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Presenting to: GCCSIGroundwater Thematic Working GroupInitial WorkshopCanberra, 3 May, 2011
Groundwater and CO2CRC- Insights from the Otway Project and Monitoring Activities
Allison HortleSenior Researcher, Petroleum HydrogeologyCooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) © CO2CRC
All rights reserved
M&V Goals• To monitor the freshwater aquifers to demonstrate that they are
unaffected by the injection and storage of CO2
• To set-up a long term sentinel monitoring system
• To combine the hydrogeology and the geochemistry with the atmospheric and soil gas program to develop a methodology for an integrated surface and sub-surface monitoring system
• Create public confidence in “decarbonisation” technology and demonstrate that this technology can co-exist with existing exploitable resources
Concept of the CO2CRC Otway Project
Supercritical CO2 from Buttress-1
80% CO2 : 20% CH4
Fluid Sampling Field Lab.
Monitoring at the CO2CRC Otway site
δ
Schematic Stratigraphic Column of Otway Basin
Waarre Aq.
Port Campbell Limestone Aq.
• Unconfined to semi-confined• Major local freshwater source; dairy, irrigation, domestic, etc
Dilwyn Formation Aquifer
• Confined, freshwater• Future urban water resource• Limited current use
Groundwater Monitoring Stations• 24 Port Campbell
Limestone• 3 Dilwyn Aquifer• 5 Pre-injection
sampling trips• 4 Post-injection
sampling trips
Monitoring groundwater levels
• Install downhole pressure and temperature sensors
• Provide real-time measurements of fluctuations in water levels
• Bi-annual downloads
Screen
Datalogger
Waterlevel
Steel Cable
Cable permanently installed
Cap
5-10m
Field Sampling• At each site, pumped water was monitored
for:–pH, Eh, EC, DO and temperaturethrough a flow cell until stable readings were acquired
• A set of samples were field titrated for alkalinity
• A set of samples were analysed for reduced Fe2+ through the portable mass spectrophotometer
• Sets were obtained for comparison of field and lab results to determine if field processing is necessary
Pt Campbell Groundwater Composition
Water levels in the Dilwyn Confined Aquifer
Outcomes to date• Groundwater composition has not changed between pre- and
post- injection
• No evidence of any changes in water level or temperature associated with CO2CRC activities
• All data has been given to landowners, consequently they are still very supportive
• We have demonstrated that no change has occurred at any of the monitoring stations – this is not the same as evidence of containment
What is a monitoring network?• Monitor pre-existing wells, both groundwater and petroleum
• Under what circumstances will these installations “see” changes related to CO2?
• What volume, how far away from leak, what impacts?
• How do you define an acceptable detection limit? pH, pressure, HCO3?
Groundwater Monitoring
• Standard practice, inexpensive, off-the shelf tools
• Provide real-time measurements of fluctuations in water levels and temperature and conductivity
• Still produce large amounts of data
Screen
Datalogger
Waterlevel
Steel Cable
Cable permanently installed
Cap
5-10m
Permanent Downhole Monitoring• Becoming more standard in
oil & gas industry• Real-time monitoring of
pressure, temperature and possibly fluids
• Much better reservoir management
• Drawbacks are costs and longevity
• Large amounts of data are produced, requiring complex and time-consuming analyses
Schmidt, H.S., Nordtvedt, J-E., Nygaard, O. and Erskine, S., 2002, Reservoir management of gas fields using permanent sensors, World Oil, April, 2002, Vol. 223, No. 4, http://www.worldoil.com/April-2002-Reservoir-management-of-gas-fields-using-permanent-sensors.html
Cranfield, EOR, USA (SEACARB)• PDS in injection interval, PT,
and• AMZI: 120m above injection
zone, changes in pressure in injection zone are not apparent in AZMI
• Groundwater: geochemical sampling of aquifers at 70-100m; Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Se, Zn (Cations), F-, Cl-, SO4
2-, Br-, NO3-, PO43-
(Anions), TOC, TIC, pH, Alkalinity, VOC, dC13.
http://bittooth.blogspot.com/2010/03/carbon-sequestration-sites-and-their.html
Ketzin, Germany (CO2SINK)• Atmospheric monitoring:
tunable diode laser system for CO2 and methane
• Gas monitoring: surface soil flux (20 stations), methane @ 2 m (10 wells)
• Groundwater: 2 multisensor monitoring wells
Wuerdemann, et al., 2010
Summary• Groundwater can be monitoring using geochemistry or
pressure; pressure propagates further than CO2 plume• Tools for monitoring groundwater pressures (heads) are
off-the-shelf, cheap, long-lived and effective for monitoring changes in pressure, temperature and activity
• Tools for monitoring reservoir interval pressures are also off-the-shelf, but more expensive and longevity is less than 10 years
• Continuous monitoring is possible, but expensive and requires complex analysis combined with a very good geological model and field history
CO2CRC Participants
Established & supported under the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program
Supporting Partners: The Global CCS Institute | The University of Queensland | Process Group | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory | Government of South Australia | CANSYD Australia
Naylor area Pre-production potentiometric surface
Onshore Otway Basin: declining pressure with time
Naylor-1 Croft-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1/10/00 13/02/02 28/06/03 9/11/04 24/03/06Date
Dep
th (m
etre
s)
BORE 141239BORE 141240BORE 141241
Hydrographs from the Unconfined Aquifer
~3.5m
Reduced Water Levels in Deep Bores (relative to AHD)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
14/11/84 23/01/87 2/04/89 11/06/91 19/08/93 28/10/95 5/01/98 15/03/00 24/05/02 1/08/04 10/10/06 18/12/08
Date
Dep
th (m
etre
s)
BORE 84288BORE 84290BORE 84291BORE 85937BORE 85942
Long-term Monitoring of Deep Aquifer
Pump test
Test impacts
Groundwater Resources in Victoria