Hardware

1

Computer and Communication Hardware

Control Cards

Peripherals

ROM

BIOS

BUS (MB)

CPU

RAM

Storage

Hard disk

CD

Architecture

Hardware

Communication

Control Cards

System SoftwareLanguage and

App. Software

User Program

Communication

1

87

6543

2

12

11109

1314

Figure 4.1, Major Hardware Component Categories

OutputPort

Ou

tpu

t D

evic

es

Inp

ut

Dev

ices

1

PortPort

2

7

Storage &Retrieval

Processes

Process Control & Memory

Management

CPU

Bus Systems

(Mother Board &

Control Cards)

OutputOutput

Hardware

43

65

Software

ROM

PersonThinking

3

6

4

Shelves

8

Controlling1 1

Figure 4.2-a, The Arrangement in a Typical Study Room

Recording

1

Desk

Task 3

Task 1

Task 2

2

7

InTray

OutTray

9-a 9-b

5

Mot

her

Boa

rd

Primary

VolatileMemory

SecondaryNon-Volatile

Memory

I/OI/OI/OI/OI/O

(CPU)Central

ProcessingUnit

ASUS P4C800 Deluxe

Input / Output

Input / Output

Figure 4.2-b, The Architecture (Arrangements) of a Typical Micro-Computer

RegistersALU

Arithmetic / Logic Unit

Cache Memory

Control Unit

Figure 4.3, The Architecture (Arrangements) of a Typical Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

11Pages 16 - 17Figures 1-15 – 1-18

Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

12Pages 17 - 18Figures 1-19 – 1-20

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 1, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Cameras below Chapter 1

Game Consoles

• A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

13Page 18 Figure 1-21

Servers

• A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network– Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data,

and information

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1

14Page 19 Figure 1-22

Mainframes

• A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1 15Page 19 Figure 1-23

Supercomputers

• A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer– Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing

more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1 16Page 19 Figure 1-24

Embedded Computers

• An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1 17Page 19

Embedded Computers

Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition Chapter 1 18Page 20 Figure 1-25

Communication

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 21

The Physical CPU

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 22

Instructions and Instruction Sets

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 23

Instructions and Instruction Sets

The NOT instruction transforms the boolean value true into false and the value false into true.

NOT 0 = 1 NOT 1 = 0

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 24

Instructions and Instruction Sets

The AND instruction generates the result true if both of its data inputs are true.

0 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0

0 AND 1 = 01 AND 1 = 1

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 25

Clock Rate

• Clock Rate – the frequency at which the system clock generates timing pulses.

• The rate are measured in Hertz (Hz) – one cycle per second.

Operating Systems

26

Figure 4.4-a, Tasks

Storage &Retrieval

Output

OutputOutput

InputInputInput

ProcessesMemory

23

4 5

6

Figure 4.4-b, Major Functions of Operating Systems: Managing the Resources-to-Tasks Allocations

Storage &Retrieval

OutputOutputOutput

InputInputInput

ProcessesMemory 2

3

4 5

6

Out

put C

ontr

ol

Inpu

t Con

trol

Use

r C

on

tro

l

Use

r C

on

tro

l

ProcessControl & Memory

Management

Secondary Storage Control

Operating Systems

1 1

Service Layer

Layers of an Operating System

Ap

plic

atio

nP

rogr

am

Hardware

CPU

RAM

Storage

Architecture

Hardware CPU

ROM

Communication

RAM

Resources-to-Jobs Allocation

Device Drivers

Figure 4.7, Layers in Typical Operating Systems

Requests

Command

Kernel

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 31

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 32

•Kernel:– Directly interact with hardware– IS machine independent (transparent)

•Windows NT CD-ROM: i386, Alpha, etc•Service Layer:

– Facilitates service requests from application programs to the kernel: AP >> SL utilities, SL>> Device Drives

•Command Layer: – The user directly requests services through a textual or

graphic command interpreter•Examples: DOS COMMAND.COM, IBM MVS JCL, UNIX Bourne Shell

•

Operating SystemsUsing SL utility

NewOperating

System?

Older AdobeOlder Encarta

Older D

rivers

Old

er S

oftw

are

NO

ONO

N

NO

Re-Learn ! Reorganize !

Figure 4.6, Some Costs and Inconveniences of Changing the Operating Systems

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition 34

Word Size

Operating System Management Functions

CPUInterrupt Handling

Scheduling

Memory (RAM)

Allocation

Address Resolution

VM

2ndary Memory

Access Control

Allocation

Directory / File Management

Backup /Recovery

I/OI / O Services

Device Mgmt

Processes

Thread Control

Queue Mgmt

Inter-process communication

User Mgmt

Authorization

Authentication

Account Maintenance

Accounting

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition37

Figure 3-10,

Burd, Systems Architecture,

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