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GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

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FMH USMP Lic. Vallejos/Lic.Quispe/Lic.Morales GUIA DE INGLES II Lic Geraldina Vallejos Lic. Marita Quispe Lic. Vivian Morales La Molina 2013
Transcript
Page 1: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

GUIA DE INGLES II

Lic Geraldina Vallejos

Lic Marita Quispe

Lic Vivian Morales

La Molina 2013

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 1 BEHIND GENETIC ENGINEERING (Extract taken from an interview with Brian Tokar) By Mark Oshinskie

The Edmonds Institute is an organization that studies the social and environmental effects of technology particularly genetic technologies One of his board members is Brian Tokar who has written a book on genetic engineering called Redesigning Life and two prior books The Green Alternative and Earth for Sale He is a long-time environmental and social activist and has degrees in biology and biophysics Tokar lives in rural Vermont where he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology and Goddard College and keeps an organic garden

MARK OSHINSKIE Many people know of genetic engineering but donrsquot know how itrsquos done Can you briefly explain this

BRIAN TOKAR Genetic engineering involves the artificial transfer of genetic material or DNA usually between unrelated species of plants animals bacteria viruses and humans The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and electromechanical Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial vectors Many bacteria have part of their genome located on ldquoplasmidsrdquo which are small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes These plasmids were first used as means of transferring DNA Later to get foreign genes into plant cells scientists started using bacteria that infect plant cells In mammalian cells they often used genetically engineered viruses in some of the most publicized experiments modified cold viruses are used More recently the move has been away from biological vectors which place some constraints on gene transfer and toward the use of a ldquogene gunrdquo which shoots high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are coated with the DNA fragments of choice By their very character these technologies create inherent uncertainties These uncertainties are at the heart of the wide range of health and environmental problems that have been discovered When you use these

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

technologies you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if itrsquos taken up by the DNA of the recipient cells You also have no idea how it will interact with regulatory genes as well as the genes that code for various proteins

The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small Thatrsquos why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer occurred So along with genes they seek to insert theyrsquore injecting genes for antibiotic resistance Those cells that didnrsquot take up the foreign DNA wonrsquot survive antibiotic treatment Additionally theyrsquore injecting promoter sequences usually from viruses that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and therefore facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA

Why isnrsquot opposition to genetically engineered foods in the US as vigorous as in other countries

Thomas Schweiger who worked for Greenpeace in Europe has a chapter in the book where he addresses this question He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans are more concerned than people in the US

First the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here In the summer of 1999 only one-third of the people surveyed in US supermarkets knew that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply People just donrsquot know whatrsquos going on It has to do with corporate control of the media Food and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of the public eye There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general here in the US Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial product Food is an area where new products come along that have new and interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out So in a manner of speaking peoplersquos resistance is down

Besides in Europe mad cow disease dioxin contaminated chicken feed and other scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system canrsquot be trusted to ensure a safe food supply We have had many such cases here but people seem to have a short memory Yet despite all this the US perspective on genetically engineered foods is beginning to change

httpwwwzmagorgZNEThtm

I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE

USE auxiliars ldquoDO DOESrdquo or verbs ldquoIS ARErdquo

USE personal pronouns when necessary

1 A What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold

B He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)

2 A What kind of activities _______Mr Tokar carry out

B He _____ a social activist

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)

B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)

4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve

B It __________ changing DNA

5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer

B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)

6 A What _______ plasmids

B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes

7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells

B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses

8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are

coated

with DNA (shoot)

B _______ it

9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners

(bring)

B Yes _____ ______

10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)

B The media _______ most of the work

II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)

____________________________________________________________________

2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the

latest molecular biology techniques refers to

____________________________________________________________________

3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages

____________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of

____________________________________________________________________

5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a

____________________________________________________________________

6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic

manipulation terms

____________________________________________________________________

7 fat some or cells sugars store

____________________________________________________________________

8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans

____________________________________________________________________

9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the

____________________________________________________________________

10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of

organisms

____________________________________________________________________

III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE

1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering

called Redesigning Life

2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board

members

3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not

trustful

4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses

5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE

has continued to influence theorists and activists

6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true

genetic manipulation

7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically

engineered foods

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE

1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to

change the genetic makeup of cells

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits

__________________________________________________________________

3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves

__________________________________________________________________

4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin

and eyes were preserved in the ice

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart

__________________________________________________________________

6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology

and Goddard

_________________________________________________________________

7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru

__________________________________________________________________

V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF

THE EXAMPLE

James was sick Ann was TOO

Peter had a stroke I did TOO

The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO

1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I

________ _______

2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________

3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors

________________

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

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2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 2: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

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SESSION 1 BEHIND GENETIC ENGINEERING (Extract taken from an interview with Brian Tokar) By Mark Oshinskie

The Edmonds Institute is an organization that studies the social and environmental effects of technology particularly genetic technologies One of his board members is Brian Tokar who has written a book on genetic engineering called Redesigning Life and two prior books The Green Alternative and Earth for Sale He is a long-time environmental and social activist and has degrees in biology and biophysics Tokar lives in rural Vermont where he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology and Goddard College and keeps an organic garden

MARK OSHINSKIE Many people know of genetic engineering but donrsquot know how itrsquos done Can you briefly explain this

BRIAN TOKAR Genetic engineering involves the artificial transfer of genetic material or DNA usually between unrelated species of plants animals bacteria viruses and humans The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and electromechanical Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial vectors Many bacteria have part of their genome located on ldquoplasmidsrdquo which are small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes These plasmids were first used as means of transferring DNA Later to get foreign genes into plant cells scientists started using bacteria that infect plant cells In mammalian cells they often used genetically engineered viruses in some of the most publicized experiments modified cold viruses are used More recently the move has been away from biological vectors which place some constraints on gene transfer and toward the use of a ldquogene gunrdquo which shoots high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are coated with the DNA fragments of choice By their very character these technologies create inherent uncertainties These uncertainties are at the heart of the wide range of health and environmental problems that have been discovered When you use these

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

technologies you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if itrsquos taken up by the DNA of the recipient cells You also have no idea how it will interact with regulatory genes as well as the genes that code for various proteins

The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small Thatrsquos why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer occurred So along with genes they seek to insert theyrsquore injecting genes for antibiotic resistance Those cells that didnrsquot take up the foreign DNA wonrsquot survive antibiotic treatment Additionally theyrsquore injecting promoter sequences usually from viruses that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and therefore facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA

Why isnrsquot opposition to genetically engineered foods in the US as vigorous as in other countries

Thomas Schweiger who worked for Greenpeace in Europe has a chapter in the book where he addresses this question He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans are more concerned than people in the US

First the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here In the summer of 1999 only one-third of the people surveyed in US supermarkets knew that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply People just donrsquot know whatrsquos going on It has to do with corporate control of the media Food and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of the public eye There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general here in the US Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial product Food is an area where new products come along that have new and interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out So in a manner of speaking peoplersquos resistance is down

Besides in Europe mad cow disease dioxin contaminated chicken feed and other scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system canrsquot be trusted to ensure a safe food supply We have had many such cases here but people seem to have a short memory Yet despite all this the US perspective on genetically engineered foods is beginning to change

httpwwwzmagorgZNEThtm

I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE

USE auxiliars ldquoDO DOESrdquo or verbs ldquoIS ARErdquo

USE personal pronouns when necessary

1 A What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold

B He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)

2 A What kind of activities _______Mr Tokar carry out

B He _____ a social activist

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)

B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)

4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve

B It __________ changing DNA

5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer

B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)

6 A What _______ plasmids

B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes

7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells

B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses

8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are

coated

with DNA (shoot)

B _______ it

9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners

(bring)

B Yes _____ ______

10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)

B The media _______ most of the work

II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)

____________________________________________________________________

2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the

latest molecular biology techniques refers to

____________________________________________________________________

3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages

____________________________________________________________________

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of

____________________________________________________________________

5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a

____________________________________________________________________

6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic

manipulation terms

____________________________________________________________________

7 fat some or cells sugars store

____________________________________________________________________

8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans

____________________________________________________________________

9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the

____________________________________________________________________

10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of

organisms

____________________________________________________________________

III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE

1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering

called Redesigning Life

2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board

members

3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not

trustful

4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses

5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE

has continued to influence theorists and activists

6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true

genetic manipulation

7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically

engineered foods

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE

1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to

change the genetic makeup of cells

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits

__________________________________________________________________

3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves

__________________________________________________________________

4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin

and eyes were preserved in the ice

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart

__________________________________________________________________

6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology

and Goddard

_________________________________________________________________

7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru

__________________________________________________________________

V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF

THE EXAMPLE

James was sick Ann was TOO

Peter had a stroke I did TOO

The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO

1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I

________ _______

2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________

3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors

________________

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

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8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

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Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

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If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

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My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 3: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

technologies you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if itrsquos taken up by the DNA of the recipient cells You also have no idea how it will interact with regulatory genes as well as the genes that code for various proteins

The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small Thatrsquos why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer occurred So along with genes they seek to insert theyrsquore injecting genes for antibiotic resistance Those cells that didnrsquot take up the foreign DNA wonrsquot survive antibiotic treatment Additionally theyrsquore injecting promoter sequences usually from viruses that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and therefore facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA

Why isnrsquot opposition to genetically engineered foods in the US as vigorous as in other countries

Thomas Schweiger who worked for Greenpeace in Europe has a chapter in the book where he addresses this question He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans are more concerned than people in the US

First the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here In the summer of 1999 only one-third of the people surveyed in US supermarkets knew that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply People just donrsquot know whatrsquos going on It has to do with corporate control of the media Food and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of the public eye There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general here in the US Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial product Food is an area where new products come along that have new and interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out So in a manner of speaking peoplersquos resistance is down

Besides in Europe mad cow disease dioxin contaminated chicken feed and other scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system canrsquot be trusted to ensure a safe food supply We have had many such cases here but people seem to have a short memory Yet despite all this the US perspective on genetically engineered foods is beginning to change

httpwwwzmagorgZNEThtm

I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE

USE auxiliars ldquoDO DOESrdquo or verbs ldquoIS ARErdquo

USE personal pronouns when necessary

1 A What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold

B He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)

2 A What kind of activities _______Mr Tokar carry out

B He _____ a social activist

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)

B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)

4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve

B It __________ changing DNA

5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer

B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)

6 A What _______ plasmids

B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes

7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells

B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses

8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are

coated

with DNA (shoot)

B _______ it

9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners

(bring)

B Yes _____ ______

10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)

B The media _______ most of the work

II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)

____________________________________________________________________

2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the

latest molecular biology techniques refers to

____________________________________________________________________

3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages

____________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of

____________________________________________________________________

5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a

____________________________________________________________________

6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic

manipulation terms

____________________________________________________________________

7 fat some or cells sugars store

____________________________________________________________________

8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans

____________________________________________________________________

9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the

____________________________________________________________________

10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of

organisms

____________________________________________________________________

III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE

1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering

called Redesigning Life

2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board

members

3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not

trustful

4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses

5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE

has continued to influence theorists and activists

6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true

genetic manipulation

7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically

engineered foods

FMH USMP

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IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE

1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to

change the genetic makeup of cells

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits

__________________________________________________________________

3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves

__________________________________________________________________

4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin

and eyes were preserved in the ice

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart

__________________________________________________________________

6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology

and Goddard

_________________________________________________________________

7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru

__________________________________________________________________

V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF

THE EXAMPLE

James was sick Ann was TOO

Peter had a stroke I did TOO

The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO

1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I

________ _______

2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________

3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors

________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 4: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)

B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)

4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve

B It __________ changing DNA

5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer

B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)

6 A What _______ plasmids

B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes

7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells

B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses

8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are

coated

with DNA (shoot)

B _______ it

9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners

(bring)

B Yes _____ ______

10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)

B The media _______ most of the work

II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)

____________________________________________________________________

2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the

latest molecular biology techniques refers to

____________________________________________________________________

3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages

____________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of

____________________________________________________________________

5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a

____________________________________________________________________

6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic

manipulation terms

____________________________________________________________________

7 fat some or cells sugars store

____________________________________________________________________

8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans

____________________________________________________________________

9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the

____________________________________________________________________

10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of

organisms

____________________________________________________________________

III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE

1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering

called Redesigning Life

2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board

members

3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not

trustful

4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses

5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE

has continued to influence theorists and activists

6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true

genetic manipulation

7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically

engineered foods

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE

1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to

change the genetic makeup of cells

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits

__________________________________________________________________

3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves

__________________________________________________________________

4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin

and eyes were preserved in the ice

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart

__________________________________________________________________

6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology

and Goddard

_________________________________________________________________

7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru

__________________________________________________________________

V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF

THE EXAMPLE

James was sick Ann was TOO

Peter had a stroke I did TOO

The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO

1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I

________ _______

2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________

3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors

________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

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Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

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THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 5: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of

____________________________________________________________________

5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a

____________________________________________________________________

6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic

manipulation terms

____________________________________________________________________

7 fat some or cells sugars store

____________________________________________________________________

8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans

____________________________________________________________________

9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the

____________________________________________________________________

10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of

organisms

____________________________________________________________________

III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE

1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering

called Redesigning Life

2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board

members

3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not

trustful

4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses

5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE

has continued to influence theorists and activists

6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true

genetic manipulation

7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically

engineered foods

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE

1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to

change the genetic makeup of cells

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits

__________________________________________________________________

3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves

__________________________________________________________________

4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin

and eyes were preserved in the ice

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart

__________________________________________________________________

6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology

and Goddard

_________________________________________________________________

7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru

__________________________________________________________________

V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF

THE EXAMPLE

James was sick Ann was TOO

Peter had a stroke I did TOO

The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO

1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I

________ _______

2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________

3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors

________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

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Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 6: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE

1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to

change the genetic makeup of cells

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits

__________________________________________________________________

3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves

__________________________________________________________________

4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin

and eyes were preserved in the ice

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart

__________________________________________________________________

6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology

and Goddard

_________________________________________________________________

7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru

__________________________________________________________________

V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF

THE EXAMPLE

James was sick Ann was TOO

Peter had a stroke I did TOO

The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO

1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I

________ _______

2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________

3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors

________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 7: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family

_________________

5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________

6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He

_______________________

7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________

8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________

9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________

10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor

_________________

SESSION 2

Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR

Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today

Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before

Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine

Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today

In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

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8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

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Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 8: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured

Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients

Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages

Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals

The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate

AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances

Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies

In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with

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Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 9: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided

Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT

PERFECT

USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY

1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate

many mortal diseases (help definitively)

2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)

3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure

polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)

4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop

greatly)

5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies

____________________

birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)

6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic

limbs___________

____________ possible today (become all)

7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices

(recover)

8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________

A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)

9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)

10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after

the operation (enable even)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

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8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

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B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

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8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 10: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

FOR ndash SINCE

1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a

little child (receive)

2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and

many other drugs (increase)

3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________

the beginning of humanity (suffer)

4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)

5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any

good results (look for)

6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have

their own babies (enable)

7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma

______ the last century(create)

8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century

(lengthen)

9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007

(provide)

SESSION 3

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD

June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in

the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried

out by several UPC teams

Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in

developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the

addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular

biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid

diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are

also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 11: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are

developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase

dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of

Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat

(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park

considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that

when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate

the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed

to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical

biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to

intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that

generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo

These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli

However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to

study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the

cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting

an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and

atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and

nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed

that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease

Basic Future Tenses

WILL GOING TO

USAGE

To speak about the future at the moment of speaking

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true

If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope

USAGE

It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations

To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation

STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb

EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient

NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the

decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know

Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 12: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE

1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________

(face) major challenges and opportunities

2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell

membrane

3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to

design intelligent biomaterials

4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and

localization of a specific disease

5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on

regenerative medicine

WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)

ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY

You can use the following ideas

1Once I finish the second yearhellip

2Investigate more abouthellip

3Travel tohelliphellip

4Finish this semesterhelliphellip

5After my sixth yearhelliphellip

6Do (sth) with my familyhellip

7My jobhelliphellip

8 Postgraduate coursehellip

9 Specializationhellip

10 Have a recesshellip

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

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8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

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B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

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8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 13: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

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SESSION 4

THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages

When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of

both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment

and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms

and books

History

Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire

Function

Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications

Features

Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)

Identification

Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

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8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 14: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition

Considerations

Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed

Expert Insight

Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology

Read more The History of Medical Terminology |

eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw

PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES

I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)

Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix

respectively

Write the correct meaning

MEANING EXAMPLES

1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)

2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)

3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)

4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)

5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)

7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 15: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)

9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE PREFIXES

through ndash stop - without - below - outside

Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF

THE SUFFIXES

headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition

Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 16: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 The effect of an emetic drug is

a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria

2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for

diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy

3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis

4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver

5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit

6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the

a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder

7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food

8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects

bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid

looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy

9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece

Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen

10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve

FMH USMP

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 17: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called

a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon

12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed

a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

13Bradycardia is a term describing an

a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart

14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood

a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes

15 Inflammation of veins is termed

a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina

16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed

a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis

17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist

18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis

FMH USMP

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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 18: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts

and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain

SESSION 5

Medscape Medical News

SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE

Jennifer Garcia

Feb 05 2013

SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER

A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology

Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total

FMH USMP

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

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Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 19: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups

Less Radiation Excellent Image

The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic

Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

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________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

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SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 20: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships

Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract

PASSIVE VOICE

I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)

1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )

II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE

PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE

1 __________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________________

4 __________________________________________________________________

5 __________________________________________________________________

6 __________________________________________________________________

7 __________________________________________________________________

III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner

________________________________________________________________

2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose

________________________________________________________________

3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 21: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

________________________________________________________________

4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme

________________________________________________________________

5 Researchers always exchange technological information

________________________________________________________________

IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings

________________________________________________________________

2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old

________________________________________________________________

3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink

________________________________________________________________

5 The media questioned the medical scientists

________________________________________________________________

V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology

_______________________________________________________________

2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination

_______________________________________________________________

3 They have elected a new medical Director

_______________________________________________________________

4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure

________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

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B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 22: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building

________________________________________________________________

VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation

________________________________________________________________

2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment

________________________________________________________________

4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news

________________________________________________________________

5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition

________________________________________________________________

VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot

__________________________________________________

2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies

_________________________________________________________________

3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist

_________________________________________________________________

4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused

_________________________________________________________________

5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second

_________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 23: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)

The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times

larger than they are This is enough to see the details

of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are

too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a

good look at really small things then you have here

for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times

larger than a real dust mite

(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so

small you canacutet see them)

In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-

wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of

selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes

could magnify an object up to 200 times

He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped

stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see

bacteria

People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes

Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 24: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a

beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to

300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than

what we can see with a compound microscope

And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs

A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE

There are different types of light microscopes

1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens

and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________

at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)

2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two

eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a

camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)

3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological

microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the

stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)

4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light

for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at

high magnifications (look)

5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same

head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at

gems and minerals (look)

6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________

dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by

___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)

7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle

_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)

8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong

breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of

saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 25: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at

periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the

instrument (clean)

10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches

and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts

______________ them (clean)

11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the

task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes

damage (remove)

12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily

accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the

front of the microscope (clean swing)

13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without

___________ any solvents (use employ)

14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be

employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently

__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)

15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens

should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)

16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that

may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)

17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)

18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)

19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)

20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope

(pay)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 26: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 7

APPLIED BIONICS

In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it

served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term

treatment

The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for

defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves

Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid

the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries

need changing

What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960

Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example

with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life

In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first

ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei

Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while

blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo

surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the

United States

Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have

encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a

human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the

failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist

was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7

Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by

manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human

capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices

that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and

eyes

Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of

electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research

project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into

light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient

The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will

become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl

is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future

by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and

lungs are not impossibilities

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 27: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE

READING

1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the

______________ used to aid the beating of the heart

2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________

3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________

surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota

4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___

____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark

5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or

____________ body parts

6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into

____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient

TRUE amp FALSE

______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark

______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat

______ Bionics is a relatively new science

______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine

______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams

______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices

______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump

______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective

______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs

______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934

WORK STUDY

Synonyms

Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1 Temporary a Hopeful

2 Artificial b System

3 Function c Explain

4 Solve d Power

5 Allow e Transient

6 Method f Permit

7 Amaze g Synthetic

8 Imitate h Astonish

9 Promising i work

10 capability j copy

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK

YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE

READING

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 28: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development

_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application

______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is

especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace

lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances

________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______

electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One

interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______

which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________

nerve receptors __________ the patient

COMPARATIVES

1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)

2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)

3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the

supermarket (reliable)

4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)

5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)

6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)

7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)

8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)

9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)

10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)

11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____

drivers in my country (skilled)

12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)

13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)

14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)

15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)

2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)

3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 29: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in

Britain (cheap)

5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America

(expensive)

6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)

7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)

8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)

9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)

10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)

11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)

12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)

13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)

14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)

15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)

MORE COMPARATIVES

1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch

(comfortable)

2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)

3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)

4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)

5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)

6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)

7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department

(clean)

8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital

(interesting)

9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)

10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)

SESSION 9

NEONATOLOGY

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 30: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after

birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that

treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is

especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature

underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative

intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent

physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has

developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the

first three months of life

Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn

intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and

techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these

units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with

portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the

infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically

regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as

well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant

In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills

as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications

For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of

18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney

trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often

attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant

into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined

thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed

The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not

unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at

one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University

Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054

kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19

kilos

In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless

ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to

rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the

ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to

provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love

has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the

number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for

high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years

ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 31: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a

neonatologist

In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with

portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment

is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to

knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of

these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years

to healthful useful liferdquo

Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading

1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo

2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human

3 What is neonatology

4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology

5 What function do the sensors perform

6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths

7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant

8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job

9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with

the rates a few years ago

10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk

babies

WORD STUDY

Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary

some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning

Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton

TRUE amp FALSE

Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make

them true

____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as

small children

____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb

____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths

____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid

longlasting physical problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 32: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become

neonatologists

____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk

babiesrdquo

____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible

____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US

____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and

oxygen supply of an infant

___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk

babies

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 33: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SUPERLATIVES

1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)

2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)

3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)

4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)

5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)

6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)

7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)

8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)

9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)

10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)

11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would

be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)

12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)

13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)

14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)

15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)

16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)

17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)

18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call

(careless)

19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)

20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)

21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard

(interesting)

WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES

1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital

2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class

3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country

4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all

5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents

6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf

7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 34: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones

9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all

10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand

11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones

12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you

13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes

14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are

httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp

SESSION 10

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation

Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44

Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 35: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious

2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism

3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight

4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males

DIALOGUE

Feeling Queasy

Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away

Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible

Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea

Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills

Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 36: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you

Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help

Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you

COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD

Paul John P Hey look at that What is it

J I think itrsquos a racing car

P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by

J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there

What does it say

P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari

Dr Allen Nurse

Dr ___________ you help me (=request)

N Of course Dr What do you need

Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today

at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)

N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)

Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement

(=possibility)

EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN

1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there

2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long

3 __________ speak german

3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think

5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance

6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by

computer

7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 37: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon

9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all

10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo

1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible

2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when

he falls asleep

3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat

4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients

5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program

6 You ____________ have an exercise routine

7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier

8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky

GIVING ADVICE

1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood

2 Your friend wants to stop smoking

3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages

4 Johny usually suffers from headaches

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 38: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert

6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast

SHOULD

Match with the correct answer

1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice

2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin

3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore

4 a cough dTake some vitamin C

5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy

6 a fever f See the doctor

7 a burn g Go to bed and rest

8 the flu h See the dentist

i Donrsquot exercise

j Drink lots of liquids

k Put some lotion on it

l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee

SESSION 11

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no

single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must

get its vitamins from a variety of foods

Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions

They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general

upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the

condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease

Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-

soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 39: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a

result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in

the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such

as riboflavin

Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health

HOMEWORK

1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 40: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 41: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

MUST

Match with the correct answer

1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos

2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired

3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain

4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune

5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere

6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do

7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment

8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients

9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations

10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in

here

j So I canrsquot come with you

Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont

have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have

1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer

2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain

3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous

4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough

5 He ___________studied a lot today

6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good

7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well

8 You __________ got up so late

9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school

10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the

morning

HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)

1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor

2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform

3 You ____________ to work on holidays

4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late

5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 42: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to

get in

7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work

8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me

9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an

appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)

2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life

threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)

3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza

virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)

4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression

_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)

SESSION 12

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY

Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 43: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid

CONDITIONAL 1

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________

2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use

_________________

3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the

Director Dr Cirato

4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)

5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)

6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold

7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of

his kidney

8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)

_____________tomorrow

9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to

do it

10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)

___________the course

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays

2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see

3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get

4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 44: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight

dont put on B wont put on

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 45: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 13

YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN

Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain

and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage

your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help

improve the health of your neck

Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems

If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have

strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as

a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If

your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also

experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in

other parts of your body such as your arms

Treatment can relieve your symptoms

If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief

with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck

so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes

recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 46: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage

situations that may be contributing to your neck problem

Your Medical Evaluation

Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about

your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam

and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will

decide on the best treatment for you

A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be

asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical

conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck

problem

Physical exam

You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the

cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its

range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve

damage

Diagnostic tests

Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on

nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft

tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck

Working together toward relief

Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and

other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the

treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also

recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct

ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary

When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem

developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but

sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible

to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy

you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit

your ability to move

COMMON NECK PROBLEMS

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 47: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Strains and sprains

Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your

neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck

muscles and ligament

Whiplash and other injuries

Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If

so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing

tears and bleeding in the muscles

Herniated disk

A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of

your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting

pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve

Arthritis

Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing

arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony

outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae

Conditional I

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence

1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance

2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town

3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor

4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy

5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York

6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums

7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks

8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low

mark

9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music

10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 48: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on

preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just

to make sure that the others will also do something

1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great

SESSION 14

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped

breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart

attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact

after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain

damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If

the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary

The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two

aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The

second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood

out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much

easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two

Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a

hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of

fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary

importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and

foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth

Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this

method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 49: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As

the air enters the lungs the chest will expand

If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start

simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be

alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the

chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine

should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best

to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery

diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as

long as two to three hours

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 50: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway

2 Press the patientacutes head backwards

with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb

3 Take a deep breath and force the

air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs

4 Allow the patient to exhale Take

another deep breath

5 You should repeat the process 10

to 12 times

2nd conditional

IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor

1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my

own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for

their children (probably feel)

2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella

pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)

3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more

patient with them (become be)

4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)

5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)

6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)

7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)

8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 51: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________

10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________

11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________

12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________

Combined conditionals

13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________

14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________

15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________

16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________

17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________

18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________

19 They may go to the hospital

__________________________________________________

20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________

21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)

22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you

can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash

negative speak)

23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________

despair

SESSION 15

BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 52: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon

named Pearlman Hicks went about his business

Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a

professional who had paid his dues by finding his

own way in medical school and later treating

gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was

the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks

were stepping up career ladders that had only

recently been opened up to persons of color The

problem for Hicks was that often there was no one

else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony

Magazine had come by asking him questions about

what it was like to be one of the few black plastic

surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in

the follow-up article

Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from

Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice

Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a

career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of

questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in

California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I

often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo

For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic

surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of

the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon

in his Beverly Hills office

As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed

into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat

The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School

as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through

downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood

studio out to millions of television viewers around the world

Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast

member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder

REPORTED SPEECH

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 53: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact

words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn

how to transform direct speech into reported speech

We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the

sentence

Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital

We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the

person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and

your

When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream

present continuous

ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London

past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car

past continuous

ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo

She said she had been walking along the street

present perfect

ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie

past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo

She said she had taken English lessons before

will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later

would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but

can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo

She said she could speak perfect English

could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo

She said she could swim when she was four

shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later

should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother

might I might be late She said she might be late

must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 54: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

weekend She said she had to study at the weekend

doesnrsquot change

QUESTIONS

note that you have to

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English

without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo

reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English

Exercises

1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being

the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the

time)rdquo recalled Hicks

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

________

2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to

offer me advicerdquo

3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read

about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 55: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television

who want to come to Americardquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be

better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in

advancerdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried

about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each

individual I was treatingrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming

more of an artistrdquo he says

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_______

9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize

himrdquo

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________

9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to

retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to

be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo

____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 56: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

SESSION 15

Medical and Health Idioms

As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself

Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use

Idioms

1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)

2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)

3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)

4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie

down

5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)

6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)

7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)

8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last

Tuesday)

Whats the correct definition for each idiom below

1 To be on the mend

To vomit

To be getting better

2 Out cold

Unconscious but still breathing

To check your health

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 57: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

3 To feel on top of the world

To have a terrible headache

To feel extremely well

4 Splitting headache

To have a terrible headache

To be getting better

5 A flare up

When an illness or issue begins again suddenly

To check your health

6 Throw up

To feel a bit ill in general

To vomit

7 To run some tests

To check your health

To feel extremely well

8 To feel under the weather

To feel a bit ill in general

Unconscious but still breathing

Now letacutes learn more Idioms

alive and kicking

- to be well and healthy

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 58: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking

as fit as a fiddle

- to be healthy and physically fit

My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle

black-and-blue

- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed

My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs

black out

- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out

The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player

break out in a cold sweat

- to perspire from fever or anxiety

I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech

breathe ones last

- to die

The man breathed his last after a long illness

burn (oneself) out

- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from

working too hard

After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out

clean bill of health

- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy

My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month

couch doctor

- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them

The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8

Page 59: GUIA DE INGLES II 2013-I

FMH USMP

Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales

WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES

get a checkup

- to receive a physical examination from a doctor

1

get (something) out of ones system

- to get rid of the desire to do something

2

bundle of nerves

- a very nervous or anxious person

3

bring (someone) around

- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone

4

pull through

- to recover from a serious illness

5

picture of health

- a perfect example of health

6

rub salt in (someones) wound

- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse

7

out of sorts

- not feeling well in a bad mood

8


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