternate sigma form, H, is used only at the end of the word; elsewhere the standard

form, F, is used.

The ancient Greeks used only capital letters; the lower case letters came into use during

the Middle Ages.

Alphabet Exercises

Exercise 1: Practice writing the Greek letters in this space.

9

Exercise 2: Many English words contain Greek roots which are sometimes recognizable

without much difficulty. In the English words below, the segments in bold type are Greek

roots. With the help of a dictionary, suggest a meaning for these Greek roots. Then copy

them in Greek letters.

English word meaning of Greek root Greek spelling

1. telegraph

2. apocrypha

3. logical

4. charitable

5. elliptical

Exercise 3: Transliterate the following words into Greek.

i.e., daimon = daimon

1. Kadmos

2. Hektor

3. Agamemnon

4. automatos

5. Sophocles

6. Hera

7. phenomenon (=phainomenon in Greek)

8. sphinx

9. Artemis

10. logos

10

Pronunciation:

A top/father a/ha a/mare dr�ma

B bible biblÛon

G ganglion (voiced velar plosive; velar nasal, before g, y, k, x, m) g�gglion

D decade d¡ka

E epic ¦pow

Z double consonant [sd]; zd, z adds, zone zÅnh, �Ay®naze

H they ³dh

Y aspirated voiceless dental plosive (aspirated tau); fricative th.Top/atheist

yeñw

I intrigue ¤pip2iptv

K kind kairñw

L logic lñgow

M bilabial nasal; meter m¡tron

N dental nasal; noon nèn

J double consonant [ks]; axiom næj

O obstacle �pñ

P bilabial voiceless plosive; poet poiht®w

R trilled alveolar liquid; rhinoceros ¦rvw

S voiceless fricative [s]; voiced fricative [z] before voicedconsonants b, y, d, m. symbol, plasma

sofñw, pl�sma

T voiceless dental plosive; topography tñpow

U put, boot gumnastik®, Kèrow

F aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive; aspirated pi. Becamefricative in postclassical times: philosophy

filosofÛa

X aspirated voiceless velar plosive; aspirated kappa. cat xorñw

C double consonant [ps]; eclipse cux®

V long o. ode �nyrvpow

11

ai aisle kairñw

au how paæei

ei freight; also, digraph representing a single sound læei

eu eh-oo; feud eétæxei

hu ei-oo hìrhka

oi toil kaloÛ

ou boot oëtiw

ui u + semivocallic i [y]; in classical times iota was weakened to a glidebetween vowels and sometimes omitted in spelling

ußñw

12

Speech Acts and Sentence Types

[Adapted from Gerda M. Seligson, Greek for Reading (Michigan, 1994), 1]

We speak for a variety of reasons; whenever we speak, we commit a speech act:

1. to give information, we make a statement

2. to get information, we ask a question

3. to demand an action from someone, we give a command

4. to suggest an action, we utter an exhortation

5. to wish for something, we make a wish

6. to ask for advice, we ask a deliberative question

This information about speech acts will be useful as we consider mood and aspect in

Greek.

Exercise on Speech Acts:

Exercise 1: Label the speech acts in the sentences below.

1. Shall I wash the dog

2. Let her wash the dog

3. Is he washing the dog

4. Would that I were washing the dog, instead of studying Greek

5. Wash that dog

6. I am washing the dog

Exercise 2: Add punctuation marks to the sentences above.

13

Tips on Translating Greek

Word order is VERY important in English. For example, in English there is a profound

difference between

The boy hit the ball. and The ball hit the boy.

And between

I am strong. and Am I strong.

By contrast, word order in Greek is unimportant. Whereas English uses word order to

distinguish the difference between subject and object (e.g., The boy hit the ball vs. The

ball hit the boy) and between statement and question (e.g., I am strong vs. Am I strong),

Greek instead uses different forms to make those distinctions. Therefore you must

correctly identify forms in order to translate Greek.

Indeed, translating Greek into English involves a 4-step process:

1. Identify the form of all of the words in the sentence.

2. Identify what kind of sentence it is.

3. Transpose the Greek sentence into English word order.

4. Translate.

Important Note on Identifying Forms:

Nouns and adjectives have three characteristics: CASE, NUMBER, GENDER.

About Gender:

Every noun in Greek has a gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. It is important to note

that nouns can not usually change their gender; in other words, once a masculine noun,

always a masculine noun. It is also important to note that it is almost impossible to

predict the gender of a Greek noun; therefore it is imperative that when you memorize

vocabulary you also MEMORIZE THE GENDER OF ALL NOUNS.

About Number:

Number is the difference between a singular noun and a plural noun; in English it’s the

difference between man and men or between horse and horses. In English most singular

14

forms of nouns are different from their plurals. The same is true of Greek; usually the

singular form of the noun is not identical to its plural form.

About Case:

Case tells you what syntactical function the noun fulfills in the sentence. For example in

our sentence “The boy hit the desk,” “boy” is the subject and “desk” is the direct object;

in other words, the subject, “boy,” is performing an action on the direct object, “desk.” In

our second sentence, “The desk hit the boy,” the subject is now “desk,” while “boy” is

now in the position of the direct object receiving the action. This difference is clear in the

English sentence because of the word order; but note that the forms “boy” and “desk” are

exactly the same in both sentences though they occupy two different syntactical positions

in the 2 sentences. In a Greek sentence, the form for the subject “boy” would be different

from the form for the direct object “boy.” It is this difference in form which tells you

how to interpret and thus how to translate the nouns in a Greek sentence.

In Greek, there are 5 cases, each of which occupies distinct syntactical positions in Greek

sentences.

Case Name Primary Syntactical Function in a Sentence

Nominative Subject of sentence

Genitive To show possession; object of prepositions conveying a

sense of separation or of going away from

Dative Indirect object; object of prepositions conveying the notion of

place at which

Accusative Direct object of sentence; object of prepositions conveying

the idea of going towards

Vocative To address someone directly

Each case has its own form; for example, for a certain category of nouns (called the

second declension) the cases are as follows:

Nominative �nyrvpow

Genitive �nyrÅpou

Dative �nyrÅpÄ

Accusative �nyrvpon

Vocative �nyrvpe

Note that the difference in both case and number is reflected in these forms.

15

Each form is composed of two parts (called morphemes) both of which convey meaning–

a stem (called a stem morpheme) and a case ending (called inflectional morpheme). The

stem conveys the root meaning of the word, while the ending indicates case and so

suggests possible syntactical functions for the word within a sentence.

Important Note About Adjectives:

As you all know adjectives modify nouns. Let's add some adjectives to our basic

sentence:

The angry boy hit the red ball.

The addition of adjectives “angry” and “red” gives us additional information about the

nouns in the sentence. Again, in our English sentence, we know that “angry” is

describing the boy because of word order. In a Greek sentence, however, the sentence

could be written in any of the following ways:

The boy angry red the ball hit.

The ball the boy hit angry red.

The red boy hit the angry ball.

etc.

Since word order does not provide telltale clues on matching adjectives to their nouns,

again Greek depends on form to do that. Thus, adjectives must mimic the case, number

and gender of the nouns they modify. For example in our modified sentence,

The angry boy hit the red ball.

Since boy is the subject it would be in the nominative case in Greek; it is singular and the

Greek word for boy is a masculine noun. Thus the adjective “angry” in this sentence

would be a nominative, singular, masculine form. Similarly, “red” would be an

accusative (to indicate direct object), singular masculine form to modify the accusative,

singular, masculine “ball.”

Since adjectives must be able to modify not only masculine, but also feminine and neuter

nouns, adjectives have forms for all three genders.

16

Important Note on Verbs:

Verbs have 6 characteristics: Person, Number, Tense, Voice, Mood and Aspect. In order

to translate Greek verbs correctly, you must first identify its characteristics.

About Person:

The person of a verb refers to its subject. The person can be

1st singular/plural = “I”/ “we”

2nd singular/plural = “you”/ “you”

3rd singular/plural = “he,she,it”/ “they”

About Number:

Number is the difference between a singular verb and a plural verb, in English the

difference, for example, between “is” and “are.” Each person has a singular form and a

plural form, eg., I am (1st person singular) and we are (1st person plural).

About Tense:

Tense indicates the time of the action. Did it occur in present time, past time or future

time--I eat, I ate, I will eat.

About Voice:

Voice indicates the relation between the subject and the verb. In active voice the subject

performs the action of the verb; in passive voice, the subject receives the action of the

verb. Our basic sentence is in the active voice:

The boy hit the desk. (note that the subject is doing the action of the verb)

Let’s change our basic sentence to the passive voice:

The boy is hit by the desk. (note that now the subject is receiving the

action of the verb.)

Greek also has a middle voice. But more about voice later.

17

About Mood:

Mood indicates how the subject views/thinks about the action of the verb. It is the

difference between

The boy hit the desk.

and

The boy would like to hit the desk.

and

Hit the desk!

In our basic sentence, we have a plain statement of fact so the verb in Greek would be in

the indicative mood; in the second example, we have a wish which would be expressed in

Greek by either the subjunctive or optative moods; and in the third example, we have a

command which would be expressed in Greek by the imperative mood. More about

mood later.

About Aspect:

Aspect reflects whether or not the action of the verb is completed. It is the difference

between

The boy hit the desk.

and

The boy is hitting the desk (while he . . . .)

More about aspect later.

An Extra Note about Verbs:

Just as the three characteristics of nouns and adjectives (case, number and gender) are

expressed by their form, so are the six characteristics of a verb (person, number, tense,

voice, mood, aspect) expressed by their form. Thus in order to translate a Greek verb

correctly, it is necessary first to identify fully its form.

18

Important Note on Identifying Sentence Types:

There are several different types of sentences. The three types which we will see most

often this quarter are: 1. the Transitive Active Sentence (TAS), 2. the Intransitive Active

Sentence (IAS), and 3. the Linking Sentence (LS).

The TAS is governed by a transitive verb, a verb which transfers action from a subject to

a direct object. The English word order for a TAS is

Subject + Verb 6 Direct Object.

The boy + hit 6 the desk.

The IAS is governed by an intransitive verb, a verb which does not transfer action to a

direct object. The English word order for a IAS is

Subject + Verb

I + think.

The LS is governed by a linking verb, a form of the verb “to be” which links a subject

with a predicate. The English word order for a LS is

Subject/Predicate Verb Predicate/Subject

A = B

The rose is red.

or

Red is the rose.

Another pattern

I am a teacher.

or

A teacher am I.

Note how a linking verb can link either a noun with an adjective (called a predicate

adjective) or a noun with another noun (called a predicate noun).

An Important Note about LS in Greek:

When a linking verb is linking a noun with an adjective, that adjective must agree with

the noun in terms of case (always nominative), number and gender; in other words, if the

noun is singular and feminine, the adjective must also be singular and feminine.

19

Thematic Verbs in the Present Active Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive

Vowel verbs:

Singular 1st læv -v lengthened thematic vowel

2nd læeiw -eiw Probably from lue-si > lueó > luei, to which -w has

been added from secondary endings

3rd læei -ei The derivation of the ending is disputed.

Plural 1st læomen -omen

2nd læete -ete

3 læousi(n) -ousi(n) -onti > -onsi > -ousird

nt before final i becomes ns, which drops n; the

preceding vowel undergoes compensatorylengthening, o> ou.

Epsilon contract verbs:

Singular 1st filÇ -Ç < fil¡v

2nd fileÝw -eÝw < fil¡eiw

3rd fileÝ -eÝ < fil¡ei

Plural 1st filoèmen -oèmen < fil¡omen

2nd fileÝte -eÝte < fil¡ete

3 filoèsi(n)rd -oèsi < fil¡ousi

Contractions: e + e/ei > ei (2 sing., 3 sing., 2 plu.)nd rd nd

e + o > ou (1 plu.)st

e + long vowel/diphthong > e drops out (1 sing., 3 plu.)st rd

Present active imperative of thematic verbs:

2 singular:nd lèe fÛlee > fÛlei Present stem + thematic vowel

2 plural:nd læete fil¡ete > fileÝte Present stem + thematic vowel + te

Present active infinitive of thematic verbs:

læeen > læein fil¡een > fileÝn Present stem + thematic vowel + en

20

Present Active Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive of eimi

Singular 1st eÞmÛ -mi < *es-mÛ, with compensatory lengthening

2nd eä -si < *¤si, originally ¤s-si (truncation of sequence of two

identical consonants)

3rd ¤stÛ(n) -ti ¤s-tÛ retains the original ending ti

Plural 1st ¤sm¡n -men s before m or n usually disappears with compensatory

lengthening; the s is due to the influence of ¤st¡

2nd ¤st¡ -te

3rd eÞsÛ(n) -nti < PG *ehenti nt before final i becomes ns, which drops n; the preceding

vowel undergoes compensatory lengthening, e > ei

Note: The accents of the present indicative forms of eÞmÛ (with the exception of the second

singular) are enclitic rather than recessive.

Present active imperative of eÞmÛ:

2 singular:nd àsyi Present stem + yi ("àsyi is an enigma")

2 plural:nd ¦ste Present stem + te

Present active infinitive of eÞmÛ:

¦snai > eänai Present stem + nai s before m or n usually disappears with

compensatory lengthening; e > ei

21

Homework Assignments for Week 3, 28-31 August (Chapter 2)

for Monday: quiz on conjugation in Pres. Act. Indicative and Imperative of eÞmÛ

do exercise 2a (odds) and 2g (evens)

read Ath. pp. 15-16 ("Slavery")

read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 20-21 and 31

for Tuesday: quiz on 2nd declension forms

do exercises 2d and 2e

read and translate Reading 2$ (pp. 18-19)

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz, chapter 2


for Thursday: read and translate Reading 3a, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)

do exercise 3a (odds)


read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")

do exercises 3g and d

for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday

for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3a, lines 17-26 (p. 25)

do form ID chart (all form ID charts are in this course pack)

22


Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 10:

Nouns:

�rotron, �rñtrou tñ: plow

doèlow, doælou õ: slave

Adjectives:

�rgñw, �rgñn: lazy [a "two-ending" adjective, in which the first form is nominative

singular masculine AND feminine, the second form is nominative singular neuter.

Two-ending adjectives are compound words. �rgñw < �-ergñw, "not working."

Compound adjectives do not have separate feminine forms, but the masculine forms serve

for feminine as well.]

Addendum to page 16:

Nouns:

boèw, boñw õ: ox

d¡ndron, d¡ndrou tñ: tree

despñthw, despñtou õ: master

Note: In chapter 2b, Athenaze changes the vocabulary form listed for verbs from the

third person singular present active indicative (l¡gei) to the first person singular present

active indicative (�gv).

23

Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter

Masculine Masc. Endings Neu. Endings Neuter

Sing. Nom. õ kalòw �grñw o-w o-n tò kalòn d¡ndron

Gen. toè kaloè �groè o-io > oo (with loss of i in

diphthong before following

vowel) > ou (with contraction)

toè kaloè d¡ndrou

Dat. tÒ kalÒ �grÒ (PIE *-Çy>) vi > Ä tÒ kalÒ d¡ndrÄ

Acc. tòn kalòn �grñn o-n tò kalòn d¡ndron

Voc. Î kal¢ �gr¡ e o-n Î kalòn d¡ndron

Plu. Nom. oß kaloÜ �groÛ o-i a t� kal� d¡ndra

Gen. tÇn kalÇn �grÇn (PIE *Çm >) vn tÇn kalÇn d¡ndrvn

Dat. toÝw kaloÝw �groÝw o-iw toÝw kaloÝw d¡ndroiw

Acc. toçw kaloçw �groæw o-nw > ouw a t� kal� d¡ndra

Voc. Î kaloÜ �groÛ o-i a Î kal� d¡ndra

Notes on accent:Final -oi in nominative plural masculine counts as short for purposes of accent.

Any noun of the o declension with an accented ultima has circumflex on the ultima in allgenitives and datives.In Ä, the long open vowel of v had completely overpowered the i by 100 BCE, so that i ceased

to be written in antiquity. The custom of writing i under the line is as late as about the eleventh century CE.

24

Accentuation in Greek

The long vowels are h and v; diphthongs are also long except for ai and oi at the ends of words.

The short vowels are e and o.

Originally in Greek, accents denoted changes in pitch; in English, accent is shown by an increasedstress on the accented syllable.

The accent of a Greek work must be learned as a part of its spelling, just as we learn how to stressEnglish (e.g., relative, religious, reconstruct).

In Greek, the accents for nouns and adjectives are persistent, that is they try to stay on the samevowel or diphthong in all forms of the word unless forced by the rules of accentuation to move. But the accents for verbs are recessive, that is they go back from the end of the word as far aspossible.

No matter how many syllables a word has, the accent can appear only over one of the last threesyllables: the ultima (U, the last syllable of the word), the penult (P, the next to last syllable ofthe word) or the antepenult (A, the third syllable from the end).

The ACUTE accent: appears over U, P or Aappears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs

Restrictions:CAN appear over the U ONLY when a pause followsCANNOT appear over the P when it is accented and contains a longvowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowelCAN appear over the A ONLY when the U contains a short vowel

The GRAVE accent: appears ONLY over the Uappears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs

Restrictions:CAN ONLY replace an acute accent over the U when there is nopause

The CIRCUMFLEX accent: appears ONLY over the U and Pappears ONLY over long vowels or diphthongs

Restrictions:MUST appear over the P when the P is accented and contains a longvowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowelCANNOT appear over the P when the U contains a long vowel ordiphthong

25

POSSIBILITIES OF ACCENTS

Antepenult Penult Ultima Examples

3 - �nyrvpow

3 2 �nyrÅpou

y5 - n°sow, lèon

35 5 n®sou

.3 - fñbow

.3 5 l¡vn

35 lelukÅw

.3 potamñw

y5 Perikl°w

4 kaÜ m¡nv

- = short vowel 2 = long vowel

The "Contonation" Rule:

contonation = accent + return to standard pitch

short syllable = 1 mora; long syllable = 2

The rule: Contonation can be followed by no more than one mora before the end of

the word (or phrase pronounced as one word unit).

Accent Exercise:

Given the form kÛndunow, put the proper accent on these forms.

kindunou kindunÄ kindunoi kindunoiw kindunouw kindunon

Given the form mèyow, put the proper accent on these forms.

muyon muyÄ muyoiw muyouw muyou muyvn

Given the form Þatrñw, put the proper accent on these forms.

Þatron ÞatrÄ Þatroiw Þatrouw Þatrou Þatrvn

26

Enclitics and Proclitics

Some words do not appear to have any accent. They are so closely attached to the

preceding or following word as to become a part of it. Such words are called enclitics and

proclitics. Compare, for example, what happens to the English word “not” when

combined with “is” into “isn’t.” Some Greek enclitics are tiw (the indefinite pronoun),

mou, moi, me, sou, soi, se (personal pronouns), te (conjunction), ge (particle), pou, pvw,

pot¡, poy¡n and poi (indefinite adverbs), and most forms of the present indicative of eÞmi

(sum).

In Greek, an accented syllable cannot be followed by more than two unaccented syllables

(the "contonation" rule); so the following changes occur when an enclitic leans onto a

word:

1. When preceding a 1-syllable enclitic:

a word with a circumflex on the ultima (kaloè) keeps its accent and the enclitic has no

accent: kaloè ge.

a word with an acute on the ultima (�delfñw) keeps its accent as acute and does not

change it to a grave and the enclitic has no accent: �delfñw tiw.

a word with an acute on the penult (fÛlow) keeps its accent and the enclitic has no accent:

fÛlow tiw.

2. When preceding a 2-syllable enclitic:

a word with an acute on the penult (fÛlow) is followed by enclitic with accent on ultima

(acute on short ultima and circumflex on long ultima): fÛlow ¤stÛn or �nyrÅpvn tinÇn.

3. When preceding a 1- or 2-syllable enclitic:

a word with an acute accent on the antepenult (filñsofow) adds an acute (never a grave)

on its ultima and the enclitic has no accent: filñsofñw tiw or filñsofñw ¤stin.

a word with a circumflex on the penult (doèlow) adds an acute (never a grave) on the

ultima and the enclitic has no accent: doèlñw te or doèlñw ¤stin.

If an enclitic is followed by another enclitic, all but the last adds an acute to its ultima:dunatñn ¤stÛ soÛ pote

Some words of one syllable never have an accent of their own, but attach themselves

closely to the following word; these words are called proclitics. Examples are õ, oß, oé,

oék, oéx, ¤n, eÞw, ¤k.

If a proclitic is followed by an enclitic, the proclitic is accented: eÞ l¡gei but eà tiw

27

antepenult penult ultima 1-syllable enclitic 2-syllable enclitic

�delfñwretains accent, none onenclitic�delfñw tiw

kaloèretains accent, none onenclitickaloè ge

fÛlowretains accent, none onencliticfÛlow tiw

retains accent; accent on ultimaof encliticfÛlow ¤stÛn

doèlowadds acute on ultima: none on enclitic

doèlñw te doèlñw ¤stin

filñsofowadds acute on ultima; none on enclitic

filñsofñw tiw filñsofñw ¤stin

Mark the accents on the words below:

�nyrvpow tiw �nyrvpow ¤stin �nyrvpoi tinew �nyrvpon ge

�nyrÅpoiw ¤stin �nyrÅpou tinow �nyrvpon tina �nyrÅpouw poyen

�nyrÅpvn ge pou

28

Homework Assignments for Week 4, 5-7 September (Chapter 3)

for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday

for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3a, lines 17-26 (p. 25)

do form ID chart (all form ID charts are in this course pack)

for Wednesday: read and translate Reading 3$ (pp. 30-31)

for Thursday: vocabulary quiz, chapter 3

for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-3)

29



Nouns:lÛyow, lÛyou õ: stone

Adjectives:aàtiow, aÞtÛa, aàtion: responsible, to blame

dunatñw, dunat®, dunatñn: possible

m¡gaw, meg�lh, m¡ga: big


Nouns:deÝpnon, deÛpnou tñ: dinner

paÝw, paidñw õ or ²: child, boy, girl

pat®r, patrñw õ: father

Adjectives:�ndreÝow, �ndreÛa, �ndreÝon: brave

polloÛ, pollaÛ, poll�: many

tosoètow, tosaæth, tosoèto: so great (plural), so many

30

Homework Exercises for Chapter 3Form Identification

paidÛon, paidÛou tñ paidikñw, paidik®, paidikñn paideæv

Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLE

IDENTIFICATIONS (ignore the Vocative case). For each identification, first list the

relevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics (5 for a

verb, 3 for a noun or adjective).

Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives

Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender

paideæeiw

paidikoè

paidikñw

paideæein

paidÛÄ

paidikÒ

paideæv

paidÛa

paidÛou

paideæousi

paideæete

paidikñn

31

Table of Contractions

Combinations Result Combinations Result Combinations Result

a + a e + a h + i

a (long) + a a (long) e + a (long) h h + ai

a + a (long) e + h h + ei ú

a + i e + ai h + ú

a + ai ai e + ú ú h + h

a (long) + i e + e h + e h

a + & & e + i ei h + oi Ä

a + e e + ei

a + h

a + ei#

a (long) e + oi oi o + e

a + ei* e + o ou o + o ou

a + ú & e + v v o + ei

a + o e + Ä Ä o + oi oi

a + v

a + ou#

v e + u eu o + ú

a + oi Ä o + h

o + v v

o + Ä Ä

* = genuine diphthong with the sound of one vowel gliding into another, though in

classical times the sound eventually became single

# = spurious diphthong: a long vowel which occurs as the result of contraction or

compensatory lengthening

32


for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-3)

for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 38-42

do exercises 4b (evens), 4g (odds), 4d (evens) and 4e (odds)

read Ath. pp. 43-45 ("Women")

for Wednesday: quiz on first declension



do exercise 4k

for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 4

do noun-adjective agreement worksheet (all noun-adjective

worksheets are in the course pack)

read Ath. p. 284 on syllables and accents


for Monday: quiz on m¡gaw, meg�lh, m¡ga

read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59

do exercises 5b (odds) and 5g (evens)


33


Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction,

i.e., from Greek to English and from English to Greek


Nouns:�ggelow, �gg¡lou õ: messenger

�n®r, �ndrñw õ: man, husband

gun®, gunaikñw ²: woman, wife

¥ort®, ¥ort°w ²: festival

yug�thr, yugatrñw ²: daughter

kairñw, kairoè õ: time, right time

kr®nh, kr®nhw ²: spring

m®thr, mhtrñw ²: mother

êdrÛa, êdrÛaw ²: water jar

xorñw, xoroè õ: dance, chorus


Nouns:g°, g°w ²: land, earth, ground

õdñw, õdoè ²: road, way, journey

Note: In chapter 4a, Athenaze begins to list all three nominative singular forms for

adjectives; so that information will no longer appear in the course pack vocabulary lists.

34

Homework Exercises for Chapter 4

Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:

Nouns Adjectivesdespñthw, despñtou õ kalñw, kal® , kalñn

oÞkÛa, oÞkÛaw ² m¡gaw, meg�lh, m¡ga

d¡ndron, d¡ndrou tñ

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number

and gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore

the Vocative case.)

Form Case # Gender Adjective/s

despñthw

oÞkÛaw

oÞkÛai

d¡ndra

despñtou

despotÇn

d¡ndroiw

d¡ndrÄ

oÞkÛan

despñtaw

despñthn

d¡ndron

despñtú

oÞkÛaiw

35

First Declension

Table of stem vowel + case endings:

Feminine Masculine

Sing. Nom. a2 or a- h a2-w h-w

Gen. a2-w or h-w h-w a2-o (< a2-o(i)o)

Dat. a2-i or h-i h-i a2-i h-i

Acc. a2-n or a--n h-n a2-n h-n

Voc. a2 or a- h a2 a- or h

Plu. Nom./Voc. a-i

Gen. (V2 -Çn/Ionic ®-vn > ¡-vn > ) Çn

Dat. a-iw

Acc. (a-nw >) a2w

1. In East Ionic, the change from original a2 to h was uniform.

2. a2 did not become h in Attic:

a. when preceded by r, as in ²m¡ra2, ²m¡ra2w

b. when preceded by e or i, as in oÞkÛa2, oÞkÛa2w

36

First Declension Feminine

(A) art. (A) adj. (A) noun (B) adj. (B) noun (C1) (C2)

Sing. Nom. ² kal¯ kr®nh =&dÛa2 oÞkÛa2 y�latta- m�xaira-

Gen. t°w kal°w kr®nhw =&dÛa2w oÞkÛa2w yal�tthw maxaÛra2w

Dat. t» kal» kr®nú =&dÛ�2 oÞkÛ�2 yal�ttú maxaÛr�2

Acc. t¯n kal¯n kr®nhn =&dÛa2n oÞkÛa2n y�latta-n m�xaira-n

Voc. Î kal¯ kr®nh =&dÛa2 oÞkÛa2 y�latta- m�xaira-

Plu. Nom. aß kalaÜ kr°nai =�diai oÞkÛai y�lattai m�xairai

Gen. tÇn kalÇn krhnÇn =&dÛvn oÞkiÇn yalattÇn maxairÇn

Dat. taÝw kalaÝw kr®naiw =&dÛaiw oÞkÛaiw yal�ttaiw maxaÛraiw

Acc. t�w kal�w kr®na2w =&dÛa2w oÞkÛa2w yal�tta2w maxaÛra2w

Voc. Î kalaÜ kr°nai =�diai oÞkÛai y�lattai m�xairai

A. Eta in the nominative, eta throughout the singular. (= Type 1)B. Long alpha in the nominative, long alpha throughout the singular. (= Type 2)

C1. Short alpha in the nominative, after s (j, c, tt, ss), z, ll, ain: -a-, -hw, -hi, -a-n, -a-. (= Type

3)C2. Short alpha in the nominative, after e, i, r: -a-, -a2w, -a2 i, -a-n, -a-. (= Type 4)

[My rule: If you know the nominative and genitive, you can predict the dative and accusative.Nominative and accusative vowel are always the same; genitive and dative vowel are always thesame.]

Notes on accentuation:1. In nominative plural, final -ai is treated as short (as with -oi in 2 decl. masc. nom. pl.)nd

2. Genitive plural of all first declension substantives has Çn. But, feminine genitive plural of

adjectives and participles in -ow has the same accent and form as the masculine and neuter (as in

=�diow, =&dÛa2 , =�dion, genitive plural =&dÛvn).

37

First Declension Masculine

Sing. Nom. despñthw -w imported from 2 decl. masc. -ownd nea2nÛa2w

Gen. despñtou 1 decl. -a2w replaced by -a2o, with -o takenst

over from 2 decl. gen. o-io, oo nd

(Attic -ou in place of expected -v)

nea2nÛou

Dat. despñtú nea2nÛ�2

Acc. despñthn nea2nÛa2n

Voc. d¡spota Nom. in a2w, voc. in a2; nom. in thw, voc. in a-;

other nom. in hw, voc. in h

nea2nÛa2

Plu. Nom. despñtai nea2nÛai

Gen. despotÇn nea2niÇn

Dat. despñtaiw nea2nÛaiw

Acc. despñta2w nea2nÛa2w

Voc. despñtai nea2nÛai

38


for Monday: quiz on m¡gaw, meg�lh, m¡ga

read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59

do exercises 5b (odds) and 5g (evens)


for Tuesday: quiz on -av contract verbs

do form identification worksheet

for Wednesday: do noun-adjective agreement worksheet




read Ath. pp. 59-61 ("Gods and Men")


39



Nouns:kævn, kunñw õ or ²: dog

lagÅw, lagÅ õ: hare

lækow, lækou õ: wolf

oÞkÛa, oÞkÛaw ²: house

örow, örouw tñ: mountain, hill

p�ppow, p�ppou õ: grandfather

Adjectives:�krow, �kra, �kron: top (of)

=�yumow, =�yumon: careless


Nouns:mèyow, mæyou õ: story

Adjectives:�gayñw, �gay®, �gayñn: good

�griow, �grÛa, �grion: savage, wild, fierce

prÇtow, prÅth, prÇton: first

aétñw, aét®, aétñ: -self, -selves; him, her, it, them

40

Homework Exercises for Chapter 5Form Identification:

tim�v timhtñw, timht®, timhtñn

tim®, tim°w ² timht®w, timhtoè õ (note, this will decline like õ despñthw)



tim�w

timhtaÝw

tÛma2

tim�

timhtñn

timht®w

timÇmen

tim�n

timht�w

tim�w

tim�te

timÇn

timhtoæw

tim®

timÇ

timht®n

41

Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:

Nouns Adjectives/Pronounsdespñthw, despñtou õ aétñw, aét®, aétñ

õdñw, õdoè ² polæw, poll®, polæ

kr®nh, kr®nhw ²



the Vocative case.)


despotÇn

õdoÝw

despñthn

despñtú

õdñn

õdñw

kr®naw

krhnÇn

õdoæw

despñtaiw

despñthw

kr®nhn

kr®nh

õdoè

õdÒ

despñtaw

kr®nú

õdÇn

42

Alpha Contract Verbs

Present Active Indicative:

Singular 1st timÇ -Ç < tim�v

2nd tim�w -�w < tim�eiw

3rd tim� -� < tim�ei

Plural 1st timÇmen -Çmen < tim�omen

2nd tim�te -�te < tim�ete

3 timÇsi(n) -Çsi < tim�ousird

Present Active Imperative:

2 singular:nd tÛma2 -a2 < tÛmae Present stem + thematic vowel

2 plural:nd tim�te -�te < tim�ete Present stem + thematic vowel + te

Present Active Infinitive:

tim�n -�n tim�een > tima2en > tim�n Present stem + thematic vowel + en

Contractions: a + v/ o/ ou > v (1 singular, 1 plural, 3 plural indicative)st st rd

a + ei > & (2 singular, 3 singular indicative)nd rd

a + e > a2 (2 plural indicative, 2 singular and 2 plural imperative,nd nd nd

present active infinitive)

43

Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative

ATTRIBUTIVE PREDICATIVE

tò �kron örow the lofty mountain �kron tò örow the top of the mountain

tò örow �kron

² m¡sh �gor� the central market m¡sh ² �gor� the center of the market

² �gor� m¡sh

² ¤sx�th n°sow the farthest island ¤sx�th ² n°sow the edge of the island

² n°sow ¤sx�th

õ mñnow paÝw the only son mñnow õ paÝw paÛzei the boy plays alone

õ paÝw mñnow paÛzei

õ aétòw �n¯r the same man aétòw õ �n¯r the man himself

õ �n¯r aétòw

oß p�ntew polÝtai the whole body of

citizens

² p�sa SikelÛa the whole of Sicily

oß polÝtai p�ntew all the citizens

p�ntew oß polÝtai

44



for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 74-78

read course pack pages 47-49


for Wednesday: quiz on present middle verb forms

do form ID chart

do exercises 6g, 6d, 6e (evens), 6z (odds)

read Ath. pp. 81-83 ("Myth")

for Thursday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 86-89

read and translate Reading 6$ (pp.84-86)

do exercise 6n (1-6)

for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-101

do exercise 7b


vocabulary quiz chapter 6

45



Nouns:basileæw, basil¡vw õ: king

¥taÝrow, ¥taÛrou õ: comrade, companion

²m¡ra, ²m¡raw ²: day

naèw, neÅw ²: ship

n°sow, n®sou ²: island

næj, nuktñw ²: night

p�ppaw, p�ppou õ: father

pary¡now, pary¡nou ² : maiden, girl


Nouns:pælai, pulÇn aß: gates

English derivatives:

phobia, labyrinth, parthenogenesis, basil, hegemony, nautical, pylon, ephemeral,

tympanum, nyctophobia, genesis

46


Form Identification:

bouleæv boul®, boul°w ²

boulhtñw, boulht®, boulhtñn boælomai

Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL

POSSIBLE IDENTIFICATIONS (excluding the Vocative case). For each identification,

first list the relevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its

characteristics.



bouleæv

boul°w

boælú

boælesyai

boulhtoÛ

boulaÝw

bouleæete

boulñmeya

boulaÛ

boulhtoÝw

boælesye

bouleæein

boulhtñn

boulÇn

boulht»

bouleæei

boulhtÒ

47

Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive

læv fil¡v tim�v

Indicative

mai læ-o-mai læomai fil¡-o-mai filoèmai tim�-o-mai timÇmai

sai læ-e-sai læú, læei fil¡-e-sai fil», fileÝ tim�-e-sai tim�

tai læ-e-tai læetai fil¡-e-tai fileÝtai tim�-e-tai tim�tai

meya lu-ñ-meya luñmeya file-ñ-meya filoæmeya tima-ñ-meya timÅmeya

sye læ-e-sye læesye fil¡-e-sye fileÝsye tim�-e-sye tim�sye

ntai læ-o-ntai læontai fil¡-o-ntai filoèntai tim�-o-ntai timÇntai

Imperative

so læ-e-so læou fil¡-e-so filoè tim�-e-so timÇ

sye læ-e-sye læesye fil¡-e-sye fileÝsye tim�-e-sye tim�sye

Infinitive

syai læ-e-syai læesyai fil¡-e-syai fileÝsyai tim�-e-syai tim�syai

Second person singular indicative:e-(s)ai yields long ei (written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, before 403 BCE, and HI in other

dialects); ú is usually given as the proper spelling in the texts of the tragic poets, whereas ei is

printed in the texts of prose and comedy. ei was often written for hi (ú) after 400 BCE, since both

had the sound of a close long e. -ei is sometimes called Attic and Ionic in contrast to -ú of the other

dialects, including the Koine. (Smyth 628)

NOTE: Final -ai is counted short (-mai, -sai, -tai, -ntai, -syai).

48

Notes on the Middle Voice

From Smyth, Greek Grammar:

Middle usually denotes that subject acts on himself or for himself, as loæomai wash myself ,

�mænomai defend myself (lit. ward off for myself).

The passive borrows all its forms, except in the future and aorist tenses, from the middle.

Deponent verbs have an active meaning but only middle (or middle and passive) forms.

The middle represents the subject as doing something in which he is interested. He may dosomething to himself, for himself, or he may act with something belonging to himself.The object of the middle (1) may belong in the sphere of the subject, as his property, etc: I washmy hands, or (2) it may be brought into the sphere of the subject: they sent for the hoplites, or (3)it may be removed from the sphere of the subject: I sell my house (lit. give away).

Direct Reflexive Middle: subject acting directly on himself. Self is here the direct object. Verbsexpressing external and natural acts: anoint oneself, wash oneself, adorn oneself, crown oneself,exercise oneself.Indirect Reflexive Middle: subject as acting for himself, with reference to himself, withsomething belonging to himself. Self often the indirect object: provide for oneself, guard against,choose (take for oneself), furnish.Causative Middle: subject has something done by another for himself: for I had you taught this;to have food served up.Reciprocal Middle: With dual or plural subject middle may indicate reciprocal relation. Verbs ofcontending, conversing (questioning, replying), greeting, embracing, etc.

Middle lays stress on conscious activity, bodily or mental participation, of agent.In verbs that possess both active and middle:bouleæesyai deliberate, bouleæein plan

staym�n measure, staym�syai calculate

skopeÝn look at, skopeÝsyai consider

¦xesyai cling to

paæesyai cease

Active is often transitive, middle intransitive.

Passive voice represents subject as acted on. Passive voice has been developed from the middle. With the exception of some futures and the aorist, middle forms do duty as passives: aßreÝtai,

takes for himself, ie chooses, and so is chosen.

49

From Seligson, Greek for Reading:

Subject of active verb = agentDirect object of active verb = patient

Subject of passive verb = patient

Subject of middle verb = agent and beneficiary, or= agent and patient

Agent and beneficiary: subject both acts and benefits by action:f¡rei, carries; f¡retai, wins (for his own)

ful�ttei, guards; ful�ttetai, guards against

Agent and patient: may seem simply reflexivekosmeÝ, adorns; kosmeÝtai, adorns himself

faÛnei, shows; faÛnetai, shows himself, seems

50

Homework Assignments for Week 8, 2-5 October (Chapter 7)

for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-99do exercise 7b


vocabulary quiz chapter 6

for Tuesday: quiz on 3 declension formsrd

do form ID chart read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 100-101do exercise 7d

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 7read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 106-109do noun-adjective agreement chart do exercises 7z (evens) and 7h (odds)

for Thursday: quiz on 3 declension formsrd


read Ath. pp. 102-103 ("Homer")


English derivatives:dialogue, erg, ergonomics, theater, vespers, theology, poet, cathedral, agora, politics

51



Nouns:aÇj, aÆgñw, õ or ²: goat

y�latta, yal�tthw, ²: sea

önoma, ônñmatow, tñ: name

pñliw, pñlevw ²: city

NOTE: Beginning with chapter 7b, Athenaze lists nominative, genitive, and gender for

each new noun; so there will no longer be an addendum for each chapter here in the

course pack.


xenophobia, ophthalmologist, pyromaniac, ballistic, eureka, thalassocracy, politics,

eponymous, anonymous, oenophile = enophile, oenology = enology, panorama

52


Form Identification:pèr, purñw tñpur®, pur°w ²

pursñw, purs®, pursñnpèrow, pærou õ

purñv



pèr

purÇ

pèrow

purs�

purñw

puroèmen

pur®

pærou

pursñn

purs®

puroèsi(n)

pursÛ(n)

pursoè

pursÇn

pur°w

purÛ

53

Noun/Adjective Agreement:

Nouns AdjectivesxeimÅn, xeimÇnow õ m¡gaw, meg�lh, m¡gapèr, purñw tñ tÛw, tÛ

paÝw, paidñw ² sÅfrvn, sÇfron (3rd declension adj.)

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number andgender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore Vocative.)

Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s

xeimÇnow

purÇn

paidÛ

paisÛ

paÝda

xeimÅn

xeimÇna

purñw

pèr

purÛ

paÝdew

paidñw

pursÛ

xeimÇsi

xeimÇni

54

Third Declension

Stems in the 3 declension end either in consonants (hence the alternate name, "consonantrd

declension"), or in the vowels -i and -u. The third declension shows much more variety than the

1 and 2 declensions because some of its nouns have variable stems, with different forms of thest nd

stem appearing in different sets of cases, and some feature contraction of vowels in the endings.

I. Case Endings:

Masc./Fem. Neuter

Singular Nom. – or -w –

Gen. -ow -ow

Dat. --i --i

Acc. -a- or -n –

Voc. – or -w –

Plural Nom./Voc. -ew -a-

Gen. -vn -vn

Dat. -s-i(n) -s-i(n)

Acc. -a-w -a-

II. Accentuation:

Stems of one syllable (monosyllabic stems) accent the case ending in genitive and dative of allnumbers; -vn takes the circumflex accent. The gen. plu. of paÝw is an exception to this rule.

Singular Nom. aÇj paÝw

Gen. aÆgñw paidñw

Dat. aÆgÛ paidÛ

Acc. aÉga paÝda

Voc. aÇj paÝ

Plural Nom./Voc. aÉgew paÝdew

Gen. aÆgÇn paÛdvn

Dat. aÆg-sÛ(n) > aÆjÛ(n) paid-sÛ(n) > paisÛ(n)

Acc. aÉgaw paÝdaw

55

III. General Rules:

A. for nouns ending in -p, -b, -f (labials) or -k, -g, -x (velars/palatals)

These nouns use -w in the nom. and voc. singular and -a- in the acc.

Note that the presence of -w in the endings will result in double consonants in the nom.

and voc. singular and dat. plural.

Singular Nom. klÅc fælaj

Gen. klvpñw fælakow

Dat. klvpÛ fælaki

Acc. klÇpa fælaka

Voc. klÅc fælaj

Plural Nom./Voc. klÇpew fælakew

Gen. klvpÇn ful�kvn

Dat. klvcÛ(n) fælaji(n)

Acc. klÇpaw fælakaw

B. for nouns ending in -d, -y, -t (dentals)

All dentals are lost before sigma: note the forms of the dative plural.Neuter nouns use no ending in nom. and voc. singular, and either the final tau is dropped(in accordance with the law that says a noun can end only in a vowel, -r, -n, or -w) or an

alternative stem is used in nom. and voc. singular. The nom. acc. voc. plural form of the neuter has short a, like all neuter forms.

Singular Nom. paÝw pr�gma fÇw

Gen. paidñw pr�gmatow fvtñw

Dat. paidÛ pr�gmati fvtÛ

Acc. paÝda pr�gma fÇw

Voc. paÝ pr�gma fÇw

Plural Nom./Voc. paÝdew pr�gmata fÇta

Gen. paÛdvn pragm�tvn fvtÇn

Dat. paid-sÛ(n) > paisÛ(n) pr�gmasi(n) fvsÛ(n)

Acc. paÝdaw pr�gmata fÇta

56

C. for nouns with stem ending in -l, -r (liquids) or -n (nasal)

These nouns either:(1) use no ending in the nom. singular with strong-vowel form of stem, or(2) use -w in the nom. singular.

Nouns with final -n- do not have the -n- in the dat. plural, but there is no compensatory

lengthening.

Singular Nom. xeimÅn daÛmvn �lw

Gen. xeimÇnow daÛmonow �lñw

Dat. xeimÇni daÛmoni �lÛ

Acc. xeimÇna daÛmona �la

Voc. xeimÅn daÝmon –

Plural Nom./Voc. xeimÇnew daÛmonew �lew

Gen. xeimÅnvn daimñnvn �lÇn

Dat. xeimÇsi(n) daÛmosi(n) �lsÛ(n)

Acc. xeimÇnaw daÛmonaw �law

Note the accents in xeimÅn: acute in nom. and voc. sing, circumflex in most other forms,

because an accented long penult followed by short ultima must have a circumflex.

The adjective sÅfrvn, sÇfron follows the same pattern as the nouns above:

Masculine/Feminine Neuter

Singular Nom. sÅfrvn sÇfron

Gen. sÅfronow

Dat. sÅfroni

Acc. sÅfrona sÇfron

Voc. sÇfron

Plural Nom./Voc. sÅfronew sÅfrona

Gen. svfrñnvn

Dat. sÅfrosi(n)

Acc. sÅfronaw sÅfrona

57



for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 114-116do exercise 8b


for Wednesday: quiz on present middle participle forms (with correct accents!)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 124-129, course pack pp. 61-63do noun/adjective agreement chart do form ID chart

for Thursday: quiz on B�H, B�F", B�< and ,ÍH, :\", ª<do noun/adjective agreement chart study the place words on Ath. pg. 124 (Word Building)read and translate Reading 8$ (pp. 122-124)

for Monday: vocabulary quiz chapter 8read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 135-137do exercises 9b (evens) and 9g (odds)


58



Nouns Adjectivespèr, purñw, tñ sÅfrvn, sÇfronyeñw, yeoè, õ luñmenow, luom¡nh, luñmenony�latta, yal�tthw, ²poiht®w, poihtoè õ


pèr

yal�tthw

purÛ

yeoè

poihtoè

yeoèw

y�lattan

poiht®n

yeÇn

yeÒ

yal�ttaw

yeoÛ

purÇn

yeñw

purñw

yalattÇn

59


j¡now, j¡nou õ jenÛa, jenÛaw ² jenÛzv j¡niow, jenÛa, j¡nion

Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS. For each identification, first list the relevant part of speech (e.g., noun,verb, adjective, participle) and then its characteristics (5 for a verb, 3 for a noun or adjective, 5for a participle [tense, voice; case, number, gender]).



j¡nouw

jenÛaw

jenÛzein

jenÛzv

j¡nou

jenÛaiw

j¡non

jenizñmenoi

j¡nvn

jenizom¡nú

jenizom¡noiw

jenÛa

j¡nia

jenizñmeya

j¡nÄ

j¡noiw

jenÛzousi(n)

60


Nouns Adjectives�n®r, �ndrñw õ eåw, mÛa, §n or dæo (as appropriate)m®thr, mhtrñw ² p�w, p�sa, p�nd¡ndron, d¡ndrou tñ


�n®r

d¡ndron

mhtrñw

d¡ndrÄ

mht¡ra

mhtrÛ

�ndrñw

d¡ndroiw

mht¡rew

�ndra

d¡ndra

mhtr�si

�ndrÇn

mht¡rvn

�ndrew

d¡ndrou

�ndr�si

61

Third Declension

D. for nouns with irregular stem ending in -r

The nouns pat®r, m®thr, and yug�thr have three visible stems: a strong-vowel stem

ending in -thr, a short-vowel stem ending in -ter, and a weak grade (no vowel) ending in

-tr (or -tra in dative plural, where -r- between consonants becomes -ra-).

The strong-vowel appears in nom. sing.; the weak grade in gen. sing., dat. sing., and dat.pl; the short-vowel in acc. sing. and all plural cases except dat. Accentuation on these nouns in the nom. and voc. sing. is irregular: the voc. sing. ofpat®r has recessive accentuation (p�ter), as do the nom. and voc. sing. of m®thr

(m®thr, voc. m°ter) and of yug�thr (yug�thr, voc. yægater).

Elsewhere the accent of these three words falls on the stem-ending -er- (or -ra- in dat.

pl.) or on the case ending.For pat®r and m®thr, the monosyllabic stem rule applies, while yug�thr is treated

similarly by analogy.The noun �n®r is similar: the strong-vowel stem appears in the nominative (�n®r), the

short-vowel in the voc. sing. (�ner), and the weak form in -r- in the other cases, where

-d- is developed between -n- and -r-.

The monosyllabic stem rule applies to �n®r, except that the nom. sing. and dat. plur.

(based on disyllabic stems) are accented on the second syllable and the voc. sing. hasrecessive accent.

Singular Nom. pat®r m®thr yug�thr �n®r

Gen. patrñw mhtrñw yugatrñw �ndrñw

Dat. patrÛ mhtrÛ yugatrÛ �ndrÛ

Acc. pat¡ra mht¡ra yugat¡ra �ndra

Voc. p�ter m°ter yægater �ner

Plural Nom./Voc. pat¡rew mht¡rew yugat¡rew �ndrew

Gen. pat¡rvn mht¡rvn yugat¡rvn �ndrÇn

Dat. patr�si(n) mhtr�si(n) yugatr�si(n) �ndr�si(n)

Acc. pat¡raw mht¡raw yugat¡raw �ndraw

62

E. for nouns with stem ending in -nt-

These nouns either:(1) use -w in the nom. and voc. singular, in which case the -nt drops out and the

preceding vowel exhibits compensatory lengthening; or(2) use a strong-vowel (i.e., long vowel/diphthong) form of the stem without the tau (dropped for phonetic reasons) and with no ending in the nom. singular.The voc. sing. is either like the nom. (ôdoæw, voc. ôdoæw) or has the weak-vowel form of

the stem with no ending (and final -t- is simply dropped) (gÛga2w, voc. gÛga-n; g¡rvn, voc.

g¡ron).

In the dat. plur., the ending -si causes elimination of -nt- and compensatory lengthening

of the preceding vowel: ôdñnt-si(n) > ôdoèsi(n), gÛgant-si(n) > gÛga2si(n), g¡ront-si(n)

> g¡rousi(n).

Singular Nom. ôdoæw gÛga2w g¡rvn

Gen. ôdñntow gÛgantow g¡rontow

Dat. ôdñnti gÛganti g¡ronti

Acc. ôdñnta gÛganta g¡ronta

Voc. ôdoæw gÛga-n g¡ron

Plural Nom./Voc. ôdñntew gÛgantew g¡rontew

Gen. ôdñntvn gig�ntvn gerñntvn

Dat. ôdoèsi(n) gÛga2si(n) g¡rousi(n)

Acc. ôdñntaw gÛgantaw g¡rontaw

63

Paradigm of pas, pasa, pan and heis, mia, hen

Adjectives of the consonant declension with a separate set of forms for the feminine inflect thefeminine like a noun of the first declension ending in -a-.

The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix -=ia

(semivocalic i), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways.

Singular Nom./Voc. p�w p�sa p�n

Gen. pantñw p�shw pantñw

Dat. pantÛ p�sú pantÛ

Acc. p�nta p�san p�n

Plural Nom./Voc. p�ntew p�sai p�nta

Gen. p�ntvn pasÇn p�ntvn

Dat. p�si(n) p�saiw p�si(n)

Acc. p�ntaw p�saw p�nta

p�sa stands for pantsa from pant-=ia.

a2 of p�n (for pa-n(t)-) is irregular and borrowed from p�w.

The accents of pantñw and pantÛ follow the monosyllabic stem rule; p�ntvn and p�si(n) don't.

p�si(n) is from p�nt-si(n).

pasÇn follows the usual pattern for first declension nouns (-Çn from �-vn).

Singular Nom. eåw mÛa §n

Gen. ¥nñw mi�w ¥nñw

Dat. ¥nÛ mi� ¥nÛ

Acc. §na mÛan §n

The stem for eåw, mÛa, §n is sm (m with zero-grade vowel).

The stem ¥n is from sem- . Initial s before a vowel becomes the rough breathing. Original final

m preceded by a vowel becomes n.

mÛa stands for sm-Ûa.

eåw is from ¥n-w.

The accent of ¥nñw and ¥nÛ follows the monosyllabic stem rule.

Note the accent of the feminine genitive and dative, mi�w and mi�.

64


for Monday: vocabulary quiz chapter 8

read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")


do exercises 9b (evens) and 9g (odds)


for Tuesday: quiz on present active participle forms

do exercise 9d

do noun/adjective agreement chart

do exercise on personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, possessive

adjectives in course pack


for Wednesday: quiz on declensions of basileæw, pñliw, �stu

do exercise 9z (2, 4, 6) and 9h (2, 4, 6)

do form ID chart

read and translate Reading 9$ (pp.142-144)


read Ath. pp. 139-140 ("The City of Athens")


English derivatives:sarcophagus, panegyric, stoa, aristocracy, ambidextrous, theology, hieroglyphics, Nike,parthenogenesis, gerontology, democracy, Uranus, pomp, and Mesolithic

65


For practice with personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and possessive adjectives, translate thefollowing:

1. t¯n õdòn aétòw õr�.

2. aétoè t¯n oÞkÛan aét¯ õr�.

3. aétòw õr� aétoæw.

4. aét¯ õr� t¯n s¯n oÞkÛan.

5. aét¯ õr� tò aétò d¡ndron.

6. aétòw õr� aétÇn tòn kæna.

7. sç õr�w me.

8. sç l¢geiw aétoÝw tòn mèyon.

9. sç õr�w tòn sòn paÝda.

10. õrÇ ¤mautñn, �ll� oéx õrÇ êm�w.

11. õ paÝw õr� tòn ¥autoè kæna.

12. õ paÝw õr� tòn kæna aét°w.

13. ²meÝw g�r oék ¤y¡lomen ²m�w aétoçw sÐzein.

14. sç l¡geiw seautÒ.

15. sç l¡geiw seaut».

16. sç l¡geiw ¤moÛ.

17. �gv t� êm¡tera prñbata pròw t¯n ¤m¯n oÞkÛan.

18. kayÛzv êpò tò ²m¡teron d¡ndron.

19. oék ¤y¡lomen ²m�w aétoçw ¤paÛrein.

20. t� m°la met� aétÇn feægei.

21. t� m°la ¥aut� fileÝ.

22. õ paÝw ¥autòn fileÝ.

23. õ paÝw aét¯n fileÝ.

24. õ paÝw tòn kæna aét°w fileÝ.

25. ² paÝw ¥aut¯n fileÝ.

26. ² paÝw tòn kæna aétoè fileÝ.

66

Noun/Adjective (Participle) Agreement:

Nouns Adjectives�rister�, �rister�w ² timÇn, timÇsa, timÇn

ßerñn, ßeroè tñ lævn, læousa, lèon

pat®r, patrñw õ

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number andgender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore theVocative case.)


pat®r

ßerñn

�rister�n

�rister�w

�rister�w

ßeroÝw

pat¡rew

patr�si(n)

�risteraÝw

�rister�

ßer�

ßerÇn

pat¡ra

pat¡raw

�rister�

ßerÄ

patrÛ

67


basileæw, basil¡vw õ basileæv, basileæsv, ¤basÛleusabasileÛa, basileÛaw ² basÛleiow, basileÛa, basÛleionbasilÛw, basilÛdow ²

Given these dictionary listings, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS.



basil¡vw

basileÛaw

basileæomen

basileuñmenow

basÛleia

basilÛda

basileèsi

basileævn

basileÝ

basileæontew

basileæousai

basileÛan

basilÛdew

basileuom¡nvn

basÛleiow

basil¡a

68

Present Active Participles

Participles of the active voice have stems in nt. The masculine and neuter follow the third

declension, the feminine follows the first declension.

Most stems in ont make the nominative singular masculine without w, like the noun gervn,

dropping the t and lengthening o to v.

But stems in ont in the present and second aorist of mi-verbs (didoæw, doæw), and all stems in

ant, ent, unt add w, lose nt, and lengthen the preceding vowel (-ouw, -a2w, -eiw, -u2w).

The nominative neuter singular of all participles drops final t of the stem.

The feminine singular is made by adding -=ia (semivocalic i) to the stem:

læousa < luont-=ia, oïsa < önt-=ia.

The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to the monosyllabic stem rule.

69

Present active participles of contract verbs

Singular Nom./Voc. fil¡-vn > filÇn fil¡-ousa- > filoèsa- fil¡-on > filoèn

Gen. fil¡-ontow > filoèntow file-oæshw > filoæshw fil¡-ontow > filoèntow

Dat. fil¡-onti > filoènti file-oæsú > filoæsú fil¡-onti > filoènti

Acc. fil¡-onta > filoènta fil¡-ousa-n > filoèsa-n fil¡-on > filoèn

Plural Nom./Voc. fil¡-ontew > filoèntew fil¡-ousai > filoèsai fil¡-onta > filoènta

Gen. file-ñntvn > filoæntvn file-ousÇn > filousÇn file-ñntvn > filoæntvn

Dat. fil¡-ontsi > filoèsi file-oæsaiw > filoæsaiw fil¡-ontsi > filoèsi

Acc. fil¡-onta-w > filoèntaw file-oæsa2w > filoæsa2w fil¡-onta > filoènta

Singular Nom./Voc. tim�-vn > timÇn tim�-ousa> timÇsa tim�-on > timÇn

Gen. tim�-ontow > timÇntow tima-oæshw > timÅshw tim�-ontow > timÇntow

Dat. tim�-onti > timÇnti tima-ousú > timÅsú tim�-onti > timÇnti

Acc. tim�-onta > timÇnta tim�-ousan > timÇsan tim�-on > timÇn

Plural Nom./Voc. tim�-ontew > timÇntew tim�-ousai > timÇsai tim�-onta > timÇnta

Gen. tima-ñntvn > timÅntvn tima-ousÇn > timvsÇn tima-ñntvn > timÅntvn

Dat. tim�-ontsi > timÇsi tima-oæsaiw > timÅsaiw tim�-ontsi > timÇsi

Acc. tim�-ontaw > timÇntaw tima-oæsa2w > timÅsaw tim�-onta > timÇnta

70

Third Declension

F. for nouns with stems in i and u

Stems in i and u vary with stronger stems, of which e in the cases other than nom., acc.,

and voc. sing. is a survival.ei and eu before vowels lost their i and u. i and u of diphthongs often disappear before a

following vowel; they become semivowels, =i and =u, which are not written.

So pole(=i)-i, pole(=i)-ew, which contract to pñlei and pñleiw.

There is also a stem in h, as in Homeric pñlh-ow, whence pñle-vw, by transfer of

quantity (quantitative metathesis).Dat. pl. pñle-si for pñli-si is due to the analogy of forms from stems in ei, eu.

Final -vw of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on the

antepenult: pñlevw retains the accent of the earlier pñlh-ow, which became pñlevw by

transfer of quantity. The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.Acc. pl. pñleiw is probably borrowed from the nom. pl.

Singular Nom. pñliw (< pñli-w) �stu

Gen. pñlevw (< pñlh-ow) �stevw (< �sth -ow)

Dat. pñlei (< pñlei-i) �stei (< �steu-i)

Acc. pñlin (< pñli-n) �stu

Voc. pñli �stu

Plural Nom./Voc. pñleiw (< pñlei-ew) �sth (< �ste -a)

Gen. pñlevn (< pñlei-vn) �stevn (< �steu -vn)

Dat. pñlesi(n) �stesi(n)

Acc. pñleiw �sth (< �ste -a)

71

G. for nouns with stems in eu, au, ou:

Stems in eu show pure form only in vocative; other forms are derived from the stronger

stem hu.

hu and a2u before a consonant become eu, au, as in basileæw, basileèsi, from

basilhuw, basilhusi.

Stems lose u before case endings beginning with a vowel, =u (semivocallic u) passing into

W (vau, "digamma").basil¡vw, basileÝ, basil¡a2 , basil¡a2w come from basil°(W)-ow, basil°(W)-i,

basil°(W)-a, basil°(W)-aw, by transfer of quantity ("quantitative metathesis").

In basil¡vn, e is shortened from the h of basil®vn (a long vowel may be shortened

before another long vowel).Nominative plural of eu nouns in older Attic ended in -°w (basil°w), derived either from

-°ew by contraction or from -¡hw by transfer of quantity.

Singular Nom. basileæw < basilhuw naèw < na2uw boèw

Gen. basil¡vw < basil°(W)-ow neÅw < nh(W)-ñw boñw < bo(W)-ñw

Dat. basileÝ < basil°(W)-i nhý < nh(W)-Û boý

Acc. basil¡a2 < basil°(W)-a naèn boèn

Voc. basileè naè boè

Plural Nom./Voc. basil°w n°ew bñew

Gen. basil¡vn < basil®vn neÇn < nhÇn boÇn

Dat. basileèsi(n) < basilhusi nausÛ(n) < na2usi bousÛ(n)

Acc. basil¡a2w < basil°(W)-aw naèw boèw

72



for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 10

read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 152-155, 158-160


do noun/adjective agreement worksheet

for Wednesday: Quiz on future forms

read and digest the grammar on Ath. pp. 166-170


do exercise 10b (odds) and 10g (evens)

do form ID charts

for Monday: quiz on future forms

read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")

read and digest grammar on pp. 176-181


Beginning with Chapter 10, Athenaze lists three principal parts for every verb.

English derivatives:Nike, encephalitis, hydraulic, sophomore

73



Nouns Adjectivespñliw pñlevw ² sÅfrvn, sÇfron�stu, �stevw tñ lævn, læousa, lèonbasileæw, basil¡vw õ


pñliw

�stu

�stei

basileæw

pñlin

pñleiw

�stevn

basileÝ

basil¡a

basil°w

pñlevn

pñlesi

�stesi

�sth

basileèsi

basil¡aw

74


polÛteuma, politeæmatow tñ polÛthw, polÛtou õ poliñw,poli�, poliñnpoliteæv, politeæsv, ¤polÛteusa pñliw, pñlevw ²



politeæeiw

politeæmata

pñlevw

poli�w

pñleiw

politeæontow

pñlesi

polÛtú

politeæmatow

pñlin

politeæousi

politeuom¡noiw

polÛthn

politeæmasi

pñlei

poliñn

polÛtaiw

poliÇn

75

Formation of the Future Tense

1. The future stem is formed by adding the tense-suffix -s o/e to the verb-stem: læsv,

læsomai; y®sv from tÛyhmi; deÛjv from deÛknumi.

2. In verbs showing strong and weak grades, the ending is added to the strong stem:

leÛpv leÛcv, t®kv t®jv, pn¡v pneæsomai, dÛdvmi dÅsv.

3. Verb stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (a to h

except after e, i, r): tim�v tim®sv, fil¡v fil®sv.

4. Verb stems ending in liquids (l, r) or nasals (m, n) add -es o/e-; then s drops and e

contracts with the following vowel: faÛnv (fan-), fanÇ from fan-¡sv.

5. Labial (p, b, f) and palatal (k, g, x) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with s to

form c or j. Dentals (t, d, y) are lost before s.

kñp-t-v (kop-), kñcv, kñcomai; bl�p-t-v (blab-), bl�cv, bl�comai; gr�fv, gr�cv,

gr�comai;

pl¡kv, pl¡jv, pl¡jomai; l¡gv, l¡jv, l¡jomai; tar�ttv (tarax-), tar�jv, tar�jomai;

fr�zv (frad-), fr�sv; peÛyv (piy-, peiy-), peÛsv, peÛsomai.

6. When e or o is added to the verb stem, it is lengthened to h or v: boælomai (boul-e-),

boul®somai; �lÛskomai (�l-o-), �lÅsomai.

7. So-called "Attic futures" occur when s is preceded by a- or e and these vowels are not

preceded by a syllable long by nature or position. s is dropped and -av and -ev are

contracted to -Ç. When i precedes s, the ending is -i-(s)¡v which contracts to -iÇ.

kal¡v, kalÇ, kaloèmai; ¤laænv (¤la-), ¤lÇ; kay¡zomai (kayed-), kayedoèmai;

m�xomai (maxe-), maxoèmai; öllumi (ôl-e-), ôlÇ.

a. All verbs in -annumi have futures in -�(s)v, -Ç: sked�nnumi (skeda-), skedÇ.

Similarly some verbs in -ennumi: �mfi¡nnumi (�mfie-), �mfiÇ; stñrnumi (stor-

e), storÇ.

b. Verbs in -izv of more than two syllables drop s and insert e, thus making -

i(s)¡v, -i(s)¡omai, which contract to -iÇ and -ioèmai: nomÛzv (nomid-) makes

nomis¡v, nomi-¡v, nomiÇ. nomiÇ etc. are due to the analogy of the liquid verbs.

76

Homework Assignments for Week 12, 30 October-2 November (Chapter 11)

for Monday: quiz on future forms

read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")


for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 11



do exercises 11k (odds), 11m (evens), and 11n (odds)

for Wednesday: read Ath. pp. 184-184 ("Greek Science and Medicine")


for Thursday: quiz on 2 aorist formsnd

do noun/participle agreement sheet

do form ID chart

for Monday: quiz on 2 aorist participle forms, active and middlend



PLEASE NOTE:

It is expected that all of you will do the Word Building Exercises in each

chapter on your own. These are very useful for building vocabulary.


genesis, paschal, scope, Philadelphia, psychiatrist and all the other -iatrist words,

anthropology and all the other -ology words

77



Nouns Modifiers�delfñw, �delfoè õ labÅn, laboèsa, labñn

�rgærion, �rgurÛou tñ genñmenow, genom¡nh, genñmenon

draxm®, draxm°w ² ²dÛvn, ´dion

Form Case # Gen

.

Modifiers

�rgærion

draxm°w

�delfoÝw

�rgæria

draxm»

draxm�w

�delfñw

�rgurÛou

draxmÇn

�rgurÛoiw

�delfoæw

�delfoÛ

draxmaÛ

�rgurÛÄ

draxm®n

�delfÇn

�delfñn

78


many�nv, may®somai, ¦mayon mayht®w, mayhtoè õ

m�yhma, may®matow tñ mayhtñw, mayht®, mayhtñn



¦mayon

mayhtñn

many�nvn

manyanom¡nhw

mayñnti

¤m�yomen

many�nein

may®masi

mayhtoÝw

¦mayew

mayoèsa

many�nousa

mayht»

m�ye

manyanoæsaiw

mayhtaÝw

mayÅn

79

The Aorist System in Greek

In the indicative mood, aorist is used to refer to simple, unique occurrences in the past:

C Dikaiopolis’ brother opened the door.

C The god Asklepios healed Philip.

You have already noticed that the temporal augment ¤ for the aorist occurs only in the

indicative mood. This is because, in the aorist, only the indicative mood emphasizes time.

All other forms of the aorist usually emphasize, instead, aspect.

Aspect refers to how one views the action of the verbSthat is, whether the action is

viewed as completed vs. incomplete, customary vs. a single occurrence, a general truth vs.

a specific occurrence. Present tense has an incomplete, customary, or habitual aspect;

aorist tense conveys a completed or simple (i.e., one time occurrence) aspect.

Note the difference between these two indicative sentences.

C Mother takes her medication every day. (present time, customary aspect = present

tense = lamb�nei)

C I took a present to the party. (past time, simple aspect = aorist = ¦labon)

Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time. Note, for

example, the difference between these two imperatives:

C Mother, take your pill every day! (customary aspect = present imperative =

l�mbane)

C Take the money and run! (simple aspect = aorist imperative = l�be)

Note, l�mbane and l�be are each translated into English by “take!” but that two

different aspects are conveyed.

Also, note that certain verbs denote a state of being or an action which by its nature is

continuous; these verbs may require a somewhat different translation in the aorist to

denote simple aspect (i.e., the action at a single moment in time). Often the aorist of such

verbs refers to the single moment in time at which the subject enters in the state of being

or begins the continuous action; these are called ingressive aorists.

C ¦xv = I have ¦skon = I came to have, I got

C basileæv = I am king ¤basÛleusa = I became king

C dakræv = I am crying ¤d�krusa = I began to cry

80

In progress, mere occurrence, completed

1 principal part: Progressive (imperfect) aspect stemst

Aorist: merely names action– aorist or neutral aspect

a-oristow = unlimited, indefinite, undefined time. Doesn't show limitation of

continuance (expressed by imperfect) or of completion with permanent result (expressed

by perfect)

Perfect: completed action

Progressive Aorist-Neutral Perfective

Past was teaching taught had taught

Present is teaching teaches has taught

Future will be teaching will teach will have taught

Aorist = mere occurrence of action in past.

Action regarded as event or single fact without reference to length of time it occupied.

Uses of aorist may be explained by figure of point in time:

1. The starting point (ingressive aorist): "become ruler," "fell in love," "become silent"

2. The end point (resultative aorist) "I brought"

3. The whole action, concentrated to a point (complexive aorist)

Aorist enumerates and reports past events. It may be employed in brief continuous

narration. As a narrative tense it is often used to state the chief events and facts, while the

other past tenses set forth subordinate actions and attendant circumstances.

Greek aorists active and middle have no future

Exist only as past tense

Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time.

81

Personal Endings

Primary/Secondary = Non-past/Past

ACTIVE MIDDLE

PRIMARY SINGULAR 1 –, -mist -mai

2 -w (for -si), -ya (-sya)nd -sai

3 -si (for -ti) rd -tai

PLURAL 1 st -men -meya

2 nd -te -sye

3 -nsi (for -nti)rd -ntai

SECONDARY SINGULAR 1 st -n -mhn

2 nd -w, -sya -so

3 – rd -to

PLURAL 1 st -men -meya

2 nd -te -sye

3 rd -n, -san -nto

82

Second or Root Aorist

Active Middle

Indicative Singular 1 st ¦lipon ¤lipñmhn

2nd ¦lipew ¤lÛpou

3rd ¦lipe (n) ¤lÛpeto

Plural 1st ¤lÛpomen ¤lipñmeya

2nd ¤lÛpete ¤lÛpesye

3rd ¦lipon ¤lÛponto

Imperative 2 Singularnd lÛpe lipoè

2 Pluralnd lÛpete lÛpesye

Infinitive lipeÝn lip¡syai

Participle lipÅn, lipoèsa, lipñn

(gen. lipñntow, lipoæshw, lipñntow)

lipñmenow, lipom¡nh,lipñmenon

Most 2 aorists belong to a type which has the weak vowel grade in the root and the accent originally onnd

the thematic vowel. The accent on the thematic vowel has been regularized in the indicative, partiallyregularized in the imperative, and preserved in the infinitive and participle.

1. Indicative: temporal augment + aorist stem + thematic vowel + secondary personal endings.Accent is regular: that is, recessive.Note loss of intervocalic sigma in 2 sing middle: ¤lÛpeso > ¤lÛpound

2. Imperative: aorist stem + thematic vowel + secondary personal endings.Accent is regular: that is, recessive; EXCEPT 2 sing middle, lip¡so > lipoè, where accent shifted tond

thematic vowel.NOTE: the accent of 2 sing active imperative lab¡, eÞp¡, ¤ly¡, eêr¡, Þd¡, has the accent shifted tond

thematic vowel; but this shift only applies to these five verbs.

3. Infinitive: note that the accent has shifted to the thematic vowel; this is the regular pattern in thesecond aorist. lip¡en > lipeÝn

4. Participle: note that the accent has shifted to the thematic vowel; this is the regular pattern in thesecond aorist. As an adjective, the participle's accent is persistent.

83

Homework Assignments for Week 13, 6-9 November (Chapter 12)

for Monday: quiz on 2 aorist participle forms, active and middlend



for Tuesday: quiz on 1st aorist forms

do form ID chart

do exercises 12g, 12h (evens)

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 12


read and translate Reading12$ (pp. 204-206)

for Thursday: read Ath. pp. 200-203 ("Trade and Travel")

quiz, 1 aorist participlest


84



frontÛzv, frontiÇ, ¤frñntisa frontist®w, frontistoè õ

frontÛw, frontÛdow ² frontistikñw, frontistik®, frontistikñn



frontÛzvn

frontÛzontow

¤frontÛsamen

¤frontÛsv

frontÛsasyai

frontistikñn

frontÛda

frontistaÛ

frontÛzein

frontizñmeya

frontÛsate

frontÛsasa

frontistikoÛ

frontistÇn

¤frñntise(n)

¤frñntisaw

frñntison

¤frontÛsanto

frontÛzousi

85


læv, læsv, ¦lusa læsiw, læsevw, ² læsiow, lusÛa, læsion



læsete

læsia

læontow

læsei

læsevw

læsousi

¦luse

luom¡nhn

læsetai

lusoæshw

læsesyai

læein

læsin

lèsai

lusÛoiw

¤læsv

læsesi

lèson

86

First Aorist Active and Middle

Athematic formation Active Middle

Indicative Sing. 1st ¤lus-m ¦lusa ¤lus�mhn

2nd ¤lus-w ¦lusaw ¤læsaso > ¤læsv

3rd ¤lus-t ¦luse From perfect, nopersonal ending

¤lésato

Plural 1st ¤lus-men ¤læsamen ¤lus�meya

2nd ¤lus-te ¤læsate ¤læsasye

3rd ¤lus-n(t) ¦lusan ¤læsanto

Imperative 2 Sing.nd lèson Endings obscure inorigin

lèsai

2 Plu.nd læsate læsasye

Infinitive lèsai Old dative ending læsasyai

Participle lusantw,lusant=ia,

lusant >

læsaw, læsasa, lèsan

lus�menow, lusam¡nh, lus�menon

The secondary endings of the 1 aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in -s- (athematicst

formation).From ¤lus-m came ¦lusa (a vowel may take the place of an original liquid or nasal after a consonant).

The alpha spread to the other forms of the indicative (except 3 singular active), imperative (except 2rd nd

singular active and middle), infinitive, and participle.

87



for Tuesday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13


do exercise 13d (1-10)

read Ath. pp. 218-221 ("The Rise of Persia")

for Wednesday: quiz on imperfect indicative forms


do form ID chart


for Thursday: quiz on relative pronoun

do worksheet on relative pronouns and clauses in course pack



do exercises 13h (odds)



English derivatives for chapters 12 and 13:

gerontology, cacophony, orthodontics, taxometer, emporium, nautical, euphony, megalopolis,

barbarian

88


Form Identification chart:²sux�zv, ²sux�sv, ²sæxasa ²suxÛa, ²suxÛaw ² ²sæxiow, ²sæxion



²sux�zvn

²suxÛaw

²sæxion

²sæxazon

²sux�zon

²suxÛoiw

²sæxasan

²sux�san

²suxazñmenow

²suxazñmeya

²suxiÇn

²suxÛvn

²suxÛan

²sæxaze

89

Imperfect of eimi and eimi

Imperfect of eÞmÛ sum (the verb "to be"):

Singular 1 st ·, ·n Old Attic · is from ·a (Hom.) = ±sm < ¤s- augmented + the secondary

ending m, which becomes a (as in the first aorist).

·n was formed by analogy to ·men ·ste.

2 nd ·sya -ya is a perfect ending

3 rd ·n The 3 plural was originally ·n, contracted from ·en (Hom.); this ·n came tord

be used as 3 singular.rd

Plural 1st ·men

2 ·te, ·stend

3rd ·san -san is imported from the sigmatic aorist.

Imperfect of eämi ibo (the verb "to go"):

Singular 1 st Âa, ¾ein ú is the stem ei augmented (hi with the iota "gone subscript")

2 nd ¾eisya, ¾eiw

3 rd ¾ein, ¾ei

Plural 1st ¾men

2nd ¾te

3rd ¾san, ¾esan

90

Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses

In the following English sentences, underline the relative clause, circle the relative pronoun, and

place a box around its antecedent (when one is expressed).

1. The poet who wrote the book is good.

2. The poet whose book we sent to the publisher is good.

3. The poet to whom we dedicated the book is good.

4. The poet whom we educated is good.

5. The girl who helped the children will get the reward.

6. Who(ever) helped the children will get the reward.

7. Who steals my purse steals trash.

8. Many people dislike what they don’t understand.

9. Whoever wins will be praised.

Rewrite these sentences to include a relative clause.

1. I love hot coffee.

2. A biting dog is a nuisance.

3. The big book is a bad thing.

4. A small book is a better thing.

In the following Greek sentences, the relative pronoun has been omitted, and its antecedent has

been underlined. Give the number, gender, and case for each underlined noun; supply the

missing relative pronoun; and identify it by number, gender, and case. Then translate the

sentence.

91

1. ² naèw, fñrtia ¦fere, ·n meg�lh.

2. õ �nyrvpow õrÇ ·n kalñw.

3. ¦stin dÛkhw ôfyalmñw, t� p�ny� õr�.

4. mak�riow �nyrvpow, noèn ¦xei.

5. oß yeoÜ filoèsin, aétòw �poyn¹skei n¡ow.

6. õ �n¯r, ² �Atñssa yerapeæei, DareÝñw ¤stin.

7. ² naèw, ¤n �Atñssa ¦plei, ·n meg�lh.

8. ² gun¯, �n¯r ·n basileæw, �Atñss� ¤stin.

9. õ neanÛaw, tÇn MousÇn ¤pilany�netai, tòn bÛon diafyeÛrei.

dik®: justice

�poyn®skv: die

n¡ow, -h, -on: young

yerapeæv: help, heal

¤pilany�nomai: forget

something (+gen. case)

diafyeÛrv: destroy

Transform the two simple sentences into a single complex sentence by replacing the personal

pronoun with a relative pronoun and then translate into Greek.

The boy was blind. The man led him onto the ship. õ paÝw tuflòn ·n ùn õ �n¯r eÜw t¯n naèn

³gagen.

1. They prayed to Asklepios. His temple was at Epidauros.

2. The boat was big. It was in the harbor.

3. The boat was big. On it Dikaiopolis and Philip were sailing.

92

Third Declension

H. for nouns with stems in -s-

Stems in sigma are contracted where -s- falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of

the ending.So, g¡now (stem genes-), gen. gene(s)-ow g¡nouw, dat. gene(s)-i g¡nei.

In a large group of neuter nouns the -es- ending appears in the o-grade form -ow in nom., acc.,

voc. sing., as in g¡now.

Neuters with stems in -as- (tò g¡raw) have -aw in these cases.

Masc. and fem. acc. plu., when contracted, borrow the form of the contracted nom. plu. The acc. plu. -eiw is not derived from -eaw.

In dat. plu., union of s of the stem and s of the ending produces ss, which is reduced to s

without lengthening the preceding vowel.Masculine stems in es with nominative in -hw are proper names (õ Svkr�thw, õ Dhmosy¡nhw);

the feminine tri®rhw is an adjective used substantively ("triply fitted:" ² tri®rhw (naèw), "ship

with three banks of oars").Proper nouns in -hw have recessive accent in the vocative.

tri®rvn ( from trihr¡-vn) has irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.

Singular Nom. tò g¡now ² tri®rhw Svkr�thw tò g¡raw

Gen. g¡nouw < g¡nes-ow tri®rouw < tri®res-ow Svkr�touw g¡rvw < g¡ras-ow

Dat. g¡nei < g¡nes-i tri®rei < tri®res-i Svkr�tei g¡rai < g¡ras-i

Acc. g¡now tri®rh < tri®res-a Svkr�th g¡raw

Voc. g¡now tri°rew SÅkratew g¡raw

Plural Nom./Voc. g¡nh < g¡nes-a tri®reiw < tri®res-ew g¡ra < g¡ras-a

Gen. genÇn < gen¡s-vn tri®rvn < trihr¡-vn g¡rÇn < ger�s-vn

Dat. g¡nesi(n) < g¡nes-si tri®resi(n) < tri®res-si g¡rasi(n) < g¡ras-si(n)

Acc. g¡nh tri®reiw g¡ra < g¡ras-a

93

When -es- of the stem is preceded by e, the forms are inflected as follows:

Singular Nom. Yemistokl°w < Yemistokl¡hw

Gen. Yemistokl¡ouw < Yemistokl¡e(s)ow

Dat. YemistokleÝ < Yemistokl¡e(s)i

Acc. Yemistokl¡a2 < Yemistokl¡e(s)a After e, ea contracts to a2 .

Voc. Yemistñkleiw < Yemistñkleew

The adjective �lhy®w, �lhy¡w also has its stem in -es- and shows contraction.

Masc./Fem. Neut.

Singular Nom. �lhy®w �lhy¡w

Gen. �lhyoèw < �lhy¡s-ow > �lhyoèw

Dat. �lhyeÝ < �lhy¡s-i > �lhyeÝ

Acc. �lhy° < �lhy¡s-a �lhy¡w

Voc. �lhy¡w �lhy¡w

Plural Nom./Voc. �lhyeÝw < �lhy¡s-ew �lhy° < �lhy¡-a

Gen. �lhyÇn < �lhy¡s-vn > �lhyÇn

Dat. �lhy¡si(n) < �lhy¡s-si > �lhy¡si(n)

Acc. �lhyeÝw �lhy°

94

Paradigm of upsilon-stem Adjectives

Like B�H, B�F", B�<, adjectives with u-stems have masculine and neuter forms of the 3rd

declension, with a separate set of forms for the feminine which inflect like a noun of the first

declension ending in -a-.

The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix -=i a

(semivocalic i) to the e-grade stem, taxe=u--=i a. The masculine and neuter forms follow the

pattern of nouns with stems in i and u.

Masc. Fem. Neu.

Singular Nom. taxæw taxeÝa taxæ

Gen. tax¡ow taxeÛaw tax¡ow < taxe=u-ow

Dat. taxeÝ taxeÛ& taxeÝ < taxe=u-i

Acc. taxæn taxeÝan taxæ

Voc taxæ taxeÝa taxæ

Plural Nom./Voc. taxeÝw taxeÝai tax¡a

Gen. tax¡vn taxeiÇn tax¡vn

Dat. tax¡si(n) taxeÛaiw tax¡si(n)

Acc. taxeÝw taxeÛaw tax¡a Masc. acc. is from the

nominative

95




for Tuesday: quiz on comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs

do exercise 14b (all)

do first noun-agreement chart for Chapter 14


for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectives

do second agreement chart for Chapter 14

do exercise 14d


During the Thanksgiving break, you should STUDY, STUDY, STUDY–make good use of this time toreview and master your forms and vocabulary.

English derivatives for chapter 14:oligarchy, praxis, hoplite soldier, polemic, metaphor, strategic, monarchy, agonistic

96


Nouns Adjectivesm�xh, m�xhw, ² �meÛnvn, �meinon

pl°yow, pl®youw, tñ �lhy¡statow, �lhyest�th, �lhy¡staton

stratiÅthw, stratiÅtou õ

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number and

gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore the

Vocative case.)


m�xhw

pl°yow

pl®yei

stratiÅthn

stratiÅtú

pl®yesi

pl®yh

maxÇn

stratiÅtaiw

m�xaw

pl®youw

m�xhn

stratiÇtai

stratiÅtaw

m�xh

m�xai

stratiÅthw

97

Nouns Adjectives

m�xh, m�xhw, ² ÷de, ´de, tñde (gen. toède, t°sde, toède)

pl°yow, pl®youw, tñ oðtow, aìth, toèto (gen. toætou, taæthw, toætou)

basileæw, basil¡vw, õ

Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number and

gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore the

Vocative case.)

Form Case # Gen Adjective/s

m�xhw

pl°yow

pl®yei

basil¡a

basileÝ

pl®yesi

pl®yh

maxÇn

basileèsi

m�xaw

pl®youw

m�xhn

basil°w

basil¡aw

m�xh

m�xai

basileæw

98

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

I. Comparative in -terow, -tera2, -teron

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Sing. Nom. �lhy¡sterow �lhyest¡ra �lhy¡steron

Gen. �lhyest¡rou �lhyest¡raw �lhyest¡rou

Dat. �lhyest¡rÄ �lhyest¡r& �lhyest¡rÄ

Acc. �lhy¡steron �lhyest¡ran �lhy¡steron

Voc. �lhy¡stere �lhyest¡ra �lhy¡steron

Plu. Nom./Voc. �lhy¡steroi �lhy¡sterai �lhy¡stera

Gen. �lhyest¡rvn �lhyest¡rvn �lhyest¡rvn

Dat. �lhyest¡roiw �lhyest¡raiw �lhyest¡roiw

Acc. �lhyest¡rouw �lhyest¡raw �lhy¡stera

II. Superlative in -tatow, -tath, -taton

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Sing. Nom. �lhy¡statow �lhyest�th �lhy¡staton

Gen. �lhyest�tou �lhyest�thw �lhyest�tou

Dat. �lhyest�tÄ �lhyest�tú �lhyest�tÄ

Acc. �lhy¡staton �lhyest�thn �lhy¡staton

Voc. �lhy¡state �lhyest�th �lhy¡staton

Plu. Nom./ Voc. �lhy¡statoi �lhy¡statai �lhy¡stata

Gen. �lhyest�tvn �lhyest�tvn �lhyest�tvn

Dat. �lhyest�toiw �lhyest�taiw �lhyest�toiw

Acc. �lhyest�touw �lhyest�taw �lhy¡stata

99

III. Comparative in -ivn, -ion

Masculine/Feminine Neuter

Sing. Nom. kallÛvn k�llion

Gen. kallÛonow

Dat. kallÛoni

Acc. kallÛona/kallÛv k�llion

Voc. k�llion

Plu. Nom. Voc. kallÛonew/kallÛouw kallÛona/kallÛv

Gen. kalliñnvn

Dat. kallÛosi(n) (< kallÛon-si)

Acc. kallÛonaw/kallÛouw kallÛona/kallÛv

The accusative plural masculine/feminine form kallÛouw is borrowed from the nominative

plural.

100

Homework Assignments for Week 16, 27-30 November (Chapters 14-15)

for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectives

do second agreement chart for Chapter 14

do exercise 14d


for Tuesday: read Ath. pp. 238-240 ("The Rise of Athens")

quiz on vocab. for chap. 14, including adjectives and adverbs on pp.

234-236

for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 15



for Thursday: quiz on athematic second aorist forms


do exercise 15b (evens) and 15g (3, 6, and 7)


for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbs

read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 269, 276-277

read and translate Reading 16a (pp. 267-268)

read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")

do verb synopsis chart in course pack

English derivatives for chapter 15:cosmology, necrophiliac, Nike shoes, patriotic, progeny, ambidextrous

101

Homework Assignments for Week 17, 4-5 December (Chapter 16)

for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbs

read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 269, 276-277

read and translate Reading 16a (pp. 267-268)

read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")

do verb synopsis chart in course pack

for Tuesday: quiz on verbs with athematic presents and imperfects

read and translate Reading 16b (pp. 275-276)

do exercise 16b

do form ID, noun-adjective agreement worksheets

read Ath. pp. 271-273 ("The Athenian Empire")

Students in the morning section:

Your final is scheduled for Monday, 11 December, noon-3 pm.

Students in the afternoon section:

Your final is scheduled for Monday, 11 December, 3:30-6:30.

THE FORMAT WILL BE LIKE YOUR WEEKLY TESTS, ONLY LONGER.

ESTIMATED TIME FOR COMPLETION: 2 HOURS.

PLEASE CONSULT THE TUTORS IN PARK HALL 246 FOR EXTRA HELP.

Grading:

Participation 15%

Tests 35%

Quizzes 15%

Final exam 35%

102

Homework Exercises for Chapters 15-16

Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb ¤leuyerñv, ¤leuyerÅsv, ±leuy¡rvsa

(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)

ACTIVE VOICE M IDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.

PRES. PRES.

IM PF. IM PF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.

INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE

PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.

Write out here the: 2nd person singular present active imperative:

2nd person singular present middle imperative:

2nd person singular aorist active imperative:

2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:

103


Nouns Adjectivesnoèw, noè õ �lhy®w, �lhy¡w

m¡row, m¡rouw tñ dhloæmenow, dhloum¡nh, dhloæmenon

naæthw, naætou, õ



the Vocative case.)


naæthw

m¡rvn

m¡resi

noèw

naætou

nautÇn

noè

m¡rh

noÝw

naætaw

m¡row

104

Form ID:

dænamai, dun®somai, ¤dunhs�mhn dænamiw, dun�mevw ²

dunatñw, dunat®, dunatñn



¤dun�meya

dunatñn

dænasyai

dænamin

dænasye

dunatoÛ

dun�menoi

dunataÝw

dænaso

dun�mevn

dun�mesi

¤dænasye

dun�menow

dun�meiw

¤dænato

dunat®n

dunatoÝw

dunatÇn

dænantai

105


Nouns Adjectives

naèw, neÅw, ² �jiow, �jÛa, �jion (gen.�jÛou, �jÛaw, �jÛou)

boèw, boñw, õ sÅfrvn, sÇfron (gen. sÅfronow)

¦tow, ¦touw, tñ �lhy®w, �lhy¡w (gen. �lhyoèw)


¦th

neÅw

boèn

¦touw

¤tÇn

naèw

boñw

¦tesi

n°ew

boý

nausÛn

boèw

bousÛ

¦tow

nhý

106

Omicron Contract Verbs

Present Active Indicative:

Singular 1st dhlÇ < dhlñv

2nd dhloÝw < dhlñeiw

3rd dhloÝ < dhlñei

Plural 1st dhloèmen < dhlñomen

2nd dhloète < dhlñete

3rd dhloèsi(n) < dhlñousi(n)

Present Active Imperative:

2 singular:nd d®lou < d®loe Present stem + thematic vowel

2 plural:nd dhloète < dhlñete Present stem + thematic vowel + te

Present Active Infinitive:

dhloèn < dhlñeen Present stem + thematic vowel + en

Present active participles:

Sing. Nom./Voc. dhlñvn > dhlÇn dhlñousa- > dhloèsa- dhlñon > dhloèn

Gen. dhlñontow > dhloèntow dhlooæshw > dhloæshw dhlñontow > dhloèntow

Dat. dhlñonti > dhloènti dhlooæsú > dhloæsú dhlñonti > dhloènti

Etc. Etc. Etc.

Contractions: o + e/ee/o/ou > ou

o + ei/oi/ú > oi

o + h/v > v

107

Present Middle Indicative:

Singular 1st dhloèmai < dhlñomai

2nd dhloÝ < dhlñesai

3rd dhloètai < dhlñetai

Plural 1st dhloæmeya < dhloñmeya

2nd dhloèsye < dhlñesye

3rd dhloèntai < dhlñontai

Present Middle Imperative:

2 singular:nd dhloè < dhlñeso Present stem + thematic vowel + so

2 plural:nd dhloèsye < dhlñesye Present stem + thematic vowel + sye

Present Middle Infinitive:

dhloèsyai < dhlñesyai Present stem + thematic vowel + syai

Present middle participles:

dhloñmenow > dhloæmenow dhloom¡nh > dhloum¡nh dhloñmenon > dhloæmenon

Etc. Etc. Etc.

Imperfect:

Imperfect Active Imperfect Middle

Singular 1st ¤d®loun < ¤d®loon ¤dhloæmhn < ¤dhloñmhn

2nd ¤d®louw < ¤d®loew ¤dhloè < ¤dhlñeso

3rd ¤d®lou < ¤d®loe ¤dhloèto < ¤dhlñeto

Plural 1st ¤dhloèmen < ¤dhlñomen ¤dhloæmeya < ¤dhloñmeya

2nd ¤dhloète < ¤dhlñete ¤dhloèsye < ¤dhlñesye

3rd ¤d®loun < ¤d®loon ¤dhloènto < ¤dhlñonto

108

Review

For the final exam, you need to know:

FORMS:1. how to decline 1st declension nouns and adjectives (including those that end in a

instead of h)

2. how to decline 2nd declension nouns and adjectives

3. how to decline 3rd declension nouns

4. how to decline 3rd declension adjectives

5. how to conjugate regular verbs and -�v , -¡v, and -ñv contract verbs in the present,

imperfect, and aorist active indicative and imperative moods, the present, imperfect, and

aorist middle indicative and imperative, and the future active and middle indicative.

6. how to form the present, future, and aorist active infinitive and the present, future, and

aorist middle infinitive

7. how to form and decline the active and middle participles in the present, future, and

aorist

8. how to decline the adjectives for “one” and “all”

9. how to decline reflexive, interrogative, and relative pronouns

10. how to decline the definite and indefinite articles (õ, ², tñ and tiw, ti)

CONCEPTS:1. transitive, intransitive and linking sentence structure and word order

2. the complementary infinitive

3. agreement between nouns and adjectives or participles

4. use of dative as indirect object, object of preposition, in expressions of time, to show

means or instrument, to show respect, and to show possession

5. use of genitive to show possession, as object of preposition, and in expressions of

amount (partitive genitive)

6. use of accusative as direct object, object of preposition and in expression of time

7. aspect

8. relative clauses

9. comparison of adjectives and comparative constructions

10. substantive

11. appositive

12. attributive vs. predicate position

VOCABULARY:1. all the vocabulary presented on vocabulary lists + addenda for volume I

2. verbs which take dative direct object

3. verbs which take genitive direct object

109

Review Exercises


Nouns Adjectives�n®r, �ndrñw, õ lævn, læousa, læon

m®thr, mhtrñw, ² p�w, p�sa, p�n

d¡ndron, d¡ndrou, tñ

Form Case # Gen Adjective/s

�n®r

d¡ndron

mhtrñw

d¡ndrÄ

mht¡ra

mhtrÛ

�ndrñw

d¡ndroiw

mht¡rew

�ndra

d¡ndra

mhtr�si

�ndrÇn

mht¡rvn

�ndrew

d¡ndrou

�ndr�si

110


Nouns Adjectives

pèr, purñw, tñ ²dÛvn, ´dion (gen. ²dÛonow)

yeñw, yeoè, ² timÇn, timÇsa, timÇn (gen. timÇntow, timÅshw, timÇntow)

y�latta, yal�tthw, ± pol¡miow, polemÛa, pol¡mion

poiht®w, poihtoè, õ


pèr

yal�tthw

purÛ

yeoè

poihtoè

yeoèw

yal�ttan

poiht®n

yeÇn

yeÒ

yal�ttaw

yeoÛ

purÇn

yeñw

purñw

yalattÇn

111


ßereæw, ßer¡vw õ ßereæv

ßerñw, ßer�, ßerñn ßerÛa, ßerÛaw, ²

ßereÝon, ßereÛou, tñ



ßer¡vw

ßerñn

ßereæonti

ßerÛan

ßereÝon

ßer¡a

ßerÇn

ßereuom¡nÄ

ßeriÇn

ßereèsi

ßereæousi

ßereuoæshw

ßerñw



112

ßerÒ

ßereæeiw

ßereÝ

ßereuom¡nhw

ßereæonta

ßerÛ&

ßerÇn

ßer¡aw

ßer�

113

Verb Review: Synopsis Chart

Give a synopsis in the 3rd person singular of the verb fil¡v, fil®sv, ¤fÛlhsa




PRES. PRES.

IM PF. IM PF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.


PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.


Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:




114


Give a synopsis in the 3rd person plural of the verb feægv, feæjomai, ¦fugon




PRES. PRES.

IM PF. IM PF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.


PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.


Write out here: 2nd person singular present active imperative:




115


Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb tim�v, tim®sv, ¤tÛmhsa




PRES. PRES.

IM PF. IM PF.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.

PPF. PPF.


PRES. PRES.

FUT. FUT.

AOR. AOR.

PERF. PERF.


Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:




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