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8/8/2019 Handouts-A and P Intro-Sp11
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A and P Intro – Handouts
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of structure
Subdivisions:
Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic anatomy)
Microscopic (e.g.,
cytology
and
histology)
Developmental (e.g., embryology)
Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
Mastery of anatomical terminology Observation Manipulation Palpation
Physiology: The study of function at many levels
Subdivisions are based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology) Essential tools for the study of physiology:
Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular) Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement) Basic chemical principles
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
Function always reflects structure What a structure can do
depends on
its
specific
form
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
A dynamic state of equilibrium Negative Feedback Mechanism
Receptor (sensor) Monitors the environment Responds to stimuli (changes in
controlled variables) Control center
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate
response
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Effector
o Receives output from control center o Provides the means to respond o Response acts to reduce or enhance the
stimulus (feedback)
Regional Terms
Directional Terms
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Body Planes and Sections
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system
and most urinary system organs Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
o Two pleural cavities Each houses a lung
o Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs
o Pericardial cavity Encloses heart
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Serous Membranes
Thin, double‐layered membrane separated by
serous fluid
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Abdominopelvic Major
Organs
Abdominopelvic Regions