GRID-INDEPENDENT PV–WIND–DIESEL GENERATOR ...jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol 16 issue 1 February...

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 16, No. 1 (2021) 092 - 106 © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

92

GRID-INDEPENDENT PV–WIND–DIESEL GENERATOR HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

FOR A MEDIUM POPULATION: A CASE STUDY

ZAIDOON W. J. AL-SHAMMARI1,2, *, M. M. AZIZAN1, A. S. F. RAHMAN1

1School of Electrical System Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babil, Iraq

*corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Bringing electricity and power to the rural or no accessibility to grid connection has always been a major challenge in developing countries, such as Iraq. This study analysed the challenges of renewable energy sources for Al-Faw, a city located in Southern Iraq near the Kuwait border. Many remote areas in Iraq have randomly expanded in the past few years with the same generating stations and old network and the possibility of delivering electricity requires much time and money. A technical and economic feasibility study of the proposed hybrid systems was conducted using HOMER in consideration of cost of energy (COE), and net present cost (NPC) as economic indicators. Scenario 5 WT–DG–BT– Converters has the lowest COE and NPC values among all studied cases with 45.5% renewable energy penetration and is thus the most cost-effective design for Al-Faw. The results showed that the number of wind turbines (NWT), number of diesel generators (NDG), number of batteries (NBT), number of converters (Nconv), cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), Operating cost, and initial cost (IC) are (449), (60), (5,697), (1,444), (0.1212 US$/kWh), (US$ 42.3 million), (2.62 million US$/year), and (US$ 12 million) respectively.

Keywords: HOMER analysis, Micro-grid, Off-grid, Renewable energy sources, Rural electrification.

mailto:[email protected]

Grid-Independent PV–Wind–Diesel Generator Hybrid Renewable Energy . . . . 93

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology February 2021, Vol. 16(1)

1. Introduction Currently, the selection of rural areas is an ideal opportunity for the sustainable development of remote areas in developing and developed countries [1, 2]. Therefore, renewable energy and related technologies are being actively developed and applied throughout the world to bring safety to humans and improve their lives [3]. In recent years, various renewable energy systems, including wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, wave, and biofuel hybrid power systems, have been deployed on a medium to large scale in various countries [4].

An urgent need for renewable energy systems is evident; although many systems have been designed and implemented, a definitive system of renewable energy that is acceptable and viable worldwide is lacking [5]. The current renewable energy systems in use range from small to large scale projects including grid-connected, isolated, and hybrid systems [6]. Hybrid systems are proven to be highly reliable and have more cost-effective operation than systems using only one source of energy [7].

Several previous studies have identified the fundamentals of hybrid power system design and have introduced hybrid systems as an ideal solution for independent power supply in remote areas [8]. The technical and economic characteristics of hybrid energy systems have been comprehensively investigated, and outlines of the expected future directions in developing hybrids have been provided [9].

Appropriate guidelines have also been presented to evaluate long-term hybrid energy systems with different configurations. Proposals have been made to explore the short-term performance components of the systems required in the actual phase of development to serve as demonstration projects. In this way, the activity can be monitored for long-term assessment [10]. The characteristics of the components can also be analysed to understand hybrid systems completely. For many years, several renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and others have been applied for electricity generation in many remote areas in the world [11].

Iraq is a large country with numerous villages and cities in remote areas. Rural areas are typically a great distance from the national grid and their locations are usually in challenging terrain like hilly areas or dense forests, to which the extension of transmission lines can be very expensive or impracticable. Therefore, the feasibility of grid extension lines is low due to the high-cost factor. The sources of renewable energy are plentiful, free, clean, easily available, and environmentally friendly. Under such circumstances, stand-alone renewable energy-based power-generating options appear to be the ideal alternative. Such an alternative can comprise hybrid power systems, such as PV–DG, WT–DG, and PV–WT–DG, with or without a battery backup option, that will be discussed in Table 3. (scenarios used), and in Table 4. Simulation results. Based on the comprehensive literature reviews in the field of different combination of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) using several techniques following wide findings can be given. The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) found to be a superior alternative with the aim of incorporate substitute for electricity production. Ongoing research and development have determined that an appropriately optimized hybrid system is cost effective and offers higher reliability than single-power-source systems. The hybrid renewable energy system with backup energy unit such as battery banks (BB), and diesel generator (DG) can help decrease the energy costs, emissions and improve

94 Z. W. J. Al-Shammari et al.


reliability of the system. From the previous works, the analyses were conducted based on a single-year module, in which the simulation is performed only for a single year and then extrapolation is performed to calculate the economics over an entire project lifetime. Therefore, in a single year module, every year will be exactly like the first one. Based on the literature review carried out and research gaps identified as discussed above, the present work deals with the technical feasibility and the economic viability of supplying electricity for remote rural areas in Iraq by considering the effect discussed parameters [12-15].

2. Background Iraq has a total area of 438,317 km2 and international borders with six countries (Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait) [16].

The majority of Iraqi cities and villages are either connected to the national grid or isolated grids. Most of the villages and cities in remote or isolated areas are dependent for their electricity supply from diesel-generated power plants. Depending on a single source of power cannot ensure regular supply of fuel and ensuring continuous power supply during breakdowns and closure of diesel generators is difficult. Iraq is a large producer of oil and supplier of fossil fuels in the world. However, the country is promoting the use of clean and renewable sources of energy [17].

3. The Setup and Conditions 3.1. Location and population Al-Faw city rural is located in Southern Iraq near the Kuwait border Fig. 1. The city is located at 29°56.4'N latitude and 48°26.3'E longitude and covers an area of 3,775 km2. The population is approximately 52,000 [18].

This area is among an increasing number of areas in Iraq in recent years that have failed to access the electricity network. This study area is mainly populated by low-income communities with poor grid connection despite being near some large cities. The data acquired for this study were from the national administrative department of statistics of Iraq [19] and show the general availability of electricity for rural populations in the country.

Fig. 1. Geographical location of Al-Faw.



3.2. Load estimation Al-Faw rural city is not connected to the national grid and has electricity supplied by private generators. According to the statistics of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, Al-Faw rural city comprises [20] (928) houses, (8) barracks or huts or caravans, (239) establishment buildings, (2) clinics, and (2) schools Table 1.

The current population of this location was obtained from the Department of Statistics in the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, whereas the electricity and energy need of this city were determined through estimates from the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity [21].

According to the reports of the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity, the rates of energy consumption in the households is (36.41 kWh/d), the barracks or huts or caravans is (9.66 kWh/d), the establishment buildings is (145.64 kWh/d), the clinics is (31.54 kWh/d), and the schools is (35.96 kWh/d). Therefore, the average daily energy load in Al-Faw is 68,808.72 kWh/d, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Energy consumption of Al-Faw. N Load Equipment Quantity kWh/d Total kWh/d 1 Houses 928 36.41 33,788.48 2 Barracks, Huts or Caravans 8 9.66 77.28 3 Establishment Buildings 239 145.64 34,807.96 4 Clinic 2 31.54 63.08 5 School 2 35.96 71.92 Total Average daily energy load 68,808.72 kWh/d

According to the statistics of the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity, the increase in demand for electricity is at the rate of 1% per year [21], and the average life expectancy of the proposed system is 20 years. Accordingly, for 20th year value is 1% more than the previous year value. Therefore, after 20 years, the loads will be approximately 82,570.46 kWh/d.

Fig. 2. Load profile.



3.3. Solar and wind energy potential at Al-Faw The solar radiation, temperature and wind speed data were obtained from the NASA surface meteorology database 2019 [22]. The average annual solar radiation was (5.57 kWh/m2/d) as shown in Fig. 3, While the average annual temperature was (26.15 ºC) as shown in Fig. 4. The average annual wind speed was (4.94 m/s) as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 3. Average annual solar radiation. Fig. 4. Average annual temperature.

Fig. 5. Average annual wind speed.

3.4. Major components Based on the availability of products in the market of Iraq, the components list was compiled, and their prices were determined from different distributors and contractors. Accordingly, the best options were selected in terms of the mean solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, load requirement, size of PV, WT, DG and BT available, the location coordinates, all price details such as initial costs, replacement costs, O&M costs, additional expenses, and the component numbers of hybrid power system generation Table 2. In this study, the project lifetime is considered 20 years. Most strategic projects are economically feasible by increasing their life cycle and most of renewable energy components of have a life of between 15 and 25 years [15].



3.4.1. PV panels The PV system is an interconnection PV module that generates DC electricity from solar energy [23]. The details of a specific PV are presented in Table 2 [24].

3.4.2. Wind turbine In the case of a wind turbine, electricity is produced by the conversion of the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Wind turbine are now significant sources of renewable energy and for the purpose of reducing reliance on fossil fuels and thus minimize pollution through emissions [25]. The details of a specific wind turbine are presented in Table 2 [26].

3.4.3. Diesel generator The PV-WT hybrid system is generally of not very reliable and this is a significant obstacle to the development of these renewable energy systems market. As such, diesel generators have come to be suitable in enhancing the systems reliability [27]. The details of a specific diesel generator are presented in Table 2 [28]. The current diesel price, taken from the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, is US$ 0.31 /L (20/04/2020) [29].

3.4.4. Battery Generally, batteries are among the costliest parts of a renewable energy system generating power. Due to the fact that wind and solar energy are by nature irregular, an energy system that relies on PVs and WTs needs batteries for power storage uninterrupted power supply [30]. The details of a specific battery are presented in Table 2 [31].

3.4.5. Converter The converter is among the major parts of the system as it is used for the conversion of the DC electricity generated by the PV modules into AC electricity and also for the conversion of the excess AC to DC for the purpose of storage in the battery to be utilized in case of lack of power processing. The details of a specific converter are presented in Table 2 [32].

Table 2. The components list.

No. Capital Cost Replace

Cost O&M Cost Lifetime Power Type

1 $1,250 $1,250 $10/y 25 years 1 kW PV 2 17,000 $17,000 $120/y 20 years 10 kW WT 3 $500 $500 $10/y 10 years 1 kWh BT 4 $500 $500 $10/y 15 years 1 kW Conv. 5 $12,500 $12,500 $0.25/h 15,000 hours 100 kW DG

4. Scenarios, Results, and Discussions 4.1. Scenarios Seven scenarios/cases were considered to provide electricity to Al-Faw with different energy sources, as tabulated in Table 3. For each case, the cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC) would be determined. The rent, taxes, and other



costs were excluded in the simulation. This study developed different cases with a combination of different components, namely, PV panels, wind turbines, diesel generators, batteries, and converters, to ensure that the Homer simulation processes would be reliable and feasible.

The first case uses solar panels for the provision of the energy that is then directed to the controller, which charges the batteries. AC converter is fed directly by the battery to supply high voltage energy (in AC) to the required devices.

In the second case, wind turbines supply AC power, which is converted into a DC to save it in batteries. The batteries in turn supply power to the load in several periods throughout the year.

In the third case, the diesel generators supply AC power to the load. These systems may be affected by costly maintenance, fuel supplies, and large amounts of polluting emissions.

The first hybrid system (case 4) combines the PV and WT with the battery bank, which stores energy whenever excess solar and wind energies exist and gives it back on demand.

In cases 5 and 6, the hybrid system consists of WT–DG and PV–DG, respectively. Despite the capability of the diesel generator to provide endless power (depending on fuel availability), economic constraints prevent the system from total reliance on diesel generators.

Case 7 combines PV, WT, DG, and battery storage to provide stability and reliability to the power supply and consider the economic viability of the system.

Table 3. The scenarios used. Scenarios PV WT DG BT Converter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4.1.1. Scenario 1: PV, BT, and converters were the components included in this scenario as shown in Fig. 6, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 6. System Design (Case 1). Fig. 7. Simulation Results (Case 1).



4.1.2. Scenario 2: WT, BT, and converters were the components included in this scenario as shown in Fig. 8, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 9.


4.1.3. Scenario 3: DG are connected to the load direct, in this scenario as shown in Fig. 10, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 11.


4.1.4. Scenario 4: PV, WT, BT, and converters were the components included in this scenario as shown in Fig. 12, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 13.




4.1.5. Scenario 5: WT, DG, BT, and converters were the components included in this scenario as shown in Fig. 14, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 15.


4.1.6. Scenario 6: PV, DG, BT, and converters were the components included in this scenario as shown in Fig. 16, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 17.


4.1.7. Scenario 7: PV, WT, DG, BT, and converters were the components included in this scenario as shown in Fig. 18, and their simulation results is shown in Fig. 19.




4.2. Results of scenarios Table 4 shows the ideal system designs for all cases and their total costs are shown in Table 5 for the community under study. The overall annual electrical energy production by each generation type (PV, WT, and DG) was computed.

Notably, many cases can meet the power demand using total renewable energy. Therefore, detailed economic analysis was conducted to identify the case that offers optimum economic viability for the study community.

Four indicators were chosen to examine the suggested configurations economically, such as the initial capital cost (IC) in (US$), operating cost (US$/year), net present cost (NPC) in (US$), and cost of energy (COE) in (US$/kWh). Seven off-grid scenarios were developed using the HOMER program [33] to create the ideal power generation system. HOMER program is focused on the economic cost by calculate the salvage value. The salvage value, which is the representation of the remaining value of power system components in the end of the project lifetime, which is assumed to go through a linear depreciation, suggesting a direct proportional relation with the remaining life, and its basis on the replacement cost. Therefore, the total salvage value is calculated and deducted from the total net present cost for the project.

Table 4. Simulation results.

N NPV NWT NDG NBT NConv COE ($/kWh) NPC (M$)

Operating cost

(M$/y)

IC (M$)

1 65,920 - - 173,692 26,735 0.751 262 6.84 183 2 - 4,522 - 480,875 10,703 1.50 523 17.3 323 3 - - 90 - - 0.134 46.6 3.93 1.13 4 38,681 945 - 93,921 8,222 0.451 157 3.62 115 5 - 449 60 5,697 1,444 0.1212 42.3 2.62 12.0 6 849 - 80 167 485 0.128 44.6 3.65 2.39 7 236 438 60 5,462 1,408 0.1213 42.3 2.63 11.9

Fig. 20. System costs associated with each case.

0

200

400

600

CASE1 CASE2 CASE3 CASE4 CASE5 CASE6 CASE7case1 case2 case3 case4 case5 case6 case7

COE ($/kwh) 0.751 1.5 0.134 0.451 0.121 0.128 0.121NPC (M$) 262 523 46.6 157 42.3 44.6 42.3Operating cost (M$/year) 6.84 17.3 3.93 3.62 2.62 3.65 2.62Initial capital (M$) 183 323 1.13 115 12 2.39 11.9



Table 5. Annualized costs of the solutions (Off-grid scenario. 5). Comp. Capital ($) Replace ($) O&M

($) Fuel ($)

Salvage ($) Total ($)

PV 0 0 0 0 0 0 WT 7,633,000 0 623,945.22 0 0 8,256,945.22 DG 750,000 4,221,469.26 1,304,517.98 21,841,954.78 235,917.44- 27,882,024.58 BT 2,848,500 1,608,349.35 659,728.27 0 0 5,116,577.61 Conv. 722,076.41 306,358.13 167,236.87 0 153,468.85- 1,042,202.56 System 11,953,576.41 6,136,176.73 2,755,428.34 21,841,954.78 389,386.28- 42,297,749.98

4.3. Discussions the Optimal design for Al-Faw This study provides a systematic and comprehensive assessment of various off-grid designs for sm1all remote communities in Iraq. The details of the operating patterns for all the proposed combinations were studied and quantified to indicate the advantages and disadvantages related to each system and identify a feasible design that also offers flexibility. The major inferences and constraints determined in this research were explained. A vigorous model of the plant was simulated using HOMER software to perform a thorough parametric analysis of the system configuration and determine an economically viable system configuration using the cost of energy (COE) as economic marker. The influence of certain main parameters must be examined to establish a versatile hybrid system in on-grid connections because they directly affect the system design and operational efficiency. These parameters encompass the mean solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, load requirement, size of PV, WT, DG and BT available, the project lifetime, the location coordinates, all price details such as initial costs, replacement costs, O&M costs, the component numbers of hybrid power system generation, etc.

Seven scenarios were offered and evaluated, comprising different configurations of PV, WT, and DG units to reach the best design, as shown in Table 4, case 5 WT–DG–BT–Converters with the lowest cost of energy (COE), and net present cost (NPC) values are the most economically viable configuration for Al-Faw among all studied cases. The results showed that, the number of wind turbines (NWT) is (449), the number of diesel generators (NDG) is (60), the number of batteries (NBT) is (5,697), the number of converters (Nconv) is (1,444), cost of energy (COE) is (0.1212 US$/kWh), net present cost (NPC) is (US$ 42.3 million), Operating cost is (2.62 million US$/year), and initial cost (IC) is (US$ 12 million ).

As shown in Table 4, cases 5 and 7 have electricity from renewable energy. However, case 5 has the most sustainable continuity compared with case 7, thereby achieving the goal of renewable energy. Another important factor is the excess energy produced in case 5, which can be utilized when the population and economic activities increase along with the development of the city.

Battery banks are highly important in off-grid systems because they serve as backup systems that support uninterrupted energy supply; however, they have a direct influence on the system by increasing the cost of energy (COE).

In this system, the DG could perform the function of battery banks. Thus, considerable batteries are unnecessary in this system, which would be a cost-saving factor. Generally, the method suggested is constrained by the availability of efficient data for natural resources and load profile. Also, the results of these systems show the ability to operate under varying conditions that could affect the



system at any time during the duration of the project’s lifetime, thereby making it the most effective design for Al-Faw. The DG system will be the preferred choice when only capital cost is considered. However, apart from the high CO2 emission, transporting fuel to remote areas is difficult. therefore, the long-term preference is the wind turbine system. Furthermore, wind power is a more efficient contributor to the proposed hybrid power systems than the PV energy. Among the proposed systems, the total renewable and hybrid systems are undoubtedly the preferred options as they are environmentally friendly and economically convenient in the long run. The power system is found to be uneconomical with the DG-based system, with an estimated net present cost (NPC) of (US$46.6 M), and a cost of energy (COE) of (0.134 US$/kWh), which is approximately (10.56 %) more than that for the hybrid system.

The monthly electricity production is close to monthly electricity consumption, whereas the difference in average energy produced is evident because of the irregular nature of renewable energy resources.

4.4. Economic analysis Table 5 shows the overall costs of individual parts of the hybrid energy systems, namely, the PV, WT, DG, BT, and converters. The breakdown of capital, replacement, Operating and maintenance, fuel and salvage costs are presented and recorded (US$ 11,953,576.41), (US$ 6,136,176.73), (US$ 2,755,428.34), (US$ 21,841,954.78), and (US$ 389,386.28) respectively. Notably, a major part of the NPC is for DG sets, whereas converter cost is the least.

4.5. Sensitivity analysis The contribution of wind turbine energy in the hybrid system is dependent on intensity and duration of the respective energy sources. For annual mean, the wind turbine energy contribution at wind speed of (4.94 m/s) is (45.5%). In other words, wind energy is an efficient contributor to the proposed hybrid system. As shown in Fig. 20, the WT–DG–BT–Converters hybrid power system is invariably a more attractive option than diesel-only system.

5. Conclusion The feasibility of utilizing wind power and solar energy to minimize the reliance on fossil fuel for generating power for use in Al-Faw was investigated. A systematic evaluation of seven off-grid systems suitable for small remotely located communities in Iraq was provided. These designed systems involved various combinations of PV, WT, DG, BT, and Converters units. A dynamic plant model was developed in the HOMER program to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the proposed design criteria for determining the most viable option from an economic point of view using cost of energy (COE), and net present cost (NPC), as economic indicators. The cost analysis results reveal that the WT–DG–BT–Converters hybrid system with 45.5% renewable energy penetration and (54.5%) diesel power contribution is the most economical power system for Al- Faw.

The considerably high investment cost can prevent them from being widely implemented in the remote communities where they are needed. The Operating and



maintenance costs can be a factor to their wide implementation in low-income communities that may not be able to afford them.

However, the Iraqi government can facilitate the application of the hybrid renewable energy systems in these rural areas. Nevertheless, even the recent legislation to support the implementation of these systems merely provides tax reductions and exemptions, which are far from adequate for these low-income communities to be able to afford the use of the systems. The only hope therefore for these remote rural villages and cities to enjoy proper electrification as proposed in this study is obtain funds from the Iraqi government.

Given the limitations and identified weaknesses, future researchers can refer to the simulation results of the current study to examine and create future renewable power generation systems for other target areas. Furthermore, the contributions of this study can serve as a starting point or a support tool to drive rural electrification initiatives and expedite the planning and implementation of various initiatives. In conclusion, implementing HRES is a viable solution to meet the electrification needs of the remote areas not only in Iraq but also in other developing countries with a similar climate to that of Iraq.

Abbreviations BT Battery COE Cost of Electricity DG Diesel generator HE Hybrid energy HRES Hybrid Renewable Energy System IC Initial Cost NBT Number of Battery Nconv Number of Converter NPC Net Present Cost NPV Number of Photovoltaic NWT Number of Wind Turbine O&M Operating and Maintenance Cost PV Photovoltaic RE Renewable Energy WT Wind turbine

References 1. Shivakumar, A.; Dobbins, A.; Fahl, U.; and Singh A. (2019). Drivers of

renewable energy deployment in the EU: An analysis of past trends and projections. Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, 100402.

2. Klessmann, C.; Held, A.; Rathmann, M.; and Ragwitz, M. (2011). Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union - What is needed to reach the 2020 targets. Energy Policy, 39(12), 7637-7657.

3. Hanif, I.; Aziz, B.; and Chaudhry, I.S. (2019). Carbon emissions across the spectrum of renewable and non-renewable energy use in developing economies of Asia. Renewable Energy, 143, 586-595.



4. Lian, J.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, C.; Yang, Y.; and Chaima, E. (2019). A review on recent sizing methodologies of hybrid renewable energy systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 199, 112027.

5. Hori, K.; Kim J.; Kawase, R.; Kimura, M.; Matsui, T.; and Machimura, T. (2020). Local energy system design support using a renewable energy mix multi-objective optimization model and a co-creative optimization process. Renewable Energy, 156, 1278-1291.

6. Tah, A.; and Das, D. (2016). Operation of small hybrid autonomous power generation system in isolated, interconnected and grid connected modes. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 17, 11-25.

7. Wang, F.; Xie, Y.; and Xu, J. (2019). Reliable-economical equilibrium based short-term scheduling towards hybrid hydro-photovoltaic generation systems: Case study from China. Applied Energy, 253, 113559.

8. Hemeida, A.M.; El-ahmar, M.H.; El-sayed, A.M.; Hasanien, H.M.; Alkhalaf, S.; Esmail, M.F.C.; and Senjyu, T. (2020). Optimum design of hybrid wind / PV energy system for remote area. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(1), 11-23.

9. Elkadeem, M.R.; Wang, S.; Sharshir, S.W.; and Atia, E.G. (2019). Feasibility analysis and techno-economic design of grid-isolated hybrid renewable energy system for electrification of agriculture and irrigation area: A case study in Dongola, Sudan. Energy Conversion and Management, 196, 1453-1478.

10. Ma, Z.; Wang, S.; Li, S.; and Shi, Y. (2019). Long-term coordination for hydro-thermal-wind-solar hybrid energy system of provincial power grid system of provincial power grid. International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018). Hong Kong, China, 158, 6231-6235.

11. Spiru, P.; and Simona, P.L. (2018). Technical and economic analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid power system for a remote area. Energy Procedia, 147, 343-350.

12. Aziz, A.S.; Tajuddin, M.F.N.; Adzman, M.R.; Azmi, A.; and Ramli, M.A.M. (2019). Optimization and sensitivity analysis of standalone hybrid energy systems for rural electrification: A case study of Iraq. Renewable Energy, 138, 775-792.

13. Li, C.; Zhou, D.; Wang, H.; Cheng, H.; and Li, D. (2019). Feasibility assessment of a hybrid PV / diesel / battery power system for a housing estate in the severe cold zone-A case study of Harbin, China. Energy, 185, 671-681.

14. Saad, Y.; Younes, R.; Abboudi, S.; and Ilinca, A. (2018). Hydro-pneumatic storage for wind-diesel electricity generation in remote sites. Applied Energy, 231, 1159-1178.

15. Khan, M.J.; Yadav, A.K.; and Mathewa, L. (2017). Techno economic feasibility analysis of different combinations of PV-Wind- Diesel-Battery hybrid system for telecommunication applications in different cities of Punjab, India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 577-607.

16. Wikipedia. (2006). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://ar.wikipedia. org/wiki/iraq.

17. Kazem, H.A.; and Chaichan, M.T. (2012). Status and future prospects of renewable energy in Iraq. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 6007-6012.



18. Wikipedia. (2006). Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://ar.wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Faw.

19. MOP. (2007). Retrieved November 14, 2019, from http://www.mop.gov.iq/. 20. MOP. (2011). Retrieved November 14, 2019, from http://cosit.gov.iq/ar/pop-

main/enumerating2009?id=366. 21. MOE. (2018). Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://moelc.gov.iq/. 22. HOMER PRO, NASA surface meteorology and solar energy database. (2019).

Retrieved August 30, 2019, from www.homer pro.com. 23. Adesanya, A.A.; and Schelly, C. (2019). Solar PV-diesel hybrid systems for the

Nigerian private sector: An impact assessment. Energy Policy, 132, 196-207. 24. AliExpress. (2019). Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.

aliexpress.com/item/Solar-Panel-1000W-12v-10-Pcs-Lot-Solar-Power. 25. Darwish, A.S.; Shaaban, S.; Marsillac, E.; and Mahmood, N.M. (2019). A

methodology for improving wind energy production in low wind speed regions, with a case study application in Iraq. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 127, 89-102.

26. AliExpress. (2019). Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www. aliexpress.com/item/10kW-380v-280v-AC-use-wind-turbine-wind-generator-free-shipping-high-efficient.

27. Gharibi, M.; and Askarzadeh, A. (2019). Size optimization of an off-grid hybrid system composed of photovoltaic and diesel generator subject to load variation factor. Journal of Energy Storage, 25, 100814.

28. AliExpress. (2019). Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.aliexpress. com/item/mute-diesel-generator-100kW-125kva-6-cylinders-brushless-generation.

29. MOO. (2007). Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://oil.gov.iq. 30. Duman, A.C.; and Güler, Ö. (2018). Techno-economic analysis of off grid

PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid system combinations with a comparison of regularly and seasonally occupied households. Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 107-126.

31. AliExpress. (2019). Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www. aliexpress.com/wholesale?catId=0&initiative_id=AS_20180310220504&SearchText=battery.

32. AliExpress. (2019). Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www. aliexpress.com/wholesale?catId=0&initiative_id=SB_20180310215354&SearchText=converter.

33. HOMER Pro, microgrid software, Retrieved October 3, 2019, from https:// www.homerenergy.com/products/pro/index.html.
http://www.mop.gov.iq/http://cosit.gov.iq/ar/pop-main/enumerating2009?id=366http://cosit.gov.iq/ar/pop-main/enumerating2009?id=366https://moelc.gov.iq/https://oil.gov.iq/

Date post:	05-Feb-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

GRID-INDEPENDENT PV–WIND–DIESEL GENERATOR ...jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol 16 issue 1 February...

Documents