Group IV a Complete

7/28/2019 Group IV a Complete

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P-Block Elements

Group IV A

The Carbon Family


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Elements of Group IV ACarbon C

Silicon SiGermanium Ge

Tin Sn

Lead Pb

The elements in this group range from a non-metal, carbon to themetals tin and lead, with the intervening element germaniumshowing semi metallic behavior.

Germaniumwas a missing element in Mendeleevs periodic table.He named this element as ekasilicon and predicted its propertiesthat later matched with those of germanium.

Siliconis the second most abundant element in the earths crust; toolsmade of flint (a form of SiO2) were used in the Stone Age.

Tin and lead have also been known since ancient times All theelements have an outer electronic configuration of ns2 np2


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Carbon

Carbon is the base of all life and the element with the mostcomplex chemistry, which is called organic chemistry. Coal,

which consists mostly of carbon, is known and used since

prehistoric time. The massive combustion ofcoal and oil,

which is carbon based, causes enormous harm to the life on

our planet. This is because, amongst others, a lot of carbon

dioxide, CO2, is emitted.

Graphite, which is very soft, is the most common carbon

allotrope. Another one is diamond, famous for its value and

hardness. Fullerenes are further allotropes, which werediscovered in 1985. They could have many different

applications in the future.

Compounds of carbon and another, more electropositive

element are called carbides, like silicon carbide and tungstencarbide.


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Diamond


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Silicon Carbide


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Graphite


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Carbon Nanotube


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Silicon

The metalloid silicon is a very abundant element. Much of the earth's crust is made out of

silicates and silica (SiO2). The latter is the chief ingredient of quartz and sand and is used

as raw material for glass since ages. Elemental silicon is an important industrial material,

where it is used in huge amounts for semiconductors, computer chips, in electronics, for

solar energy and photovoltaics.


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Ultra pure Silicon


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Germaniumis a shiny silvery metalloid and a semiconductor. The latter makes it an important

material in electronics and solar technology. Germanium is corrosion-resistant, very brittle and

slightly toxic, it doesn't have biological functions.


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Tinis a very common metal. It is soft and has a low melting point, which makes it a verygood workable material, that is used since ancient times. Bronze is usually an alloy of

copper and tin. The common -tin can transform into powdery -tin at low temperatures

(below 13C, 56F). This is known as tin pest, which destroys the affected item.


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Leadis known since ancient times and was widely used then. This often caused bigsanitary problems, because its compounds are quite toxic. 208Pb is the last stable isotope in

the periodic table and the end of the thorium decay chain. Therefore lead is quite

abundant for an element with such a high number. Lead is a grey, very heavy and soft

metal with a low melting point. Amongst others, it is used for weights and for radiationprotection. Lead forms in air quickly a protecting oxide layer, which makes it dark.
http://images-of-elements.com/thorium.phphttp://images-of-elements.com/thorium.php


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A piece oflead, cut through, is silvery for a short time, before the surface oxidizes.


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Carbon


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Overview of Chemical properties of Group IV A


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HCOOH + conc. H2SO4 CO + H2O


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Organometallic compounds

Organo silicon compounds

Organo germanium

Organo tin

Organo lead

GROUP ASIGNMENT


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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

BONDING SITUATION

METHODS OF SYNTHESIS

LITERATURE (from 2000-2013)

NO PLAGIARISM

ACS REFEREMCE WRITING STYLE

TYPED AND PRINTED


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Submitted within time

1. Increased understanding and critical thinking

2. Citation is from reliable resources

3. Acceptable reference writing style

4. Relevant references from peer reviewed journals (as directed by the course instructor)

5. Plagiarism/Similarity index

(as dictated by Turnitin Report)


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silicones


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Si

O

O

Si

Si

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3


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repellents, i.e., not wetted by water.

Stable towards heat and chemical reagents.

Non toxic and inert and have medical applications.

Non volatile on heating.

Used for making water proof cloth

Used as insulating materials for electrical appliances.

Mixed in paint and enamels to make them water proof.


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Structural Variety, key to modulating the process


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Silicates

Salts of silicic acids are called silicates

Soluble silicates such as Na or K silicates are known as soluble glass

Three stable silicic acids are known to exist:

1. meta silicic acid H2SiO3 (SiO2.H2O)

2. ortho silicic acid H4SiO4 (SiO2.2H2O)

3. Pyrosilicic or disilicic acid H6Si2O7

Salts of these acids are known

Dehydration of these compounds leads to formation of SiO2 (silica)

Silica with 5% water content is called silica gel, it has a spongy structure and is used as a

dehydrating agent and can absorb water, reheating it can restore the original structure

which can be used again.


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Soluble Metal SilicatesString bases react very slowly with silica to form various soluble metal silictaes.

SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O

SiO2 + 4NaOH Na4SiO4 + 2H2O

2SiO2 + 6NaOH Na6Si2O7 + 3H2O

Natural Silicates comprise a largevariety of compounds, structures of which

are based on SiO4 tetrahedra with metal

atoms occupying spaces in between the

tetrahedra.

The SiO4 tetrahedra are joined together in

different manner to give different structures

of silicates

Silicates are extremely stable structures due

to vacant d orbitals on Si which can accept

electron density from oxygen


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Structures of Silicates

1. Orthosilicates

SiO4 repeating units

e.g., Mg2SiO4 Olivine a mineral

ZrSiO4 Zircon

Be2SiO4 phenacite

Si

O-

O

-

O-

O-

4-


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Pyrosilicates or Disilicates

Two SiO4 units are joined together

Repeating unit is Si2O76-

e.g., Se2Si2O7

PbSi2O7

Zn4(OH)2Si2O7


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Cyclosilictaes

Discrete units made up of 3 or 6 tetrahedra in a ring.

i.e., Si3O96-

Si6O1812-

Examples include:

BaTiSi3O9

Ca3Si3O9


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Si

O

Si

Si

OO

O

O

O

O

O

Si

OSi

O

OO

O

O

O

Si

O

O

Si

O

O

Si

Si

O

OO

O

OO

O

Si3O96-

Si6O1812-


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Metasilicates Infinite Chain Atoms

Silicates in which tetrahedra are linked together in long chains orstrings

If single chained. They are called Pyroxenes

Of double stranded then they are called Amphiboles

Si

O

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

OO

SiO32-

Pyroxenes


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O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OO

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

OO

O

OO

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OO

Si

O

Si

O

Si

OO

O

O O

O

n

Ambhibolescontain (Si4O11-6)n anions and is and have double chains with cross

linking

Various asbestos minerals are of this type, their fibrous nature is a result of one

dimensional anion structure and can be cleaved in direction parallel to the

chains

Phyllosilicates are silicates with anions as sheets (Si O )n2- Individual sheets are held


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O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OO

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

OO

O

OO

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

OO

O

O O

O

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O O

O

OO

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

O

OO

O

OO

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

Si

O

O

OO

O

OO

Si

O

Si

O

Si

OO

O

O O

O

Phyllosilicates are silicates with anions as sheets, (Si2O5)n2-. Individual sheets are held

together by metal cations which lie in between them. These are found in talc. Clays and

mica


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Phyllosilicate mineral, Chrysocolla


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y , y


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Olivine


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Garnet

Uvarovite

Green Thorite from Zircon family a silicate mineral


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Green Thorite, from Zircon family, a silicate mineral

Structure of Zircon


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Structure of Zircon

Quartz SiO2


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Kyanite - Al SiO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite


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Kyanite - Al2SiO5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite


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SiO2 based

Mineral


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Applications of silicates

Used in glass industry

Ceramic industry

Cement industry

Clays (used for making bricks etc.) and silica

gel are examples of silicate structure

Clays are classified as porcelain and china clay

according to composition


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Group IV a Complete

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