99
State Perspective and Strategic Plan Integrated Watershed Management Programme Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency (GSWMA)
State Perspective and Strategic Plan
Integrated Watershed Management Programme
Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency (GSWMA)
2
State Perspective and Strategic Plan for IWMP, DoLR
Contents Chapter I ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Basic geographic / climatic features: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3 Drainage systems: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Brief description of all river basins ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Demarcation of micro-watersheds along with code nos. on a map. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.6 Overview of the State ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.7 Economic Development ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.7.1 Need / Scope for Watershed Programme in Gujarat: .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1 Agro-climatic zones ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Rainfall ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Demography and land distribution – an overview .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.1 Land Use Pattern ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Irrigated areas ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1 Agriculture and food productivity .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.1 WATERSHED PROGRAMMES IN GUJARAT: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
3
6.0.1 Projects under MoRD: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
6.0.2 Projects under MoA: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.0.3 Projects under NABARD: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 7 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.1 Strategy for implementation of Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) ................................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter-8 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter-9 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
9.1 SLNA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
9.2 PIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
9.3 WDT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
9.4 Institutional arrangements at village level and people’s participation ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 10 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
10.1 Capacity building ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
10.0.1 Stake holders and capacity building requirements ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
10.0.2 Strategies for capacity building .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
10.0.3 Capacity Building Programmes to be taken up:............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
10.0.4 Institutional Arrangement for capacity building: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
10.0.5 Training Module: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
10.1 Information, Education and Communication Activities: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
Electronic Media .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Chapter 11 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
11.1 Methodology for Evaluation: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
11.1.1 Field Visits: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
11.1.2 Data Collection: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
4
11.1.3 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Techniques: ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
11.2 Evaluation Criteria: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
11.3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 12 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Annexure-1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
CASE STUDY No.1: Upleta taluka, Rajkot district- Vruksh Prem Seva Trust (VPST) ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
CASE STUDY No. 2: Rajsamadhiyala, Rajkot district- BAIF (GRISERV) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
CASE STUDY No. 3: Mokasar, Chotila, Surendranagar- AKRSP(I) .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
CASE STUDY No.4: Vankaner, Rajkot- Sarvoday Seva Sangh ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
CASE STUDY No.5: Rabhda village, Rajula, Amreli- Utthan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
CASE STUDY No. 6: Valadar, Junagarh- Ambuja Cement Foundation ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
CASE STUDY No. 7: Meghraj, Sabarkantha- Development Support Centre (DSC) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 53
5
Chapter I
1.1 Introduction
Situated on the western part of the Indian sub-continent, Gujarat derives its name 'Gujaratta' meaning the land of Gurjars. Being the
home state of Mahatma Gandhi, Gujarat is a remarkable coastal state rich in crafts, history and natural beauty. Punctuating the skyline with
chimneys of sophisticated textiles mills, Gujarat is one of India's most industrialized states in western India. It is bounded by the Arabian Sea in
the West, by the States of Rajasthan in the North and North-East, by Madhya Pradesh in the East and by Maharashtra in the South and South
East. The State has an international boundary with the Pakistan at the north-western fringe. Gujarat spans an area of 196,024 Km2 and the
population is over 5,05,97,000. The state capital is Gandhinagar. Gujarat has two official languages: Gujarati, which is derived from Sanskrit,
and Hindi. Forming an area that housed the regions of the Indus Valley civilization and Harappan sites, Gujarat is also a leader in various
industrial sectors such as Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, Dairy, Cement & Ceramics, Textiles, Engineering and Gems &
Jewellery.
Gujarat is geographically divided into three major regions :
The Peninsula, traditionally known as Saurashtra. It is essentially a hilly tract sprinkled with low mountains.
The Kutch on the north-east is barren and rocky and contains the famous Rann (desert) of Kutch, the big Rann in the north and the little Rann
in the east.
The mainland extending from the Rann of Kutch and the Aravalli Hills to the river Damanganga is on the whole a level plain of alluvial soil.
Gujarat is among those states of India that faces the most number of problems regarding natural resources like land, water and
vegetation, which are very important for agriculture and hence, for most forms of rural livelihoods. The problems include soil erosion, erratic
6
rainfall, over-exploitation of ground water, poor vegetative cover in major parts of the state, natural disasters, etc. This explains why
Watershed Development Programme is so essential for the revitalization of the natural resource base of the state.
7
1.2 Basic geographic / climatic features:
The State is situated on the west coast of India between 20-6' N to 24-42' N north latitude and 68-10'E to 74-28'E east longitude. The two
deserts, one north of Kachchh and the other between Kachchh and the mainland Gujarat are saline waters. The State has a long coast-line of about
1600 kms and is the longest among all States of country. For the purpose of administration, Gujarat State at present comprises of 26 districts, sub-
divided into 226 talukas, having 18618 villages and 242 towns. Gujarat has geographical area of 1.96 lakh sq.kms. and accounts for 6.19 percent of the
total area of the country.
Gujarat holds a unique bio-climatic
position in the country. It possesses several
bioclimatic gradations, from dry thorny
ecosystems to humid sub-evergreens and dry
hilly scrublands to swamp forests. The
vegetal growth, ranging from typical desert
plants to moist deciduous forests, is the result
of variations in climate, rock type,
topography and water regime. Major
concentration of forest is observed all along
the eastern border as well as the hilly part of
Saurashtra, but the plains are mainly devoid
of full stocked forest cover. The major types
of forests covering about 10 percent area of
8
the state are grouped as (i) tropical moist deciduous, (ii) tropical dry deciduous, (iii) tropical scrub, (iv) dry grassland and (v) littoral and swampy
forests, The forest areas of S Gujarat, Panchmahals, Aravali foothills of NE Gujarat, the Little Rann of Kachchh and the Gir Forest of S Saurashtra are the
major domains of wild life in the state. The rich biodiversity of the State has however been greatly reduced in recent years due to a variety of reasons.
Some protected areas located in different parts of the State still give an idea of the high potential of its biodiversity.
The state is known to exhibit a museum of varied soil types, because the soil genesis has been influenced by complexities of the influencing
factors like physiography, geology, climate, vegetation, etc. The soils of the state are represented by 5 Orders, 11 Suborders, 20 Great groups and 45
Subgroups. Among the different orders, Inceptisols cover about 51% area of the state. These are followed by Entisols, Aridisols, Vertisols and Alfisols
covering 14, 11, 9 and 1 percent areas respectively. The exposed rocks and the Rann occupy 2 and 12 percent areas respectively.
1.3 Drainage systems:
The water regime of the state is also governed by the complex
geoclimatic conditions. The resource potential in general is not only poor but is
rather unevenly distributed. The surface water resources are dominantly
concentrated in the southern and central parts of the state. The state broadly
gets divided almost unequally along the line of Sabarmati River, the eastern
part is resource rich while the western part is resource poor.
The major rivers flowing through the state include Narmada,
Sabarmati, and Mahi in central and northern Gujarat; Mithi, Khari, Bhadar,
Shetrunji and Bhogavo in Saurashtra and Tapi, Purna, Ambika, Auranga and
Damanganga in the southern part of the state.
9
1.4 Brief description of all river basins
The Banas in the north, originating in the Siranva hill in Sirohi in Rajasthan, flows by the foot hills of Abu and disappears in the desert. The
Saraswati takes its birth at Koteshvar near Ambaji, flows by Siddhpur and Patan and merges into the desert.
The Sabarmati, one of the biggest rivers of north Gujarat, originates from the Dhebar lake in Rajasthan and flows towards the Gulf of Cambay.
The Hathmati, the Vatrak, the Mazam, the Meshvo, the Shedhi, the Khari and the other rivulets join it. The three "virgin" rivers of the north and the
Sabarmati with its tributaries are the daughters of the Aravalli ranges, while the Mahi and the Narmada with their families originate from Madhya
Pradesh, the former in the big lake near Amzara and the latter in the Amarkantak. The Mahi is joined by the Bhadar, the Anas, the Panam and the
Meshri. The Narmada one of the biggest and holiest river along with the only tributary, the Karjan, meets the sea, about 16km from Broach.
The Tapi takes its birth in the Satpura ranges near Betwa and enters Gujarat at Kakarapar. It flows around Surat and Rander and falls into the
sea. The Mindhola, the Purna, the Ambika, the Vanki, the Auranga, the Vapi, the Par, the Kolak and the Damanganga are the rivers of south Gujarat,
which originate in the Sahyadri.
Most of the rivers of Saurashtra and Kutch dry up in the summer. The river which originate in the central Saurashtra in the Chotila range flow
to the south into the desert of Kutch. Only the Aji, the Machhu and the Brahmani are northward flowing rivers. The rivers originating in the Girnar and
the Gir namely the Ojhat, the Kamb, the Surekh, the Somal, the Sangwada, the Hirani, the Kpila and the Saraswati flow into the sea. The Saraswati near
the Somnath and the Vastu are sacred rivers.
Though Kutch has many rivers, they are small and do not have much water. Those flowing in the north disappear in the desert, while those
flowing in other directions join the sea. The Khari flowing by Bhuj meets the desert and the Magh and the Tara empty their waters in the Gulf of
Cambay. The Rudramata has been bunded for irrigation, providing the only irrigation project in Kutch.
10
1.5 Demarcation of micro-watersheds along with code nos. on a map.
The whole of Gujarat broadly falls under two watershed regions- 5 and 6. All those areas draining into the Arabian Sea fall under the region- 5
and the areas draining into the western desert fall under the region 6. Gujarat is divided into 13, 587 micro-watersheds.
11
1.6 Overview of the State
Table SPSP 1: State Profile*
Sl. No Name of
District
No. of
Blocks
Total
no. of
villages
Geogr-
aphical
area in
Ha.
Population (As per the 2001 Census)
Male Female Total % of BPL to
total popul-
ation SC ST Others SC ST Others SC ST Others
1 Ahmedabad 12 546 808700 328259 30819 2715478 292506 27216 2422241 620765 58035 5137719 26.46
2 Amreli 12 615 739700 59146 1746 640701 56344 1510 634471 115490 3256 1275172 27.04
3 Anand 9 350 294100 52002 12019 907979 46483 10816 827573 106111 32394 1885711 29.48
4 Banaskantha 13 1244 1075700 140999 105818 1050587 130485 100086 976269 61491 444043 865122 33.98
5 Bharuch 9 657 652700 31708 228017 453951 29783 216026 411171 271484 205904 2026856 51.18
6 Bhavnagar 12 790 998100 73014 3909 1197997 69114 3389 1122207 142128 7298 2320204 29.7
7 Dahod 8 693 365500 16620 593766 213822 16264 588743 207218 32884 182509 1421040 80.8
8 Dangs 1 311 176400 464 87763 5747 457 87316 4982 921 175079 10729 86.89
9 Gadhinagar 5 291 216600 60756 9575 627668 55199 8106 573151 115955 17681 1200819 22.02
10 Jamnagar 11 698 1412500 79875 5523 895922 74944 4936 843078 154819 10459 1739000 45.18
11 Junagadh 15 923 884600 121304 9766 1121280 114320 9066 1072437 235624 18832 2193717 25.12
12 Kachchh 11 886 4565200 95994 67868 651290 89938 62270 615865 185932 130138 1267155 33.05
13 Kheda 11 612 421900 55324 16942 980557 50787 15452 905154 106111 32394 1885711 36.43
14 Mehsana 10 593 437100 77710 4884 871248 70887 4091 809072 148597 8975 1680320 19.57
15 Narmada 5 552 275500 5179 204344 54463 4859 197310 48249 10038 401654 102712 82.66
16 Navsari 5 374 220900 19937 297103 311948 19637 294061 286777 39574 591164 598725 50.65
17 Panchmahals 12 1201 521000 47383 284334 713220 45109 271666 663565 92492 556000 1376785 69.92
18 Patan 89 517 574000 61023 6722 544355 55856 5915 508838 116879 12637 1053193 34.38
19 Porbandar 4 182 229800 24825 3380 247616 23408 3076 234530 48233 6456 482146 29.63
12
20 Rajkot 15 844 1120300 126681 7034 1508303 117683 6129 1404051 244364 13163 2912354 30.17
21 Sabarkantha 14 1372 739000 89112 210860 769582 84213 209382 719382 173325 420242 1488964 43.73
22 Surat 16 1167 765700 87030 708022 1927487 82294 700248 1490093 169324 1408270 3417580 48.21
23 Surendranagar 11 650 1048900 86513 7450 693687 79698 6888 640912 166211 14338 1334599 36.93
24 Vadodara 12 1548 755000 106497 496058 3039247 97788 471335 1175311 20485 967393 2653924 38.06
25 Valsad 5 450 303500 18928 386395 1492045 18376 386010 271368 37304 772405 600844 53.66
1.7 Economic Development
1.5.a. The State’s GSDP and Per Capita GSDP have been increasing steadily and it has shown all signs of a developed and urbanised economy.
The State has maintained its high rank in key economic indicators among the Indian States. Gujarat has emerged as a leading industrialised state in the
country providing to be the ultimate destination for many investors, both within and outside India. The share of Gujarat state for the year 2008-09 at
current prices in Gross Domestic Product at all India level works out to 6.45 percent. The per capita income at current prices is estimated at Rs. 49251
in 2008-09 (which is higher than the national average of Rs. 40141), as against Rs. 45433 in 2007-08, registering an increase of 8.40 percent over the
previous year.
Gujarat is a highly industrialised state and Gujarat economy has been able to achieve higher growth rate than the national average. But it could
not entirely escape from the effects of the global recession. In particular, exports especially of chemical and chemical products including
pharmaceuticals, refined petroleum products, textiles, gem, jewellery and diamonds were adversely affected due to poor international demand. Poor
domestic demand also contributed to the slowing down of the industrial sector. Industrial activity is expected to pick up with recovery in the global
and national scenario and it is expected that the growth rate envisaged in the eleventh plan will be achieved.
13
Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at factor cost at current prices in 2008-09 has been estimated at Rs. 337217 crore as against Rs. 303734
crore in 2007-08, showing a growth of 11.02 percent during 2008-09. The share of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors has been reported at 17.76
percent, 41.05 percent and 41.19 percent respectively to the total GSDP (Rs.337217 crore) in 2008-09 at current prices. The State Income i.e Net State
Domestic Product (NSDP) at factor cost at current prices, the NSDP in 2008-09 is estimated at Rs.281266 crore as against Rs.255780 crore in 2007-08,
showing a growth of 9.96 percent during the year. The Per Capita Income (i.e Per Capita NSDP at factor cost) at current prices has been estimated at
Rs.49251 in 2008-09 as against Rs.45433 in 2007-08, showing a growth of 8.40 percent during the year.
Net State Domestic Product:
The State income i.e. Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at factor cost at current prices in 2008-09 is estimated at Rs.281266 crore as against Rs.
255780 crore in 2007-08, showing a growth of 9.96 percent during the year.
Per capita Income:
The Per Capita Income (i.e Per Capita NSDP at factor cost) at current prices has been estimated at Rs.49251 in 2008-09 as against Rs.45433 in 2007-
08, showing a growth of 8.40 percent during the year.
Economic comparison of Gujarat and India:
S. No. Item Gujarat (in Rs. Crore) India (in Rs. Crore) Percent share of state
1 Gross Domestic Product at current prices 337217 5228650 6.45
2 Gross Domestic Product at constant prices 228460 3339375 6.84
3 Per capita income at current prices 49251 40141 -
14
Agriculture and Horticulture:
The production of total foodgrains during the year 2008-09 is estimated at 63.45 lakh tonnes as against 82.06 lakh tonnes in the previous year,
showing a decrease of 22.68 percent over the previous year. The production of cotton during the year 2008-09 is estimated at 70.14 lakh bales (170
kgs. each) as against 82.76 lakh bales in 2007-08 which is lower by 15.25 percent over the previous year. The production of total oil seeds during the
year 2008-09 is estimated at 39.32 lakh tonnes, which is 16.32 percent lower than that of 2007-08 (46.99 lakh tonnes).
The productivity of fruit crops is estimated at 17.67 MT/hect. The major vegetables grown in Gujarat are Onion, Potato, Brinjal, Tomato, Okra
and Cucurbits. The productivity of vegetables is estimated at 17.24 MT/hect. The State mainly produces spices viz. Cumin, Fennel, and Garlic. During
the year 2008-09, the production of Fruits, Vegetables, Spices and Flowers has been reported to 59.97 lakh tonnes, 68.07 lakh tonnes, 9.14 lakh tonnes
and 0.85 lakh tonnes respectively, as against the production of Fruits, Vegetables, Spices and Flowers recorded at 60.20 lakh tonnes, 74.03 lakh
tonnes, 9.67 lakh tonnes and 0.84 lakh tonnes respectively during the year 2007-08. During the year 2009-10, the production of fruits, vegetables,
spices and flowers is estimated at 65.00 lakh tonnes, 69.00 lakh tonnes, 6.50 lakh tonnes and 0.90 lakh tonnes respectively.
Animal Husbandry:
As per the provisional results of livestock census 2007, total livestock population (including dogs) of Gujarat was 237.94 lakh. As per the estimates of
the Integrated Sample Survey (ISS) of major livestock products, the production of milk has increased to 83.87 lakh tonnes in 2008-09 from 79.12 lakh
tonnes in 2007-08.
Fisheries:
During the year 2009-10 (April-September-2009 [P]), the total fish production has been estimated at 2.23 lakh tonnes (Marine fish production is 1.86
lakh tonnes and the remaining inland) worth of Rs.889.97 crore. Foreign Export of fish and fish products is estimated at 38816 tonnes, worth of
15
Rs.370.00 crore at the end of September-2009. There were 34495 fishing boats registered in the State, out of which 22383 were mechanised boats and
12112 were non-mechanised boats. During the year 2009-10 (upto September, 2009), 6899 lakh fish seeds (spawn) have been produced to meet the
ever growing demand of the State in Inland sector.
Employment:
The total employment in public sector and private sector has increased from 18.39 lakh at the end of March-2008 to 19.04 lakh at the end of March-
2009. Employment in the public sector establishments covered under EMI scheme in Gujarat has increased from 7.86 lakh at the end of March-2008
to7.98 lakh at the end of March-2009. Employment in the private sector has also increased from 10.53 lakh at the end of March-2008 to 11.06 lakh at
the end of March-2009.
1.7.1 Need / Scope for Watershed Programme in Gujarat:
To understand the need / importance of watershed programme in Gujarat, one may look at the following vital statistics about agriculture in
Gujarat:
Total geographical area 196 lakh ha.
Net area sown 97.95 lakh ha.
Total crop area 113.62 lakh ha.
Agro-climatic zone - 8
Total Irrigated area 41.53 lakh ha.(42% again the net sown area 97.95 lakh ha.)
The contribution of the agricultural sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which was 48% in 1971, has declined to less than 20% in
2008. However, more than 50% of the labour force is still employed in the agricultural sector.
16
The average land holding size in Gujarat has been declining continuously over the years, from 3.15 ha in 1986 to 2.93 ha in 1991 and further
declining due to population pressure. (NABARD, 2000a, p.2). About 50% of the farmers are small farmers (holding up to two ha); and approximately
33% of farmers hold land between two to five hectares. The farm holding being getting fragmented by the day, farm mechanization is becoming more
and more difficult. As agriculture is the growth engine of any state, the concerns in this sector has to be addressed promptly. The concerns are
discussed in the following paragraphs.
i. Low and highly erratic rainfall; rain-fed agriculture system:
The state falls within the subtropical zone of India. However, its climate is dominantly governed by the northwest monsoon and physiographic
set up producing a broad climatic range of humid to arid The mean annual rainfall varies between 300 mm to 2500 mm with rainy days of 10 to 70.
The rainfall dependability has a very broad range of 40 to 70 percent. (Map no. 2)
Nearly 70% of the agricultural land in Gujarat is rain-fed. (NABARD, 1998, p.4). Even where irrigation facility is available, only 60 to 70 per cent
of the on-farm irrigation requirements are effectively provided in most cases. Thus water is an important limiting factor to achievement of potential
yields (FERGUSON, n.d. b). The degradation and consequently, the poor fertility of the land over the years also contribute to the low productivity of the
cultivated crops.
ii. Large scale soil salinity / erosion:
Gujarat is faced with different kinds of soil erosion and salinity related problems, almost in every part of the state.
Estimated Soil Erosion and Land Degradation in Gujarat
(Area in Lakh Ha)
State
Total Problem Area Due to
Soil Erosion (With 1981-82 Land use Data) Land Degradation Total
Gujarat 99.46 26.4 125.86
17
iii. Over-exploitation of ground water:
More than 70% of water need of the state is met by groundwater. The
resource is overstressed and the state is struggling with increasingly serious
problems of water supplies.
The annual replenishable ground water in Gujarat is 15.81 BCM and the
annual ground water draft is 11.49 BCM. The stage of ground water
development in the state is 76%. The coastal zone of Gujarat is widely
affected by soil and water salinity. However, the nature and extent of salinity
vary over space and are directly related to the hydrology, coastal
Central ground Water Board (CGWB)
18
geomorphology and human interventions in the coastal environs. In addition to very low amount of precipitation, the coastal region is suffering from
high salinity as a result of natural processes as well as manmade activities.
A majority part of Gujarat falls under semi-critical (69 talukas), critical (12 talukas), overexploited (31 talukas) or saline areas. Almost 20 districts
out of 26 districts partially suffer from ground water salinity in the state. Though in recent years, the situation has changed for the positive, a lot needs
to be done.
Besides, over-exploitation of ground water and unscientific development has led to contamination and mineralization of a number of aquifers. A
recent survey undertaken by Centre for Science and Environment from eight places in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana reported traces of heavy
metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury. In some of the districts, there is incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of 1.5ppm.
Status of Pre-IWMP Projects:
Pre-Haryali Projects: 1995-96 to 2002-03
S. No. Name of the Scheme Sanctioned Completed To be Foreclosed On-Going
Plan for completion of on-
going projects
Sep-10 Dec-10
1 DDP 1676 1218 0 458 200 258
2 DPAP 1359 718 50 591 150 441
3 IWDP 27 9 3 15 8 7
19
Hariyali Projects: 2003-04 to 2006-07
S. No. Name of the Scheme Sanctioned Completed On-Going
1 DDP 1676 1218 458
2 DPAP 1085 49 1036
3 IWDP 57 3 54
Some Case Studies from the Pre-IWMP Projects: Annexure-1
20
Chapter 2
2.1 Agro-climatic zones
The terrain of Gujarat state has been divided into eight agro-ecological subregions by the National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land use Planning
(1993) based on the variability in rainfall (P), potential evapotranspiration (PE), actual evapotranspiration (AE), relation between P and E, AE and PE
and length of growing period (LGP) for normal cropping system. When these regions are sub-divided according to soil and crop patterns, we get 12
agro-climatic zones (done by BISAG for Gujarat); shown in maps below.
21
Table SPSP 2: Details of Agro-climatic zones in the State
S.No Name of the Agro-
climatic zone Area in
Ha. Names of the
districts
Major soil types Average
rainfall in mm (preceding 5
years average)
Major crops
a)Type b) Area in
Ha. a)Name
b) Area in Ha.
1 South Gujarat (Heavy
Rainfall area)
Dang; part of Valsad and Surat
Deep black with few patches of coastal alluvial, laterite and medium black soils
1500
Cotton, Jowar, Paddy, Vegetables, Horticultural
Corps, Sugercane and Hillamillest
2 South Gujarat Parts of Valsad,
Surat and Bharuch
Deep black clayey soils
1000-1500 Cotton, Jowar, Wheat
Sugercane, Horticultural Crops
3 Middle Gujarat
Panchmahal, Vadodara, Parts of Bharuch and
Kheda
Deep black, medium black to loamy sand
(Goradu) soils 800- 1000
Cotton, Bajra, Tobacco, Pulses, Wheat, Paddy, Maize,
Jowarand Sugarcane.
4 North Gujarat Mehsana,
Ahmedabad, Banaskantha
Sandy loam to sandy soils.
625- 875 Tobacco, Wheat, Jowar, Minor Millet,Vegetables. Spices and
condiments, Oil Seeds
5 Bhal and coastal area Coast of Bharuch
and Surat Medium black, poorly
drained and saline 625- 1000
Groundnut, Cotton, Bajra, Dry wheat Pulse, & Jowar.
6 South Sourashtra Parts of
Bhavnagar, Amreli, Rajkot
Shallow medium black calcareous soils.
625- 750 Groundnut Cotton & Pulses
Wheat, Bajra, Jowar, & Sugarcane.
7 North Saurashtra
Jamnagar, Parts of
Surendranagar, Bhavnagar and
Rajkot
Shallow medium black
400- 700 Groundnut, Cotton, Wheat, Bajra, Jowar & Sugarcane.
8 North west zone
Kutch, Parts of Surendranagar,
Rajkot, Mehsana, Banaskantha, Ahmedabad
Sandy and saline soils.
250- 500
Cotton, Jowar,Groundnut, Bajra & Wheat
22
2.2 Rainfall
Parts of Gujarat receive precipitation through the South-west monsoon. The
State being located at the peripheral boundary of the main current of the South-
West monsoon, the distribution of rainfall has been extremely uneven and irregular.
The low pressure depressions developing over the Bay of Bengal during
monsoon months and moving north to North-West also give rains to part of the
State in the Northern region.
The average annual rainfall over different parts of the State varies widely
from 300 mm in the Western half of Kutch to 1500 mm in the Southern part of
Valsad district and the Dangs (Fig.6, Annex. 4 and 5). The monsoon usually
commences by the middle of June and withdraws by the end of September, about 95% of the total annual rainfall being received during these months
rainfall is received in June, nearly 40% in the July, 25% in August and 15% to 25% in July, August and September. The maximum number of rainy days
is in July and August.
The no. of rainy days in the season varies from one part of the State to another. The range is from a minimum of 16 days in Kutch to a maximum
of 48 days in Sugar and the Dangs. Generally, the number increases as one moves towards the eastern and the southern parts of the state. The number
of spells of rainy days is more in the months of July and August as compared to those in June and September. The number of spells of rainy days of long
duration ranges from 2 to 4 for July and August with intervening spells of rainless days.
23
Table SPSP 3: Details of average rainfall and altitude recorded at the District headquarters
Source of data: Directorate of Agriculture
Sl. No District Avg rainfall (2002-06) 1 Ahmedabad 892 2 Amreli 810 3 Anand 1036 4 Banas Kantha 808 5 Bharuch 958 6 Bhavnagar 779 7 Dahod 905 8 Gandhinagar 919 9 Jamnagar 875
10 Junagadh 980 11 Kachchh 360 12 Kheda 979 13 Mehsana 879 14 Narmada 1203 15 Navsari 2252 16 Panch Mahals 1006 17 Patan 806 18 Porbandar 624 19 Rajkot 813 20 Sabar Kantha 937 21 Surat 1627 22 Surendranagar 673 23 The Dangs 2732 24 Vadodara 1345 25 Valsad 2149
24
b) A brief description of droughts and floods in the State in the last ten years.
Table SPSP 4: Details of drought and flood affected districts, blocks and villages in the State during last 10 years * (MIS Table-M(SP)6)
S. No
Name of the District Particulars Names of the Block
Villages Periodicity
Not affected Annual
Any other (pl.specify)
1 Surendranagar, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Junagarh, Amreli, Bhavnagar
Flood No.of villages Name (s) of villages
Drought No.of villages 2-3 years
Name(s) of villages
2 Kutch, Banaskantha, Patan Flood No.of villages Name (s) of villages
Drought No.of villages Annual Name(s)
of villages
3 Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Anand, Sabarkantha, Panchmahal, Dahod, Valsad, Dangs
Flood No.of villages Name (s) of villages
Drought No.of villages 5 years Name(s)
of villages
4 Vadodara, Bharuch, Narmada, Surat, Navsari,
Flood No.of villages 5 years Name (s) of villages
Drought No.of villages Name(s)
of villages
25
Chapter 3
3.1 Demography and land distribution – an overview
According to the final results of Population Census 2001, the population of Gujarat State is reported at 5.07 crore. The growth rate of the
decade 1991-2001 has increased to 22.66 percent from 21.19 percent of the decade 1981-1991. The literacy rate in the State (excluding children in
the age group 0-6 years) has increased from 61.29 percent in 1991 to 69.14 percent in 2001. Among males, it has increased from 73.13 percent in
1991 to 79.66 percent in 2001, whereas among females, it has increased from 48.64 percent in 1991 to 57.80 percent in 2001. The literacy rate for the
rural areas was 61.29 percent and for the urban areas it was 81.84 percent. Out of the 25 districts where population enumeration was conducted,
Ahmedabad had the highest literacy rate of 79.50 percent, while Dohad district accounted the lowest literacy rate of 45.15 percent.
The density of Gujarat was 211 persons per sq.km. in 1991 which has increased to 258 persons per sq.km. in 2001. The highest density of 719
persons per sq.km. has been observed in the district of Ahmedabad, while the least density of 35 persons per sq.km. has been reported for the Kachchh
district.
The sex ratio of Gujarat has reduced significantly from 934 (1991) to 920 (2001). The Dangs and Amreli districts have the highest sex-ratio of
987, while Surat district has the lowest sex-ratio of 835. Classification of population for the year 2001, by economic activity reveals that out of the total
population of 506.71 lakh in the state, 170.25 lakh (33.60 percent) were main workers, 42.31 lakh (8.35 percent) were marginal workers and 294.15
lakh (58.05 percent) were non-workers.Among males 51.09 percent were main workers and 3.78 percent were marginal workers, while among
females 14.59 percent were main workers and 13.31 percent were marginal workers. Out of main workers, 27.67 percent were cultivators, 17.91
percent were agricultural labourers, 1.80 percent were engaged in household industries and 52.62 percent were engaged in other economic activities.
Thus about 45.58 percent working population was engaged in agriculture (i.e. cultivators and agricultural labourers). This proportion was of 67.84
percent in rural areas.
26
The population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State have been reported at 35.93 lakh (7.09 percent) and 74.81 lakh (14.76
percent) respectively. About 60.69 percent of the Scheduled Castes population was enumerated in rural areas and the remaining 39.31 percent was
enumerated in the urban areas. The corresponding proportions for Scheduled Tribes were 91.79 percent and 8.21 percent respectively. The literacy
rate (excluding the population of 0-6 years age group) for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been reported to 70.50 percent and 47.74
percent respectively.
Table SPSP 7: Sectoral Composition of Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) in State.
Sr. No. Industry At Current Prices At Constant Prices
1999-00 2005-06 2006-07 2005-06 2006-07
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Primary 18.62 19.87 19.11 19.94 18.22
1.1 Agriculture 14.54 15.04 14.79 16.77 15.29
2 Secondary 39.21 37.91 38.6 36.52 37.78
2.1 Manufacturing 30.75 29.71 30.18 28.97 29.89
3 Tertiary 42.17 42.22 42.29 43.54 44
27
Chapter 4
4.1 Land Use Pattern
According to Season and Crop Report (SCR) of 2003-04 (the latest year for which the Land Utilisation figures were finalised), out of total
reporting areas of 188.1 lakh hectares in the State, 97.95 lakh hectares (52.07 percent) was net area sown. While 26.07 lakh hectare was barren and
uncultivable land, 11.45 lakh hectare was under non-agricultural uses, 19.77 lakh hectare was cultivable waste, 18.54 lakh hectare was forects and
8.50 lakh hectare was under permanent pasture and other grassing land, which is about 13.86 percent, 6.09 percent, 10.51 percent, 9.85 percent, and
4.52 percent, respectively, of total reporting area. As per SCR of 2003-04, the gross cropped area was 114.21 lakh hectares, which has increased by
about 7.43 percent as compared to the previous year (2002-2003). Of the total gross cropped area, area under food crops was 44.81 percent and the
area under non-food crops was 55.19 percent during the year 2003-04 as against the corresponding percentage of 43.32 and 56.68 respectively
during the year 2002-03. The cropping intensity, i.e. the ratio of gross cropped area to net cropped area for the year 2003-04 is estimated at 116.60
percent which was 112.79 percent during the year 2002-2003.
Table-SPSP 8: Land Use status in the State (average of preceding 5 years)*(Area in Ha.)
Districts Geographical Area Forest Area Land under Non-Agril use Cultivable waste Net sown area
Ahmedabad 808700 10600 67000 200400 496800
Amreli 739700 36000 46100 107700 549400
Anand 294100 0 47000 58800 188900
Banaskantha 1075700 110700 53000 149200 736000
Bharuch 652700 24500 72500 96900 330800
Bhavnagar 998100 26900 59800 222800 548500
Dahod 365500 88400 21100 49500 212200
Dangs 176400 159800 12600 0 56300
Gadhinagar 216600 2100 22700 29800 161300
28
Jamnagar 1412500 45400 65100 292900 616900
Junagadh 884600 175900 45500 121100 537700
Kachchh 4565200 306800 73800 3571900 612700
Kheda 421900 9600 37900 34000 318900
Mehsana 437100 7200 31600 53100 347300
Narmada 275500 114800 31100 22300 118900
Navsari 220900 25100 19700 28100 147200
Panchmahals 521000 116800 37000 79000 285000
Patan 574000 46500 45200 95300 379800
Porbandar 229800 24400 15400 68300 123400
Rajkot 1120300 36800 70300 237900 762400
Sabarkantha 739000 126300 42400 116100 445000
Surat 765700 140200 86000 131500 418500
Surendranagar 1048900 53100 54700 233700 703300
Vadodara 755000 72300 72700 97100 537700
Valsad 303500 93400 16500 23500 161000
Total 19602400 1853600 1146700 6120900 9795900
29
4.2 Irrigated areas
Table-SPSP 9: Irrigation Status (Area in 000 Ha.)*
Districts Geographical
Area Net cultivated area Net irrigated area Net irrigated %
Rainfed
Area % of net cultivated area Ahmedabad 808700 496800 218167 43.91 328633 66.15
Amreli 739700 549400 232793 42.37 446607 81.29 Anand 294100 188900 179209 94.87 9691 5.13
Banaskantha 1075700 736000 357116 48.52 381884 52.17 Bharuch 652700 330800 122780 37.12 228020 68.93
Bhavnagar 998100 548500 193237 35.23 355263 64.77 Dahod 365500 212200 87591 41.28 154609 72.86 Dangs 176400 56300 0 0.00 56300 100
Gadhinagar 216600 161300 95280 59.07 66020 40.93 Jamnagar 1412500 616900 197886 32.08 491114 79.61 Junagadh 884600 537700 199785 37.16 358915 66.75 Kachchh 4565200 612700 166527 27.18 452173 73.8
Kheda 421900 318900 237927 74.61 110673 35.37 Mehsana 437100 347300 198100 57.04 149200 42.96 Narmada 275500 118900 58062 48.83 85838 76.71 Navsari 220900 147200 86024 58.44 61176 41.56
Panchmahals 521000 285000 95101 33.37 235900 83.95 Patan 574000 379800 101824 26.81 277976 73.19
Porbandar 229800 123400 49521 40.13 101879 83.92 Rajkot 1120300 762400 406704 53.35 551596 72.35
Sabarkantha 739000 445000 181110 40.70 303891 68.29 Surat 765700 418500 238880 57.08 179620 42.92
Surendranagar 1048900 703300 186279 26.49 593021 84.2 Vadodara 755000 537700 214715 39.93 299985 58.74
Valsad 303500 161000 48404 30.06 116596 72.42 STATE 19602400 9795900 4153022 42.40 6396580 1608.97
30
Table-SPSP 10: Source-wise Area Irrigated (Area in 00Ha.)*
1 Ahmadabad 300 217867 - - 218167
2 Amreli - 396300 200 - 396500
3 Anand - 179209 - - 179209
4 Banas Kantha - 357116 200 - 357316
5 Bharuch 1100 139400 - - 140500
6 Bhavnagar - 193237 - - 193237
7 Dahod 24200 56000 2300 - 82500
8 Dangs - - - - -
9 Gandhinagar - 85280 - - 85280
10 Jamnagar 7300 180586 - - 187886
11 Junagadh - 199785 - - 199785
12 Kachchh 2200 92562 - - 94762
13 Kheda - 205427 - - 205427
14 Mahesana - 198100 - - 198100
15 Narmada 40600 98200 - - 138800
16 Navsari 37300 48724 2800 - 88824
17 Panchmahals 5500 49601 600 1200 56901
18 Patan 2200 99624 1800 1700 105324
19 Porbandar 3100 66463 3500 4100 77163
20 Rajkot 2800 403904 - 3200 409904
21 Sabar Kantha 41200 107710 - 3400 152310
22 Surat 155600 83280 - 400 239280
23 Surendranagar - 108879 - - 108879
24 Vadodara 50100 164615 - - 214715
25 Valsad 5400 43004 1600 900 50904
STATE 380400 3773373 13000 14900 4181673
Source of data: Directorate of Agriculture, Gujarat State, Gandhinagar. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF GUJARAT STATE - 2006
31
Chapter 5
5.1 Agriculture and food productivity
The state is divided into 7 sub agro-climatic zones based on the characteristics of their agriculture and climate. There are about 42.39 lakh
operational holders operating about 98.77 lakh hectare land as per the agri-census 2000-01. Out of total 42.39 lakh operational holders, 4.39 lakh
(10.36 percent) S.T. and 1.54 lakh (3.63 percent) S.C. landholders are operating about 9.11 lakh hectare and 2.85 lakh hectare area of operational
holdings respectively. According to holding classification, 12.98 lakh are marginal farmers, 12.57 lakh small farmers and 16.85 lakh other farmers
operating about6.92 lakh hectare, 18.35 lakh hectare and 73.50 lakh hectare land respectively.
Agriculture in Gujarat forms a major part of the state economy. Agriculture, which is the main stay of the people in Gujarat, provides Gujarat
with the required food grains, as well as it also contributes a major share for the adjoining areas. Owing to a rugged topography and an unfavorable
environment, the total output of agriculture in Gujaratis not very high; yet it is enough as far as the requirement of the state and its abutting lot is
concerned. Some of the factors that hinder the prospects of agriculture in Gujarat are: poor soil, inadequate rainfall, frequent droughts or flood, fewer
rivers, undeveloped irrigation facilities, dry-arid weather, etc.
But despite these hindrances, one of the vital aspect of Gujarat agriculture is that the cropping pattern in Gujarat is predominant with cash
crops. The production of cotton in Gujarat is highest as compared to any part of the country. Some of the major cash crops grow in this region are:
cotton, groundnut, tobacco, cumin, sugarcane. Other crops grown in the state are: jawar, bajra, rice, wheat, pulses, gram, mangoes, etc.
Agriculture in Gujarat also contributes a fair amount of forest products and different kinds of medicinal or herbal plants. Among the important
forest products and herbs, to name a few: honey, wax, bamboo, teak, khair, sadad, hadariyo, manual bamboo, etc.
32
Agricultural area production (Area in lakh ha; Production in lakh metric tones)
Sr. Crops 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
No. Area Production Area Production Area Production
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A Kharif Cereals 19.73 19.09 19.93 29.47 18.26 25.56
Rice 6.56 10.45 7.26 13.76 7.22 12.26
Kharif Jowar 0.95 1.07 0.81 1.11 1.24 1.65
Bajri 7.42 5.28 7.28 8.52 5.29 5.35
Maize 4.48 2.02 4.24 5.83 4.19 6.03
Ragi 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.19 0.2
Other Kharif Cereal 0.12 0.06 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.07
(small millets)
B Kharif Pulses 6.2 3.57 6.56 5.25 5.97 4.24
Tur 2.57 2.15 2.65 2.94 2.66 2.63
Math 0.44 0.14 0.5 0.29 0.47 0.11
Urad 0.89 0.39 1.04 0.71 0.96 0.64
Moong 1.93 0.67 2.09 1.14 1.62 0.7
Other Kharif Pulses 0.37 0.22 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.16
(A+B) TotalKharif
Food grains 25.93 22.66 26.49 34.72 24.23 29.8
( C) Rabi Cereals 11.69 28.97 13.8 39.62 11.73 26.77
Wheat (Irrigated) 9.64 27.22 11.87 37.78 10.16 25.41
Wheat (Unirrigated) 1.08 0.7 0.87 0.6 0.75 0.52
Total Wheat 10.72 27.92 12.74 38.38 10.91 25.93
Rabi Jowar 0.51 0.43 0.47 0.46 0.5 0.43
Other Rabi Cereals 0.46 0.62 0.6 0.79 0.32 0.41
(D) Rabi Pulses 2.09 1.95 2.25 2.18 1.87 1.85
Gram 1.97 1.87 2.15 2.1 1.75 1.77
Other Rabi Pulses 0.12 0.08 0.1 0.08 0.12 0.08
(C+D) Total Rabi Food grain 13.78 30.92 16.05 41.8 13.6 28.62
33
(E) summer crops
Summer Bajra 1.83 4.29 1.93 4.55 1.75 4.26
Summer Rice 0.34 0.96 0.33 0.98 0.25 0.77
Total Food grains (A+B+C+D+E) 41.88 58.83 44.8 82.05 39.83 63.45
Groundnut(Kharif) 17.52 16.76 17.12 30.49 17.95 24.56
Groundnut (Summer) 1 1.75 1.45 2.5 1.12 2.05
Total Groundnut 18.52 18.51 18.57 32.99 19.07 26.61
Other oilseeds 10.04 11.7 9.95 14 9.66 12.71
Total Oilseeds 28.56 30.21 28.52 46.99 28.73 39.32
Cotton 23.72 78.76 24.22 82.76 23.54 70.14
Tobacco 0.57 0.98 0.46 0.79 0.49 0.7
Sugarcane 2.16 16.55 2.11 15.19 2.21 15.51
Potato 0.52 10.78 0.72 17.96 0.56 11.71
Cumin 2.26 1.1 2.32 1.45 2.71 1.28
Fennel 0.26 0.41 0.27 0.44 0.14 0.21
Isabgul 0.24 0.18 0.26 0.14 0.15 0.08
Onion 0.43 10.52 0.65 20.59 0.55 15.18
Garlic 0.32 2.11 0.45 3.18 0.34 1.99
Guar Seed 2.05 0.83 1.86 1.3 1.5 0.53
Source: Directorate of Agriculture
34
Chapter 6
6.1 WATERSHED PROGRAMMES IN GUJARAT:
Before the start of the IWMP, the three main funding sources of the watershed programmes in Gujarat have been the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). However, there
have been some other minor schemes from time to time, the detailed statistics of which is hard to find by.
6.0.1 Projects under MoRD:
The projects under MoRD are implemented by respective DRDAs (District Rural Development Agencies) at district level. The three main schemes
undertaken by the MoRD are:
1. The Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)
2. Desert Development Programme (DDP): In sandy arid regions and in semi arid regions
3. Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP)
Along with these important programmes, two other programmes were also implemented for some time. These were:
1. Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)
2. State Watershed Scheme
6.0.2 Projects under MoA:
The projects under MoA are implemented by Gujarat State Land Development Corporation (GSLDC). Though GSLDC have been involved in
watershed development programmes through a number of programmes from time to time, the main three programmes at the moment are:
1. National Watershed Development Programme for Rain-fed Areas (NWDPRA)
2. River Valley Project (RVP)
35
3. Reclamation of Alkali Soil (RAS)
6.0.3 Projects under NABARD:
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) started watershed programmes in Gujarat in 1999 through its Watershed
Development Fund (WDF); later on another programme started with the help of German Government, i.e. Indo-German Watershed Development
Programme (IGWDP).
Table-SPSP 14: Status of District-wise area covered under the watershed programme (ha) *
S. No. Names of Districts
Total micro-watersheds in the District
Micro-watersheds covered so far
Net watersheds to be covered Dept. of Land Resources Other Ministries/ Depts.
Total watersheds covered Pre-IWMP projects (DPAP +DDP +IWDP)
Any other watershed project
No. Area (ha.) No. Area (ha.) No. Area (ha.) No. Area (ha.) No. Area (ha.)
1 Ahmedabad 379 808700 98 117500 18 22000 116 139500 263 669200
2 Amreli 884 739700 285 196500 77 64629 362 261129 522 478571
3 Anand 43 294100 2 16500 1 4505 3 21005 40 273095
4 Banaskantha 348 1075700 68 211500 31 96439 99 307939 249 767761
5 Bharuch 300 652700 46 170500 23 50491 69 220991 231 431709
6 Bhavnagar 668 998100 109 162500 30 45500 139 208000 529 790100
7 Dahod 587 365500 197 142500 3 3500 200 146000 387 219500
8 Dang 154 176400 25 39000 0 0 25 39000 129 137400
9 Gandhinagar 96 216600 7 15000 0 0 7 15000 89 201600
10 Jamnagar 1118 1412500 218 463000 24 30500 242 493500 876 919000
11 Junagadh 989 884600 182 163000 58 52436 240 215436 749 669164
12 Kachchh 1283 4565200 103 687500 45 81045 148 768545 1135 3796655
13 Kheda 267 421900 18 38000 9 13772 27 51772 240 370128
14 Mahesana 233 437100 53 45000 3 5000 56 50000 177 387100
36
15 Narmada 297 275500 76 65500 13 12000 89 77500 208 198000
16 Navsari 429 220900 87 29500 8 3870 95 33370 334 187530
17 Panchmahal 696 521000 353 182500 61 29726 414 212226 282 308774
18 Patan 195 574000 49 144500 23 67830 72 212330 123 361670
19 Porabandar 199 229800 42 87000 0 0 42 87000 157 142800
20 Rajkot 1384 1120300 421 390500 121 57500 542 448000 842 672300
21 Sabarkantha 748 739000 73 92500 67 37500 140 130000 608 609000
22 Surat 311 470600 19 37000 2 5000 21 42000 290 428600
23 Surendranagar 839 1048900 365 456000 0 0 365 456000 474 592900
24 Tapi 267 295100 0 0 0 0 0 0 267 295100
25 Vadodara 680 755000 132 183000 2 2856 134 185856 546 569144
26 Valsad 460 303500 167 99500 26 16975 193 116475 267 187025
Total 13854 19602400 3195 4235500 645 703074 3840 4938574 10014 14663826
37
Table-SPSP 15: Details regarding the watershed projects sanctioned by DoLR in the State:
S.No. Item Total Pre-IWMP scheme details
DPAP DDP IWDP
1 Area sanctioned in ha. (as per
column 4 of DoLR area in ha. Table SSP 14)
3371500 1222000 1705000 444500
2 Names of the districts covered
25 14 6 20
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Banaskantha Ahmedabad
Amreli Amreli Jamnagar Anand
Anand Bharuch Kachchh Banaskantha
Banaskantha Bhavnagar Patan Bharuch
Bharuch Dahod Rajkot Bhavnagar
Bhavnagar Dang Surendranagar Gandhinagar
Dahod Junagadh
Jamnagar
Dang Narmada
Junagadh
Gandhinagar Navsari
Kachchh
Jamnagar Panchmahal
Kheda
Junagadh Porabandar
Mahesana
Kachchh Sabarkantha
Navsari
Kheda Vadodara
Panchmahal
Mahesana Valsad
Patan
Narmada
Porabandar
Navsari
Rajkot
Panchmahal
Sabarkantha
Patan
Surat
Porabandar
Vadodara
Rajkot
Valsad
Sabarkantha
Surat
38
Surendranagar
Vadodara
Valsad
3 No.of Blocks covered 202 101 52 49
4 No.of watershed projects
sanctioned by DoLR 5590 2444 3062 84
5 No. of projects completed out of
those taken at Row (4) 2049 769 1273 7
6 No. of projects foreclosed of Row
(4) 53 50 0 3
7 No. of on-going projects of Row (4) 2588 1625 1789 74
8 Area already treated by completed
projects of Row (5) 1024500 384500 636500 35000
9 Area for treatment by on-going
projects of Row (5) 1294000 812500 894500 364500
10 Total area treated and under
treatment (8)+ (9) 3371500 1197000 1531000 399500
11 Area yet to be treated and proposed
to be treated by DoLR 12008669
39
Table-SPSP 18: Details of Unspent balance (MIS Table-M(FM)8)
S. No. District Project Instal-ment no. Financial year of release
of fund Amount released (Rs. in
lakh) Amount utilized
(Rs.in lakhs)
Unutilised funds (Rs. In lakhs) as on 31 Mar,
2009 1 Ahmedabad 817.3403 2 Amreli 894.9634 3 Anand 212.1712 4 Banaskantha 1394.95 5 Bharuch
832.1094 6 Bhavnagar 716.08 7 Dahod 900.2715 8 Dangs 20.26496 9 Gandhinagar 232.7026 10 Jamnagar 1614.075 11 Junagadh 874.3132 12 Kheda 0 13 Kutch 1009.242 14 Mehsana 324.8112 15 Narmada 195.85 16 Navsari 87.63456 17 Panchamahal 0 18 Patan 1091.445 19 Porbandar 0 20 Rajkot 2138.28 21 Sabarkantha 354.214 22 Surendranagar 3372.802 23 Surat 129.4489 24 Tapi 302.66 25 Vadodara 835.122 26 Valsad 0
40
Chapter 7
7.1 Strategy for implementation of Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
a) Prioritization of available area based on the criteria as per the Operational Guidelines of DoLR
Use of GIS and other high science tools at all stages such as prioritization, planning, implementation and consolidation has helped Gujarat to
address most of the oncerns regarding pre IWMP watershed programmes.
The strategy regarding application of GIS and other high science tools involved the following steps:
Identification of fields in which these tools can be utilized
Collaboration with institutions that can provide suitable back end support
Placing competent human resource to handle these tools at different levels
Capacity Building of different stakeholders in application of these tools
Among all the High Science Tools, the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) is perhaps the most significant.
The GSWMA which is the state level nodal agency (SLNA) for IWMP, in collaboration with Bhaskaracharya Institute of Space Applications and
Geo-informatics (BISAG) have taken the initiative of integrating GIS based data at both micro and macro level of planning.
BISAG formerly known as Remote Sensing Communications Centre (RESECO) is a State Level Nodal Agency of Gujarat state which started its
operations in April 1997. It was renamed to its present name in December 2003. The institute was formed to facilitate the use of spatial & geo-spatial
technologies for planning & developmental activities pertaining to Agriculture land & water resource management, wasteland/watershed
development, Forestry, Disaster Management and Rural & Urban planning activities.
The use of GIS in IWMP in Gujarat spans all three phases of watershed development:
41
1. During Planning period
2. During Implementation phase
3. During Consolidation phase
PLANNING:
Planning of a Watershed Development Project involves the use of GIS in various aspects of prioritization, development of action plan and later
for monitoring and evaluation of these projects. The initial process involved creation of different spatial layers from the non-spatial dataset collected
from various sources.
Due to the focus provided by the State Government to the need for scientific planning and management, substantive data was already mapped
and available with BISAG (See the following table).
Various GIS Datasets Used and Their Sources
Features Source
Land
Land use Satellite Data
Landform (hill, Alluvial, Coastal areas etc ) Satellite Data
Soil type Soil and Land Use Survey of India, National
Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Agri. Deptt.
Slope/Elevation Satellite Data & Open Source
Water
Surface Water Bodies Satellite Data
Ground Water condition GWRDC, CGWB Wells Revenue Deptt.
Check Dam Departmental Data
Vegetation Agriculture Agriculture Deptt, Satellite Data
Forest Forest Deptt, Satellite Data
42
Household
Socio-Economic Facilities, SC & ST data, Actual Wages, Drinking Waters, % of SF &MF, % Poverty Index
Deptt. of Rural Development., Bureau of Economic & Statistics
Village Map Computerized maps from
Revenue Deptt. Infrastructure Roads, Canals, Water Supply Line Departments
Ownership Details Forests, Government, Panchayat, Private Revenue Deptt. Others Sanctuaries, Mining areas, CRZs, SEZs Line Departments
Different parameters were categorized into the natural resource base (including the historical data) of the area and the socio-economic aspects.
The implementation of IWMP was initiated with the BISAG preparing district-wise watershed Prioritization maps on a scale of 1:10000 using
satellite data. The selection of the project sites was then made on the predetermined criteria (developed by DoLR) according to the ridge to valley
approach and the New Common Guidelines for Watershed Programme,2008, Government of India.
The approach followed for planning involved three basic activities:
Creation, development and management of the geo-spatial data base depicting current conditions of land, water and vegetation with respect
to watershed incorporating different ownerships and administrative boundaries at village level.
Incorporation of socio-economic aspects and their analysis.
Incorporation of historical perspective of watershed development in the area.
43
Planning from Macro Level to the Micro Level
GIS for Planning
From Macro to Micro
Vadodara Taluka
Plot boundaries on Satellite imageSurvey nos. transferred on the plots
Fajalpur Village, Vadodara Taluka, Vadodara District
Selected District Selected Taluka
Selected Village
Vadodara District
The above figure shows how the micro level planning is done by overlaying various spatial layers like the cadastral layer, watershed boundary etc. The
planning started with the state level satellite imagery where the natural boundaries were identified. The administrative boundaries were obtained
from revenue records which were overlayed onto the satellite imagery. Imagery was panned upto the village level where land parcel level information
was collected. Survey number wise plotting of land was prievously done based on the data collected from the village level. For example as shown in
the image a survey number in Fajalpur village in Vadodara taluka in Vadodara district will contain details on Slope, Soil type, ownership, programme
under which the land was previously treated etc.
44
Prioritization
Of all the tasks, the most important and difficult step was the prioritization of watersheds. The difficulty lay in the fact that Gujarat State is
delineated into a total of 13,587 Watersheds (Geographic area – 196.024 L. Ha.). The Pre-Hariyali, Hariyali programme and similar other schemes had
already covered 4,540 watersheds in the state. The Irrigation Command area, the Rann of Kutch (desert) and similar other untreatable area
constituted another 1,005 watersheds which left us with a total of 8,042 watersheds (131.076 L. Ha.) to be prioritized. The first step was to overlay all
watershed boundaries onto a cadastral map. The treatable watersheds were then ear-marked and a ranking was assigned to each based on clear cut
parameters identified by the Department of Land Resources (DoLR). The parameters included Natural Resource Indicators, the Socio-Economic
Indicators, the Contiguity factor and the Cluster approach. Factors such as the Poverty Index, percentage of SC/ST and the small and marginal farmers
provide focus to provision of better livelihood options to the local population in project areas. The Natural resource parameters which include factors
such as Moisture Index and the Productivity potential of the land ensured true representation of the watershed. Contiguity factor and the cluster
approach ensured that the watersheds would be treated through holistic area development. The overall goal was to ensure prioritization based on
objective and equitable criteria.
45
Criteria & Weightage for Prioritization set by DoLR
S. No.
Criteria Maximum
score Ranges & scores
i Poverty index (% of poor to population)
10 Above 80 % (10) 80 to 50 % (7.5) 50 to 20 % (5) Below 20 %
(2.5)
ii % of SC/ ST population 10 More than 40 %
(10) 20 to 40 % (5) Less than 20 % (3)
iii Actual wages 5
Actual wages are significantly lower
than minimum wages (5)
Actual wages are equal to or higher than minimum wages
(0)
iv % of small and marginal farmers
10 More than 80 %
(10) 50 to 80 % (5) Less than 50 % (3)
v Ground water status 5 Over exploited (5) Critical (3) Sub critical (2) Safe (0)
vi Moisture index/ DPAP/ DDP Block
15 -66.7 & below (15)
DDP Block -33.3 to -66.6 (10)
DPAP Block 0 to -33.2 (0)
Non DPAP/ DDP Block
vii Area under rain-fed agriculture
15 More than 90 %
(15) 80 to 90 % (10) 70 to 80% (5)
Above 70 % (Reject)
viii Drinking water 10 No source (10) Problematic village (7.5) Partially covered (5) Fully covered (0)
ix Degraded land 15 High – above 20 %
(15) Medium – 10 to 20 % (10)
Low- less than 10 % of TGA (5)
x Productivity potential of the land
15
Lands with low production &
where productivity can be significantly
enhanced with reasonable efforts
(15)
Lands with moderate production & where
productivity can be enhanced with reasonable efforts (10)
Lands with high production & where productivity can be
marginally enhanced with reasonable efforts
(5)
xi Contiguity to another watershed that has already been developed/ treated
10 Contiguous to
previously treated watershed &
Contiguity within the microwatersheds in the project
but non contiguous to
Neither contiguous to previously treated
watershed nor
46
contiguity within the
microwatersheds in the project (10)
previously treated watershed (5)
contiguity within the microwatersheds in the
project (0)
xii
Cluster approach in the plains (more than one contiguous micro-watersheds in the project)
15 Above 6 micro-watersheds in
cluster (15)
4 to 6 microwatersheds in cluster (10)
2 to 4 microwatersheds in cluster (5)
xiii
Cluster approach in the hills (more than one contiguous micro-watersheds in the project)
15 Above 5 micro-watersheds in
cluster (15)
3 to 5 microwatersheds in cluster (10)
2 to 3 microwatersheds in cluster (5)
Total 150 150 90 41 2.5
Based on the ground level data obtained from each watershed area a database was created linking the village level data with their respective
Census 2000 (C2K) code and mapping of this data was done accordingly. Satellite images of all the parameters mentioned in Table 2 were collected as
different layers and then superimposed to get a composite picture of the prioritized areas. This process led to the formation of a ‘Priority Map’ for the
whole of Gujarat state. The priority map elicits the areas to be selected in the order of priority for the next 18 years. Thus, project areas were identified
and awarded with a specific identity name.
Various Spatial Layers
2
Figure 3: Final Prioritization
The prioritization process has helped in the following ways:
1. The projects could be equitably distributed among all the districts.
2. The most needy watershed areas could be identified; the districts were able to take those watersheds on priority.
3. The planning for convergence of IWMP with other developmental schemes of various Government Departments is prepared on the basis of
thematic maps.
4. The state was able to plan for the next 18 years; the GIS based plan for the 18 years is given in the map (Figure 4):
3
Map depicting the planned areas for the whole of 18 years
4
Developmental Planning
A Developmental Action Plan Matrix was developed by GSWMA in collaboration with BISAG for various land forms (viz., Forest, Wasteland,
Agriculture) which involved the parameters of land use and land cover, slope percentage, soil depth, Soil texture, Erosion as given in tables below. The
treatments recommended in the Action Plan Matrix were based on the technical guidelines and published literature.
Action Plan for Forest land
Forest Slope % Soil Depth Soil
Texture Erosion Landform
Action Plan
Measures
Degraded Forest
15-35%, 35-50%
Shallow Coarse Loamy
Moderate Structural Hill, Residual Hill Staggered Contour Trenches +
Plantation
10-15% Moderate
Coarse Loamy
Moderate Buried Pediment Shallow, Residual Structures, Structural Hill
Contour Trenches+ Plantation
Fine Mixed
Fine Mixed
Small Gradonies+ Plantation
5-10%
Coarse Loamy
Moderate Structural Hill, Alluvial Plain
0-1%, Moderate to deep
Coarse Loamy Moderate
Alluvial Plain, Burried Pediment Shallow, Pediment
Pits and Plantation+ Plantation
1-3 %
5
Action Plan for Wasteland
Wasteland Slope % Soil Depth Soil Texture Erosion Landform Action Plan
Measures
Barren Rocky
35-50% Shallow , Moderate Fine , Mixed
Loamy Moderate
Structural Hill, Dyke, Linear Ridge
Staggered Contour Trenches+ Plantation
15-35% Shallow , Moderate Mixed Loamy Severe
Structural Hill, Pediment
Contour Trenches+ Plantation 10-15%
5-10% Moderate
Severe Structural Hill, BPM,
Burried Pediment Shallow
Contour Trenches+ Plantation
Land Without
Scrub
0-1%, moderate to deep
Coarse Loamy Moderate
Alluvial Plain, Buried Pediment
Shallow, Pediment
Pits and Plantation+ Plantation 1-3% Fine
3-5%
Shallow , Moderate Loamy Moderate
Contour Trenches+
Plantation 5-10%
Structural Hill, Residual Hill,
Buried Pediment Shallow
35-50% Shallow , Moderate Fine , Mixed
Loamy Moderate
Structural Hill, Dyke, Linear Ridge
Staggered Contour Trenches+ Plantation
Land with scrub
0-1%,,
Shallow , Moderate Mixed Loamy, Coarse Loamy
Severe Buried Pediment Shallow , Residual Hill, Structural Hill
Protect Natural Vegetation+ Protection 1-3% Moderate
3-5%
Fine Mixed Small Gradonies+
Protection 5-10%
Coarse Loamy Moderate Structural Hill, Alluvial Plain
10-15% Moderate
Coarse Loamy
Structural Hill, Alluvial Plain,
Pediment
Contour Trenches+ Protection 15-35% Fine Mixed
35-50% Shallow , Moderate Loamy skeleton Severe to Moderate Structural Hill,
Burried Pediment Shallow
Staggered Contour Trenches+ Protection
6
Action Plan for Agriculture Land
Agriculture Slope % Soil Depth Soil Texture Erosion Landform Action Plan
Measures
0-1%, 1-3%,3-5
Deep, Moderate
Fine None Buried Pediment
Shallow Bench Terraces, Agro-horticulture+Organic
Farming 5-10%, 10-
15% Structural Hill, Alluvial
Plain, Valley Fill Bench Terraces, Agro-forestry with Farm Bunding+Organic Farming 15-35%,35-
50% Fine,
Mixed loamy Slight,
Moderate
0-1%, 1-3%
Fine, Mixed and
coarse loamy Slight
Farm Bunding, Farm pond nearer to
village+Organic Farming
After analyzing the above parameters for various landforms, an activity chart was prepared, which involves various activities related to Soil
Moisture Conservation, Forestry and Agriculture Development as mentioned in the table below.
Planned activities for watershed development under IWMP
SMC Measures Forestry Works Agriculture Development
• Plugs/Trenches/Bunds • Checkdam • Boribandh • Farm Pond • Renovation of village
pond • Percolation tank
• Nursery raising • Farm forestry • Community Plantation • Silvi-pastoral
• Terracing • Land levelling • Agro-forestry • Horticulture • Organic Farming • Drip irrigation • Allied Dairy/Poultry/Fisheries
DPR Preparation:
The exercise of developing Detailed Planning Reports (DPRs) is therefore assisted by the prepared GIS maps & indicative Action Plan generated
using the Matrix. These provide accessible scientific tools to the Watershed Committees or the Watershed Development teams to take decisions on
physical to be carried out in different survey numbers. The DPR will be summed up in a Logical Framework Approach (LFA). DPR will be part of the
7
overall MIS. A special software is being developed to monitor the progress of the projects by monitoring the DPR. This will be done by integrating the
DPR with the MIS and GIS. Besides, the DPR prepared will also be made available online.
Convergence:
The State has mandated convergence of programmes and resources available under different Government funded programmes at the planning
stage itself to ensure focussed development in watershed areas and to enhance the livelihood security of the rural people.
Different possibilities for Convergence are shown in the figure below.
Geographic Information System can also be used as a tool to identify different areas of convergence of IWMP with various departmental
schemes. This would help in generation of Watershed Annual Action Plan map with the consent of Gram Sabha & optimization of village level
resources.
8
Case Study: Convergence
GSWMA had under taken a pilot project in Dhinchaniya village of Idar taluka in Sabarkantha district. Using different data and thematic maps
from BISAG convergence planning has been carried out. Following is the pre-convergence action plan map.
On the basis of above map different opportunities to converge with other departments and schemes surveyed. Following is the final action plan
map which includes the aspect of convergence. The map shows different planned activities that can be carried out.
Works carried under WDP, ARGW & Irri.Dept.
Desilting of
Checkdam
Maintenance of
Plantation
Dugwell
Structure
Horticulture
Plantation
Land
Improvement
Road
Improvement
Bank
9
b) List of watershed projects, along with area coverage, selected for treatment for the next 18 years; listing of these watershed
projects and area coverage year-wise for next 18 years
Table-SPSP 19: Plan-wise phasing of physical (area in ha) & financial (Rs. in Crore) targets of IWMP for next 18 years*:
Sr.no Names of Districts
Total Area
Total watersheds
covered Pre-IWMP and
Other Departments
Untreatable area
(Assured Irrigation, Sanctuary, Settlement Area etc)
Area to be covered
after deducting
untreatable area
Remaining Period of XI Plan
XII Plan XIII Plan XIV Plan Total for 18 Years
(2009-10 to 2011-12) (2012-13 to 2016-17) (2017-18 to 2021-22) (2022-23 to 2026-27)
Area (ha.) Area (ha.) Area (ha.) Area (ha.) Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial Physical Financial
1 Ahmedabad 808700 139500 173300 495900 70136.3 84.16 120264.89 144.32 135000 162.00 170499 204.60 495900 595.08
2 Amreli 739700 261129 38771 439800 81343 97.61 113537 136.24 120000 144.00 124920 149.90 439800 527.76
3 Anand 294100 21005 149895 123200 64123.1 76.95 59076.8 70.89 0 0.00 0 0.00 123200 147.84
4 Banaskantha 1075700 307939 137761 630000 103440 155.16 165000 247.50 175000 262.50 186560 279.84 630000 945.00
5 Bharuch 652700 220991 45409 386300 68380.69 82.06 95288 114.35 102631 123.16 120000 144.00 386300 463.56
6 Bhavnagar 998100 208000 165200 624900 91926.71 110.31 160945.6 193.13 175000 210.00 197028 236.43 624900 749.88
7 Dahod 365500 146000 29200 190300 77139.99 92.57 83160.25 99.79 30000 36.00 0 0.00 190300 228.36
8 Dang 176400 39000 7100 130300 66014.14 79.22 64285.49 77.14 0 0.00 0 0.00 130300 156.36
9 Gandhinagar 216600 15000 24200 177400 68660.11 82.39 75004.67 90.01 33735 40.48 0 0.00 177400 212.88
10 Jamnagar 1412500 493500 289000 630000 102480.87 153.72 153037.19 229.56 186000 279.00 188482 282.72 630000 945.00
11 Junagadh 884600 215436 58464 610700 84395.25 101.27 164587.41 197.50 175000 210.00 186717 224.06 610700 732.84
12 Kachchh 4565200 768545 2700655 1096000 174915.67 262.37 269834 404.75 315000 472.50 336250 504.38 1096000 1644.00
13 Kheda 421900 51772 73028 297100 84164.09 101.00 76388.47 91.67 75000 90.00 61547 73.86 297100 356.52
14 Mahesana 437100 50000 26100 361000 63386.28 76.06 95000 114.00 100000 120.00 102614 123.14 361000 433.20
15 Narmada 275500 77500 43700 154300 71228.84 85.47 65422.47 78.51 17649 21.18 0 0.00 154300 185.16
16 Navsari 220900 33370 90630 96900 71103.23 85.32 25796.64 30.96 0 0.00 0 0.00 96900 116.28
17 Panchmahal 521000 212226 64574 244200 86586.13 103.90 65216.06 78.26 75000 90.00 17398 20.88 244200 293.04
18 Patan 574000 212330 4970 356700 90914.22 136.37 86028 129.04 79758 119.64 100000 150.00 356700 535.05
19 Porabandar 229800 87000 47800 95000 74318.17 89.18 20681.75 24.82 0 0 95000 114.00
20 Rajkot 1120300 448000 125800 546500 111394.2 167.09 102570.77 153.86 150000 225.00 182535 273.80 546500 819.75
21 Sabarkantha 739000 130000 62100 546900 72829.32 87.40 116277.21 139.53 171000 205.20 186793 224.15 546900 656.28
10
22 Surat 470600 42000 222050 206550 74259.17 89.11 72291 86.75 60000 72.00 0 0.00 206550 247.86
23 Surendranagar 1048900 456000 38200 554700 82017.73 123.03 134643.94 201.97 158500 237.75 179538 269.31 554700 832.05
24 Tapi 295100 0 88550 206550 60950.81 73.14 70599 84.72 75000 90.00 0 0.00 206550 247.86
25 Vadodara 755000 185856 85544 483600 79758.82 95.71 107668.65 129.20 121173 145.41 175000 210.00 483600 580.32
26 Valsad 303500 116475 8025 179000 58255.41 69.91 60744.1 72.89 60000 72.00 0 0.00 179000 214.80
Total 19602400 4938574 4800026 9863800 2134122.25 2560.95 2623349.36 3148.02 2590446 3108.54 2515881 3019.06 9863799 12980.73
Note: Districts in yellow colour highlights are DDP districts.
11
Detail district-wise planning of total area to be covered in 18 year
Sr.no Names of Districts
Total Area
Total watersheds covered Pre-IWMP
and Other Dept.
Untreatable area
Area to be
covered
Total No. of Years
for Treatment
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
1 Ahmedabad 808700 139500 173300 495900 18 20000 26371.1 23765.2 20264.89 25000 25000
2 Amreli 739700 261129 38771 439800 18 25918 27328 28097 21537 20000 24000
3 Anand 294100 21005 149895 123200 7 21545.1 25263.8 17314.2 16503.8 12573 15000
4 Banaskantha 1075700 307939 137761 630000 18 29040 35000 39400 45000 25000 25000
5 Bharuch 652700 220991 45409 386300 18 20686.9 24080 23613.79 20288 15000 20000
6 Bhavnagar 998100 208000 165200 624900 18 30430.58 30930.25 30565.88 20945.6 35000 35000
7 Dahod 365500 146000 29200 190300 9 20001.89 28203.52 28934.58 16548.25 20000 16612
8 Dang 176400 39000 7100 130300 7 26738.05 24000 15276.09 14955.49 15000 15000
9 Gandhinagar 216600 15000 24200 177400 10 15356.1 17367.5 35936.51 15004.67 15000 15000
10 Jamnagar 1412500 493500 289000 630000 18 34049.81 34231.13 34199.93 26037.19 25000 30000
11 Junagadh 884600 215436 58464 610700 18 29327.5 36052.89 19014.86 29587.41 35000 35000
12 Kachchh 4565200 768545 2700655 1096000 18 105042 45362.9 24510.77 35747 55000 59087
13 Kheda 421900 51772 73028 297100 17 14736.5 20524.1 48903.49 16388.47 15000 15000
14 Mahesana 437100 50000 26100 361000 18 15000 24128.7 24257.58 15000 20000 20000
15 Narmada 275500 77500 43700 154300 9 24839.85 27738.99 18650 14422.47 12000 12000
16 Navsari 220900 33370 90630 96900 5 25610 20380 25113.23 16273.64 9523
17 Panchmahal 521000 212226 64574 244200 14 21705.35 28337.78 36543 15216.06 10000 10000
18 Patan 574000 212330 4970 356700 18 29250 28000 33664.22 26028 15000 15000
19 Porabandar 229800 87000 47800 95000 5 15783.73 27305.94 31228.5 16193.75 4488
20 Rajkot 1120300 448000 125800 546500 18 36238 30800.6 44355.6 20070.77 20000 20000
21 Sabarkantha 739000 130000 62100 546900 18 30426 28315.2 14088.12 26277.21 20000 20000
22 Surat 470600 42000 222050 206550 12 15000 27449.8 31809.37 14580 12711 15000
23 Surendranagar 1048900 456000 38200 554700 18 36402.46 31157.8 14457.47 24643.94 30000 25000
24 Tapi 295100 0 88550 206550 13 20000 20000 20950.81 15000 10599 15000
25 Vadodara 755000 185856 85544 483600 18 25000.06 27269.54 27489.22 27668.65 20000 20000
26 Valsad 303500 116475 8025 179000 12 20085.12 18058.9 20111.39 15839.1 14905 10000
Total 19602400 4938574 4800026 9863800 708213 713658.44 712250.81 546021.36 511799 511699
12
Sr.no Names of Districts
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 Total Area
Covered After 18
Year Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Year 12 Year 13 Year 14 Year 15 Year 16 Year 17 Year 18
1 Ahmedabad 25000 25000 25000 25000 25000 30000 30000 30499 35000 35000 35000 35000 495900
2 Amreli 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 25000 25000 25000 25000 24920 439800
3 Anand 15000 123200
4 Banaskantha 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 36560 37500 37500 37500 37500 630000
5 Bharuch 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 22631 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 386300
6 Bhavnagar 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 40000 40000 40000 40000 37028 624900
7 Dahod 15000 15000 15000 15000 190300
8 Dang 19330 130300
9 Gandhinagar 15000 15000 15000 18735 177400
10 Jamnagar 35000 37000 37000 37250 37250 37250 37250 37500 37500 37500 37500 38482 630000
11 Junagadh 30000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 37500 36717 37500 40000 610700
12 Kachchh 60000 60000 55000 65000 65000 65000 65000 67250 67250 67250 67250 67250 1096000
13 Kheda 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 16547 297100
14 Mahesana 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 22614 361000
15 Narmada 12000 15000 17649 154300
16 Navsari 96900
17 Panchmahal 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 17398 244200
18 Patan 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 19758 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 356700
19 Porabandar 95000
20 Rajkot 20000 22500 25000 30000 30000 30000 35000 35000 35000 37500 37500 37535 546500
21 Sabarkantha 20000 30000 30000 35000 35000 35000 36000 37250 37250 37250 37250 37793 546900
22 Surat 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 206550
23 Surendranagar 25000 30000 33500 30000 35000 30000 30000 35000 35000 35750 35750 38038 554700
24 Tapi 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 206550
25 Vadodara 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 26173 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 483600
26 Valsad 10000 10000 15000 15000 15000 15000 179000
Total 530330 523500 532149 534985 506250 512423 504639 510457 501000 503467 505797 495160 9863800
13
Table-SPSP 20: Year-wise phasing of physical (area in ’000 ha) & financial (Rs. in lakh) targets of IWMP for remaining period of XI Plan *:
S. No District
Remaining period of XI Plan
2009-10 2010-11 Phy.
Fin. In Crores
Phy. Fin. In Crores
No. of projects Area No. of projects Area H&D O H&D O H&D O H&D O
1 Ahmedabad 0 6 20000 24.00 0 5 28044.00 33.65 2 Amreli 0 6 25918 31.10 0 6 27227.00 32.67 3 Anand 0 5 21545 25.85 0 5 25263.80 30.32 4 Banaskantha 6 0 29040 43.56 7 0 35000.00 52.50 5 Bharuch 0 5 20687 24.82 0 5 24080.00 28.90 6 Bhavnagar 0 6 30431 36.52 0 6 30322.40 36.39 7 Dahod 0 5 20002 24.00 0 5 28203.52 33.84 8 Dangs 0 5 26738 32.09 0 4 26804.40 32.17 9 Gadhinagar 0 3 15356 18.43 0 4 17977.90 21.57
10 Jamnagar 6 0 34047 51.07 7 0 34431.10 51.65 11 Junagadh 0 6 29327 35.19 0 6 36499.10 43.80 12 Kheda 0 4 14737 17.68 0 4 18744.10 22.49 13 Kutch 18 0 105042 157.56 10 0 45863.00 68.79 14 Mehsana 0 3 15000 18.00 0 4 24129.00 28.95 15 Narmada 0 5 24840 29.81 0 5 27838.79 33.41 16 Navsari 0 5 25610 30.73 0 5 20380.00 24.46 17 Panchmahals 0 6 21705 26.05 0 5 28337.98 34.01 18 Patan 7 0 29250 43.88 5 0 28000.00 42.00 19 Porbandar 0 3 15784 18.94 0 6 27816.92 33.38 20 Rajkot 9 0 36238 54.36 6 0 30800.60 46.20 21 Sabarkantha 0 6 30426 36.51 0 6 30322.40 36.39 22 Surat 0 3 15000 18.00 0 6 29180.00 35.02 23 Surendranagar 8 0 36401 54.60 6 0 31307.80 46.96 24 Tapi 0 4 20000 24.00 0 4 20000.00 24.00 25 Vadodara 0 7 25000 30.00 0 5 26769.54 32.12 26 Valsad 0 4 20084.6 24.10 0 4 18120.65 21.74
Total 54 97 270018 438190 930.86 41 100 205403 516062 927.38
151 708208 141 721464
14
S. No District
Remaining period of 11th Plan
2011-12 Total
Phy. Fin. In Crores Phy. Fin. In Crores No. of projects Area
H&D O H&D O 1 Ahmedabad 0 7 34279 41.13 82322.78 98.79
2 Amreli 0 5 27971 33.56 81115.61 97.34
3 Anand 0 5 19710 23.65 66518.90 79.82 4 Banaskantha 8 0 41498 62.25 105538.00 158.31 5 Bharuch 0 5 24967 29.96 69734.12 83.68
6 Bhavnagar 0 8 43133 51.76 103885.87 124.66 7 Dahod 0 3 15462 18.55 63668.07 76.40 8 Dangs 0 3 12682 15.22 66224.12 79.47 9 Gadhinagar 0 3 13440 16.13 46774.00 56.13
10 Jamnagar 11 0 61009 91.51 129486.91 194.23
11 Junagadh 0 6 30592 36.71 96418.61 115.70 12 Kheda 0 5 19006 22.81 52486.16 62.98 13 Kutch 13 0 67053 100.58 217957.92 326.94 14 Mehsana 0 5 22061 26.47 61190.17 73.43
15 Narmada 0 2 8882 10.66 61560.64 73.87
16 Navsari 0 3 12950 15.54 58940.10 70.73
17 Panchmahals 0 4 19644 23.57 69687.46 83.62 18 Patan 5 0 23194 34.79 80444.44 120.67
19 Porbandar 0 4 18089 21.71 61689.75 74.03 20 Rajkot 8 0 38753 58.13 105791.90 158.69 21 Sabarkantha 0 7 34733 41.68 95481.39 114.58 22 Surat 0 4 19198 23.04 63377.53 76.05 23 Surendranagar 8 0 40293 60.44 108002.15 162.00 24 Tapi 0 3 16552 19.86 56552.47 67.86 25 Vadodara 0 6 32419 38.90 84188.43 101.03 26 Valsad 0 2 11549 13.86 49754.46 59.71
Total 53 90 271801 437319 932.48 2138791.97 2790.72
143 709120
Districts in yellow colour highlights are DDP districts.
15
7.1 Planning Process - Details of Scientific criteria/Inputs used in Planning (MIS Table-M(P)6)
Scientific criteria/ inputs used
(A) Planning
Cluster approach Cluster Approach is being followed strictly. Size of each project is around 5000 ha which covers 4 to 5
adjoining villages which form a cluster.
Whether technical back-stopping for the project has been arranged? If yes, mention the name of the Institute.
In process
Baseline survey Survey has been done in the project villages proposed for 2009-10.
Hydro-geological survey Survey has been done in the project villages proposed for 2009-10.
Contour mapping Contour maps are available
Participatory Net Planning (PNP)
Remote sensing data-especially soil/ crop/ run-off cover Available. Bhaskaracharya Institute of Space Applications and Geoinformatics, Govt. of India institute has been identified as resource organisation for mapping, remote sensing and Planning based on GIS.
Ridge to Valley treatment Strictly adhered to ridge to valley approach, so the areas in the hilly or uplying areas are proposed for
treatment during intial years and the low lyeing areas will follow in the coming years.
Online IT connectivity between
(1) Project and DRDA cell/ZP
In process (2) DRDA and SLNA
(3) SLNA and DoLR
Availability of GIS layers
1. Cadastral map
All thematic maps required for planning are available
2. Village boundaries
3. Drainage
4. Soil (Soil nutrient status)
5. Land use
6. Ground water status
7. Watershed boundaries
8. Activity
Crop simulation models#
16
Integrated coupled analyzer/ near infrared visible spectroscopy/ medium spectroscopy for high speed soil
nutrient analysis
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)# Facilities are available
Weather Stations
(B) Inputs
1. Bio-pesticides
2. Organic manures
3. Vermicompost Vermicompost units were setup in the previous project areas. Same will be followed in the coming
projects
4. Bio-fertilizer
In process
5. Water saving devices
6. Mechanized tools/ implements
7. Bio-fencing
8. Nutrient budgeting
9. Automatic water level recorders & sediment samplers
Any other (please specify)
17
Chapter-8
Livelihood Plan
Since Gujarat comprises a number of agro-climatic zones and possesses a rich bio-diversity, there is a lot of variety of options available for
livelihood augmentation in the state. The rainfall varies from 250 mm in Kutch to more than 2000 mm in south Gujarat. The soil type, quality, texture
and composition also vary a lot within the state. All these factors lead to different types of crops, and hence different types of livelihood options as
people in the rural areas depend largely upon agriculture for their livelihood.
For Livelihood analysis purpose, the state has been divided into four distinct regions:
1) Kutch, 2) Saurashtra, 3) North Gujarat, 4) Central Gujarat and 5) South Gujarat.
Kutch being a typical arid region, most part of the district faces perennial drought conditions. Thus the main livelihood options in the district
are animal husbandry and handicrafts, apart from the dry land farming whenever possible. Handicraft items, mainly embroidery works in this region
is very high in quality. In a typical drought period, the people tend to migrate as animal husbandry becomes very difficult in the summer season for
lack of fodder. Thus, establishment of fodder banks and seed banks will go a long way in providing livelihood support in the summer season and
stopping migration.
On the other hand, most districts of South Gujarat are dominated by hills and forests, where rainfall is pretty heavy too. The flora and fauna of
this region is distinctly different. The principal livelihood activity can be based upon minor forest produce, horticulture, sericulture, apiculture and
bamboo- based products.
Central Gujarat is blessed with good rain fall as well as irrigation facilities. Thus, people are mainly involved in agriculture (including
horticulture) and animal husbandry. Though Floriculture is done in this region, it needs more impetus.
Most of Saurashtra falls under semi-arid region. Cotton and ground nut are the main crops of this region. As Mango from this region is
considered very well in quality, its plantation is a good option.
18
Districts in the North Gujarat produce good quality of Isabgol, Cumin seeds, Ginger, etc. These activities, apart from other normal livelihood
options can be given specific importance here.
Some of the common livelihood options for the whole of the state are: Dairy development through support for animal husbandry, establishment
of agro-based micro-enterprises, Horticulture, Medicinal and aromatic crops, specific non-farm activities, productivity enhancement support to
marginal farmers through training and extension, Forward and backward linkages like credit and market.
A matrix of the region wise livelihood options is given in the table below.
Region District Livelihood options- region specific Livelihood Options- cross cutting
Kutch Kutch
Agro –Horti based - Fodder banks, date based products, cumin seed, Forestry based – Gugal, & Aloe vera plantation, apiculture, Handicraft based- Kutchi Abla work, Batik Print, woollen Shawl , Bandhani
Dairy development, Vermi- compost, Agro-based rural enterprises (area specific), Horticulture (papaya, lemon), Medicinal and aromatic products, Non-farm activities (Pottery, Khadi, Tailoring, Coir work, Papad, pickle and other food items, spices, …); Productivity enhancement support through training and extension, Forward and backward linkages, etc
Saurastra
Amreli Agro - Horti based – Mango processing, cotton based products, groundnut based products, floriculture, castor & sesame based products, betel leaf cultivation, promotion of Isabgol cultivation, coriander based products Forestry based – Eco- tourism, Aloe vera & amla plantation, gugal plantation Handicraft based - Bandhani, Kodi work, Moti work, coconut based articles, Bhindi fibre wood based items
Bhavnagar Jamnagar Junagadh Kachchh
Porbandar
Rajkot
Surendranagar
North Gujarat
Ahmedabad Agro- Horti based – Isabgol & cumin based products, Potato based products, floriculture ,vegetable farming Forestry based – Ailanthus plantation, Aloe vera & amla plantation, promotion bamboo plantation Handicraft based - Promotion of Patola & Ari works
Banaskantha Patan
Sabarkantha Gadhinagar
Mehsana
Central Gujarat
Anand Agro –Horti based – Banana based products, vegetable farming, promotion of vermicompost, turmeric based products , floriculture, guava cultivation
Kheda
Dahod
19
Panchmahal Forestry based – Babul, bamboo, amla, & aloe vera plantation, kusum based lac cultivation, Vadodara
South Gujarat
Bharuch Agro –Horti based – Mango & banana based products, vegetable farming, promotion of vermicompost, ginger & turmeric based products, floriculture, sapota based products , fresh water based pisciculture & aquaculture, mushroom cultivation, promotion of cashew nut cultivation Forestry based – Teak, bamboo, amla plantation, kusum based lac cultivation, bamboo articles, sericulture, apiculture,
Narmada Surat
Tapi
Navsari
Valsad
Dang
The important strategy for livelihood augmentation would be:
1. Priority to given to the asset less and the land less
2. Allocation of Common Property Resources (CPRs) to the land less for the purpose
3. Convergence with National Rural Livelihood Mission, SGSY, and other livelihood centric programmes of the government
20
Chapter-9
Institutional arrangements
At apex level in Gujarat state, Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency (GSWMA) has been constituted as SLNA.
At district levels, DWDUs (District watershed Development Unit) have been established. Potential PIA has been identified for example where the
project area falls under forest region; Forest Department can be engaged as PIA.
At village level, various village institutions like watershed committee, User Group and Self Help Group will be established. Under different
watershed programmes, already various village institutions are working for example SHG, Watershed Committee, User Groups, etc. Under new
programme, those institutions already functioning will be strengthened and their number will be increased.
Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency
(CEO, Professional Expert Team)
District Watershed Development Unit (Project Manager, Technical Expert and
Multi-disciplinary Team)
Project Implementing
Agency Gram Panchayat /
Gram Sabha
Self Help Groups Village Watershed
Committees User Groups
21
9.1 SLNA
In Gujarat state, Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency (GSWMA) has been constituted as SLNA. It is registered as an autonomous body
under the provisions of the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and the Bombay Public Charitable Trust Act, 1950 on 20/07/2007. Below is given the
organizational structure of GSWMA.
Organogram of Gujarat State Watershed
Management Agency (GSWMA):
22
Current Institutional Structure:
The Gujarat State Watershed Management Agency (GSWMA) has been formed to serve as a State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) to undertake
Integrated Watershed Management Programme in the state. It is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on 20.7.2007, as per G.R No.
GVK/GSWMA/01/07/SFS-42/KH.2 dated 12.07.2007 issued by Government of Gujarat. GSWMA is a Non-Profit making organization managed by the
Board of Governors which consists of Commissioner and Principal Secretary, Rural Development as the Chairperson along with senior officers from
Government of Gujarat. The officials who run GSWMA are: the CEO, a team of professional experts of different subjects like Finance, MIS, Capacity
Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, Scientific Planning, etc, and other Administrative Staff. GSWMA is located at state capital Gandhinagar in the Old
Secretariat.
Table-SPSP 26: Details of SLNA (MIS Table-M(IS)1)
1 2 3 4 5
S. No. Date of Notification Type of SLNA Date of MoU with DoLR Total no. of members of SLNA
1 18-07-2009 Society Under Process 15
Table-SPSP 27: Details of SLNA (MIS Table-M(IS)1) (Contd..)
Chairperson CEO
Name Designation Name Designation Date of
Appointment
Nature of
appointment
Tenure
(No. of
years)
Contact Ph. No./ Fax/
Smt. Rita
Teaotia, IAS
Principal Secretary
& Commissioner,
Rural
Development Dept.
Shri. Ram
Kumar,
IFS
Conservator of
Forest
(Watershed)
18-07-2009 Deputation
As per Govt.
of Gujarat
norms
079-23241088
23
Table-SPSP 28: Details of functionaries in the SLNAs* (MIS Table-M(IS)2)
1 2 3 4
S.
No.
Total no. of
persons
working in
the SLNA
for IWMP
Monthly
emoluments of
all the persons
working in the
SLNA for IWMP
(in Lacs)
Details of the persons engaged in the SLNA funded by DoLR
Names &
Designation
Monthly
remuneration
Nature of
appoint-ment $
Contact Ph. No./ Fax/
Qualifi-
cation Experience Role
15 12
Shri. Ram Kumar,
CEO 100000 Deputation
email id:
[email protected] IFS 21
Head of the
organization
Professional
Expert 50000
to be recruited
To be recruited
Research,
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Professional
Expert 50000
Capacity Building &
IEC activities
Professional
Expert 50000
Agriculture
Professional
Expert 50000
MIS
Professional
Expert 50000
GIS Applications &
Scientific Planning
Professional
Expert 50000
Animal Husbandry
Shri Chvada
Bipinchandra H. Deputation M.A. 28
Shri Soni V. A.
B,com 28 Administration
24
Shri. Patel R.P.
B.Sc., GFS 30 Administration
Shri. Rakesh
Pandya
Contractual
B.R.S. (Agri) 7
Administration &
Community
Mobilization
Shri Arvind Rawal
B.A. 5 Computer Operator
Shri Patel Dhawal
M.B.A.
(Finance) Nil Accountant
Translator/
Interpreter to be recruited
Translator/
Interpreter
Shri Makwana
Harjivan S. Deputation
Administration
9.2 PIA
Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs) will be identified by DWDU (District Watershed Development Unit) in consultation with Gujarat State
Watershed Management Agency. Some potential PIAs may include Forest department and voluntary organizations like AKRSP (Agha Khan Rural
Support Programme), Sadguru Foundation, etc.
9.3 WDT
The WDT will be hired on contract or deputation / transfer etc by PIA with the approval of DWDU for a term not exceeding the project period. The
composition of the WDT will be indicated in the contract/ MOU with PIA.
9.4 Institutional arrangements at village level and people’s participation
At village level, The Gram Sabha will constitute the Watershed Committee (WC) to execute the Watershed project with the technical support of
the WDT in the village. The Watershed Committee (WC) will be registered under the Society Registration Act, 1860. The sGram Sabha will go for the
selection of any suitable person from the village as the Chairman of Watershed Committee. The Watershed Committee (WC) will comprise of at least
10 members, half of the members shall be representatives of SHGs and User Groups, SC/ST community, women and landless persons in the village.
One member of the WDT shall also be represented in the Watershed Committee (WC). Where the Panchayat covers more than one village, they would
25
constitute a separate subcommittee for each village to manage the watershed development project in the concerned village. Where a watershed
project covers more than one Gram Panchayat, separate committees will be constituted for each Gram Panchayat.
The Watershed Committee (WC) shall constitute User Groups in the watershed area with the help of Watershed Development Team. The Watershed
Committee (WC) with the help of the WDT shall facilitate resource-use agreements among the User Groups based on the principles of equity and
sustainability. The User Groups will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of all the assets created under the project in close collaboration
with the Gram Panchayat and the Gram Sabha.
The Watershed Committee shall also constitute SHGs in the watershed area with the help of Watershed Development Team (WDT) from marginalized
section of the society. These Groups shall be homogenous groups having common identity and interest who are dependent on the watershed area for
their livelihood. Each Self Help Group will be provided with a revolving fund.
26
Chapter 10
10.1 Capacity building
10.0.1 Stake holders and capacity building requirements
S.No Project Stakeholder Critical capacity gaps
1
Target community (SC, ST, Women, etc) Away from the mainstream society, marginalized, lack of skills
2 GPs Lack of awareness and orientation towards Watershed Programme,
3 Watershed Committees Lack of skills
4 SHGs Lack of skills
5 UGs Lack of skills
6 WDTs Lack of skills
7 PIAs Lack of proper awareness and orientation towards Watershed Programme
8 DRDA/ZP cell Lack of awareness and orientation towards Watershed Programme
9 SLNA More skills to manage the whole watershed programme
10.0.2 Strategies for capacity building
GSWMA has collaborated with several national and state level organizations with different specializations. A comprehensive capacity building
plan and strategy is in place. Capacity Building will be done in two ways: (i) Internal Programmes, (ii) Outsourced Programmes. Some of the training
programmes have been planned to be conducted in-house and some other programmes to be outsourced. Annual Action Plans have been prepared by
GSWMA and respective DWDUs to follow up the strategy.
27
10.0.3 Capacity Building Programmes to be taken up:
Stakeholders Training programs Training Duration Training Institutes
PE/PM/TE
Watershed Concepts/Guidelines/ NRM 1-6 days AKRSP(I),SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, FES, Anand, DSC
Ecological aspects like Biodiversity conservation and climate change
5 days
GIDT, FES
Ecosystem GIDT
Ecological Monitoring GIDT
Soil and Moisture Conservation Technologies for Watershed management
1-6 days AKRSP (I), CSWCR
PRA techniques 3-5 days AKRSP (I), FES Anand, Dhruva, DSC
GIS based Scientific planning of the watershed programme
4-5 days BISAG, Gandhinagar, JAU, soil Survey of India
Research Protocols in watershed Development Progrmme
3 days SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad
Institutional development and Establishing Linkages
3 days FES, Anand, SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, DSC, AKRSP(I)
Overall Watershed management 3 days JAU, Junagarh
Forestry plantation & nursery techniques 1 day FES, Anand
Monitoring & Evaluation and impact assessment 3 days SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad
DPR Preparation, Planning and Budgeting 2-6 days Dhruva, DSC, AKRSP(I)
Financial Management 1 day SADGURU, DSC, AKRSP(I)
Delineation and Codification of Watershed
5 Days
Soil and Land Survey of India
Watershed Prioritization for strategic planning Soil and Land Survey of India
Soil Survey for Scientific land use planning Soil and Land Survey of India Convergence of Various Government Programme 1 day SADGURU,DSC,
28
/ Schemes
WDT/MDT Basic Orientation Training on Watershed Development and Management
30 days NM SADGURU, DSC
MDT(Agriculture/Soil)/WDT(Agriculture/Soil)
Watershed Concepts/Guidelines/ NRM 1-6 days AKRSP(I),SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, FES,
Ecological aspects like Biodiversity conservation and climate change
5 days
GIDT, FES
Ecosystem GIDT
Ecological Monitoring GIDT
PRA techniques, 3-5 days AKRSP (I), FES Anand, Dhruva, DSC
Institutional development and Establishing Linkages
3 days FES, Anand, SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, DSC, AKRSP(I)
GIS based Scientific planning of the watershed programme
4-5 days BISAG, Gandhinagar, JAU, soil Survey of India
Extension Technique in Agriculture 1-2 days KVK(Kheda),
Improved and modern agriculture methods 1-2 days KVK - DAHOD, Vadodara, Porbander, Kheda
Sustainable and productive use of water resources in agriculture
1-2 days KVK - DAHOD, Vadodara, Porbander, Kheda
Horticulture and Floriculture techniques 1-2 days KVK - DAHOD, Vadodara, Porbander, Kutch
Aquaculture and pisciculture 1-2 days KVK- Porbander
Organic Farming 1-3 days KVK- Dahod, Porbander, Kheda, Vadodara, Kutch, SADGURU, AKRSP(I)
Forestry and horticultural plantation for the watershed management
3 days JAU, Junagarh
Agronomic/biological measures in watershed management
3 days JAU, Junagarh
29
MDT(Animal Husbandry)/WDT(Animal Husbandry)
Watershed Concepts/Guidelines/ NRM 1-6 days AKRSP(I),SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, FES, Anand
Fodder and Forage Development 4-5 days KVK-(Vadodara, Kheda, Kutch) GIDT
Dairy Development Techniques 1-2 days KVK (Kheda, Kutch)
Cattle Breed Improvement 1-2 days Kutch
Cattle Disease Management 1-2 days Kutch
Training For Trainers 1-2 days DSC
PRA techniques 3-5 days AKRSP (I), FES Anand, Dhruva,SADGURU, DSC
MDT(Accountant)/WDT (Accountant)
Accounts and Book Keeping 1 day AKRSP(I),SADGURU, DSC, FES
Financial Management 1 day SADGURU, DSC
Training For Trainers 1 day DSC
MIS Coordinator/Data Entry Operator/System Analyst
GIS DATA Base 1 day BISAG Gandhinagar, JAU
Data Entry 1 day Dhruva, KVK
MIS, Data Handling, Data Compilation 1-2 days DSC
MDT(CE)/WDT(CE)
Watershed Concepts/Guidelines/ NRM 1-6 days AKRSP(I),SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, FES, Anand
DPR Preparation, Planning and Budgeting 2-6 days Dhruva, DSC, AKRSP(I)
Soil and Moisture Conservation Technologies for Watershed management
1-6 days AKRSP (I), CSWCR
Asset Management and Importance 1 day AKRSP(I)
GIS based Scientific planning of the watershed programme
4-5 days BISAG, Gandhinagar, JAU, soil Survey of India
Delineation and Codification of Watershed
5 Days
Soil and Land Survey of India
Watershed Prioritization for strategic planning Soil and Land Survey of India
Soil Survey for Scientific land use planning Soil and Land Survey of India
30
Application of remote sensing and GIS in soil survey Soil and Land Survey of India
Gram Panchayat Watershed Concepts/ Guidelines/ NRM 1-2 days Dhruva, SIRD, SADGURU, FES, DSC, AKRSP(I)
Gender Issues in Watershed Programs 2-3 days Dhruva, SIRD, SADGURU, FES
Village Watershed Committee
Watershed Concepts/guidelines/NRM concept 3-5 days Dhruva, AKRSP(I),SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, FES, Anand, DSC
Net planning process and DPR preparation 3-7 days Dhruva, AKRSP(I)
Roles and responsibilities of VWC, UG and GP 2-3 days Dhruva, AKRSP(I)
GIS based Scientific planning of the watershed programme
1-2 days BISAG, Gandhinagar, JAU, soil Survey of India
Leadership 1 day AKRSP(I), Ahmedabad, DSC, Ahmedabad, KVK (Kutch), SIRD
Capacity Building of SHG's 1-3 days Dhruva, AKRSP(I)
Quality control of watershed activities 2 -3 days Dhruva
Account and record keeping 2-4 days Dhruva, AKRSP(I)
Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) 1 day Dhruva
Maintenance fund and its utilization 2-3 days Dhruva Techniques of improved agriculture 2-3 days Dhruva, KVK
Exit Protocol of Watershed Programme 2-3 days Dhruva
Convergence of Various Government Programme / Schemes
1 day SADGURU,DSC,
development and Utilization of maintenance fund 2-3 days Dhruva
User Group
Watershed Concepts/ Guidelines/ NRM 2-3 days Dhruva, SIRD, SADGURU, FES Ecological aspects like Biodiversity conservation and climate change
5 days GIDE, FES
Ecosystem GIDE Ecological Monitoring GIDE GIS based Scientific planning of the watershed programme
1-2 days BISAG, Gandhinagar. JAU
31
Extension Techniques in agriculture 3 days KVK, Dhruva
Micro Irrigation System and water Harvesting 2-3 days KVK, Dhruva
Improved and Modern Agriculture Methods 3 days KVK, Dhruva
Leadership 1 day AKRSP(I), Ahmedabad, DSC, Ahmedabad, KVK (Kutch), SIRD
Pest Control and Disease Management 1 day SADGURU Livelihood Options and Micro enterprise development
3 days BAIF Foundation, EDI, SIRD
Dairy Development 3 days KVK
Horticulture and Floriculture techniques 1-3 days SADGURU, KVK, JAU
Organic Farming 1-3 days KVK- Dahod, Porbander, Kheda, Vadodara, Kutch, SADGURU, AKRSP(I)
Animal Husbandry 3 days SADGURU
Use of Bio-control agents for pest and disease control 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Care and Measures for the safe use of different Pesticides
1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Dry Farming 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Nursery 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Nutritional Management 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Agro Processing technique 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Micro Irrigation Techniques 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Integrated Nutritional Management 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Value Addition practices in fruits and vegetables and its preservation
3-5 days KVK-Kutch
Livelihoods and Micro-Enterprise Development 3 days SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, KVK
Rural Crafts 5- 10 days NID, KVK
Convergence of Various Government Programme / Schemes
1 day SADGURU,DSC,
32
Self Help Group
Watershed Concepts/guidelines/NRM concept 1 - 6 days AKRSP(I),SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, FES, Anand, DSC
Gender Issue in development 1 day AKRSP(I), DSC, KVK Watershed Treatment measures 1-2 days AKRSP(I) Leadership 1 day AKRSP(I) Promotion and Management of SHG 3 days NM SADGURU, AKRSP (I) Social mobilization stages for community empowerment
1 day AKRSP(I)
Book keeping in watershed projects/SHG’s its importance, and type of record keeping registers etc
1 day AKRSP(I)
Value Addition practices in fruits and vegetables and its preservation
3-5 days KVK-Kutch
Use of Bio-control agents for pest and disease control 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Care and Measures for the safe use of different Pesticides
1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Dry Farming 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Nursery Management 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Nutritional Management 1-2 days KVK-Kutch Agro Processing technique 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Micro Irrigation Techniques 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Integrated Nutritional Management 1-2 days KVK-Kutch
Livelihoods and Micro-Enterprise Development 3 days SPIPA-SIRD Ahmedabad, KVK(Baif), EDI
Convergence of Various Government Programme / Schemes 1 day
SADGURU
Rural Crafts 10-14 days NID, KVK(Kutch)
Rural Youth
Communication Skill and Basic Computer training 2-3 days SADGURU, DSC, AKRSP(I), NIRD
Livelihood Options and Micro enterprise development
3 days BAIF Foundation, EDI, SIRD
Rural Crafts 10-14 days NID, KVK(Kutch)
33
10.0.4 Institutional Arrangement for capacity building:
Table-SPSP 31: List of Training Institutes@ identified for Capacity Building at State level (MIS Table-M(CB)1)
S. No. Name of institutions Address Specialization
1 Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) Anand Management issues, Livelihood
2 Bhaskaracharya Institute of Space Applications and Geo-
informatics Gandhinagar
Space Application and GIS
3 State Institute of Rural Development, Gujarat Ahmedabad Training
4 Development Support Center, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Participatory Natural Resource Management
5 Dantiwada Agriculture University, Banaskantha Dantiwada Agriculture
6 National Institute of Rural Development Hyderabad Training
7 Anand Agricultural University Anand Agriculture
8 Agricultural University, Junagadh Junagadh Agriculture
9 Krishi Vigyan Kendras of all distrcts Respective districts Agriculture extension
10 Sadguru Foundation, Dahod Dahod Participatory Natural Resource Management
11 BAIF Foundation, Vadodara Vadodara Participatory Natural Resource Management
12 VRTI, Kutch Mandvi, Kutch Participatory Natural Resource Management
13 Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology Kutch Training
14 Research Foundation, Department of Forest, Gandhi
Nagar Gandhinagar
Academic and Research in Forestry Activities
15 Central Soil and Water Conservation Training Institute Vasad Research & Training
16 GEER Foundation Gandhinagar Ecological Research & Education
17 Central for Environment Education- Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Participatory Natural Resource Management
18 Research Centers of Forest Department Research and Extension
19 Entrepreneurship Development Institute, Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Enterprise Development
20 National Institute of Design, Gandhiangar Ahmedabad Designing
21 International Water Management Institute Anand Land and Water management
22 National Soil & Land Use Survey of India, Ahmedabad Survey
23 AKRSP (I) Ahmedabad Participatory Natural Resource Management
24 MICA Ahmedabad Communication
34
S. No. Name of institutions Address Specialization
25 FES Anand Participatory Natural Resource Management
26 Geological Survey of India Gandhinagar Survey
27 Honey Bee Network Ahmedabad Rural innovations
28 Survey of India Gandhinagar Survey
29 Navsari Agricultural College Navsari Agriculture
10.0.5 Training Module:
A Capacity Building Manual has been prepared and circulated among all the District Watershed Development Units (DWDUs).
10.1 Information, Education and Communication Activities:
Electronic Media -Doordarshan, AIR, Internet, Dish TV, etc are available Medias, which could be used for educating the community
Print Media - Newspapers, posters, banners, leaflets, handbills, brochures.
Health Melas - District officers to select venue and time as per suitability and need for the health melas for organizing health camps/melas
Community newspaper/newsletter: A monthly newspaper/newsletter could be brought out in local language highlighting the watershed activities.
The photographs of the community group meetings, discussions etc. could be pasted on a chart paper briefly describing the purpose of the activity,
date, time, venue, major decisions taken etc. Such newspapers/newsletter could be placed at the venue of the community meetings. This would give
the community members a sense of ownership and help to connect with the programme better.
Video shows: By showing docudramas during the meetings at the block/village/Panchayat level either using electronic or folk media awareness about the
watershed programme could be generated and then ask for their feedback i.e their perception/reception of the message and misconceptions to be corrected.
Folk Media – puppetry, nukkad natak, magic shows, folk dances etc.
Outdoor/Reminder Medias - Hoardings, wall paintings, balloons, tin plates, bus panels, etc. The size has to be determined by the implementing office within the
overall unit cost.
35
Hoardings, wall paintings, kiosks, tin plates, neon signs to be erected/painted/placed at the following places:
Venue of the community Group Meeting of the local Panchayat
Office of the watershed committee
Public Health Centre, School, Haat /Mandis where people gather
36
Chapter 11
Monitoring and Evaluation
Use of GIS has been planned for the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of IWMP projects. Customized mobile based software is being
developed in collaboration with BISAG which will enable updating maps through mobile text messages received from WDT’s & incorporating GPS
coordination. Each WDT member of PIA will be allotted a unique code for their respective districts. Timely updating of the data regarding the project
implementation on GIS maps will help in generating regular summarized and specialized reports for the decision makers. Data will be translated at
State level onto GIS maps through which monitoring before, during & post implementation will become possible.
For e.g. if a check dam is constructed at a certain place, sending a text message containing the details of the structure and the longitude and
latitude will ensure that the check dam is marked on the map. Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon images of the area will reflect whether the structure
has been effective in water storage. Such mapping of structures periodically will reflect whether the ridge to valley approach is being followed or not
during the implementation of the project. Also if the need for some changes in the sites selected is realized during the works phase, an informed
decision can be made based on the maps depicting the work done so far and their implications reflected in the pre and post monsoon images. In all,
such a mechanism where the progress of the works phase can be monitored on a map with coordinates can reveal whether the works are being
undertaken according to the plan and schedule, the ridge to valley approach and also the need for changes in the plan can be detected early.
Often it has been observed that water storage structures are constructed in the downstream valley areas without treating the upper ridges.
This often results in damage to the structures and in some cases, the entire structure gets washed away. While the ridge to valley approach has been
adopted at the planning phase, implementation in the same sequence is to be ensured. A GIS based monitoring system will help in better
implementation of the ridge to valley approach.
One of the institution building activities under IWMP is formation of User Groups. The members of User Groups will be those farmers who will
benefit the most from the construction of a water harvesting structure. The User Group will also be responsible for maintenance of the structure and
appropriate use of water. A GIS based monitoring mechanism will ensure that members of User Groups are actually only those farmers whose land
plots lie in proximity to the water harvesting structure and that no potential beneficiary is excluded from the User Group.
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Thus a GIS based monitoring mechanism will not only help in site selection in planning phase and scheduling of works phase but will also
strengthen the institutions that are visualized to sustain development in the consolidation phase of IWMP.
11.1 Methodology for Evaluation: The methodology for Evaluation consists of the following components:
11.1.1 Field Visits:
Field visits to the project village have to be made with the purpose of verification of structures, village level documents and records, collection
of data and photographs through interaction with Village watershed Committee members, SHG members, User Group members, Gram Panchayat
members and village residents. Observations on the appropriateness and relevance of the water harvesting structures and the present condition of the
structures should be documented. Environmental and social impacts resulting from watershed development activities should be studied and
documented. The evaluators can also find out initiatives and mechanisms that have been evolved locally with respect to maintenance or continuing
watershed development and also the conflicts arising thereof along with conflict resolution methods that have proven to be successful. The evaluator
should interact with SHG members to understand whether the livelihood interventions had been effective to increase income and develop market
linkages. Such findings can contribute significantly to future watershed development programmes.
11.1.2 Data Collection:
Data regarding project location, project initiation and closure, activities, beneficiaries’ identity and impact arising from project implementation is to be
collected by the evaluator and recorded in the formats provided to them. Data from primary and secondary sources will be collected.
Secondary sources of data will be as follows: Gram Panchayat records Census records Village Dairy Local Market Yard Irrigation Department Agriculture University
Primary sources of data will be as follows: Interviews with village residents Focus Group Discussions with Watershed Committee members
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Focus Discussions with SHG members Focus Discussions with UG members Interview with Sarpanch
11.1.3 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Techniques:
Various participatory and monitoring techniques should be employed to gather data directly from the stakeholders. Such data will be useful to
verify data from Gram Panchayat and Village Watershed Committee records and will be useful for qualitative evaluations.
Focus Group Discussion: Focus Group Discussions with various groups consisting of different economic classes, castes, SC/ST groups,
women, landless, small and marginal farmers and medium or large farmers groups. Discussions should focus on the effectiveness of various activities
taken up under the watershed development projects such as capacity building, construction of water harvesting structures, vegetative measures,
livelihood development through SHGs, community participation, functioning of Gram Panchayat and Watershed Committee, inclusiveness (women
and vulnerable sections of society), problems and solutions for soil and moisture conservation.
Transect walk: Transect walk across the village will help in verifying the status of natural resources, agriculture and also socio-
economic development to some extent. During the transect walk in the main village residential area one should observe the village societal structure,
housing pattern and structure, amenities available, unused structures and awareness regarding sanitation. On the periphery of the village, availability
of natural resources that are in use, over exploited and potential resources lying unexplored can be studied. Cropping pattern, horticulture and farm
forestry species, the extent of modernization in agriculture and connectivity to market place should be observed.
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11.2 Evaluation Criteria: Evaluation Criteria Evaluation Questions Relevance 1. Did the overall goal of reducing poverty in rural areas through soil and moisture conservation and livelihood enhancement
activities match development policies and objectives? 2. Did the overall goal match the needs of the project area?
Efficiency 1. What outputs were achieved and whether they were according to the plan? 2. Was the implementation schedule as planned? 3. Was the project cost as planned?
Effectiveness 1. Did the outputs help achieve the goal? 2. Was the project purpose of livelihood enhancement and soil and moisture conservation achieved? 3. Comparing the inputs to the extent of goals achieved, can project implementation be considered to be effective?
Impact 1. Did the achievement of purpose (Institution building, SMC and livelihood enhancement) contribute to the overall goal of reducing poverty?
2. What were the other positive and negative impacts? (environment, policy, technology, socio-economic) Sustainability 1. Are the WC, UG and SHG stable enough to function for a long time?
2. Are there enough skilled human resources for operation and maintenance? 3. Are the organization/institutional arrangements in place for proper operation and maintenance of the outputs? 4. Are the outputs in good condition and in use? Are village institutions maintaining them? 5. Is the usufruct sharing mechanism and conflict resolution mechanism functional?
11.3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT:
On completion of the project, impact assessment becomes essential. GIS will be used to map the environmental as well as social impact
resulting from implementation of IWMP. Natural parameters such as ground water recharge, forest cover, salinity ingress, soil erosion and
biodiversity will be studied through remote sensing and GIS. Also parameters such as crop pattern and irrigated area which have a direct impact on
society can be studied. Analysis of data available from satellite images at regular intervals will help in generating an idea of the changes occurring in
the baseline data due to implementation of IWMP. Detection of changes in forest cover may be possible only after a certain duration but IWMP is to
continue over a long period.
Collection and analysis of data at regular intervals along with the mapping of project activities before, during and after implementation will
create a very useful database which is at the core of any impact assessment process. Based on the impact of IWMP on environmental and social factors
input for future planning of the projects will be generated. This will help in continual improvement in the scientific planning process that is essential
to the successful implementation of IWMP.
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Chapter 12
Expected Outcomes
Item Unit Pre-project Status Expected Post-project Status
Status of water table meter 25-45 20-35
Ground water structures repaired/ rejuvenated Cubic meter Baseline survey
Quality of drinking water Qualitative Average Potable
Availability of drinking water months in a year 7-10 10-12
Increase in irrigation potential ha. - 75400 (20%)
Change in cropping/ land use pattern ha. - 20% of treated area will be converted to
cash crops from coarse grain crops
Area under single crop ha. 205522 164418
Area under double crop ha. 54608 73721
Area under multiple crop ha. 17993 23134
Increase in area under vegetation ha. 50415 51632
Increase in area under horticulture ha. 1799 2313
Increase in area under fuel & fodder ha. 7232 14280
Increase in milk production Lt./dayper capita 0.75 0.90
No. of SHGs No. 0 7500
Increase in no. of livelihoods No. 4 10
Increase in income
per household Rs. / Year 22000 30000
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Annexure-1
Some Case Studies from the Pre-IWMP Projects
CASE STUDY No.1: Upleta taluka, Rajkot district- Vruksh Prem Seva Trust (VPST) The Vruksha Prem Seva Trust (VPST) was established by well-known environmentalist Shri Premjibhai Patel in the backward area of the Upleta taluka,
Rajkot district, Gujarat in 1968. For his efforts in water harvesting, Shri Premjibhai has been awarded the National Water Award (Rs. 10 lakh) for the year 2008 by
the Ministry of Water Resources. VPST has completed implementing 25 projects successfully and 5 more projects are under way under the Desert Development
Programme (DDP) of the Government of Gujarat. The Government has invested 7.72 crores in these projects.
The strategy of VPST has focused on the following:
Intensive water harvesting
Large scale plantation on waste land
Innovative structures
Low administrative cost
Involving people at all the stages of the project
Innovative structures: Two types of dam design has been suggested by Premjibhai.
Arch type Check Dam: The construction of arch dam provides strength to the structure, thereby, increasing its longevity.
Ardha Chandrakar Dam (Semi-lunar check dam): It is a low cost structure that allows the greater storage of water. He developed the designs of the semi circular
check dam by using iron bars in construction. In the initial phase stones were placed in the flowing water keeping a little distance between two stones. Later on this
gap was filled up using river sand, stones and cement. The work started with the villagers digging out the foundation with the help of trikam – instrument for hand
digging. Then they made holes in stones of 2-3ft depth and inserted 20cm dia iron bars in it, which will provide sufficient strength to the dam. The slope of the body
wall of the dam should be making angle of 60° with the top of the dam. The width of this top wall is kept around 1m, so that the height can be increased in future.
According to the experience of Premjibhai, these circular dams are more economical than the straight ones. This is because the thin walls of the dams make it cost
effective. During construction phase, various other aspects were looked into, like mixing river sand and cement and using it within short period for more strength.
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Semi-lunar check dam Arch check Dam
A particular intervention on the river Fofal is worth discussing.
Regeneration of the rivulet Fofal
The river Fofal, like all the other rivers in the region, was not a perennial river. Water would be available in the river only up to November. The Fofal River
Watershed Project covers an area of 8910 hectares in 14 watershed villages of Jamkandorana and Gondal Taluka of Rajkot district total of, in series 714 check dams
have been constructed on the 35 km long River Fofal. As a result of the check dam building, the river has been regenerated. Today, water is seen in the river
throughout year including the lean months and the river flow is observed in almost nine months. Villagers use the river water for meeting all their needs, from
drinking to irrigation. Women no longer have to walk miles to get water, and are able to devote time for education and other social activities.
A study of long term water level trend shows that before implementation of watershed program there was overall declining trend in both the talukas but
after implementation of watershed program the groundwater levels are recording a rising trend in both the talukas. This amply demonstrates the benefits of
artificial recharge to groundwater.
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Fig.12: Check dams on FOFAL River and its tributaries
Overall impact:
10-30% increase in Ground water level
Drinking Water Security in 14 villages
Decrease in soil salinity
5105 ha. brought under irrigation
Cropping Intensity increased
CASE STUDY No. 2: Rajsamadhiyala, Rajkot district- BAIF (GRISERV) Rajasamadhiyala micro-watershed at latitude 22o 8’ 15”N to 22o 13’ 15”N, and longitude 70o 54’30”E to 70o 59’ 15”E covering over an area of 1090 ha is
situated 22 km from Rajkot in semi-arid Saurashtra region, on Rajkot-Bhavnagar state highway in Rajkot District of Gujarat. The annual rainfall at Rajasamadhiyala
Fig.11 : Water level in seven new dug wells at the end of 2003
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during 2002–04 was 419, 709 and 490 mm respectively with a mean annual rainfall of 539 mm. Mean annual rainfall of Rajkot town located 20 km downstream
West of the watershed village during 1985–04 is 503 mm. The lowest rainfall recorded during the past 20 years was 172 mm in 1987 and highest was 1016 mm in
1988. Rainfall received was below normal in 12 out of 20 years.
The process of development began in 1978, when Sri Hardevsinh Jadeja was elected as the sarpanch of the village. The Village Development Committee
(VDC) was formed constituting leaders representing different sections and communities. Though rain water harvesting started in this village in 1983, watershed
development programme was initiated in 1995.
A study by TK Sreedevi, SP Wani, Tushar Shah and others in 2006 reveals that water scarcity and land degradation were the major constraints to
agricultural productivity in the village Rajasamadhiyala before implementation of watershed development activities. Perceptible changes were observed in areas
under irrigation, cropping pattern and intensity along with diversification of crops from traditional to commercial or cash crops. Over a period of time water storage
capacity increased significantly, covering more area under irrigation and enhancing the cropping pattern, intensity and productivity of several crops. Both per
capita cultivable land and yield increased but per capita availability of produce increased drastically in the village during the period of watershed development
programs. Crop productivity in upstream watershed Rajasamadhiyala is higher than the two downstream villages. For example, in case of groundnut it is 29%
higher than in Aniyala and 68% higher than in K B Dham. Similarly cotton productivity is 21% higher in Rajasamadhiyala than in Aniyala and 57% higher than in KB
Dham.
In Rajasamadhiyala watershed higher production is seen in some of the crops, such as vegetables, higher by 67% and 59%, pigeonpea 53% and fodder by 40
and 26% compared to Aniyala and KB Dham villages respectively.
A significant change was also observed in the cost of cultivation. Due to higher increment in returns of crops the benefit:cost ratio changed from negative to positive
and at present except pulse crops other important crops have positive benefit cost ratio. Investments in watershed program showed good net present value and
internal rate of returns. Interventions in watershed significantly improved the socioeconomic status of people, provided more employment opportunities while
maintaining good environment and soil and water balance in the watershed. In the village food, fodder and fuel security improved sharply within a short span.
Increased income from agriculture and other allied sectors such as livestock rearing, enabled farmers to maintain a higher consumption status and enhanced
standard of living, this provided the farmers enough work opportunities in farming.
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In conclusion, huge investment of 16.25 million rupees in rainwater harvesting structures which is nine folds more than the normal watershed investments
have currently benefited farmers in the watershed as well as the farmers from the downstream villages also. Agricultural crop productivity was increased by 119%
in case of groundnut, 53% in cotton, 95% in wheat and by 50% in case of cumin. The internal rate of return was 9.4% with the cost benefit ratio of 1: 1.24 on such a
large investment. Public investments through watershed programs in India improved water availability in rainfed areas and increased productivity and incomes
which in turn triggered private investment in rainfed areas.
CASE STUDY No. 3: Mokasar, Chotila, Surendranagar- AKRSP(I) Equity in principle and practice
Mokasar is a small village located 9 kms from Chotila town. It is a heterogeneous village of 247 households, with the majority population of Kolis. There are
198 households of Kolis, 30 harijans, 9 bawajis and 1 valand.
The main occupation of people in the village is agriculture. Out of 247 households, 224 are cultivators and 17 landless households. Thus around 91 per cent
of the population is directly engaged in agriculture. Besides agriculture, other occupations are cattle rearing, agricultural labour and construction labour.
Major Kharif crops in the village are Millet, Sesame, Cotton and Groundnut. The Rabi crops include wheat and vegetables. Due to lack of irrigation facility, it
is generally not possible to take summer crops. The total area of the village is 525 hectares out of which 110 hectares are revenue wasteland, 39 hectares of gaucher
land and 376 hectares cultivable land.
Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India) started watershed based work here in 1995-96 with support from European Commission and later on this
village was sanctioned a watershed project by the MoRD in 1998-99.
The major activities undertaken:
Soil and water conservation through ‘nala plugs’, ‘contour bunding’, ‘continuous contour trenches (CCTs)’, ‘land leveling’, and building new water harvesting
structures
Agriculture extension work
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Micro-finance activities with women
The important benefits from the project were:
Increased agricultural productivity
Reduced migration relative to other villages
Employment generation (and savings generation) during drought years
Increased groundwater recharge due to water harvesting
Moisture conservation
A new self confidence amongst the women and poor
However, two things stand out:
A multi-caste village committee with leaders from all castes which plan for the improvement of the village, rather than their own community
Equitable distribution of benefits
Maintaining ‘equity’ in a village strongly divide by caste and class lines, is not an easy task. When AKRSP(I) started work, they realized that a village where the
upper caste has encroached upon all the common land, work could done only on private land. But after a year, they established good rapport with the local populace
by following the right processes.
Frequent meetings with the village watershed development committee(WDC) on the issue of extending benefits to the landless and poor, and a focus on “who
benefits?” led to the WDC prioritizing work on common land where only Vagharis and Harijans did labour work. A targeted approach to take up work on the land of
“C “category farmers ensured that they benefited most during the drought period. This was possible in such a caste-ridden society because care had been taken in
the formation of the WDC, which had only 2 of its 9 villagers form category “A.” In the subsequent year (year 4)it was decided that machinery would not be used and
even land leveling and bunding work would be taken up through manual labour and here priority would be given to other ‘C’ category villagers. This has not only
ensured that they got employment but their private land would also be treated even though they cannot give contribution like other farmers.
Lessons for replication in similar semi-arid, heterogeneous, multi-caste areas
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Forming a village development committee without haste and ensured that it reflects socio- economic profile of the village. In Mokasar, for example, only
two of the 9 committee members belong to the ‘A’ category.
Review the progress of the watershed programme not only in terms of the activities and the budget but also in terms of who benefits and raising issues of
distribution of benefits at every possible opportunity.
Having accurate data, accepted by the villagers, of the wealth ranking within the village so that when the distribution of benefits is reviewed it can be done
objectively in terms of the class of the beneficiary.
Having access to funds in addition to the project funds so that the additional staff costs required for intensive process work can be met as also for innovative
ideas, labour-based work during drought etc.
CASE STUDY No.4: Vankaner, Rajkot- Sarvoday Seva Sangh The Maha River Watershed Project covers an area of 4252.09 hectares in 9 watershed villages of Vankaner Taluka of Rajkot district. The names of these
watershed villages are Kachhiyagala, Gangiyavadar, Rajsathai, Derala, Paddhara, Vithalpur, Bhayati Jambudiya, Dhuva and Jalsika. A series of 79 check dams have
been constructed on the 35 km long River Maha and its tributary called Nagla. The total expenditure incurred on the project till March 31, 2007 was Rs 1,66,03,045
benefiting around 810 families.
As a result the total area under irrigation is about 4000 hectares using the available approx 9000 cubic meters. The village of Vitthalpur, one of the
watershed villages, has got fame as the pilgrimage centre of Sarvoday Seva Sangh where irrigated area has increased from merely 1.5 Ha to 190 Ha. The adequate
creation of community managed irrigation infrastructure has resulted into assured irrigation and has a positive impact in the watershed villages.
The following table provides effective illustration of the benefits accrued to the community in the pre-watershed implementation and post-watershed
implementation scenario.
Pre-post comparison of situations S No. Criteria Pre-watershed scenario (1995-96) Post-watershed scenario (2006-07) 1 Cropping intensity One crop per year Three crops per year 2 Crop diversification Previously less cash crops grown (Only 10% area was
used for cotton cultivation). Orientation towards cash crop increased resulting in increase in acreage of cotton, groundnut, castor, cumin and vegetables.
3 Increase in cropping area Cotton-270 Ha Groundnut-82 Ha
Cotton-2270 Ha (740% increase) Groundnut-465 Ha (460% increase)
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Millet-285 Ha Cumin- 0 Ha Wheat- 0 Ha
Milleti-820 Ha (187% increase) Cumin- 17 Ha Wheat- 164 Ha
4 Increase in production Cotton-438 ton Groundnut-123 ton Millet-314 ton
Cotton-4995 ton Groundnut-884 ton Millet-1600 ton
5 Increase in productivity Cotton-1.62 tons per Ha Groundnut-1.5 tons per Ha Millet-1.1 ton per Ha Cumin- 0 Ha Wheat- 0 Ha
Cotton- 2.2 tons per Ha (37% increase)Groundnut-1.9 ton per Ha (28% increase)Bajari-1.95 ton per Ha (77% increase)Cumin- 0.8 ton per Ha(80% increase) Wheat- 3.12 ton per Ha (312% increase)
6 Increase Irrigated area Rabi- 400 ha was irrigated Summer-No irrigation facility.
Rabi- 2200 Ha is irrigated. Summer- 700Ha is irrigated
7 Drinking water Tankers used to provide drinking water in villages Villages self-sufficient in drinking water. 8 Water-table Water table was at 200-250 feet. Water table stands at 150-175 feet.
Besides the agriculture sector, the positive impact of watershed development is evident on the allied areas of agriculture as well. The increase in crop
production has direct impact on the increase of fodder availability in the watershed villages and consequently, the quality of livestock has also improved. Now the
average increase in milk production from cow has risen from 7 liters per day to 10 liters per day.
Further, raising of three cops a year has increased the employment opportunities within the villages. Thus, as against 3-4 months of employment availability
earlier, the villagers after the watershed projects find employment opportunities for 8-9 months a year. The wage level has also noticed a rise from Rs 50-60 per day
in Kharif season to now Rs 100-120 per day. Thus the level of migration to nearby cities has stopped completely.
The analysis of other social indicators highlights the rise in level of literacy to meteoric 35% from merely 7% in pre-watershed period. Regarding Health
status and family planning, the watershed villages have shown commendable results achieving 100% vaccination and adhering to family planning measures. The
liquor intake too has drastically reduced from as high as 50% to about 20% in the watershed villages.
Also there is heightened awareness among women and they do not cover their head as fully as they used to.
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Innovative methodology / technology used:
As a result of watershed programmes, while the methodology of flood irrigation was used for irrigation, the villagers now construct channels across fields to
irrigate their lands. The use of drip and sprinkler irrigation is also proving to be an effective measure for enhancing the water-use efficiency.
In the village of Jalsikaan, an underground check-dam having size of around 1100 meters Km has been constructed at the bottom of riverbed at the depth of
13 feet. As many as 150 submersible pumps have been used covering around 130 hectares of land.
Community contribution:
The costs of construction of these check dams is Rs 59,76,777 and the total contribution from the community stands at Rs 6,79,970, thereby, accounting for a
significant 11.3 % contribution that is deposited in the Watershed Development Fund (WDF). In fact, buoyed by the positive economic and social impact, the
community is prepared to pay contribution as high as 25% to construct more check dams in their areas.
Benefit- Cost ratio:
As against the total outlay of Rs 1,66,03,045, the economic benefit accruing to the community in the form of monetary value of the agriculture produce in the
watershed project area is estimated at Rs 16 crores (at the current price).
Thus the Benefit Cost ratio stands at 9.65.
Output and outcome:
The community-centric watershed project with full community participation led to the revival of dry river-Mahanadi and it has resulted in assured irrigation
facilities for Rabi and Summer seasons. Moreover, the farmers prefer to go for early sowing in Kharif using their irrigation infrastructure thereby, enhancing the
market value of their agricultural produce. Thus watershed project has served its duel role of not only as an effective crop-protection mechanism but also a profit-
oriented productivity enhancement mechanism.
Another positive outcome of the watershed project has been significant decline in salinity ingress in the area, thereby, resulting in huge switchover to cultivation of
cash crop of Cotton.
The improvement in the economic status of the villages can be safely assessed from the following positive trends:
The farmers have been paying off their debts.
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There are more motorcycles and television sets in the village.
Three farmers own tractors now; there were no tractors earlier.
Most farmers now have oil engines to draw water from check dams.
Sustainability:
The village-level watershed committees hold regular meetings to discuss issues related to maintenance and implementing watershed-plus- that would
ensure to them continuing benefits in the form of enhanced agricultural productivity and value addition of natural resource base, even after the completion of the
watershed project. The periodic meeting of these committees explore, assess and try to effect need-based forward and backward linkages with a view to minimizing
the cost of production through adoption of innovative agriculture practices and also looking for better markers to realize competitive prices for their agricultural
produce.
Further, the watershed committee members are being elected as Panchayat representatives wherein, they use their experience of watershed implementation to
make meaningful contribution to the effective and efficient functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions.
CASE STUDY No.5: Rabhda village, Rajula, Amreli- Utthan
Ramjibhai and Kanchanben could have earned more income by growing groundnut, they preferred fodder too!
Under the Watershed development project, views of the village groups were taken and a check dam on Ramtali River was constructed in village Rabada.
Ramjibhai Gajera is a small farmer belongs to general caste and owns 50 ‘bigha’ land on the bank of Ram Tali river. 20 ‘bigha’ of his land has irrigation facilities,
while 30 ‘bigha’ land does not have any water facilities. While he mostly ploughs the land and take decisions on buying and selling of products, his wife Kanchanben
carries out all other agriculture operations ranging from sowing, weeding, harvesting and storage of seeds. In the past, he grew groundnuts, millets and grass on his
land and used to get 300 kilograms of farm produce per 0.16 hector of land. He would keep about 100 kgs for home consumption and sell of 200 kgs of groundnuts
thus would make income for more than Rs. 3000/-.
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After the dam construction, the ground water table has gone up and more water for irrigation is available. Today, he gets about 80 to 100 kilograms
additional amount of groundnut. 200 kgs Millet and but they also get 10000 kgs grass in same piece of land. Overall, the family get 350 to 400 kilograms of
additional yield. The couple could have grown groundnut in the entire land and tap more income, but Ramjibhai says, “ Groundnut would have taken much more
water, moreover my wife had to walk long distance to collect fodder for animals and we have been eating millets since long, so we retained our original pattern of
cropping”. With the additional income, the quality of life for Kanchanben has become much better and that can been seen by the time she gets to rest and participate
in various village development activities.
Solving community water problems through women's initiative:
Under the watershed development program, it was planned to install 100 hand pumps and for this, required amount of funding was not available. The
amount was enough for only 60 hand pumps. Women, who are involved in one or the other village institution and are quite aware of village development activities,
A Check Dam in Village Rabhda, Rajula Taluka, Amreli District
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met and stressed their point of making efforts for recharging all the 100 wells, instead of only 60 wells, in the watershed committee meeting. This effort was mainly
done by women’s ‘mandal’ through the women representatives and the watershed committee though the no of their representation was small. They ensured and
took responsibility for collecting Rs. 150/- from each household and labour contribution. With repairs and recharge of all the hand pumps, about 70% of the
village's water problem has been solved. The quality of water has improved considerably and to a certain extent, women are happy as they have somewhat more
free time now and less drudgery.
CASE STUDY No. 6: Valadar, Junagarh- Ambuja Cement Foundation ACF initiated wasteland development project in the year 1994. This project has been managed quite successfully with village people’s active participation.
The villagers have formed ‘Gau Seva Samaj’ to further strengthen this project.
Under IWDP, among other activities, various water harvesting projects like construction of 8 Checkdams have completed. All the proposed sites of the
checkdams were selected by the villagers with the technical support of ACF. The site where some of the checkdams were constructed, were owned by farmers. As
the farmers have realized the importance of water, they are willing to provide private land for construction of checkdams. The checkdam sites are located adjacent
to Gir forest and catchment area is in the forest area. There is an underground big hollow aquifer, which connects to existing wells of the village. The village people
had predicted that this checkdam would be extremely useful in increasing water table in all the surroundings wells. Their prediction was right and it is observed
that after first rainfall, the entire rain water was recharged and there was no overflow. It has been assessed that 27 existing wells have been directly benefited and
their water table has substantially increased. On an average water table has substantially increased. On an average water table has increased up to 33 feet. In
May’02 there was no water in three wells but now water table level of these wells stand at 29 feets. This is an innovative water harvesting structure where entire
rain water has been directly used to recharge and there was no overflow.
Benefits perceived by some of the farmers under project:
1. Shri Hajabhai Ranmalbhai Modha :
Shri Hajabhai owns 80 acre of degraded and highly undulating wasteland. He has 3 wells. In the month of May 2002 water table was 3,8, and 16 feet respectively
in three wells. After 1st rainfall water table rose to 40, 45, 45 feet respectively. He has planted 1600 mango and 2000 drum stick saplings. Had this checkdam not
been constructed, his saplings would not have survived with such a less rain fall during the year. Over and above he also claims that his groundnut crop in 20
acres is saved due to increased water table.
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2. Shri Punabhai Bhavanbhai :
Shri Punabhai Bhavanbhai owns 17 acres of land out of which only 2 acre of land is irrigated. He owns one well having which depth of 74ft. In the month of May
2002 level of water table was 7ft. After initial rainfall, the level of water table rose to 30ft. Earlier, Earlier, he had planted 400 mango and 80 chickoo saplings.
Also he had grown sugarcane and groundnut. Due to rise in water level these crops could be saved and he planned to sow wheat in 6 acres of land.
CASE STUDY No. 7: Meghraj, Sabarkantha- Development Support Centre (DSC) Meghraj is a a taluka place in Sabarkantha district of Gujarat. It is a specifically backward area with major population of adivasis and weak socio-economic
profile. The proportion of population of SCs and STs in Meghraj block is 3.4% and 36.4% respectively. The population of STs is relatively high in comparison to the
district and the state.
The annual rainfall here ranges between 500-1000mm. The soil is black, silty, rocky and sandy.The part of the block has a common border with Rajasthan
where the terrain is hilly. The average slope varies between 5-10%.
Development Support Centre started working on watershed development in this block in seven villages under the IWDP at different times (in different
villages) between 1995 and 2000. The important watershed development activities undertaken were: farm bunds, gully plugs, nalla plugs, horticulture, pasture land
development, livestock improvement, afforestation, gabion, etc.
An impact assessment study conducted by Center for Integrated Dvelopment (CFID) found out the following benefits to the locality and the community:
i) Watershed activities have resulted in rise in the ground water table from 100ft deep to 50 feet deep; more than 100 open wells and 190 bore wells have benefited from this; earlier, water was available in the monsoon season only (3-4 months); ground water being the only source of drinking water, it has proved to be a blessing for the locals.
ii) There has been significant check in soil erosion; it has helped in restoring land for cultivation iii) There was an increase in irrigated land upto 10- 15% iv) There was increase in cultivable land due to land leveling and other watershed treatments. Plantations on wastelands have improved the conditions
of formerly uncultivable lands. v) There was general increase in yield of cotton across all the seven villages (around 20-40 kg per bigha) vi) Besides, the project has facilitated the formation of several women SHGs who are engaged in meaningful socio-economic activities; now these SHGs
have grown in activities to form a Federation and are undertaking entrepreneurial activities.
