MADE BY-MADE BY-ADRIJA ADRIJA CHOWDHURYCHOWDHURYEC-4EC-4th th YEARYEAR09508310030950831003BBDESGI, BBDESGI, LUCKNOWLUCKNOWABOUTHAL Type State-owned enterpriseIndustryAerospace and defenceFounded1940 (in 1964, company took on current name!ead"uarters#an$a%ore, &arnataka, India'(airman AshokNayar)roductsAerospace e"uipment*i%itary aircraft'ommunication + ,a-i$ation e"uipmentSpace systems.e-enue /S01234 5i%%ion (F6 10078mp%oyees 30,000!IST9.6 9F !A:>Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) came into e;istence on 1st October 196! T(e 'ompany was formed 5y t(e mer$er of !industan Aircraft :imited wit( Aeronautics India :imited and Aircraft *anufacturin$ !T T!89.6A'(O)*NA"#+$,T(e word comes from two >reek wordsEAAerios F concernin$ t(e air2A!T GGG0?@11@14 13Weight counteracts lift.)he earth*s gravity pulls down on ob+ects and gives them weight"%ewton*s ,st Law Applies =!AT IS GGG0?@11@14 14 =!AT IS :IFT GGG0?@11@14 16!9= :IFT IS >8,8.AT8!TT!89.60?@11@14 19=!AT IS T!./ST GGG0?@11@14 10SI*):IFI8< AI.'.AFT *9TI9, #A:A,'8< F9.'8S $n order for an airplane to fly straight and level& the following relationships must be true- Thrust = Drag Lift = WeightThis is called Straight and Level Flight0?@11@14 11SI*):IFI8< AI.'.AFT *9TI9,/,#A:A,'8< F9.'8S0?@11@14 11AK8S 9F *9B8*8,T 9F A,6AI.'.AFTA7is o4 (o-- (Lon2itudina- A7is)A7is o4 /itch (Latera- A7is)A7is o4 *a3 (8ertica- A7is)A!" #$ R#t%t!#&'-Intersect at the centre of gravity The axes of movement of any aircraft are basically imaginary lines about which the aircraft may rotate about while flying 0?@11@14 138K):AI,ATI9, 9F A:: AK8SThe Lon2itudina- A7is, T(is is an ima$inary %ine runnin$ %en$t( wise t(rou$( t(e micro-%i$(t from 5ow to stern2 *o-ement around t(is a;is is ca%%ed ro%%in$2The 8ertica- A7is,T(is is a %ine t(rou$( t(e centre of $ra-ity $oin$ downwards and at ri$(t an$%es to t(e %on$itudina% a;is2 *o-ement around t(is a;is is ca%%ed yawin$TheLatera- A7is,T(is is sometimes ca%%ed t(e pitc( a;is2 T(is is t(e %ine t(rou$( t(e centre of $ra-ity and runnin$ span wise from win$ tip to win$tip and at ri$(t an$%es to t(e %on$itudina% a;is2 *o-ement around t(is a;is is ca%%ed pitc(in$0?@11@14 140?@11@14 14BA.I9/S *9TI9,S A.9/,< T!8 AK8S Y%(!&) %*#&) +,-t!.%* %!"/ "!0, t# "!0, 1#t!#& 2!t.h!&) %*#&) *%t,-%* %!" / 34 %&0 0#(& 1#t!#& 5", 34 %&0 ", 0#(&6 R#**!&) %*#&) *#&)!t30!&%* %!" / -#**!&) 1#t!#&0?@11@14 16)itc( Around t(e :atera% A;is0?@11@14 17.o%% Around :on$itudina% A;is0?@11@14 1?6aw Around t(e -ertica% A;is0?@11@14 19AI.F.A*8 /,ITS)rope%%er)ower-p%ant ( Cet en$ine'ockpit8n$ine cow%Fuse%a$e=in$sSta5i%iDers-!oriDonta% sta5i%iDer and Bertica% sta5i%iDerF%i$(t contro% surfaces-ai%erons, rudder, f%aps, spoi%ers, e%e-ators, s%ats:andin$ $ear-nose %andin$ $ear and main %andin$ $ear0?@11@14 30AI.F.A*8 /,ITS0?@11@14 31 F/S8:A>8 (#9I,8 '9=:I,>'o-er to protect t(e en$ine and make t(e p%ane aerodynamic0?@11@14 36 '9'&)IT)%ace w(ere t(e pi%ot contro%s t(e airp%ane2T(e airp%ane contro%, $au$es, and indicators are (e%d (ere20?@11@14 37 *AI, :A, >8A.A frame wit( w(ee%s t(at a%%ow t(e p%ane to take-off and %and2Some airp%anes (a-e retracta5%e %andin$ $ear20?@11@14 3?,9S8 :A, >8A.T(e front %andin$ $ear w(en t(e p%ane (as t(ree w(ee%s to %and!0?@11@14 39 !9.IM9,TA: STA#I:IM8.!oriDonta% wit( t(e fuse%a$e2!e%ps airp%ane maintain %e-e% f%i$(t0?@11@14 40B8.TI'A: STA#I:IM8.Bertica% to t(e (oriDonta% sta5i%iDer2!e%ps to airp%ane maintain %e-e% f%i$(t0?@11@14 41 F:I>!T '9,T.9: S/.FA'8SAI:8.9,S8:8BAT9.S.//A>I,> ).9#8S S6ST8*F:I>!T I,ST./*8,TS)IT9T-STATI' I,ST./*8,TS>6.9S'9)I' I,ST./*8,TSAI.'.AFT 8:8'T.I'A: S6ST8*SF/8: '9,T8,T >/A>I,> S6ST8*T(e function of F2'2> is 5ased upon t(e princip%e t(at t(e capacitance of two concentrictu5es (cy%indrica% in s(ape is different w(en t(ere is air in 5etween and w(en t(ere is a-iationfue% present in 5etween t(em, it acts as a die%ectric in 5etween t(e $ap2 T(e capacitance increase or decrease as t(e %e-e% of fue% c(an$es in t(e $ap2 T(is c(an$e in capacitance is measured 5y meter2T(is system is a%so known as NFue% %ow %e-e% warnin$ sensors systemH as it $i-es emer$ency si$na% on %owerin$ of fue% %e-e% wit(in t(e tankF:I>!T I,ST./*8,TST(ese instruments 5asica%%y (e%p in contro%%in$ and monitorin$ t(e f%i$(t parameters2)IT9T-STATI' I,ST./*8,TS-)itot-static instruments are t(ose t(at 5asica%%y work on t(e princip%e of)itot and static pressure2STATI' ).8SS/.8-Static pressure is t(e pressure t(at is simp%y t(e aircraftHs surroundin$ pressure2)IT9T ).8SS/.8- )itot pressure is t(e pressure t(at comes into scenario w(en aircraft f%ies and $oes forward2 It is $enera%%y t(e front pressure t(at acts a$ainst t(e 5ody of t(e aircraft2T(e t(ree 5asic )itot-Static instruments main%y assem5%ed in t(e instrument pane% of a cockpit are-Airspeed Indicator, A%timeterand Bertica% Speed Indicator )IT9T-STATI' S6ST8*Airspeed Indicator (ASIStatic and )itot pressure princip%e 5ased sourceA%so known as *ac( meter*easure t(e difference 5etween static pressure and static pressure (impact pressureS(ows speed t(rou$( air (not o-er $roundS(ows Indicated Airspeed (IAS in &nots or *i%es )er !our (*)!, o%der system Aneroid capsu%e connected to pitot pressure2'ase connected to static pressure2 Aneroid capsu%e inf%ates wit( more airspeed, mo-in$ dia% c%ockwise2 Static pressure in case corrects for a%titude2)itot pressure pus(es a$ainst a diap(ra$m inside t(e airspeed indicator,w(ic( wi%% t(en 5e a5%e to e;pand or contract accordin$%y2 T(is %inear mo-ement of t(e diap(ra$m is t(en trans%ated into need%e mo-ement2 ASIASI =9.&I,>'9,'8)T 9F * A,< 'A)S/:8 *-Two capsu%e units to$et(er make one diap(ra$m2'A)S/:8-It is t(e (eart of t(e %ar$e no of instrument for aircraft 2It simp%yconsists of two diap(ra$m of 5ery%%ium and copper materia% for5etter (and%in$ capa5i%ity2 =e first cut t(e two pieces ofcircu%ar s(ape from t(e s(eet and t(en make t(em as %ike 5ow%s(ape and t(en Coint 5ot( t(e capsu%es and t(us diap(ra$m is $enerated2 Airspeed *arkin$s