GSm CDMA 3G.ppt

8/9/2019 GSm CDMA 3G.ppt

1/61

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Presentation On GSM, CDMA and 3G

Technologies

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

Training from 07.01.02 To 01.02.02


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• Growing a Cellular

Network

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

• Interleaing, GMS! "odulationetc#•

GP$S• %ireless Internet & Challenges ' Technologies#• cd"a

• %(cd"a ' 3G Technologies#


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Growing a CellularNetwork

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

Start(u)


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

+

3

-

.

/

0

/

-

0

+

3

-

-

.

/

0

+

.

/

0

+

0

+

3

-

3

-

./

3

-

.

Co")lete Channel Assign"ent 1or 2arge Cell(

N0


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

Co")lete S*ste" Ma) with Channel Grou) Assign"ent 1or

N0

+

3

-

.

/

0

/

0

+

3-

+

0/

.

-

3

-

.

-.

/0

+

-

3

+

0

3

-.

/


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

Method o4 Assigning Channel Grou)s to S"all cells

N0

+

3

.

0

/

0

+

-

+

0/

.

-

3

-

.

-.

/

-

3

+

0

3

-.

/

-

3

0

+

/5-6

5/6


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1re7uenc* $euse and ChannelAssign"ent

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC

• The )ara"eter N is 8nu"9er o4 channels )er grou): or

8 nu"9er o4 cells )er cluster:#

• The alue nor"all* used 4or N is 0 4or North A"erican

S*ste"sand - 4or GSM s*ste"s#


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTCConsiderations 1or Start(u)

S*ste"

• %hen the coerage area is large, $1 )ro)agationcharacteristics ar* so "uch that a single cell radius"a* not 9e suita9le 4or the entire s*ste"#

• A relatiel* large cell radius is a))ro)riate 4or sections

o4 the s*ste" in which )ath loss increases relatiel*slowl* with distance#

• ;ut this cell radius would )roduce inade7uate

coerage in sections o4 the s*ste" with "ore seere)ath loss#• Si"ilarl* a relatiel* s"all cell radius is necessar* 4orsections in which )ath loss is seere#


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTCConsiderations 1or Start(u)

S*ste"

• ;ut using this s"all cell radius in sections that hae"ilder )ath loss would in


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTCCell S)litting

• The alue o4 reuse 4actor, N, "ust 9e relatiel* )ri"ewith res)ect to alue o4 t*)e o4 s)lit#

• This ensures that oice channel 4re7uenc*assign"ent re"ains unchanged when new cell sites

are added#• The s)litting )atterns that can 9e used 4or ariousalues o4 N

are > 1or N3, use ->+ cell s)litting# 1or N-, use 3>+ cell s)litting# 1or N0, use 3>+ or ->+ cell s)litting#• In case o4 ->+ s)litting when a new cell site is located at9order 9etween two cell areas the new site has radiusone(hal4 o4 the larger cell# Thus area coered 9* new cellis one 4ourth o4 the area coered 9* older larger cell#


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTCSeg"entation and

Duali?ation

Seg"entation

• Seg"entation diides the channel grou) intoseg"ents o4 "utuall* e@clusie oice channel

4re7uencies#• ;* assigning di=erent seg"ents to )articular cellsites the co(channel inter4erence is aoided 9etweenthese cell sites#

• So"eti"es additional cell sites are added at less thanre(use distance wo using co")lete cell s)litting)rocess#

• The disadantage with seg"entation is that theca)acit* o4 seg"ented cells is lower#


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTC Growing a cellular S*ste" &An

@a")le#

• The de"and 4or serice at start is 9ased u)oncarried traBc load#

• Coerage and inter4erence are )redicted usingso4tware tools with actual terrain data and geogra)hicallocations# $euse 4actor0# Aerage TraBc )er cell /"#

Aerage Call Duration + s Grade o4 Serice E#


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ALT CENTRE

ALTTCGrowing a cellular S*ste" &An

@a")le#

+

3 -

. /

(2)

(3) (4) (5)

(7)(6)

275

285 1108 1085

1085 1122

Start(u) 5 Ste) 6 > ;FCA -,/#


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Increased de"and 4or serice > Growth Ste) +

• Hoice channel 4re7uencies 4ro" channel grou) + areassignedat cell site 0#

• Since channel grou) + is not used at an* sitethere is no

4re7uenc* reuse in the s*ste"#

• Channel grou)s 4ro" which oice channel4re7uencies are

assigned at cell site 3 ' - are e@hausted#• A new cell site 0 is added 9etween 3' -#


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ALT CENTRE


@a")le#

+

3 -

. /

(2)

(3) (4) (5)

(7)(6)

356

353 1307 1292

1150 1196

Growth Ste) + > ;FCA /,#

0

(1)554


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ALT CENTRE


@a")le#

Ta9le ( Growth Ste) +

CellSite

ChannelGr#No#

;FCA TraBc5 rlangs 6

No# o4Hoice ch#

+ 3./ #/

+/ 3 3.3 #+

+/ 3 - +30 33#-- - . + 33#.

-- . / ++. #

3 / 0 ++/ 3+#+

-+ 0 + ..- +-#- Total /, +/+#-+


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Increase in de"and 4or serice > GrowthSte) • Channel grou)s 4ro" which oice channel

4re7uencies areassigned at cell site . ' / are e@hausted#

• A new cell site is added 9etween .' /#

• The oice channel 4re7uencies 4ro" channel grou) 3areused at cell site #

• The increased de"and 4or serice can still 9esatisJed

without 4re7uenc* reuse since channel grou) 3 can9e

seg"ented and di=erent 4re7uencies can 9eassigned at cell

sites ' #

G i ll l S A


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ALT CENTRE


@a")le#

+

3 -

. /

(2)

(3) (4) (5)

(7)(6)

386

400 1282 1252

1265 1308

Growth Ste) > ;FCA /,-0#

0

(1)542

512

(3)

G i ll l S t A


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ALT CENTRE


@a")le#

Ta9le ( Growth Ste)

CellSite

ChannelGr#No#


No# o4Hoice ch#

+ 3/ +#-

+0 3 - +#-

+0 3 - + 33#33-3 - . +. 3#..

- . / +/. 3#

- / 0 +3 3-#

-- 0 + .- +-#

Total /,-0 +#/+

-

3 .+ +3#3+

+


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1urther increase in de"and 4or serice > GrowthSte) 3• Cell site is added 9etween cell sites 3 ' -,

and cell site + is added 9etween cell sites - ' /#

• 1re7uenc* channel grou) is seg"ented and oicechannel 4re7uencies 4ro" channel grou) are assigned

to Cell site #• In order to re(use so"e o4 the oice channel4re7uencies o4 channel grou) no# /, Duali?ation isused at cell site .#

• The oice channel 4re7uencies assigned to )ri"ar*serer grou) o4 cell site . are reused at cell site +#

G i ll l S t A


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ALT CENTRE


@a")le#

2

1

3 4

6

(2)

(3)(4) (5)

(7)

397

3951230 1232

1265

742

Growth Ste) 3 > ;FCA /,-#

7

(1)541

4098

(3)

9 10

(2) (6)

459 469

5

(6)

435

639

G i ll l S t A


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Growing a cellular S*ste" &An@a")le#

Ta9le ( Growth Ste) 3

CellSite

ChannelGr#No#


No# o4Hoice ch#

+ 30 +#3

+0 3 3. +#0+0 3 - +3 3+#- - . +3 3#3- . Pri"ar* / -3. ++#3+

+ / 0 0- +#0 0 + .-+ +-#/ +

Total /,- +#/.

/3

3 - +#/3 +0

. Secondar* / /3 +/#/+-

-/ +#+

+ + / -. ++#3+

CDMA F d t l


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CDMA Fundamental

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC S)read S)ectru"

S)reader De(s)reader

Spread Spectrum is a communication technique wheretransmission bandwidth is much larger than information

bandwidth

!hannel

"# $#

%nformation &andwidth' &

"ransmission

&andwidth '

&

*& + ,rocessing -ain

CDMA F d t l


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CDMA Fundamental

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC S)read S)ectru"

S)reader De(s)reader

Spread Spectrum is a communication technique wheretransmission bandwidth is much larger than information

bandwidth

!hannel

"# $#

%nformation &andwidth' &

"ransmission

&andwidth '

&

*& + ,rocessing -ain

CDMA F d t l


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CDMA Fundamental

ALT CENTRE

ALTTCDirect Sequence SpreadSpectru

$#di(t)

Channel

c(t)

S)reading

Carriercircuit

c(t)

Carriercircuit

De(S)reading

Mat!"ed

Filter

do(t)

di5t6 ;inar* Data atin)ut do5t6 ;inar* Data atout)ut

CDMA F d t l


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CDMA Fundamental Direct Sequence Spreading

;i)olar data d5t6

;i)olar s)reading code

c5t6

s)read data d5t6 @ c5t6

K+

(+

K+

(+

(+

K+

T

Tc ;%+ T

≈≈

;%+Tc

;%+Tc


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CDMA F d t l


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CDMA Fundamental

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC Partial Spreading By Coding and Repetition

/b

&

/ncoder

(n')

$epeat

mtimes

!(t)ata

$2 $4$1 $3

&$2*$1 m&$2*$1

/b$1*$2

/b$1

*m$2 /b*,-

$2*$1 + !ode $ate *n

$4*$3 + Spreading actor

$4*$1 + *& + ,rocessing -ain

CDMA F ndamental


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CDMA Fundamental

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC Basic Concept of Multimedia CDMA

/b

S p r e a d e r

4 e

s p r e a d e r

. /b*o determines the

probabilit oferror. "he interference caused

b an class of ser0ice

is proportional to data

rate

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental

ALT CENTRE

ALTTC Eb/o Ratio

/b

. ifferent users operate at

different data rates with

different frame acti0ities

. "he effecti0e noise o

is residual interferencecaused b other users at

despreader output

. o fluctuates with time

depending upon who istransmitting during the frame

Co")osite

S)ectru" A4terDe(s)reading

eff

o

berror

N

E erfc P

=

2

1

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental

Co!erage "s Eb/o Ratio

. 8arge loading raises the noise le0el8arger power

is required to maintain the required /b*o"he cellshrins

. !ell boundaries are defined b the interference

le0el!ell breathes that is e#pands at night and

shrins during datime

. %n %S95 the /b*o ratio required for good qualit

0oice is 6 db

. e get the same 0oice qualit all the times:owe0er taling at time when number of users are less

requires less power to be transmitted ;nd hence

sa0es batter life

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental

Co!erage "s Eb/o Ratio

. 8arge loading raises the noise

le0el8arger power is requiredto maintain the required

/b*o"he cell shrins

. !ell boundaries are defined

b the interference le0el

. umber of acti0e users

determine the si


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CDMA Fundamental

Cell Splitting and #nstant Base Stations

. "he new cell causes the e#isting cells to lower

their power

Ga) in

coeragecaused 9*oerload

. o frequenc planning is in0ol0ed in putting new

cell site

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model ()*

. ; mobile recei0er intercepts a composite

signal S1 from its base station %t also

recei0es the signal from other ad=acent

base stations( S2' S3'S4')

S+

S

S3

S-

D e

& ' r e a

d e r

Filter Dete!tor

S-

S3

S

S+

S-

S3

S

desired

&

/b

o

S+ undesired

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model (+*

. "he signal recei0ed at mobile that belongs to base

station > ( before espreading ) is

nS S S r j

i Mi

jk

i L

ik j jk k

o

k j

Mj

k +∑++==≠=

∗ ∗∑∑∗= )(

1

)(

1,1

)0()()0(

)0(α α α

Distance attenuation 9etween 9ase station 5i6 and"o9ile k#

In(cellInter4erence

Out(o4(cellInter4erence

Ther"alnoise

=k

i )(α

S)read signal 4ro" 9ase station 5i6 and intended 4or connected

"o9ile L#

=i

jS

=i

M No# o4 "o9iles connected to 9asestation i#

= L No# o4 adLacent 9ase stations#

Desired

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model (,*

. "he signal espreader output consists of

Desired Signal >

Most o4 energ* is within in4or"ation 9andwidth ;#

The strength o4 this co")onent de)ends u)on ti"ingaccurac*#

In & Cell residual Inter4erence >

Ideall* this co")onent is su))osed to 9e ?ero

5orthogonalit* 6#

Multi()ath distorts this orthogonalit*#

The strength o4 this co")onent de)ends u)on dela* s)read# Out(o4 & Cell residual Inter4erence >

This co")onent is generall* not orthogonal to desired one#

The leel at de(s)reader out)ut nearl* e7uals the leel atin)ut#

Ther"al Noise >

The noise co")onent is not e=ected 9* de(s)reading#

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model (-*

. "he /b*o for user is calculated as ?

In cell(residual cross(correlation s"all nu"9er +#=ζ Total )ower trans"itted 4ro" 9asestation i#

=total

i P

=o

M No# o4 "o9iles connected at desired 9asestation i#

= L No# o4 adLacent 9ase stations#

k p

Bb

k E ∗〉

〈∗= 21 )0(α

+

∗+= ∑∑

≠==

Mo

k j j

L

i j

P k total

i P

k

i

W N o N

,11

)0(*

2)0(*

)(*

2)(1α ζ α

S)read signal )ower 4ro" 9ase station to "o9ile L#=i p )0(

A )ath loss 9etween 9ase station i and"o9ile k#

=2

)(

k

iα

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model (.*

. *& is the processing gain' -

Noiseerferencecell Inerferencecell of Out power Tx PathlossG

No Eb

++= int _ _ int _ _ _ .**

. ;s an appro#imation we ma drop noise and

in@cell@interference

erferencecell of Out

power Tx PathlossG

No

Eb

int _ _ _

.**≈

. %n !A; power control eeps /b*o constant for all

users

. Bsers at cell boundaries need more power because of

high path loss and high out@of@cell@interference

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model (*

Desired

Inter4erence

Iooc

ooc

t

I

pG

erferencecell of Out

power Tx PathlossG

No

Eb ..

int _ _ _

.**2

α

=≈

t pG .. 2

α %ith)ower

control

%o )owercontrol

. Iooc is the total power emitted from an ad=acent cell

. "he other two lines are power sent to a gi0en

mobile before and after power control

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental $or%ard &in' Model (0*

;ase St#+

Iooc,1

11

2.. t pG α

• In case o4 so4t hando= the "o9ile co""unicates with two or

"ore 9ase stations on se)aratel*#

;ase St#

Iooc,2

22

2.. t pG α

9No+

9No

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental

1and 2ff

Fard Fando= >

Current circuit is disconnected in the current cell4ollowed 9* a reconnection in new cell#

So4t Fando= >

Mo9ile "aintains a connection with current and new cell duringhando=

)rocedure#

Two cells agree on which s)eech 4ra"e is "ore relia9le andselect it#

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental Re!erse &in' Model ()*

. %n the re0erse channel' signals from different

mobiles are misaligned in time and ha0e low cross

correlation but are not orthogonal

D e

& ' r e a

d e r

Filter Dete!tor

S+

S-

S3

S

desired

&

S+ undesired

. %n this case incell interference represents largest

part of residual interference

S-

S3

S

/b

o

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental Re!erse &in' Model (+*

erferencecell Inerferencecell of Out

power Tx PathlossG

No

Eb

int _ _ int _ _ _

.**

+≈

. %n the re0erse lin equation for /b*o is identical

to forward lin"he in@cell@interference is nearl

twice as large as out@of@cell@interference

Assu")tions

Pole Capacity Equation 3

. user signal arri0e at base station with same power

(perfect power control)

. ;snchronous !A; on re0erse lin

. "otal number of users per cell is A

CDMA Fundamental


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CDMA Fundamental Pole Capacity Equation (Contd4*

erferencecell of Out M W P B P

No Eb

int _ _ _ )1)*(/(/

+−≈

. /b*o per user is gi0en b ?

&

B P Eb /≈

W P M /*)1( −

Out_of_cell_interference

. ;ssuming further that out of cell interference

is a fraction (n)of in cell interference ?

)1)(1)*(/(

/

η +−≈

M W P

B P

No

Eb

. %f minimum acceptable 0alue of /b*o

is (/b*o)min then ma#imum number ofusers per sector is Ama# ?

min

)1(1max

∗++=

No

Eb

G M

η


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'ire%e(( Rate( and


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'ire%e(( Rate( andApp%icati#n(

10 ,' 100 ,' 1 M,' 10 M,' 100 M,'

Narrow9and

Hoice

'

2ow$ateData

%ide9and

;rowsing

' HideoCon4erencing

3 -

2 -

2.5 -

Dire!t To ome atellite

(irele )A*

Fi+ed (irele A!!e

OBce Co""unications

Figh s)eed Internet

;road9and

Re%ati)e "ar*et Si+e


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Re%ati)e "ar*et Si+e

%2AN

Cellular

Satellite

0 "illions

andgrowing

Costl*#

2i"ited9andwidth#

Hital In So"eS)ots#

%ill continue to grow#

No co")etingtechnologies#

Strong co")etition 4ro"other access technologies#

Ma* eentuall* lose toJ9er#

I")ortant in s)arsel*

)o)ulated areas#

1i@ed

Growing er*4ast#

3, 'ire%e(( Standard(


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3, 'ire%e(( Standard(

Two organisations are deelo)ing a))roed 3 G standards#

3GPP 3GPP

%CDMA

GP$S

GSM

DG

$TT(3

$TT(+

CDMA

,-RS ARC./TECTRE


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MS ;SS SGSN GGS

N

PDN

F2$MSCH2$

GGSNSGSN

ther -,$S

etwor

"

G9 Gn Gi

A

D

Gs Gr

Gc

Gn

G)

Signaling And DataInter4ace

Signaling Inter4ace

GGSN

SGSNSering GP$S Su))ortNode#GGSNGatewa* GP$S Su))ortNode#

,-RS ARC./TECTRE


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In the GP$S architecture MS, ;SS, MSCH2$ and F2$ o4 e@isting GSM

networkare "odiJed# 1or e@a")le F2$ is enhanced with GP$S su9scri9er

in4or"ation# Two new nodes added are SGSN andGGSN#

SGSN is GP$S e7uialent o4 MSC 4or data

calls#

GGSN )roides inter(working with e@ternal )acket networks#

GGSN is connected to SGSN ia IP 9ased GP$S

9ack9one# Inter4aces A, Gs, Gr, Gc and D are used 4orsignalling onl*#

Inter4aces ", G9, Gn, G) and Gi are used 4or 9oth signalling and data

trans"ission in GP$S#

,-RS NET'R CN/,RAT/N


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Internetother datanetwork

GP$S9ack9one

1$ ATM#

,S"

SGSN

;ase Station Su9(s*ste"

F2$

MSC

;TS

MS

;S

C

GGSN

SGSN

Other ;SS

5 sa"eP2MN 6

;order Gatewa*

OtherP2MN

,-RS -D- C#ntet


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,-RS -D- C#ntet

GP$S reuses the GSM in4rastructure so that 9oth circuit switched and)acket switched serices co(e@ist under one su9scri)tion#

In GP$S no dial(u) connection is re7uired to access the data#

A4ter PDP conte@t actiation MS 9eco"es alwa*s on deice that4acilitates instant connections#

A4ter PDP conte@t actiation MS is known to GGSN andco""unication to e@ternal network is )ossi9le #

A PDP conte@t includes PDP t*)e 5either #.,PPP or IP6 , PDP

address, PDP state, re7uested and negotiated QoS#

PDP conte@t is stored in MS, F2$,SGSN and GGSN#

A QoS )roJle is "aintained in PDP conte@t to indicate network andradio resources re7uired 4or data trans"ission#

,-RS Sina%in -%ane


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MS ;SS SGSN GGS

N

F2$

$12

P22

MAC

$2C

22C

GMMSM

$12

P22

MAC

$2C

Ph*sical

NS51$6

;SSGP NS51$

6

Ph*sical

22C

GMMSM

;SSGP

Ph*sical

2

IP

DP

GTP

Ph*sical

2

IP

DP

GTP

MTP+

MTP

MTP3

SCCP

TCAPMAP

MTP+

MTP

MTP3

SCCP

TCAP

MA

P

MTP+

MTP

MTP

3

SCCP

;SSAPK

MTP+

MTP

MTP

3

SCCP

;SSAPK

,$ ,n

,c

SGSN MSCH2$,(

$ela*

$ela*Inter(

working


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,-RS -r#t#c#%(


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,-RS -r#t#c#%(

GP$S s)eciJc )rotocols include SNDCP, 22C, $2C,MAC, ;SSGP,;SSAPKand GTP#

In ;SS rela* 4unction rela*s Logical Link Control 522C6 a!et Data nit 5PDRs6 9etween " and G9 inter4aces#

In SGSN this rela* 4unction rela*s Packet Data Protocol 5 PDP6 PDRs9etween G9 and Gn inter4aces#

To trans)arentl* trans)ort the PDP PDRs 9etween MSs and e@ternalnetwork PDP PDRs are enca)sulated and de(ca)sulated 4or routing#

;oth Gn and G) inter4aces utili?e GP$S Tunneling Protocol 5GTP6#

A tunnel is a two wa* )oint to )oint )ath# Tunneling trans4ersenca)sulated data 9etween GSNRs 4ro" )oint o4 enca)sulation to )oint o4

de(ca)sulation#

GTP tunnels user data and and signalling "essages 9etween GSNRs#

,-RS "S


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,-RS "S

GP$S MS consists o4 "o9ile ter"inal 5 MT6 and ter"inale7ui)"ent 5 T6#

T could 9e a co")uter attached toMT#

GP$S MS uses Auto"atic $e)eat reQuest 5 A$Q 6 at data link la*er tore(trans"it error 4ra"es#

%ith "ulti)le ti"eslots GP$S )roides higherdata rates# Three "odes o4 MS o)eration deJned 4or GP$S are

( Class A & si"ultaneous circuit switched and )acket switchedserices#

In GSM there is no retrans"ission is )roided 4or oicechannels#

MT has to 9e e7ui))ed with so4tware 4or GP$S 4unctionalit*#

Class ; & ;oth circuit switched and )acket switched serices# ;utonl* one

at a ti"e#

Class C & Packet switched data onl*#

,-RS SS


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60

,-RS SS

;TS is "odiJed to su))ort new GP$S channel codingsche"es#

;SC 4orwards circuit switched calls to MSC and )acket switched calls

5through PC

6 to SGSN#

er* ;SC connects to one SGSNonl*#

Mediu" AccessControl#

PC 5 Packet control unit 6 is the new co")onent located locall* at;TS or ;SC is res)onsi9le 4or(

$adio 2ink Control unctions like )acket seg"entation and

reasse"9l*# $adio 2ink Control unctions like )acket seg"entation andreasse"9l*#, access control, scheduling,A$Q etc#

,-RS .LR and !LR


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61

,-RS .LR and !LR

New Jelds introduced in F2$ to acco""odate GP$S su9scri)tionand routing in4or"ation are(

SS0 address o4 SGSN that seres the MS#

IP address o4 SGSN that seres theMS#

MN$G


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,-RS and ED,E

GP$S can co"9ine u)(to ti"e slots with "a@i"u" theoreticalrate o4 +0+# k9)s#

Ma@i"u" data rate i")le"ented so 4ar is -# k9)s with CS and 3ti"e slots#

Increased data rates are )ossi9le through use o4 DG#

DG uses new "odulation sche"e (PS! which are "oderatel*diBcult to

i")le"ent#

Date post:	01-Jun-2018
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GSm CDMA 3G.ppt

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