US-China Energy Internet andClean Energy Integration Panel
Boston, MA,19 July 2016
Grid-scale Energy StorageTechnology and Applications
Professor Saifur RahmanPresident-elect, IEEE Power & Energy Society
Need for Grid-Scale Energy Storage
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500
700
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1,100
1,300
1,500
1,700
1,900
2,100
2,300
2,500
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
120,000
130,000
140,000
150,000
160,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
PJM
Wind Power Output (M
W)
PJM
Load (MW)
Time (Hour)
PJM Load ‐ a Peak Day in June 2011
Wind Power Output
(PJM Interconnection, USA: 06 June 2011)
Need for Grid-Scale Energy Storage, 2
3
ERCOT, Texas, USA: 17-24 August 2011
Renewable firming• Puerto Rico is penalizing rapid ramp rates• Duck curve (CA is starting to be
concerned)
4CA “duck” curve
Solar variability
For vertically integrated utilities –increased regulating and spinning reserves. In market areas, adding ramping products.
Energy Storage Value Streams
¨ Lead Acid – (LA)¨ Nickel Cadmium – (NiCd)¨ Nickel Metal Hydride – (NiMH)¨ Lithium – (Li)¨ Sodium Sulphur– (NaS)¨ Redox Flow Battery – (RFB)¨ Hybrid Flow Battery – (HFB)
Electrochemical¨ Pumped Hydro –(PHS)¨ Compressed Air-(CAES)¨ Flywheel – (FES)
Mechanical
Categories of Electrical Energy Systems (EES)
Electrical¨ Ultra Capacitors ¨ Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Thermal¨ Molten Salt¨ Ice
2Source: Chris Searles, PES
Energy Storage on the Grid Today
6
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, “Grid Energy Storage”, December 2013.
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Energy Storage by Type
7Source: U.S. Department of Energy, “Grid Energy Storage”, December 2013.
TechnologyNo. of Projects
% of Projects
Lithium-ion Battery 145 31.9
Pumped Hydro Storage
45 9.9
Flywheel 32 7.0
Lead-Acid Battery 40 8.8
Flow Battery 29 6.4
Sodium Based Battery
21 4.6
Chilled Water Storage
16 3.5
Compressed Air Storage
8 1.8
Nickel Based Battery 4 0.9
By Project
State
No. ofProjects
% of Projects
% of Capacity
California 165 36.3 22.8
Texas 30 6.6 1.6
New York 7 5.9% 5
Hawaii 20 4.4 0.2
Pennsylvania
19 4.2 6.4
Washington
16 3.5 1.1
Colorado 12 2.6 1.9
Illinois 12 2.6 0.1
Minnesota 10 2.2 0.1
By State
Projects Planned for US Energy Storage
Data from DoE Energy Storage Database and Energy Storage USA – US Energy Storage Outlook 2014 4Source: Chris Searles, PES
Areas where EES will Serve the Grid
1. Energy Time Shifting
2. Peaker Plant Replacements/Additions
3. Energy Smoothing (RES)
4. Consumer/Commercial Uses• Off-grid Photovoltaic (PV)• Electric Vehicle (EV)• Net Metering• Behind the Meter
3Source: Chris Searles, PES
Technology Overview - CAES
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
• Established technology in operation since the 1970’s
• 110 MW (26+ hours) plant in McIntosh, Alabama – operational since 1991
• Better ramp rates than gas turbines
• Applications• Energy management• Backup and seasonal reserves• Renewable integration
• Challenges• Geographic limitations• Lower efficiency• Slower than flywheels or batteries• Environmental impact
10
Solution-mined salt dome in McIntosh, ALPG&E CAES
feasibility study (porous rock)
SustainX isothermal CAES
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
11
• Pumped hydro energy storage• Developed and mature
technology• Very high ramp rates• Most cost effective form of
storage
• Applications• Energy management• Backup and seasonal reserves• Regulation service (variable
speed pumps)
• Challenges• Geographic limitations• Plant site• Lower efficiency• High overall cost• Environmental impact Bath County Pumped Storage (Dominion
Resources), 3 GW, operational December 1985
Mt. Elbert Pumped Hydro, 0.2MW, peaking plant, operational 1981.
Technology Overview – Pumped Hydro
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview - Flywheels
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• Flywheel energy storage• Modular technology• Long cycle life• High peak power• Rapid response• High round trip efficiency
(~85%)• Applications
• Load leveling• Frequency regulation• Peak shaving• Transient stability
• Challenges• High cost per unit energy
stored• Lack of codes and standards
for safe design and operation Beacon Power Hazle Township, PA plant. 20 MW,
5MWh. Operational September 2013. Stephentown, NY plant was built first.
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview – Lead Acid
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• Advanced Lead Acid Energy Storage
• Carbon plates significantly improve performance
• Mature technology• Low cost• High recycled content• Good battery life
• Applications• Load leveling• Frequency regulation• Grid stabilization
• Challenges• Low energy density• Limited depth of discharge• Large footprint East Lyons, PAAlbuquerque, NM
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview - NaS
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• Sodium Sulphur Battery• High energy density• Long discharge cycles• Fast response• Long life• 190 sites in Japan
• Applications• Power quality• Congestion relief• Renewable integration
• Challenges• High operating temperature
(250 C-300 C)• Liquid containment issues
Los Alamos, NM. 1 MW, 6MWh.
Source: NGKSource: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview – Li-ion
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• Li-ion Energy Storage• High energy density• Good cycle life• High charge/discharge efficiency
• Applications• Power quality• Frequency regulation
• Challenges• High production cost• Extreme sensitivity to:
• High temperature• Overcharge• Internal pressure buildup
• Intolerance to deep discharge
SCE Tehachapi plant, 8MW, 32MWh.Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview – Flow Batteries
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• Flow Battery• Long cycle life• Power/Energy
decomposition• Lower efficiency
• Applications• Ramping• Peak Shaving• Time Shifting• Power quality• Frequency regulation
• Challenges• Developing
technology• Complicated design• Lower energy density
Enervault plant, Turlock, CA. 250kW, 1 MWh.
Vionx Vanadium Redox Flow battery, 65kW, 390kWh
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview - Capacitors
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• Capacitor Energy Storage• Very long life• Highly reversible and
fast discharge, low losses
• Applications• Power quality• Frequency regulation• Regenerative braking
(vehicles)• Challenges
• Cost• Short duration
Ultra capacitor module, designed for vehicle applications (e.g., buses, trains)
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview - SMES
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• Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage• Highest round trip efficiency (~95%)
• Applications• Power quality• Frequency regulation
• Challenges• Low energy density• High component and manufacturing cost
2010 SMES Project (ARPA-E)Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Technology Overview – Thermal
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• Thermal Energy Storage• Ice-based technology• Molten salt
• Applications• Energy time shift• Renewables support
• Challenges• Lower efficiency
(~70%) for electricity-electricity
Ice Energy’s proven Ice Bear® system, www.ice-energy.com
Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Summary
• The grid needs energy storage – right now there are several barriers
• Too expensive• Electricity markets/utilities do not properly allocate
payments/costs for services provided• Voltage and frequency support• Inertia• Renewable integration• Reliability
• The future ….• Higher energy prices – storage starts looking better• Lower technology costs – storage starts looking better• Efficient market design – helps pay for storage costs
20Source: Ray Barnes, SNL
Feature
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BEMOSSTHANK YOU!
Professor Saifur Rahman
