Grid and Bear It: Getting The Message of Maps

Q: Why did the chicken cross the equator?

A: To get to the other hemisphere. (HA!)

Telling Someone Where To Go

• ________________ Location – You can tell the stranger how to get to the hospital from Point A. For example, (pointing North along Clays Mill Road), “Go that way two blocks, turn right, and park.”

• The information you gave is relative to Point A. Give those directions verbatim to the stranger at any other intersection in Lexington, and the result is a lost stranger.

Telling Someone Where To Go

• _____________ Location – as an alternative, you can convey the location of the hospital with respect to its _______ coordinates – that is, its location within the grid system.

• For example, “Go to the corner of Harrodsburg and Waller.” These directions work anywhere in Lexington, not just at Point A.

The Naming Game

• The global grid consists of ___________ lines of latitude and longitude.

• ____________ lines go across the map – means side-to-side dimension of a solid.

• ____________ lines run from top to bottom – means length.

• This makes sense because when viewed on a globe, lines of ____________ are generally lengthier than lines of latitude.

The Naming Game• _____________ – a line that runs all the way around

the globe and is _______ distance (hence, equator) from the two _________.

• ________ _______________ – the longitudinal starting line – in 1884 the International Meridian Conference was convened in DC to promote the adoption of a common prime meridian.

• Out of that was born an agreement to adopt the ____________ system of longitude as the world standard.

• Thus, the global grid’s prime meridian passes right through the Royal Greenwich Observatory, which is in the ___________ suburb of Greenwich, as well as parts of Europe, Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean.

Grid and Bear It - Latitude• Run across the map (east-west) and are called

________________.• Equator (Latitude 0°) divides the world into the

Northern and Southern ________________.• Starting from the equator, each successive line

(degree) of latitude is numbered consecutively both to the north and to the south as far as the North Pole (Latitude _____ North) and South Pole (Latitude ______ South).

• Except for the equator, each line of latitude is identified by a number between 0 and 90 and by the word North or South (N or S) to indicate its location north or south of the equator.

Grid and Bear It: Longitude• Run from the North Pole to the South Pole (top to

bottom of the map) and called ________________.• As opposed to latitude, no two lines of longitude are

parallel to each other. Rather, successive lines of longitude are about _____ miles apart at the equator, but from there they slowly converge until they come together at the two poles.

• Divides the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.

• Starting from the prime meridian, every line of longitude is numbered consecutively to the east and to the west half way around the world.

• Every line of longitude (except the prime meridian and the 180° line) is identified by a number from 1 to 179, and by the words East or West (E or W) to indicate its location east or west of the prime meridian.

Maps That Lie Flat LIE!!!• _______ – representation of all or part of Earth’s

surface.• _________________ – field of mapmaking, WW is a

cartographer… a person who makes maps.• Flat maps are called ________________ because

making a map of the world or a large part of it involves projecting a globe onto a piece of paper or similar flat surface.

• Because a globe doesn’t come with this PPT, you have to come to grips with the four ways in which maps can lie: ____________, ____________, ___________, and __________.

• Most flat maps ____ with respect to at least two characteristics, and some in all four.

Three Noteworthy Liars• Gerardus Mercator,

developed the Mercator projection in 1569.

• This cylindrical projection is easily the most ___________ world map of all time.

• Mercator crafted his projection to aid ____________, and in that regard, the map is a gem.

• Straight lines on this map correspond to true compass bearings so a navigator could use it to plot an accurate course.

Mercator Projection• Although the shapes

of landmasses are fairly accurate, the projection is extremely ___________ with respect to size.

• Because lines of ____________ do not meet at the Poles, the North and South Polar regions have been ___________ and become lines that are as long as the ________ (25,000 miles).

Three Noteworthy Liars• American cartographer Dr. J. Paul

Goode (1862-1932) developed this cylindrical projection.

• The land areas are shown in their true sizes relative to each other (_________ - ________ projection).

• Goode’s projection is far superior to Mercator’s.

• Earth is interrupted, or ____ ______ once above the Equator and three times below it.

• The map is not a rectangle, but __________________.

• Although Goode’s projection appears in various atlases and despite its desirable equal-area attribute, many people are visually uncomfortable with its interrupted format.

Goode’s Projection

Three Noteworthy Liars

• American cartographer Dr. Arthur Robinson introduced this cylindrical projection in 1963.

• This is the map that _____ very well!!Although the projection contains distortion with respect to size and shape of land areas as well as to distance and direction, it has good overall balance with respect to these elements.

• The high latitude land areas are much ________ distorted than in the Mercator projection.

• Robinson’s format does not have the _____________ of Goode’s map.

• As a result of these pluses, in 1988 _______ adopted the projection for its world maps.

Robinson Projection