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FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
GUIA DE INGLES II
Lic Geraldina Vallejos
Lic Marita Quispe
Lic Vivian Morales
La Molina 2013
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 1 BEHIND GENETIC ENGINEERING (Extract taken from an interview with Brian Tokar) By Mark Oshinskie
The Edmonds Institute is an organization that studies the social and environmental effects of technology particularly genetic technologies One of his board members is Brian Tokar who has written a book on genetic engineering called Redesigning Life and two prior books The Green Alternative and Earth for Sale He is a long-time environmental and social activist and has degrees in biology and biophysics Tokar lives in rural Vermont where he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology and Goddard College and keeps an organic garden
MARK OSHINSKIE Many people know of genetic engineering but donrsquot know how itrsquos done Can you briefly explain this
BRIAN TOKAR Genetic engineering involves the artificial transfer of genetic material or DNA usually between unrelated species of plants animals bacteria viruses and humans The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and electromechanical Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial vectors Many bacteria have part of their genome located on ldquoplasmidsrdquo which are small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes These plasmids were first used as means of transferring DNA Later to get foreign genes into plant cells scientists started using bacteria that infect plant cells In mammalian cells they often used genetically engineered viruses in some of the most publicized experiments modified cold viruses are used More recently the move has been away from biological vectors which place some constraints on gene transfer and toward the use of a ldquogene gunrdquo which shoots high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are coated with the DNA fragments of choice By their very character these technologies create inherent uncertainties These uncertainties are at the heart of the wide range of health and environmental problems that have been discovered When you use these
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
technologies you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if itrsquos taken up by the DNA of the recipient cells You also have no idea how it will interact with regulatory genes as well as the genes that code for various proteins
The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small Thatrsquos why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer occurred So along with genes they seek to insert theyrsquore injecting genes for antibiotic resistance Those cells that didnrsquot take up the foreign DNA wonrsquot survive antibiotic treatment Additionally theyrsquore injecting promoter sequences usually from viruses that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and therefore facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA
Why isnrsquot opposition to genetically engineered foods in the US as vigorous as in other countries
Thomas Schweiger who worked for Greenpeace in Europe has a chapter in the book where he addresses this question He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans are more concerned than people in the US
First the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here In the summer of 1999 only one-third of the people surveyed in US supermarkets knew that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply People just donrsquot know whatrsquos going on It has to do with corporate control of the media Food and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of the public eye There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general here in the US Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial product Food is an area where new products come along that have new and interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out So in a manner of speaking peoplersquos resistance is down
Besides in Europe mad cow disease dioxin contaminated chicken feed and other scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system canrsquot be trusted to ensure a safe food supply We have had many such cases here but people seem to have a short memory Yet despite all this the US perspective on genetically engineered foods is beginning to change
httpwwwzmagorgZNEThtm
I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE
USE auxiliars ldquoDO DOESrdquo or verbs ldquoIS ARErdquo
USE personal pronouns when necessary
1 A What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold
B He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)
2 A What kind of activities _______Mr Tokar carry out
B He _____ a social activist
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)
B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)
4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve
B It __________ changing DNA
5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer
B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)
6 A What _______ plasmids
B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes
7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells
B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses
8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are
coated
with DNA (shoot)
B _______ it
9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners
(bring)
B Yes _____ ______
10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)
B The media _______ most of the work
II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER
1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)
____________________________________________________________________
2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the
latest molecular biology techniques refers to
____________________________________________________________________
3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages
____________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of
____________________________________________________________________
5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a
____________________________________________________________________
6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic
manipulation terms
____________________________________________________________________
7 fat some or cells sugars store
____________________________________________________________________
8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans
____________________________________________________________________
9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the
____________________________________________________________________
10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of
organisms
____________________________________________________________________
III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE
1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering
called Redesigning Life
2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board
members
3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not
trustful
4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses
5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE
has continued to influence theorists and activists
6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true
genetic manipulation
7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically
engineered foods
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE
1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits
__________________________________________________________________
3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves
__________________________________________________________________
4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart
__________________________________________________________________
6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard
_________________________________________________________________
7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru
__________________________________________________________________
V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
James was sick Ann was TOO
Peter had a stroke I did TOO
The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO
1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I
________ _______
2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________
3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors
________________
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 1 BEHIND GENETIC ENGINEERING (Extract taken from an interview with Brian Tokar) By Mark Oshinskie
The Edmonds Institute is an organization that studies the social and environmental effects of technology particularly genetic technologies One of his board members is Brian Tokar who has written a book on genetic engineering called Redesigning Life and two prior books The Green Alternative and Earth for Sale He is a long-time environmental and social activist and has degrees in biology and biophysics Tokar lives in rural Vermont where he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology and Goddard College and keeps an organic garden
MARK OSHINSKIE Many people know of genetic engineering but donrsquot know how itrsquos done Can you briefly explain this
BRIAN TOKAR Genetic engineering involves the artificial transfer of genetic material or DNA usually between unrelated species of plants animals bacteria viruses and humans The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and electromechanical Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial vectors Many bacteria have part of their genome located on ldquoplasmidsrdquo which are small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes These plasmids were first used as means of transferring DNA Later to get foreign genes into plant cells scientists started using bacteria that infect plant cells In mammalian cells they often used genetically engineered viruses in some of the most publicized experiments modified cold viruses are used More recently the move has been away from biological vectors which place some constraints on gene transfer and toward the use of a ldquogene gunrdquo which shoots high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are coated with the DNA fragments of choice By their very character these technologies create inherent uncertainties These uncertainties are at the heart of the wide range of health and environmental problems that have been discovered When you use these
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
technologies you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if itrsquos taken up by the DNA of the recipient cells You also have no idea how it will interact with regulatory genes as well as the genes that code for various proteins
The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small Thatrsquos why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer occurred So along with genes they seek to insert theyrsquore injecting genes for antibiotic resistance Those cells that didnrsquot take up the foreign DNA wonrsquot survive antibiotic treatment Additionally theyrsquore injecting promoter sequences usually from viruses that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and therefore facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA
Why isnrsquot opposition to genetically engineered foods in the US as vigorous as in other countries
Thomas Schweiger who worked for Greenpeace in Europe has a chapter in the book where he addresses this question He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans are more concerned than people in the US
First the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here In the summer of 1999 only one-third of the people surveyed in US supermarkets knew that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply People just donrsquot know whatrsquos going on It has to do with corporate control of the media Food and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of the public eye There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general here in the US Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial product Food is an area where new products come along that have new and interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out So in a manner of speaking peoplersquos resistance is down
Besides in Europe mad cow disease dioxin contaminated chicken feed and other scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system canrsquot be trusted to ensure a safe food supply We have had many such cases here but people seem to have a short memory Yet despite all this the US perspective on genetically engineered foods is beginning to change
httpwwwzmagorgZNEThtm
I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE
USE auxiliars ldquoDO DOESrdquo or verbs ldquoIS ARErdquo
USE personal pronouns when necessary
1 A What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold
B He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)
2 A What kind of activities _______Mr Tokar carry out
B He _____ a social activist
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)
B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)
4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve
B It __________ changing DNA
5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer
B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)
6 A What _______ plasmids
B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes
7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells
B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses
8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are
coated
with DNA (shoot)
B _______ it
9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners
(bring)
B Yes _____ ______
10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)
B The media _______ most of the work
II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER
1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)
____________________________________________________________________
2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the
latest molecular biology techniques refers to
____________________________________________________________________
3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages
____________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of
____________________________________________________________________
5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a
____________________________________________________________________
6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic
manipulation terms
____________________________________________________________________
7 fat some or cells sugars store
____________________________________________________________________
8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans
____________________________________________________________________
9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the
____________________________________________________________________
10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of
organisms
____________________________________________________________________
III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE
1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering
called Redesigning Life
2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board
members
3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not
trustful
4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses
5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE
has continued to influence theorists and activists
6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true
genetic manipulation
7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically
engineered foods
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE
1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits
__________________________________________________________________
3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves
__________________________________________________________________
4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart
__________________________________________________________________
6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard
_________________________________________________________________
7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru
__________________________________________________________________
V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
James was sick Ann was TOO
Peter had a stroke I did TOO
The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO
1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I
________ _______
2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________
3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors
________________
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
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8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
technologies you have no idea where the foreign DNA is going to land if itrsquos taken up by the DNA of the recipient cells You also have no idea how it will interact with regulatory genes as well as the genes that code for various proteins
The success rate for all application of genetic engineering is vanishingly small Thatrsquos why they use antibiotic resistance genes as markers to see if the intended transfer occurred So along with genes they seek to insert theyrsquore injecting genes for antibiotic resistance Those cells that didnrsquot take up the foreign DNA wonrsquot survive antibiotic treatment Additionally theyrsquore injecting promoter sequences usually from viruses that facilitate the disabling of genetic regulation in the host organism and therefore facilitate the invasion of the host cells DNA by foreign DNA
Why isnrsquot opposition to genetically engineered foods in the US as vigorous as in other countries
Thomas Schweiger who worked for Greenpeace in Europe has a chapter in the book where he addresses this question He outlines eight or nine reasons why Europeans are more concerned than people in the US
First the industry has succeeded in keeping this issue out of the media here In the summer of 1999 only one-third of the people surveyed in US supermarkets knew that there were genetically engineered products currently in our food supply People just donrsquot know whatrsquos going on It has to do with corporate control of the media Food and science writers have been intensely lobbied to keep genetic engineering out of the public eye There are also significant differences in attitudes about food in general here in the US Americans have become used to the idea of food as an industrial product Food is an area where new products come along that have new and interesting properties that people are interested in and want to check out So in a manner of speaking peoplersquos resistance is down
Besides in Europe mad cow disease dioxin contaminated chicken feed and other scandals have made it clear to people that those who regulate the food system canrsquot be trusted to ensure a safe food supply We have had many such cases here but people seem to have a short memory Yet despite all this the US perspective on genetically engineered foods is beginning to change
httpwwwzmagorgZNEThtm
I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES IN THE PRESENT TENSE
USE auxiliars ldquoDO DOESrdquo or verbs ldquoIS ARErdquo
USE personal pronouns when necessary
1 A What type of degrees _____ Tokar hold
B He______ a degree in biology and biophysics (hold)
2 A What kind of activities _______Mr Tokar carry out
B He _____ a social activist
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)
B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)
4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve
B It __________ changing DNA
5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer
B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)
6 A What _______ plasmids
B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes
7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells
B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses
8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are
coated
with DNA (shoot)
B _______ it
9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners
(bring)
B Yes _____ ______
10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)
B The media _______ most of the work
II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER
1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)
____________________________________________________________________
2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the
latest molecular biology techniques refers to
____________________________________________________________________
3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages
____________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of
____________________________________________________________________
5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a
____________________________________________________________________
6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic
manipulation terms
____________________________________________________________________
7 fat some or cells sugars store
____________________________________________________________________
8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans
____________________________________________________________________
9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the
____________________________________________________________________
10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of
organisms
____________________________________________________________________
III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE
1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering
called Redesigning Life
2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board
members
3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not
trustful
4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses
5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE
has continued to influence theorists and activists
6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true
genetic manipulation
7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically
engineered foods
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE
1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits
__________________________________________________________________
3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves
__________________________________________________________________
4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart
__________________________________________________________________
6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard
_________________________________________________________________
7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru
__________________________________________________________________
V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
James was sick Ann was TOO
Peter had a stroke I did TOO
The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO
1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I
________ _______
2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________
3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors
________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 A ______ he _______ any hobbies (have)
B Yes he _______ He _______ an organic garden (keep)
4 A What ________ genetic engineering involve
B It __________ changing DNA
5 A What ______ the methods for gene transfer
B Scientists _____ biological and electromechanical methods (use)
6 A What _______ plasmids
B They _______ small loops of DNA outside their main chromosomes
7 A What ______ scientists use to get foreign genes into mammalian cells
B _____ ______ genetically engineered viruses
8 A The gene gun _______ high speed projectiles of gold or tungsten that are
coated
with DNA (shoot)
B _______ it
9 A This new technology definitively _______ uncertainties in different manners
(bring)
B Yes _____ ______
10 A How _______ Europeans ______ to avoid genetically engineered foods (do)
B The media _______ most of the work
II PUT THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER
1 food genetically is modified unnatural (GM)
____________________________________________________________________
2 created for The GM term human or animal consumption crop plants with the
latest molecular biology techniques refers to
____________________________________________________________________
3 GM foods are some of the what of advantages
____________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of
____________________________________________________________________
5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a
____________________________________________________________________
6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic
manipulation terms
____________________________________________________________________
7 fat some or cells sugars store
____________________________________________________________________
8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans
____________________________________________________________________
9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the
____________________________________________________________________
10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of
organisms
____________________________________________________________________
III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE
1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering
called Redesigning Life
2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board
members
3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not
trustful
4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses
5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE
has continued to influence theorists and activists
6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true
genetic manipulation
7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically
engineered foods
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE
1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits
__________________________________________________________________
3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves
__________________________________________________________________
4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart
__________________________________________________________________
6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard
_________________________________________________________________
7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru
__________________________________________________________________
V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
James was sick Ann was TOO
Peter had a stroke I did TOO
The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO
1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I
________ _______
2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________
3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors
________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
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about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
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THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Cell a proteins the basic building materials are of
____________________________________________________________________
5 limited number of genes PLASMIDS with are small rings DNA of a
____________________________________________________________________
6 or genetic engineering are genetic modification equivalent three genetic
manipulation terms
____________________________________________________________________
7 fat some or cells sugars store
____________________________________________________________________
8 chromosomes 23 cells of possess two sets of different humans
____________________________________________________________________
9 product food Americans have an idea of as industrial the
____________________________________________________________________
10 genetically engineered moratorium release suggested a he on the of
organisms
____________________________________________________________________
III COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
USE WHICH WHO WHERE WHOSE
1 Tokar is the person ______ has written a book on genetic engineering
called Redesigning Life
2 The Edmonds Institute is an organization ________ Tokar is one of his board
members
3 Those _______ regulate the media to cover the cons of genetic engineering are not
trustful
4 GE uses artificially constructed parasitic genetic elements ______ include viruses
5 Tokar _______ book has helped us to deeply understand the future problems of GE
has continued to influence theorists and activists
6 Human cloning _______ is a type of genetic engineering it is not the same as true
genetic manipulation
7 The US is the country ______ there is more consumption of genetically
engineered foods
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE
1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits
__________________________________________________________________
3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves
__________________________________________________________________
4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart
__________________________________________________________________
6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard
_________________________________________________________________
7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru
__________________________________________________________________
V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
James was sick Ann was TOO
Peter had a stroke I did TOO
The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO
1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I
________ _______
2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________
3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors
________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV MAKE ONE SENTENCE USING WHO WHICH WHERE WHOSE
1 Genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies They are being used to
change the genetic makeup of cells
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2 Genes are the chemical blueprints They determine an organism traits
__________________________________________________________________
3 Genetic engineering has the power to change us It can change ourselves
__________________________________________________________________
4 The oldest complete human body was found in the Alp Its internal organs skin
and eyes were preserved in the ice
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5 A cardiologist is a doctor He deals with the functioning of the heart
__________________________________________________________________
6 Tokar lives in rural Vermont There he teaches at the Institute for Social Ecology
and Goddard
_________________________________________________________________
7 We still can find non-GM food Some countries in the world for example Peru
__________________________________________________________________
V COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ldquoTOOrdquo FOLLOWING THE PATTERN OF
THE EXAMPLE
James was sick Ann was TOO
Peter had a stroke I did TOO
The student understands the integumentary system very well I do TOO
1 Petra knows that genetically engineered products are in the supermarkets I
________ _______
2 Iacutem going to a conference I_______________________________
3 The General Practitioner was upset by his behavior The Directors
________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Caroline and I have a complete check- up once a year My family
_________________
5 I need a Yellow Fever Vaccination We ________________________
6 The nurse worked in the X-ray department last year He
_______________________
7 People seem to have a short memory I _____________________________
8 I only trust those who always say the truth She _______________________
9 In Peru doctors only prescribe medicines In Colombia ____________________
10 The Junior Doctor is staying for the surgery The Senior Doctor
_________________
SESSION 2
Essay On The Benefits of Medical Science MANISH RAJKOOMAR
Researches in medical science have benefited mankind immensely Medical science provides remedies cures and safeguards man against various diseases Different countries have different systems of medicine Ayurveda Homeopathy Acupuncture Acupressure etc are becoming popular today
Diseases like cholera polio malaria pox etc have almost been eradicated Once considered incurable diseases like cancer and tuberculosis can be cured today Organ transplants brain surgeries use of artificial limbs and organs genetic engineering and cloning can be done easily Medical science also lays emphasis on cleanliness and a balanced diet It has its negative sides also but those can be taken care of In fact medical science has made life healthier happier and longer than before
Man always wishes to remain healthy The saying Health is wealth is absolutely true Medical science has been of great help to man against various diseases Medical science has helped in the proper working of the human machine
Man has been suffering from various diseases since time immemorial He has done intensive research to find cures and remedies for those diseases This gave birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world These are the Egyptian system the Chinese system the Indian system (Ayurveda) the German system (Homeopathy) and the Western system (Allopathy) Homeopathy is based on the principle like cures like Allopathy is based on the principle opposite cures opposite Acupuncture the method of pricking skin or tissues with needles for treatment of various diseases was developed by the Chinese Ayurveda Homeopathy and Acupuncture are becoming popular today
In the last few decades medical science has made rapid progress Medicinal and surgical treatments have developed very fast Diseases such as small pox
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
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FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
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B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
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8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
chickenpox polio plague malaria etc have now almost been eradicated Many other diseases have been controlled through immunization Open heart surgeries organ transplants brain surgeries treatment of deadly diseases like cancer tuberculosis etc have all become possible Internal tumors and stones which were considered incurable a few years back can now be cured
Hidden diseases in the body can be diagnosed easily with the help of X-rays Gamma radiations are used for the treatment of cancer Eye disorders can be corrected with lenses and spectacles By surgical operations eyesight can now be given back to a visually challenged person and power of hearing to a hearing impaired person In a medical breakthrough in 2007 doctors at All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi used one cornea to provide sight to three patients
Blood transfusions can give new life to those who are dying of wounds or suffering from any other ailment caused by blood loss The year 2007 witnessed an another important breakthrough in medical science It can make all humans universal donors Danish scientists have converted A B and AB blood types into O O is the universal donor blood group which can be given to anyone in need of a blood transfusion This breakthrough could potentially mean the end of blood shortages
Giving artificial limbs and organs are now increasingly becoming common Painless and even bloodless operations are carried out without difficulty Laser surgery enables surgeons to operate without ripping open the body Scientists Laser surgery enables cloning animals
The first test tube baby was born in August 1978 in America Blood banks and sperm banks have been established The application of genetic engineering works wonders Many incurable genetic and other diseases can be cured by the process of genetic engineering Advances in medical science have resulted in increase of life span and use of contraceptives is responsible for decline in birth rate
AIDS is still an incurable disease Medical scientists are trying to find out a cure against this dreaded disease Studies have been made on molecular level to control the disease Tests like ELISA kit Particle Agglutination Test (PAT) are used to detect AIDS Nowadays ready-to-use diagnostic kits are available for detecting diseases like malaria hepatitis etc These kits help one to detect diseases at the early stages of infection Such kits are also available for pregnancy detection for checking the sensitive allergens and for measuring blood levels of various substances
Forensic science deals with the application of medical science to tackle legal issues It helps in identifying the cause of death by autopsy Technique of DNA fingerprinting is frequently used for tracing and identifying criminals This branch of medical science is helpful in solving crimes and murder mysteries Researches in medical science have brought forth the necessity and importance of a balanced diet A diet is balanced if it contains nutrients like carbohydrates fats vitamins proteins and minerals in the right proportion A balanced diet helps one to remain healthy and free from diseases Sometimes a persons regular diet may be deficient in some important nutrient Multivitamin pills tablets etc are available to help overcome such deficiencies
In earlier times a general physician treated diseases afflicting any part of the body Today specialists and super-specialists are available for treatment of different diseases They are dentists The specialists have a better knowledge about the organs they deal with
FMH USMP
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Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
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Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Progress in medical science has led to certain social evils too The sex-determination test is being misused for female feticide Cloning and euthanasia have created a serious moral dilemma But these can be taken care of by man himself Excessive and indiscriminate use of medicines for simple diseases like fever headache etc should be avoided
Medical science has thus proved a boon to mankind It has lengthened life It has helped man to fight diseases It has made life healthier and happier
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
I) FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PRESENT
PERFECT
USE ADVERBS WHEN NECESSARY
1 The different medical investigations _______________________ to eradicate
many mortal diseases (help definitively)
2 Because of poverty tuberculosis ___________________ (reappear lately)
3 Doctors ___________________ a lot of research to find the drugs to cure
polio chickenpox small pox etc (do)
4 In the last few decades Medicine ___________________ very fast (develop
greatly)
5 The intensive medical research to find cures and remedies
____________________
birth to different systems of medicine in different parts of the world (give)
6 Brain and heart surgery as well as transplantation of orthopaedic
limbs___________
____________ possible today (become all)
7 Patients ______________________ the power of hearing by using tiny devices
(recover)
8 An important breakthrough in Medicine is that scientists _____________________
A B and AB blood types into O (universal donors) (convert)
9 Donation of organs _____________________ the life of many people (save)
10 Laser surgery ___________________ a patient to go home a few hours after
the operation (enable even)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
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8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
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B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
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Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
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8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
FOR ndash SINCE
1 He ______________________ blood from his parents __________ he was a
little child (receive)
2 Life expectancy ______________________ the discovery of penicillin and
many other drugs (increase)
3 The Earth ____________________the devastation of its population ___________
the beginning of humanity (suffer)
4 The patient __________________ the TB ____________ several years (have)
5 Doctors ______________ the cure against AIDS _________ years without any
good results (look for)
6 _________ 1978 scientists ___________________unfertile mothers to have
their own babies (enable)
7 It is true that Euthanasia ___________________ a serious moral dilemma
______ the last century(create)
8 Medical discoveries _______________ life span _____ almost a century
(lengthen)
9 Medical Specialists __________________________ World War II (appear) 10Eye specialists in India ________________sight to patients_______ 2007
(provide)
SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD
June 16 2009 mdash Major challenges and opportunities will arise in the health sector in
the future Research in technology that can be applied to this sector is being carried
out by several UPC teams
Although sophisticated medical technology is already available in health systems in
developed countries further advances are constantly being made As a result of the
addition of medical nanotechnology to existing knowledge of molecular and cellular
biology it seems likely that new more personalized more accurate and more rapid
diagnostic techniques will be devised in the future as well as new treatments that are
also more personalized and promote regeneration of the organism
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
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THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Clearly as areas of research such as biomaterials or tissue engineering are
developed for use in regenerative medicine the range of opportunities will increase
dramatically Josep Anton Planell the director of the Institute for Bioengineering of
Catalonia (IBEC) which was formed by the UB the UPC and the Generalitat
(Government of Catalonia) and has its headquarters in Barcelona Science Park
considers that ldquoin the future it will be possible to design intelligent biomaterials that
when placed where damaged tissue needs to be regenerated will be able to stimulate
the stem cells to do what we want them to dordquo However more knowledge is needed
to perfect the process He states ldquoWe are beginning to understand which biochemical
biophysical or mechanical signals activate cells to regenerate tissue To be able to
intervene therefore we first need to be able to quantify and assess the signals that
generate the cell response and form a languagerdquo
These processes occur at the molecular level or involve very low intensity stimuli
However nanotechnology is contributing to the emergence of the tools needed to
study them Such technology includes lasers to identify the proteins expressed in the
cell membrane nanosensors that determine whether the cell is uptaking or excreting
an ion such as potassium or calcium biosensors to detect cancer markers and
atomic force microscopes that enable material to be handled on nanometre and
nanonewton scales In short a wide range of diagnostic systems have been designed
that can more accurately detect the physiology and localization of a specific disease
Basic Future Tenses
WILL GOING TO
USAGE
To speak about the future at the moment of speaking
When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true
If we are not so certain about the future we use will with expressions such as probably possibly I think I hope
USAGE
It is often used when the speaker wishes to draw a connection between present events situations or intentions and expected future events or situations
To Make a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation
STRUCTURE Subject + will + verb STRUCTURE Subject + to be + going to + verb
EXAMPLE The boy will get better soon EXAMPLE I am going to attend the patient
NOTE At the moment of making a decision use will Once you have made the
decision talk about it using going toExamples Ill call Dr Klopp to let her know
Sarah I need Dr Klopps number Im going to call him about the surgery
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
CHOOSE BETWEEN ldquoWILrdquoL OR ldquoGOING TOrdquo STRUCTURE
1 In accordance with the Health Ministry plan this sector ________________
(face) major challenges and opportunities
2 This technology _____________(identify) the proteins expressed in the cell
membrane
3 Anton Planell considers that is future it______________(be ) possible to
design intelligent biomaterials
4 These diagnostic systems __________________(detect) the physiology and
localization of a specific disease
5 Biomaterials and tissue engineering _________________(work) on
regenerative medicine
WRITE YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (ONLY ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH IDEA)
ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS AND USE THE FUTURE TENSE IN THE CORRECT WAY
You can use the following ideas
1Once I finish the second yearhellip
2Investigate more abouthellip
3Travel tohelliphellip
4Finish this semesterhelliphellip
5After my sixth yearhelliphellip
6Do (sth) with my familyhellip
7My jobhelliphellip
8 Postgraduate coursehellip
9 Specializationhellip
10 Have a recesshellip
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
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8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
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B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
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Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
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8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 4
THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages
When the Romans conquered Greece around 400 the knowledge and language of
both cultures merged resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment
and containment Medical records were chronicled by hand creating medical terms
and books
History
Much of the medical terminology we use today is attributed to Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine and Claudius Galen one of the most legendary doctors in the Roman Empire
Function
Medical terminology was created to identify the various anatomical structures diagnoses instruments procedures protocols and medications
Features
Medical terms and their roots correspond to their Greek and Latin etymology for example the word aural is derived from the Latin word auris (of or pertaining to the ear) and the word auto is derived from the Greek word aut-o (self)
Identification
Medical terminology is structured into three primary parts the word root the prefix and the suffix The word root is generally located in the middle of the word and signifies the basic meaning The prefix comes before the word root and identifies the meaning of the word by revealing further information about location and area of the body The suffix at the end of a word works as an inflectional ending that conveys definite
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
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8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
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Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
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The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
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be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
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My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
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features including the circumstances development and protocol regarding the condition
Considerations
Medical terminology also uses Greek and Latin adjectives or compounds to connect nouns verbs or combining forms The combining form o is mostly found after the prefix take Greek prefix mymys (muscle) and add the combining o form leaving us with myo If we add the Greek root word cardio (heart) and the suffix itis (inflammation) we have formed myocarditis a muscle layer of the heart that is inflamed
Expert Insight
Recognizing the Greek and Latin word origins is key to understanding medical terminology Many resources online provide free access to medical termsterminology however a lot of them withhold the origin of the terms The Chambers Classical Roots for Medics is a clear-cut guide to medical terminology and includes the structural breakdown and language etymology
Read more The History of Medical Terminology |
eHowcom httpwwwehowcomfacts_5142299_history-medical-terminologyhtmlixzz0bLcg5Ejw
PREFIXES ndash SUFFIXES
I IDENTIFY THE PREFIXES (P) ROOTS (R) AND SUFFIXES (S)
Write in the parenthesis ldquoPrdquo ldquoRrdquo or ldquoSrdquo to identify the prefix root or suffix
respectively
Write the correct meaning
MEANING EXAMPLES
1 Cardio ( ) ______________ endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis (inflammation of the lining the muscle layer the outer layer of the heart)
2 Bradytachy ( ) ______________ Bradycardia (ratelt60) tachycardia (rategt100)
3 Angio ( ) ______________ Angiography angiogram (X-ray of artery)
4 Venophlebo ( ) _____________ Venogram (X-ray of veins) phlebitis (inflammation of veins)
5 Hemo hemato ( ) _____________ hemoglobin 6 Micro ( ) ____________ microstomia (abnormally small mouth)
7 mega ( ) _____________ megacolon (abnormally large colon)
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8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
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IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
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THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Chole ( ) ___________Cholecystitis cholecystectomy (inflammation of removal of gallbladder)
9 Gastro ( ) ____________Gastritis Gastrectomy 10 Hepato ( ) ____________Hepatitis (inflammation of) hepatoma (tumor of) 11 stasis ( ) ____________Hemostasis (to stop bleeding) 12 cyte ( ) ____________Erythrocytes leucocytes (red white blood cells) 13 rrhea ( ) ____________Diarrhea 14 pathy ( ) ____________Encephalopathy neuropathy 15 plasia ( ) ____________Aplasia Hyperplasia II CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE PREFIXES
through ndash stop - without - below - outside
Prefix Example Meaning 1 ecto- ectopic pregnancy __________ the uterus 2 trans- transurethral __________ the urinary exit duct 3 sub- subclavian __________ the clavicle 4 an- anencephalic __________ brain 5 anti- antiemetic __________ vomiting III CHOOSE FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX AND EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF
THE SUFFIXES
headache - opening ndash protrusion - spitting - removal - abnormal condition
Suffix Example Meaning 1 ndashosis cyanosis ____________________ by which skin turns blue 2 -ostomy colostomy to make a permanent ______________ in colon 3 ndashalgia cephalgia a ________________ 4 ndashcele meningomyelocele _________________ of membranes and spinal cord 5 ndashotomy cholelithotomy _________________ of gall stones 6 ndash tripsy Cholelithotripsy _______________ gall stones with sound waves 7 ndash ptysis Hemoptysis _______________ blood from the lungs
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
IV ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1 The effect of an emetic drug is
a) Stop bleeding b) Induce vomiting c) Stop vomiting d) Stop diarrhea e) Kill bacteria
2 Introduction of a fiberoptic instrument through the abdominal wall for
diagnostic purposes is called a) sigmoidoscopy b) colonoscopy c) laparoscopy d) endoscopy e) colposcopy
3 Surgical removal of an inflamed gallbladder containing stones is termed a) cholelithiasis b) cholelithotomy c) cholelithotripsy d) cholecystectomy d) cholecystitis
4 Cirrhosis is a condition involving a) abnormal outpocketing of the large intestine b) inflammation of the small intestine c) constriction of the esophagus with a tumor d) difficulty swallowing d) degeneration of the liver
5 The guaiac test is used to determine the presence of a) Gallstones b) blood in the stool c) twisting of the small intestine d) appendicitis e) blood in vomit
6 You read in a medical report that a patient had a proctoscopic examination You conclude that the physician will be looking for among other possibilities a tumor in the
a)mouth b) colon c) rectum d) stomach e) gallbladder
7 Dysphagia is a term describing difficult painful or abnormal a) passing of stool b) emptying of the stomach c) swallowing d) passing gas (flatulence) e) chewing of food
8 A patient from a car accident has a swollen belly and the surgeon suspects
bleeding into the abdomen Heshe will puncture the belly and drain any fluid
looking for blood This procedure is termed a)laparotomy b) endoscopy c) thoracocentesis d) abdominocentesis e) colectomy
9 The following question has multiple word parts Take it apart piece by piece
Cholangioenterostomy describes a procedure that a) examines the interior of the gallbladder with a lighted fiberoptic instrument b) surgically creates an opening between the intestines and the abdominal wall c) surgically creates a passageway between the gallbladder duct to the intestine d) Involves X-rays showing the gallbladder draining into the intestine e) surgically removes gallstones through an opening in the abdomen
10 Pericarditis is a term describing inflammation of a) the inside lining of heart chambers b) the tough sac surrounding the heart c) the muscular layer of the heart d) a coronary artery e) a heart valve
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
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11 A physician who specializes in diagnosis of diseases of the heart is a called
a)Haematologist b) serologist c) pathologist d) cardiologist e) cardiovascular surgeon
12A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is termed
a) echocardiogram b) cardiac scan c) electrocardiogram d) cardiac catheterization e) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13Bradycardia is a term describing an
a) abnormally fast heart rate b) inflammation of heart muscle c) enlarged heart d) abnormally slow heart rate e) abnormally small heart
14 Which of the following cells gives the red colour to the blood
a) leucocytes b) erythrocytes c) melanocytes d) cenocytes e) phagocytes
15 Inflammation of veins is termed
a) lymphangitis b) hemangioma c) phlebitis d) arteritis e) angina
16 Permanent damage to heart muscle due to a blocked artery is termed
a) angina pectoris b) myocardial infarct c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) myocarditis
17 The medical technician who draws blood from a vein for laboratory tests is called a a) cardiologist b) hematologist c) phlebotomist d) radiologist e) serologist
18 A physician determines that the heart murmur (abnormal heart sound) in a patient is caused by narrowing of a heart valve passageway The term for this condition is a) ischemia b) prolapse c) regurgitation d) stenosis
FMH USMP
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
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about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
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3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
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My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
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e) angina 19 CHALLENGE QUESTION You will have to recall three different word parts
and then identify a term you have never been presented A hemangioma means a) blood found in spinal cord fluid b) blood found between the heart and the pericardial sac c) a tumor of heart muscle d) a tumor of blood vessels e) blood found between the skull and the brain
SESSION 5
Medscape Medical News
SECOND-GENERATION CT REDUCES ANGIOGRAPHY RADIATION DOSE
Jennifer Garcia
Feb 05 2013
SECOND GENERATION CT SCANNER FIRST GENERATION CT SCANNER
A new second-generation computed tomography (CT) scanner provides excellent image quality while significantly decreasing radiation exposure for patients undergoing coronary CT angiography according to a study led by Marcus Y Chen MD from the Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
The study findings were published online January 22 in Radiology
Patients older than 18 years referred for coronary CT angiography were consecutively and prospectively enrolled during a 12-week period from July to October 2012 A total
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
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Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
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My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
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of 107 consecutive CT examinations were performed using a new second-generation wide-volume 320ndashdetector row CT scanner The mean heart rate was 571 beats per minute (range 34 - 96 beats per minute) enabling singlendashheart beat scans in 100 (934) of the 107 examinations The control group consisted of previous patients (n = 100) who underwent coronary CT angiography using a first-generation 320ndashdetector row CT system between January and April 2010 Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups
Less Radiation Excellent Image
The researchers found that among those evaluated with the second-generation scanner the median radiation dose was 093 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 058 - 174 mSv) compared with 267 mSv (IQR 168 - 400 mSv) with the first-generation unit (P lt 0001) In 23 of the 107 patients (215) the radiation dose was less than 05 mSv and in 58 patients (542) the dose was less than 1 mSv More than 96 of patients received a radiation dose lower than 4 mSv The low dose achieved during CT angiography could be used to minimize overall radiation dose to the patient or to enable additional types of imaging (eg perfusion imaging) within reasonable radiation doses Dr Chen and colleagues write In addition a tube potential of 100 kV was used in 97 (906) single-volume acquisition was used in 104 (972) and prospective electrocardiographic gating was used in 106 (991) More than two thirds of the patients (664) examined with the second-generation scanner were overweight obese or morbidly obese The researchers note that despite the wide range of patient sizes and heart rates all scans were of diagnostic quality with 3 of 4 image-quality indexes appearing significantly better with the second-generation scanner The authors conclude [T]he combination of a gantry rotation time of 275 msec 16-cm cranial-caudal wide volume coverage iterative reconstruction automated exposure control and a larger x-ray power generator in the new second-generation 320ndashdetector row CT scanner provided excellent image quality over a wide range of body sizes and heart rates at lower radiation doses compared with previous-generation CT scanners In a telephone interview with Medscape Medical News James Brink MD chair of the American College of Radiology Commission on Body Imaging said One of the most challenging things we do is coronary CT angiography which may require prolonged exposure to obtain good images Increased heart rate and patient size are commonly problematic
Dr Brink notes that innovations such as the high generator capacity which allows for the lower tube potential as well as the rapid tube rotation which increases resolution at higher heart rates allow use of the second-generation scanner across a population of people All of these things converge to make this a very appealing technology because it combines the things that have been developed by other manufacturers and [puts] it all into one machine It remains unclear however how this particular CT scanner compares to others in its class when used for this application This paper is about implementing low-dose refinements on a wide-coverage fast-rotation CT scanner But it remains to be seen how these results will compare if similar features are implemented on scanners with
FMH USMP
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different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
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________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
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5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
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But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
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4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
different platforms such as a dual-source platform or a high-definition platform concluded Dr Brink Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health One of the study authors has a research agreement with Toshiba All other authors and the independent commentator have disclosed no relevant financial relationships
Radiology Published online January 22 2013 Abstract
PASSIVE VOICE
I IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SENTENCE WHETHER PASSIVE (P) OR ACTIVE (A)
1 Children received all their vaccinations ( ) 2 The doctor writes some long reports ( ) 3 Some x-rays are being studied by Dr Chen ( ) 4 Staphylococcus aureus was found in blood culture ( ) 5 Doctors have suggested a balanced diet ( )
II RE-READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY AND FIND SEVEN (7) SENTENCES IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE WRITE THEM AND UNDERLINE THE PASSIVE VOICE
1 __________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________
III PRESENT PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health develops a study about second-generation CT scanner
________________________________________________________________
2 Second-Generation CT diminishes angiography radiation dose
________________________________________________________________
3 Second-Generation CT provides excellent images
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
________________________________________________________________
4 A lot of people watch this interesting TV programme
________________________________________________________________
5 Researchers always exchange technological information
________________________________________________________________
IV PAST PASSIVE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The Institute of Health published the study findings
________________________________________________________________
2 The doctors enrolled for the study patients older than 18 years old
________________________________________________________________
3 The National Institute of Health provided the funding for the study
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical News interviewed with Dr Brink
________________________________________________________________
5 The media questioned the medical scientists
________________________________________________________________
V PRESENT PERFECT CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 The new second generation CT scanner has used old technology
_______________________________________________________________
2 Scientists have discovered a new vaccination
_______________________________________________________________
3 They have elected a new medical Director
_______________________________________________________________
4 The anaesthesiologist has reduced the dose to prevent any heart failure
________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
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COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 The School of Medicine has built a new Laboratory building
________________________________________________________________
VI WILL-FUTURE CHANGE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE 1 Patients will receive less radiation
________________________________________________________________
2 American manufacturers will sell this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
3 The investors will obtain millions of dollars with this new equipment
________________________________________________________________
4 Medscape Medical news will always have the last medical news
________________________________________________________________
5 The Junior doctor will not operate the patient because of his critical condition
________________________________________________________________
VII PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1 cured Alzheimeracutes disease be cannot
__________________________________________________
2 blood is Plasmapheresis the (x2) from used remove to antibodies
_________________________________________________________________
3 recommended a the low diet fat by was Nutritionist
_________________________________________________________________
4 also liver disorders disease can by be inherited caused
_________________________________________________________________
5 TB is the drug-resistant extensively called second
_________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
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____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
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THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
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If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
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Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
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My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
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SESSION 6 HOW DID MICROSCOPES GET INVENTED More than 400 years ago in Holland Zacharias Jansenn was in the business of grinding lenses for eyeglasses Some of his lenses made things look bigger He found that he could put two lenses together to make things look a LOT bigger So in about 1595 Zacharias built the first microscope (ldquoMicrordquo means ldquosmallrdquo ldquoScoperdquo means ldquoto seerdquo)
The first microscopes made things look 20 or 30 times
larger than they are This is enough to see the details
of some tiny plants and insects and animals that are
too small to see with just our eyesIf you want to get a
good look at really small things then you have here
for example the dust mite which is hundreds of times
larger than a real dust mite
(Arenacutet you glad dust mites are so
small you canacutet see them)
In the 1600rsquos another man who lived in Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek (ldquolay-you-
wen-hookrdquo) began to make microscopes as a hobby He was in the business of
selling cloth but he became very good at making microscopes His microscopes
could magnify an object up to 200 times
He collected things to look at ndashwater and plants and blood and dirt When he scraped
stuff off of his own teeth Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to see
bacteria
People kept finding new way to get bigger and clearer images from microscopes
Today a microscope that bends light with lenses can magnify up to 1500 times
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
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9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
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SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
But there are microscopes that can do better than that A microscope that bounces a
beam of electrons (electrons are parts of atoms) off an object can magnify up to
300000 times What we can see with an electron microscope is also clearer than
what we can see with a compound microscope
And there are other kinds of microscopes that can magnify things millions of times For example you can see atoms magnified 45 million times For further information you can visit Dennis Kunkel and appreciate many more microscopic photographs
A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE
There are different types of light microscopes
1 National model 185 This is the most basic microscope It has one eyepiece lens
and a single magnification power of 20X A young person will enjoy ___________
at bugs sand grains fabric weaves etc with this microscope (look)
2 National model 163 This is an advanced research grade microscope with two
eyepiece for the researcher and a third port on the top for _____________ a
camera (called a trinocular head) (mount)
3 Meiji inverted microscope model VT-B-2 This is an interesting biological
microscope that has the light on top and the objective lenses under the
stage Everything seems _________ be upside down (be)
4 Meiji metallurgical microscope model ML8000 This microscope has a top light
for reflected light observations They are used __________ at opaque samples at
high magnifications (look)
5 Meiji gemological microscope model GEMZ-5TR This stereo uses the same
head as the EMZ-5TR but has a special illumination system for ___________ at
gems and minerals (look)
6 A microscope that remains unused for a lengthy period of time can _____________
dust and debris from the air which is a condition that is only aggravated by
___________ the instrument uncovered (accumulate leave)
7 Dirt that is non-adherent may be removed from less delicate lens surfaces by gentle
_________ with a clean camelhair brush (brush)
8 One should never attempt ____________ the dust off lens surfaces with a strong
breath because doing so risks _____________ the lens surface with droplets of
saliva that can mix with dirt to produce an abrasive slurry (blow spray)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 While it is often suggested that a regular maintenance schedule be followed at
periodic intervals the necessity for __________ is dictated by the use of the
instrument (clean)
10 Delicate components should only be cleaned when necessary as most scratches
and other damage to optical surfaces result from improper attempts
______________ them (clean)
11 Following proper procedures in the use of immersion oil will significantly ease the
task of _____________ the oil from microscope components before it causes
damage (remove)
12 With most microscopes the objective that requires __________ is most easily
accessed by ____________ the lens turret to position the objective toward the
front of the microscope (clean swing)
13 Immersion oil is most safely removed _________ only lens tissue without
___________ any solvents (use employ)
14 Lens cleaning paper that is specifically for use on high quality optics must be
employed and each tissue discarded immediately to avoid inadvertently
__________ contaminated tissues on the objective (reuse)
15The procedure of _____________ on and ____________ the objective front lens
should be repeated several times with a new tissue each time (breath wipe)
16 Extreme care must be exercised in ___________ solvents to components that
may be irreparably damaged if solvent migrates into internal areas (apply)
17 Medicine students never stop _____________ with microscopes (work)
18 Microscopes always seem ___________ cleaned (be)
19 You should never forget _____________ your microscope (clean)
20 A first-year medical student canacutet afford __________ a brand new microscope
(pay)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 7
APPLIED BIONICS
In 1934 the first artificial heart lung machine began operation As a bionic device it
served as a temporary substitute while a patient was in surgery or having short term
treatment
The next bionic device was the artificial heart valve a synthetic replacement for
defective heart valves Today some people have as many as three of these valves
Another bionic device is the electronic pacemaker that is implanted in the body to aid
the beating of the heart Some pacemakers will function for years before the batteries
need changing
What is bionics It a relatively young science having been defined in about 1960
Bionics scientists contribute their knowledge of living systems together for example
with the knowledge of an engineer to produce devices or machines that emulate life
In 1954 a turning point in medical history resulting from applied bionics was the first
ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery done in Minneapolis Minnesota by Dr CW Lillehei
Mr Liliheiacutes techniques for the first time allowed the patient to be operated upon while
blood was supplied to the patient from an adjacent donor Today ldquoopen heartrdquo
surgery using more sophisticated methods and bionic devices is common in the
United States
Significant technological advances such as those already mentioned have
encouraged scientists to develop the artificial heart Early in 1983 in its first use by a
human patient a medical team at the university of Utah Medical Center replaced the
failing heart of Dr Barney Clarck with a mechanical pump Clarck a retired dentist
was sixty-one years old when his diseased heart was replaced by a Jarvik-7
Life-like or bionic machines have existed for centuries The development of tools by
manacutes ancestors is a good example of application of bionics to extend human
capabilities Modern bionics research is especially involved in prosthetics devices
that substitute for or replace lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and
eyes
Recent advances in electronics have enabled scientists to make better use of
electrical impulses in the control of prosthetic devices One interesting research
project is the development of an artificial eye in which video signals are translated into
light patterns that are sent into nerve receptors in the patient
The future for applied bionics appears to be promising Existing bionic devices will
become smaller faster and more effective The articial heart used for D Barney Clarl
is only one of experimental replacement devices It is likely to be joined in the future
by replacements for other internal systems or organs Bionic livers stomachs and
lungs are not impossibilities
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS USING INFORMATION FROM THE
READING
1two useful bionic devices are the artificial heart __________ and the
______________ used to aid the beating of the heart
2 The first artificial heart-lung machine began operation in ______________
3 Dr Lilehei performed the first __________________ ____________________
surgery in Menneapolis Minnesota
4 In 1983 at the University of _________________ Medical Center a_______ ___
____________ the diseased _____________ of Dr Barney Clark
5 ________________ are devices used to replace or substitute for lost or
____________ body parts
6 An artificial eye experiment used ____________signals that are translated into
____________ _____________ and send into nerve _______________ in a patient
TRUE amp FALSE
______ The first ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was done by Dr barney Clark
______ A pacemaker can replace a heartbeat
______ Bionics is a relatively new science
______ A tool used by man is a type of bionic machine
______ Bionic scientists often work together as teams
______ Electrical impulses can be used in the control of prosthetic devices
______ Dr Barney Clark invented a new kind of mechanical heart pump
______ Future bionic devices will be smaller and more effective
______ Today many people have bionic livers stomachs and lungs
______ ldquoopen heartrdquo surgery was first attempted by a team of bionics doctors in 1934
WORK STUDY
Synonyms
Form column B select the word equivalent in meaning to those in column A
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Temporary a Hopeful
2 Artificial b System
3 Function c Explain
4 Solve d Power
5 Allow e Transient
6 Method f Permit
7 Amaze g Synthetic
8 Imitate h Astonish
9 Promising i work
10 capability j copy
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PREPOSITIONS AND THEN CHECK
YOUR ANSWERS BY REFERRING TO PARAGRAPHS 7 AND 8 OF THE
READING
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Life-like or bionic machines have existed _______ centuries The development
_______ tools _______ manacutes ancestors is a good example _______- the application
______ bionics ______ extend human capabilities Modern bionics research is
especially involved________ prosthetics-devices that substitute ______ or replace
lost or malfunctioning body parts such as arms legs and eyes Recent advances
________ electronics have enabled scientists ________ make better use ______
electrical impulses __________ the control _______ prosthetic devices One
interesting research project is the development _______ an artificial eye _______
which video signals are translated ______ light patterns that are sent _________
nerve receptors __________ the patient
COMPARATIVES
1 The woman is much __________ her husband (young)
2 Itrsquos a __________ day _____ yesterday at the hospital (warm)
3 The medicines in the drugstore are __________ _____ the one ones in the
supermarket (reliable)
4 The maxillofacial surgery in Spain is __________ _____ in Peruacute (expensive)
5 Geriatrics Program of Dr Perez is __________ _____ the old one (long)
6 Mrs Jones is a __________ teacher ____ Mr Andrews (good)
7 His doctorrsquos office is __________ _____ Helenrsquos (near)
8 The traffic in Surco is _______________ it was last year (noisy)
9 Dr Lizbeth Schader has a __________ life _____ I have (busy)
10 Todayacutes exam was _______________ _____ last yearrsquos exam (difficult)
11 Ambulance drivers in this country are _______________________ _____
drivers in my country (skilled)
12 Shersquos __________ _____ her sister (hard working)
13 Michael is __________ _____ than Mathew (absent-minded)
14 The students ask _______________ questions _____ they did before (intelligent)
15 Her second abstract is _______________ _____ her first one (interesting)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 Our hospital ___________ than theirs (big)
2 Iacutem ____________ than my patient (strong)
3 Lung cancer is ____________ than colorectal cancer (frequent)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 Electrical medical equipments are usually _____________ in America than in
Britain (cheap)
5 Surgical instrument is usually ______________ in Britain than in America
(expensive)
6 This surgeon is _________ than the one I saw yesterday (tall)
7 This towel is _______ than the one the nurse gave you last time (wet)
8 Your needle is ____________ than Peterrsquos (thin)
9 These paper towels are ___________ than the others (dark)
10 Melisaacutes stethoscope is ___________ than Leorsquos (new)
11 The receptionist isnacutet ____________ than the patient (short)
12 Keithacutes wheelchair is __________ than Susannersquos (old)
13 Dr Zambranoacutes cuff is __________ than yours (cheap)
14 This bandage is __________ than he did (bad)
15 Mr Zegarra is _____________ than Mr Daniels (fat)
MORE COMPARATIVES
1 The under arm crutch isn`t ______________ than the forearm crutch
(comfortable)
2 Helenacutes batroom scale is _________________ than Suzanrsquos (accurate)
3 This medicine book is ______________________ than yours (expensive)
4 In bed patients are _______________________ than out patients (demanding)
5 Zoila is_______________ than Helen (studious)
6 This year the exams are _______________________ than last year (difficult)
7 The X-ray department is ____________________than Emergency Department
(clean)
8 Lectures in this hospital are ________________ than in 2 de Mayo hospital
(interesting)
9 Now Students in Lima are _______________________ yesterday (responsible)
10 Shifts in this hospital are __________________ than in Rebagliatiacutes (long)
SESSION 9
NEONATOLOGY
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
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about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
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9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
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If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
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WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning ndashthe first hours after
birth Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that
treating a new born baby like a small child is not the best procedure This is
especially true of ldquohigh risk babiesrdquo a term applied to babies that are premature
underweight or born with major organic defects They need immediate imaginative
intensive care and and observation not only for survival but also to help circumvent
physical problems which may affect the infant for life Out of this requirement has
developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology which is concerned with the
first three months of life
Dozen of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn
intensive care units directed by neonatologist and employing equipment and
techniques devised specifically for tiny patients One of the greatest aids in these
units is an ldquo isolette ldquo ndash an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with
portholes for sterile access to the baby Inside the isolette sensors placed on the
infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut The sensor automatically
regulate and record the temperature humidity and oxygen in this ldquoartificial wombrdquo as
well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant
In hospital with newborn intensive care units specialists are ready to use their skills
as the need arises They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications
For example if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of
18 or over the age of 40 is undernourished or obese has diabetes heart or kidney
trouble or Rh negative blood the neonatologist are advised The neonatologist often
attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician and then rushes the newborn infant
into his special care unit There within a few minutes the baby is tested examined
thoroughly and made ready for treatment for surgery if needed
The most common cause of infant deaths is prematurity In some hospital it is not
unusual to find eight or nine ldquopreemiesrdquo (premature infants) in the special care unit at
one time Dr David Abramson pioneer neonatologist at Georgetown University
Hospital in Washingtonn DC has treated one ldquopreemierdquo that weighted only 054
kilos but which survived Most of his special patients weight between 13 and 19
kilos
In addition to the technical advances the health of the infant depends on an ageless
ingredient-love Nurses are essential members of baby-saving teams Their job is to
rock to feed and fondle the very small patients In some hospitals there is also the
ldquograndmothersacute brigaderdquo volunteer women who come into the special care unit to
provide loving care for the tiny patients Even at this age doctors find that lack of love
has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies As the
number of neonatologist and special care centers has increased the survival rate for
high ndash risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 percent a few years
ago to an impressively high 90 percent today Doctors think that the 90 percent could
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
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SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a
neonatologist
In some hospital teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with
portable isolettes which are carried by airplane helicopter or ambulance Treatment
is started immediately much as with adult stroke victims ldquoIt is very satisfying to
knowrdquo says Dr Robert Allen of the University of Utah Hospital ldquothat helping one of
these tiny people over a rough spot is probably helping someone to 80 or more years
to healthful useful liferdquo
Answer the following questions based on information found in the reading
1 What are ldquohigh ndashrisk babiesrdquo
2 What is the most critical time in the life of a human
3 What is neonatology
4 What is the importance of isolate in neonatology
5 What function do the sensors perform
6 What is the most common cause of infant deaths
7 Besides technical advances what else is needed for the health of an infant
8 What is the ldquograndmothersrsquo brigade What is their job
9 What is the current survival rate for high ndashrisk babies How is it compare with
the rates a few years ago
10 What enables some hospitals to respond to emergencies involving high-risk
babies
WORD STUDY
Give the noun form of the following adjectives Check them up in your dictionary
some words may have more than one noun form each with a different meaning
Examples humid ndash humidity Skeletal ndash skeleton
TRUE amp FALSE
Place + if the sentence is true O if false then correct the false sentences to make
them true
____ 1 Doctors have recently discovered that newborn babies should be treated as
small children
____ 2 The isolette functions as an artificial womb
____ 3 Organic defects are the most common cause of infant deaths
____ 4rdquoHigh-risk babiesrdquo need intensive care and observation to help avoid
longlasting physical problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
____ 5rdquoPreemiesrdquo is another term for pre-medical students who plan to become
neonatologists
____ 6 Special teams of doctors are assigned to feed rock and fondle ldquohigh-risk
babiesrdquo
____ 7 Portable isolettes make emergency treatment of high-risk babies possible
____8 The survival rate for high risk babies is increasing in the US
____ 9 Portholes in solettes allow a doctor to regulate the body temperature and
oxygen supply of an infant
___10 Helicopters are sometimes used to provide emergency treatment for high-risk
babies
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SUPERLATIVES
1 This is __________________ lab coat Iacuteve ever seen (large)
2 This is ______________ bandage of all the class (good)
3 These procedures are ____________ of all (easy)
4 Gelatine capsules are _____________ of all (soft)
5 This tablet is the _______________ of all the ones in the first aid kit (hard)
6 Your stethoscopeacutes flexible tube is _____________ of the class (short)
7 This mattress is ________________of the hospital (heavy)
8 Paulacutes lab coat is _________________ of the class (dirty)
9 Your gloves are the _______________ of the group (clean)
10 This bunser burner is _______________ of the table (hot)
11 To operate on a living cell with even the __________ ___________ scalpel would
be like slicing onions with a chain saw (small sharp)
12 Mr Zegarra is Dr Alzamoraacutes _____________ patient (fat)
13 This is the ________________________ bedpans of all (brilliant)
14 These residents are __________________________ of the hospital (intelligent)
15 My auditorium is _________________________ of the city (comfortable)
16 This test tube is __________________________ of all (colourful)
17 Dr Lewis is _____________________ resident in the hospital (careful)
18 The assistants are helping the ___________________ residents on call
(careless)
19 This is _____________________ wound Irsquove ever seen (dangerous)
20 White cells are ___________________ cells in the body (colourless)
21 In surgical ward cases are ________________ than in paediatric guard
(interesting)
WRITE THE SUPERLATIVES amp COMPARATIVES
1 Dr Ramos the ophthalmologist is (busy)____________ doctor of the hospital
2 The blouse she is wearing today is (pink) ___________ of the class
3 This city needs (big) ____________ hospital of the country
4 Your problem seems to be (serious)________________ of all
5 Children seem(curious) _______________ than adolescents
6 Football gets you (active) ________________ and energetic than Golf
7 Peruvian food is (salty)_____________ than Japanese food
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 Those blak puppies look (cute) _____________ than the white ones
9 This brand of candy is (sweet) ____________ of all
10 Angelina Jolie is (pretty) ______________ than Barbara Streisand
11 Big busses go (slow) _______________ than small ones
12 I wish Iacuted been (adventurous) _____________ than you
13 Llamasacutes skin is (soft) _______________ than horseacutes
14 Many artists look (young) __________________ than they are
httpwwweflnetcomtutorialsadjcompsupphp
SESSION 10
ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM
Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people Rheumatic fever for example is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60 However the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis To some degree it affects nearly all older adults causing swelling pain and stiffness in joints Treatment may include heat exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation
Besides osteoarthritis many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become less dense more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures especially of the hipbone Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory perception of the elderly Cataracts are created when the lens of the eye - or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks and interferes with vision Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss most severe in the high-pitched tones The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age Source Tiersky EM (1992) The Language of Medicine in English Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall pp 39-44
Questions A Answer True or False to the following statements 1 Rheumatic fever is a viral infection ________ 2 Osteoporosis is the most common arthritic disease __________ 3 Elderly peoples senses are less acute than when they were younger________ 4 Cataracts are transparent ________ 5 Three terms associated with osteoporosis are dense porous and brittle___________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
B Please complete the following sentences by choosing the most correct term (s) 1 Osteoarthritis is an example of aan __________________ disease a) infectious b) incurable c) noninfectious
2 A condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement is called ______________ a) rheumatoid arthritis b) osteoporosis c) rheumatism
3 As mentioned in this article sensory perception of the elderly relates to ___________ a) sight hearing and touch b) taste smell and hearing c) hearing smell taste and sight
4 ______________ primarily affects younger people while rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes ___________ between the ages of 20 and 60 a) Rheumatic fever women b) Osteoporosis hearing loss c) Cataracts males
DIALOGUE
Feeling Queasy
Nurse Good morning Mr Adams How are you doing today Patient Horrible I cant eat anything I just feel sick to my stomach Take the tray away
Nurse Thats too bad Ill just put this over here for now Have you felt queasy for very long Patient I woke up during the middle of the night I couldnt get back to sleep and now I feel terrible
Nurse Have you been to the toilet Any diarrhea or vomiting Patient Ive been to the toilet twice but no diarrhea or vomiting Perhaps I should drink something Can I have a cup of tea
Nurse Certainly Ill get you a cup immediately Would you like black tea or peppermint tea Patient Peppermint please Do you think I could have another blanket Im so cold I think Im getting the chills
Nurse Heres an extra blanket Let me tuck you in Patient Youre so sweet What is your name
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Nurse My name is Alice Ill be on shift during the day for the next few days Patient Hello Alice My name is Jack Nice to meet you
Nurse Lets get you feeling better Jack Is there anything else I can get for you Patient Thats alright I think a cup of tea and a warm blanket should help
Nurse OK Ill be back as soon as the tea is ready Patient Thank you
COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE WITH MODALS MAYMIGHT CANCOULD
Paul John P Hey look at that What is it
J I think itrsquos a racing car
P Yeah it ________ be Who do you think itrsquos by
J Mmm it _________ be a Ferrari it looks like one Therersquos some information there
What does it say
P Err hellip yes yoursquore right itrsquos by Ferrari
Dr Allen Nurse
Dr ___________ you help me (=request)
N Of course Dr What do you need
Dr Look Now Dr Tevez and me ___________could go to the Seminar since today
at evening You have to be extremely careful with the patients (=possibility)
N _________ I go home now for my clothes right now (=permission)
Dr Im not sure You ________ be need to wait the next nurse replacement
(=possibility)
EXERCISES FILL IN THE BLANKS USING MAY MIGHT COULDCAN
1 _________you please pass me the syringe over there
2 When Dr Alven was young he___________ operate all night long
3 __________ speak german
3 You _________ at least come with us to Anatomyrsquos Room donacutet you think
5 He ___________ drive but he sits as the copilot of the Ambulance
6 In Vertello clinic patients___________ now check their personal information by
computer
7 Nowadays people ________ travel very easily all over Europe
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
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5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
8 ________ you please let me know the results of my exams for tomorrow afternoon
9 I donrsquot know yet but I_________ come with you after all
10 Children ________ enter with toys to the doctorrsquos office
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH umlSHOULDuml OR ldquoSHOULDNacuteTrdquo
1 You _________ speak English in class as much as possible
2 Your father __________ smoke in bed because the smoke stays in the environment when
he falls asleep
3 John ____________ buy things he doesnacutet eat
4 We ___________ be more patient with this kind of clients
5 You ___________ exercise too much at the beginning of an exercise program
6 You ____________ have an exercise routine
7 Exercise _________ be part of your regular schedule if you want to feel healthier
8 A nurse who works making visits to elderly ______________ be cranky
GIVING ADVICE
1 Your sister needs to lose weight to avoid high cholesterol levels in blood
2 Your friend wants to stop smoking
3 In Lima hospitals we need doctors good at languages
4 Johny usually suffers from headaches
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 Lesly canacutet read well the medicine insert
6 Mary felt a bump in her right breast
SHOULD
Match with the correct answer
1 A bad headache a Drink some orange juice
2 a sore throat bTake some aspirin
3 a backache c get some medicine from the drugstore
4 a cough dTake some vitamin C
5 a toothache e Donrsquot lift anything heavy
6 a fever f See the doctor
7 a burn g Go to bed and rest
8 the flu h See the dentist
i Donrsquot exercise
j Drink lots of liquids
k Put some lotion on it
l Donrsquot drink a lot of coffee
SESSION 11
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic substances the body needs It cannot make vitamins and no
single food contains all the vitamins that the body needs As a result the body must
get its vitamins from a variety of foods
Needed only in a very small amounts vitamins perform many complex functions
They help to regulate the body processes promote growth and aid in the general
upkeep of the body When the body does not have enough of a certain vitamin the
condition is called a vitamin-deficiency disease
Vitamins are divided into two major groups Vitamins AD E and K are called the fat-
soluble vitamins These vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissue of the body
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Vitamins that dissolve in water called water-soluble are not stored in the body As a
result the body uses only as much of them as it needs and it excretes the excess in
the urine The water-soluble group includes vitamin C and B-complex vitamins such
as riboflavin
Each vitamin has specific jobs If you have low levels of certain vitamins you may develop a deficiency disease For example if you dont get enough vitamin D you could develop rickets Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems Vitamin A prevents night blindness The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods In some cases you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health
HOMEWORK
1 Mention some food sources for each of the vitamins of the picture ( at least 4)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
2 Make questions where the underlined words or phrases of the text are the answers
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
MUST
Match with the correct answer
1Hersquos broken his leg a It must be the nursersquos
2The Hospital is huge b You must be very tired
3Yoursquove had a long day c He must be in terrible pain
4I canrsquot find my stethoscope d It must be worth a fortune
5Whose is this uniform e It must be here somewhere
6We mustnrsquot make so much noise f I have a lot of other things to do
7I mustnrsquot wait anymore time on this g Itrsquos confidential for the moment
8You mustnrsquot tell him the result h Wersquoll wake up the patients
9I have to operate this evening i Health and safety regulations
10Everyone has to wear safety shoes in
here
j So I canrsquot come with you
Fill in the blanks with should shouldnt should have shouldnt have dont
have to doesnt have to must mustnt must have
1We _____________ hurry home I think it would be better and safer
2 We ___________brought an umbrella We could have walked in the rain
3 We ___________ stand under a tree Itrsquos too dangerous
4 We ___________ pay very much I think 5 dollars will be enough
5 He ___________studied a lot today
6 He ___________ rest a little before supper It would do him good
7 He __________ study so hard he knows his lessons very well
8 You __________ got up so late
9 You __________take a bus Irsquoll drive you to school
10You __________ go to bed earlier at night Youd feel more relaxed in the
morning
HAVE TOMUST (affirmative amp negative)
1 If you feel well you __________________ to see the doctor
2 In Peru most schoolchildren _______________ a uniform
3 You ____________ to work on holidays
4 We have a lot of work tomorrow You ___________ be late
5 You ____________ tell anyone what Iacuteve just told you Itacutes a secret
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
6 During the week the entrance to the museums is free you ________ pay to
get in
7 John is a millionaire he ______________ have to work
8 I ________________to do my washing because my mother do it for me
9 You ________________smoke inside the faculty
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS
1 If you experience any colonic polyp symptoms you ________ schedule an
appointment to be examined by your doctor (advice)
2 Guillian Barre syndrome can cause severe complication that ________ be life
threatening such as respiratory failure (possibility)
3 Some triggers for Guillian Barre may be infections with campylobacter or influenza
virus pneumonia and HIV (strong possibility)
4 Related abnormalities including spinal stenosis and spinal cord compression
_________be treated when they cause problems (advice)
SESSION 12
PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
Patient confidentiality means that personal and medical information given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the individual has given specific permission for such release Because the disclosure of personal information could cause professional or personal problems patients rely on physicians to keep their medical information private It is rare for medical records to remain completely sealed however The most benign breach of confidentiality takes place when clinicians share medical information as case studies When this data is published in professional journals the identity of the patient is never divulged and all identifying data is either eliminated or changed If this confidentiality is breached in any way patients may have the right to sue The greatest threat to medical privacy however occurs because most medical bills are paid by some form of health insurance either private or public This makes it difficult if not impossible to keep information truly confidential Health records are routinely viewed not only by physicians and their staffs but by the employees of insurance companies medical laboratories public health departments researchers and many others If an employer provides health insurance the employer and designated employees may have access to employee files The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires all professionals and organizations to guard the privacy of their patients and customers Individuals must provide written consent for any and all releases of medical or health-related information Employees at all levels are required to maintain confidentiality
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Similar policies have been in place for some time This was a requirement of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) to maintain accreditation All confidentiality releases must identify the types of information that can be released the people or groups that have been permitted access to the information and limit the length of time for which the release is valid
CONDITIONAL 1
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you dont hurry
Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use ________________
2 In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I we use
_________________
3 If we ___________ to the new Hospital in Iquitos we ____________the
Director Dr Cirato
4 If the drugstore ____________open I _____________an aspirin (be buy)
5 If she _____________the bus she _______________here on time (misget)
6 If you (eat) ___________ice-cream in winter I (have) ______________a cold
7 If she (need) ___________a kidney her brother (give) ____________her one of
his kidney
8 If we (have not) _____________time this afternoon we (meet)
_____________tomorrow
9 He (talk) ____________to the pediatrician if you (want not) ____________to
do it
10 You (get not) _____________the certificate if you (study not)
___________the course
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 If a kid ________ into the lab he ________ play with all the devices A gets will play B will get plays
2 You ________ better if you buy your new glasses A are able to see B will be able to see
3 You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat A will get B get
4 She ________ completely different if she goes to the plastic surgeon A will look B looks
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
5 If you dont put so much sugar in your coffee you _______ so much weight
dont put on B wont put on
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 13
YOUR NECK IS A TARGET FOR PAIN
Poor posture injuries arthritis stress ndash these may take aim at your neck cause pain
and limit your hability to do the things you enjoy Your doctor can help you manage
your neck problems and with daily exercise and good posture habits you can help
improve the health of your neck
Your lifestyle or an injury can cause neck problems
If you have a neck problem it may have been caused several ways You may have
strained your neck during repeated movements You may have had an injury such as
a fall Even stress and age can cause changes that may make an injury more likely If
your neck is damaged you may feel pain stiffness or numbness You may also
experience symptoms such as muscle tightness in your neck or shoulders or pain in
other parts of your body such as your arms
Treatment can relieve your symptoms
If neck pain and stiffness are interfering with your life you may be able to get relief
with the help of your doctor First get a medical evaluation and learn about your neck
so you can better understand your neck problem Second follow your doctoracutes
recommendations including physical therapy to help you heal Finally protect your
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
neck from future problems by keeping it in good shape and learning to manage
situations that may be contributing to your neck problem
Your Medical Evaluation
Before treatment can be recommended your doctor will need to find out more about
your neck problem Your evaluation will consist of a medical history a physical exam
and possibly some diagnostic tests After making a diagnosis your physician will
decide on the best treatment for you
A medical history helps your doctor evaluate your neck symptoms You may be
asked about injuries to your neck or other parts of your spine or other medical
conditions You may be asked if you work or other activities contribute to your neck
problem
Physical exam
You doctor may examine your neck with it in different positions to help identify the
cause of your symptoms You may be asked to bend or turn your neck to assess its
range of motion You doctor may also do tests to see if you have symptoms of nerve
damage
Diagnostic tests
Xrays are pictures of bones in your neck myelograms show areas of pressure on
nerves and the spinal cord Mris and CTs are specialized computer images of soft
tissue and bones EMGs (electromyograms) detect nerve damage in the neck
Working together toward relief
Your doctor may recommend nonsurgical treatment to help relieve your neck pain and
other symptoms Your doctor will guide your treatment but because most of the
treatment involves self-care yoursquore in charge of how you heal Your doctor may also
recommend a physical therapist to teach you strengthening exercises and correct
ways of moving If nonsurgical care doesnrsquot help surgery may be necessary
When you have an unhealthy neck itacutes often hard to determine how the problem
developed The fact is that neck damage may cause you to experience symptoms but
sometimes the symptoms such as muscle tension may make you more susceptible
to having a neck injury such as a strain No matter how your neck became unhealthy
you may have a spectrum of symptoms and one or more neck problems that may limit
your ability to move
COMMON NECK PROBLEMS
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Strains and sprains
Neck strains may be related to misuse of overuse of the neck The soft tissue of your
neck may be slightly inflamed (swollen) and you may have tine tears in your neck
muscles and ligament
Whiplash and other injuries
Your neck structures can be damaged by an auto accident a sports injury or a fall If
so the muscles and ligaments in your neck may have been overstretched causing
tears and bleeding in the muscles
Herniated disk
A herniated disk is often associated with a sneeze or cough an injury or misuse of
your neck The disk bulges and possibly fragments into a vertebral opening putting
pressure on and possibly damaging a nearby nerve
Arthritis
Aging and neck injuries may cause your neck to degenerate (wear out) causing
arthritis Joints in your neck may stiffen and disks in your neck may thin Bony
outgrowths (bone spurs) may grow on nearby vertebrae
Conditional I
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps Form a conditional sentence
1 If doctors _________(sleep) enough they_____________(have) better performance
2 If the sun_____________(shine) we__________(walk) to town
3 If he___________(have) a temperature he______________(see) the doctor
4If my friends __________(come) I ___________(be) very happy
5 If she____________(earn) a lot of money she_________(fly) to New York
6 If we___________(travel) to London we____________(visit) the museums
7 If you___________(wear) sandals in the mountains you___________(slip)on the rocks
8 If Rita___________( forget) her homework the teacher_____________(give) her a low
mark
9 If they_____________(go) to the disco they_________(listen)to loud music
10 If you_____________(wait) a minute I ____________(ask) my parents
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Some friends are planning a party Everybody wants to party nobody really keen on
preparing and organizing the party So everybody comes up with a few conditions just
to make sure that the others will also do something
1 If Caroline and Sue_______________the salad Phil_______________the house 2 If Sue ____________the onions for the salad Caroline__________the mushrooms 3 Jane ___________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim_____________the furniture 4 If Bob_____________up the kitchen Anita __________the toilet 5 Elaine_____________the drinks of somebody_______________her carry the bottles 6 If Alan and Rebeca______________the food Mary and Conor__________the sandwiches 7 If Bob ___________after the barbecue Sue_________the guest in 8 Frank__________Dj if the others _____________along their CDs 9 Alan_____________the drinks if Jane_____________him some of her cocktail recipes 10 If they all_____________their best the party______________great
SESSION 14
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
One of the most serious emergencies occurs when an individual has stopped
breathing This may be the result of asphyxiation electrocution drowning a heart
attack or another type of accident A person cannot live long without oxygen In fact
after only four minutes without it an individual will almost certainly suffer brain
damage even if he or she lives Artificial respiration must be started immediately If
the heart has stopped beating as well then cardiac massage will also be necessary
The cardio-pulmonary resuscitation of a victim in these instances involves two
aspects The first is getting oxygen into the blood by blowing air into the lungs The
second is the application of chest pressure to compress the heart and squeeze blood
out of it into the circulatory system Both can be done by one person but it is much
easier and far more effective if performed by a team or two
Before resuscitation is begun the victim should be placed on his or her back on a
hard flat surface Care should be taken to avoid rough handling in the case of
fractures and other internal injuries but these considerations are still of secondary
importance if the victim is no longer getting oxygen Clothing should be loosened and
foreign matter or vomit cleared out of the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most effective form of artificial respiration In this
method the rescuer breathes into the victimsacutes mouth and nose in a regular rhythm
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
about twelve to fifteen times per minute for an adult and twenty times for a child As
the air enters the lungs the chest will expand
If the victimacutes heart also has stopped beating cardiac compression must start
simultaneously If one is alone with a victim breathing and massage must be
alternated In the massage pressure is applied with the heels of the hands on the
chest in a rocking motion about sixty times a minute or once per second This routine
should not be stopped for longer than a beat or two Even if one is fatigued it is best
to continue resuscitation efforts until help arrives Although the chances of recovery
diminish greatly as time passes some victims have been known to recover after as
long as two to three hours
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
THE MOUTH-TO-MOUTH METHOD OF EXPIRED AIR ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
1 You must remove any obstruction from the patientacutes mouth with one finger and maintain a clear airway
2 Press the patientacutes head backwards
with one hand and raise his jaw with the other Close his nostrils with the finger and thumb
3 Take a deep breath and force the
air through the patientacutes mouth into his lungs
4 Allow the patient to exhale Take
another deep breath
5 You should repeat the process 10
to 12 times
2nd conditional
IF CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If I had such a pain in the neck I would go to the doctor
1 If I were not a doctor myself I _________________ as concerned and fretful about my
own children as many of the parents I see who want to discuss combined vaccinations for
their children (probably feel)
2 If children _____________ against infant diseases like infectious parotitis varicella
pertusis poliomyelitis and tetanus they ______________ suffer a lot(vaccinate)
3 If parents ____________ very anxious about diseases doctors ___________ more
patient with them (become be)
4 If fracture _________ in good position the treatment __________ easy (be be)
5 Only a cast ________ required if the fracture simple (be be)
6 If you _________sick you ___________ stay in bed (feel must)
7 If you ___________ too much you ____________drunk (drink get)
8 If Helen _________ C section they ___________ to start saving money(consider need)
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
9 If your heart stopped beating _______________________________________________
10 If you suffered of incontinence ______________________________________________
11 If Doris needed to lose weight _____________________________________________
12 If Dad drank a lot of water _______________________________________________
Combined conditionals
13 Go to the doctor if _______________________________________________________
14 Donacutet eat junk food if _____________________________________________________
15 If your cholesterol is high _________________________________________________
16 Take the aspirine _________________________________________________________
17 Sheyla must study if ______________________________________________________
18 She mustnacutet study if _______________________________________________________
19 They may go to the hospital
__________________________________________________
20 Diego can have a heart attack if ______________________________________________
21 If everyone _______rdquonononordquo who _______________(saydecide)
22 If you _________ comfortable about discussing your health at the pharmacy counter you
can _________ to the pharmacist ina quiet area away from other customers(feel ndash
negative speak)
23 If you ______________ that a serious health problem runs in your family ___________
despair
SESSION 15
BEVERLY HILLS PLASTIC SURGERY AND THE PATH OF AN UNLIKELY ARTIST Over 20 years ago a teen-aged Anthony Griffin got a crazy impulsive idea from an Ebony Magazine article he had read It was a story about Black plastic surgeons And Griffin ever the studious teenager with an artistic flair for mixing and recombining his Grandmothers McCalls sewing kits reached for his parents phone
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
Far off in California a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon
named Pearlman Hicks went about his business
Hicks possesses the thoughtful look of a
professional who had paid his dues by finding his
own way in medical school and later treating
gunshot wounds in Compton as an intern It was
the early 1980s and African Americans like Hicks
were stepping up career ladders that had only
recently been opened up to persons of color The
problem for Hicks was that often there was no one
else in his shoes who could offer advice Ebony
Magazine had come by asking him questions about
what it was like to be one of the few black plastic
surgeons Later Hicks saw his name featured in
the follow-up article
Hicks picked up the phone It was a teenager from
Wisconsin who was looking for precious advice
Anthony Griffin wanted to know about pursuing a
career in plastic surgery ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of
questions about being the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in
California (at the time)rdquo recalled Hicks ldquoI took the call because as a young person I
often wished I had someone to offer me advicerdquo
For his part 14-year-old Anthony Griffin was amazed to actually have a real plastic
surgeon on the line ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of
the doctors I read about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin one recent afternoon
in his Beverly Hills office
As Griffin thanked Hicks for his time and ended the call a teen impulse condensed
into idea that crystallized into a life path bright as a doctorrsquos lab coat
The path would eventually lead Griffin to Brown University and USC Medical School
as well as the streets of Lima Peru and the African countryside It would wind through
downtown Beverly Hills and then accelerate at the speed of light through a Hollywood
studio out to millions of television viewers around the world
Doctor Anthony Griffin plastic surgeon to the stars medical mission worker and cast
member of ABC TVrsquos Extreme Makeover looks back in wonder
REPORTED SPEECH
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
If we report what another person has said we usually do not use the speakerrsquos exact
words (direct speech) but reported (indirect) speech Therefore you need to learn
how to transform direct speech into reported speech
We use a reporting verb like say or tell We just put she says and then the
sentence
Direct speech ldquoI like to work in this Hospitalrdquo Reported speech She says she likes to work in this Hospital
We dont need to change the tense though probably we do need to change the
person from I to she for example We also may need to change words like my and
your
When transforming statements check whether you have to change pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple
ldquoI like ice creamrdquo She said (that) she liked ice cream
present continuous
ldquoI am living in Londonrdquo She said she was living in London
past simple ldquoI bought a carrdquo She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car
past continuous
ldquoI was walking along the streetrdquo
She said she had been walking along the street
present perfect
ldquoI havenrsquot seen Julierdquo She said she hadnrsquot seen Julie
past perfect ldquoI had taken English lessons beforerdquo
She said she had taken English lessons before
will ldquoIrsquoll see you laterrdquo She said she would see me later
would ldquoI would help butrdquo She said she would help but
can ldquoI can speak perfect Englishrdquo
She said she could speak perfect English
could ldquoI could swim when I was fourrdquo
She said she could swim when she was four
shall ldquoI shall come laterrdquo She said she would come later
should ldquoI should call my motherrdquo She said she should call her mother
might I might be late She said she might be late
must I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
weekend She said she had to study at the weekend
doesnrsquot change
QUESTIONS
note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if whether
Type Example
with interrogative direct speech ldquoWhy donrsquot you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me why I didnrsquot speak English
without interrogative direct speech ldquoDo you speak Englishrdquo
reported speech He asked me whether if I spoke English
Exercises
1 ldquoI spoke with the young man and he asked me plenty of questions about being
the only African American board certified plastic surgeon in California (at the
time)rdquo recalled Hicks
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________
2 ldquoI took the call because as a young person I often wished I had someone to
offer me advicerdquo
3 ldquoHere I was a teenager from Wisconsin actually talking to one of the doctors I read
about And he took my callrdquo marveled Griffin
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
4 ldquoNowadays I get calls from all over the world from people who saw me on television
who want to come to Americardquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
5 ldquoI spend a lot of time on the phone trying to convince many of them that it would be
better if they found care closer to homerdquo Griffin states
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
6 ldquoAbout 20 percent of my patients are from overseas and Irsquom booked a year in
advancerdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
7 ldquoSome of those early months I found myself $50000 in debt but I never worried
about marketing myself I only worried about doing the best job I could for each
individual I was treatingrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
8 ldquoEven as a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Irsquom less and less a technician and becoming
more of an artistrdquo he says
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______
9 ldquoThe first child from Kenya after we were done with him his mother didnrsquot recognize
himrdquo
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
9 ldquoWith a patient in the operating room itrsquos your vision and your eye I still strive to
retain that artistsrsquo eye and the most important skill a plastic surgeon should have is to
be able to tell when the artwork is donerdquo
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
SESSION 15
Medical and Health Idioms
As University students of Human medicine it is a good idea to learn some idioms that you may hear on a visit to the Hospital or in general conversation or you may find the idioms useful to use yourself
Below are some medical idioms along with some example sentences of their use
Idioms
1 To be on the mend (Shes out of the hospital and on the mend)
2 Out cold (I hate injections Last time I had one I was out cold for ages)
3 To feel on top of the world (I feel on top of the world now thank you doctor)
4 Splitting headache (Irsquove got a splitting headache Irsquom going to go and lie
down
5 A flare up (That rash on my arm has flared up again)
6 Throw up (My sister threw up after she ate at that seafood restaurant)
7 To run some tests (We are going to run some tests to find out what is wrong)
8 To feel under the weather (Ive been feeling under the weather since last
Tuesday)
Whats the correct definition for each idiom below
1 To be on the mend
To vomit
To be getting better
2 Out cold
Unconscious but still breathing
To check your health
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
3 To feel on top of the world
To have a terrible headache
To feel extremely well
4 Splitting headache
To have a terrible headache
To be getting better
5 A flare up
When an illness or issue begins again suddenly
To check your health
6 Throw up
To feel a bit ill in general
To vomit
7 To run some tests
To check your health
To feel extremely well
8 To feel under the weather
To feel a bit ill in general
Unconscious but still breathing
Now letacutes learn more Idioms
alive and kicking
- to be well and healthy
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
My aunt is ninety years old and she is very much alive and kicking
as fit as a fiddle
- to be healthy and physically fit
My grandfather is ninety years old but he is as fit as a fiddle
black-and-blue
- bruised showing signs of having been physically harmed
My arm was black-and-blue after falling down the stairs
black out
- to lose consciousness to faint to pass out
The football player blacked out after being hit by the other player
break out in a cold sweat
- to perspire from fever or anxiety
I usually break out in a cold sweat when I have to make a speech
breathe ones last
- to die
The man breathed his last after a long illness
burn (oneself) out
- to become very tired and almost sick from doing something for a long time or from
working too hard
After working long hours for many months the woman finally burned herself out
clean bill of health
- a report or certificate that a person or animal is healthy
My doctor gave me a clean bill of health when I visited him last month
couch doctor
- a psychoanalyst or psychiatrist who puts his patients on a couch to talk to them
The man was sent to see a couch doctor because of his many problems
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8
FMH USMP
Lic VallejosLicQuispeLicMorales
WRITE YOU OWN SENTENCES
get a checkup
- to receive a physical examination from a doctor
1
get (something) out of ones system
- to get rid of the desire to do something
2
bundle of nerves
- a very nervous or anxious person
3
bring (someone) around
- to restore someone to health or consciousness to cure someone
4
pull through
- to recover from a serious illness
5
picture of health
- a perfect example of health
6
rub salt in (someones) wound
- to deliberately make someones unhappiness or shame or misfortune worse
7
out of sorts
- not feeling well in a bad mood
8