Name: _________________________________________________________________ Period: __________

HSA LSN Government

Review Packet

LSN Government – Unit 1 Study Guide: Ch 1: p. 5-30; Ch 25-1: p. 689-694; Ch 26-1: p. 717-721 Know your Vocabulary:

Authoritarian (autocracy)

Autocracy

Capitalism

Command economy

Communism

Confederation/Confederacy

Constitution

Democracy

Dictatorship (autocracy)

Direct democracy

Federal system (government)

Market economy

Mixed economy

Monarchy (Absolute/Constitutional)

Oligarchy

Opportunity cost

Parliamentary government

Presidential government

Representative democracy

Scarcity

Social contract

Socialism

Traditional economy

Totalitarian government (autocracy)

Unitary system (government)

People, Black Bold Face and Italicized Terms, and other topics to be prepared to discuss:

Be able to differentiate and explain the forms of government (12) 1. Unitary system – a government that gives all key powers to the national or central government. A centralized system in

which all powers of the government belongs to a single, central agency. 2. Federal system – a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or

provincial governments. A system in which sovereignty is shared so that in some matters the national government is supreme and others, the state, regional, or provincial governments are supreme.

3. Confederation/Confederacy – a loose union of independent states. A group of states or nations united for a common purpose. The states are supreme over the national government.

Be able to explain the 3 major types of government and their subtypes. Also be able to explain how much power/control the government has as well as allowing it citizens any rights and freedoms. (18-20): 1. Autocracy – a system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual.

A. Authoritarian government – a form of government in which those in power hold absolute and unchangeable authority over people such as in a dictatorship.

B. Dictatorship – a government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

C. Totalitarianism – a government that exercises dictatorial (authoritarian) power over nearly every aspect of human dignity.

D. Monarchy – autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government. A form of government in which a sovereign ruler such as a king, queen, or emperor heads the country. Absolute monarchy – autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government. Constitutional monarchy – a monarchy that has shared governmental powers with elected legislatures or serves mainly as a ceremonial leader of a government.

2. Oligarchy – a system of government in which a small group holds power. A form of government in which small, usually self-appointed elite holds the power to rule.

3. Democracy/Democratic government – government in which the people rules. A form of government in which political control is exercised by all people, either directly (direct democracy) or through their elected representatives (representative democracy).

A. Direct democracy – a form of democracy in which all or most citizens participate directly by either holding office of making policy.

B. Representative democracy – a type of government in which the people choose representatives to vote and make laws for them.

Explain the differences between the following types of government: a representative democracy, authoritarian government and an oligarchy. Which government system allows more freedoms and rights for their citizens, allowing them to be actively involved in the decision making policies of government and which system of government holds the most power

Be able to differentiate and explain the two types of democratic governments. (689-692): 1. Parliamentary government/democracy – form of government in which executive and legislative functions both reside in an

elected assembly, or parliament. A form of government that gives government the authority to a legislature or parliament which in turn selects the executive among its own members.

2. Presidential government/democracy – a form of democratic government in which a president heads the executive branch. A form of government in which the executive and legislative branches are separated, independent, and coequal.

What are the 3 questions when making economic decisions (717): 1. what to produce, 2. how to produce, 3. for whom to produce

Be able to explain and examples of the 3 types of economic theories/economic systems (26-30): 1. Capitalism – an economic system providing free choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers, and

business enterprises. 2. Socialism – an economic system in which the government owns the basis means of production, distributes the products

and wages, and provides social services such as healthcare and welfare. 3. Communism – an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions.

What are the 4 types of economic systems by identifying their characteristics and explaining their differences?1. Traditional economy – economic system in which customs dictate the rules for economic activity. A system wherein

economic decisions that people and groups make to answer the basic economic questions of “what”, “for whom”, and “how” generally repeat the decisions made at an earlier time or by an earlier generation.

2. Command economy – an economic system in which the government controls the factors of production. An economic system in which economic decisions to answer the basic economic questions of ‘what’, ‘how’, and ‘for whom’ are made by an authority such as a feudal lord or government agency.

3. Market economy – an economic system which allows buyers and sellers acting in their individual interests to control the factors of production. An economy in which decisions of what, how, and for whom are decided in markets through the interaction of buyers and sellers.

4. Mixed economy – a system in which the government regulates private enterprise. An economy which relies on a combination of traditional decision making, market decision making, and command decision making in order to answer the basic questions of what, how, and for whom.

In the United States, which has a mixed-market economy, the government regulates the economy by setting minimum wage rates, work safety regulations, fair and honest advertising of goods and services

Explain what opportunity cost is and be able to provide and outline examples explaining opportunity cost.

Opportunity cost – the foregone benefit of the next best alternative when an economic decision is made. It is the cost of the most desirable option a person, business, or a government gives up when they choose one option instead of another. If the class chooses to go to the library to work on their computer skills instead of having recess, then opportunity cost of the choice is having recess. What the government is giving up by not choosing the alternate option is called opportunity cost. For example, if the government has $1 billion and chooses to spend 70% of it on national defense, 20% of it on education, and 10% on social programs, then its opportunity costs are what it gives up by not spending more on any one of these programs. In other words, it gives up the additional educational programs that more than 20% funding would have purchased. It also gives up the additional social programs that could have been financed for more than 10%.

Examples of opportunity costs are: o The state governments spend state money during natural disasters – other services offered by the state are or may have to be

cut. o The national government offers tax breaks/incentives to businesses to invest in new machinery – less money (taxes) is

collected by the government. BCR/Short Answer topics

A. Think about different government systems by explaining the advantages and disadvantages of unitary, confederate, and federal systems of government.

B. Be able to explain what is a mixed economy and why the United States is example.

C. Be able to explain what opportunity cost is and how the government handles and prevents certain situations from happening based on a political cartoon.

D. Compare the two types of democratic government, Parliamentary government and Presidential government and explain which system is more efficient than the other.

E. Explain which system of government, a representative democracy, an autocracy, or an oligarchy best protests the rights and will of its’ citizens, specifically the minority group (individual).

LSN Government – Unit 2 Study Guide: Ch 2: p. 35 – 58; Ch 3-1;2 p. 63-75; Ch 3-4: p. 83-90 The format of the test will possibly consist of: Selected Response (Multiple Choice) and Brief Constructed Response. Listed below are issues/areas that you will need to study in order to prepare for the Unit 2 test. Know your Vocabulary (Blue key terms):

Amendment

Article

Bicameral

Checks and balance

Confederation

Consent of the governed

Constitution

Double jeopardy

Due process of law

Elastic clause/Necessary and Proper Clause

Eminent domain

Enumerated/Expressed powers

Federalism/Federal System

Judicial review

Limited government

Popular sovereignty

Preamble

Probable cause

Representative government

Search warrant

Self-incrimination

Separation of powers

Social contract

Supremacy clause

Unicameral

Veto

People, Black Bold Face and Italicized Terms, and other topics to be prepared to discuss:

Supreme Court case: Marbury v. Madison – the Supreme Court case that established the Supreme Court has the power to review the constitutionality of federal law and the actions of government.

Supreme Court case: McCulloch v. Maryland – the case interpreted the “necessary and proper” clause and said the national government has the power to create a national bank. States cannot tax a federal institution (national bank)

Limited government ensures that people’s rights are protected. Representative government provides people a voice in government by allowing them to elect representatives to make choices on their behalf.

Declaration of Independence – its purpose (justify the revolution and put forth the founding principles of the new nation) and structure (statement of purpose/basic human rights; list of specific complaints; colonists’ determination to separate from G. Britain).

Articles of Confederation – what is its features (4); its weaknesses (7); its achievements (3); its problems (3)

The Virginia Plan (Edmund Randolph), The New Jersey Plan (William Patterson), The Great Compromise/The Connecticut Compromise/US Constitution (without the Bill of Rights)

Structure of the U.S. Constitution (Preamble [6 goals], Articles [7], Amendments[27])

6 major principles of the US Constitution. What are they? List them 1. Popular sovereignty 2. Federalism

3. Separation of Powers 4. Checks and Balances

5. Limited Government 6. Judicial Review

o Federalist supported the US Constitution as a strong national government would protect the nation o Anti-Federalists opposed the US Constitution as it was drafted in secrecy and lacked a Bill of Rights.

Preamble (6 goals) – a statement of purpose and goals that government pledges to provide. o To form a more perfect Union, o Establish Justice, o Insure domestic Tranquility,

o Provide for the common defense, o Promote the general Welfare, and o Secure the Blessings of Liberty

Bill of Rights – first 10 Amendments within the US Constitution. Provides protections and freedoms to American citizens, thus limiting the power of government. Amendments allow the US Constitution to change and be updated to meet the needs of a changing and growing society. This makes the US Constitution ‘a living document’. Amendments – new amendments requires 2/3s of Congress and 3/4s of state legislatures to approve new amendments. Constitution called ‘living document’ because it can be amended/changed when needed.

What rights, freedoms, and protections do the following Constitutional amendments provide? o First (1st) Amendment – Speech, Press, Religion,

Assembly, and Petition o Fourth (4th) Amendment – Unreasonable search and

seizures

o Fifth (5th) Amendment – Rights of the Accused; Double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process of law, indicted by a grand jury, & eminent domain.

o Sixth (6th) Amendment – a right to a speedy trial by jury (criminal law)

o Seventh (7th) Amendment – a right to a speedy trial by jury (Civil law – lawsuits)

o Eighth (8th) Amendment – Cruel and unusual punishment

o Fourteenth (14th) Amendment – equal protection under the law and due process of law

o Nineteenth (19th) Amendment – right to vote extended to women

First (1st) Amendment o People’s right to assemble can be stopped if becomes violent or people get hurt o People’s freedom of religion can be restricted when it threatens people’s health and safety. o People’s freedom of speech and press can be limited if it endangers national security.

Fifth (5th) Amendment o Double jeopardy – protection against being tried for the same crime twice. o Due process – inform the accused of their rights before they can be deprived of their life, liberty, or property. o Eminent domain – government seizure of private property for public use. Example: government taking private land to build

and expand a major highway.

Three Branches of Government – o Legislative branch (Article I) – make and pass laws. o Executive branch (Article II) – enforce/carry out the laws passed by Congress o Judicial branch (Article III) – interpret the laws and Constitution.

What is the elastic clause? What does it allow Congress to do?

Federalism – division of powers between the national government and the states.

What are checks and balances? What powers do each of the branches exercise? o Executive branch – power to veto, commander in chief of military, proposes the budget. o Legislative branch – power to confirm or reject presidential appointments, power to impeach o Judicial branch – power of judicial review

What is separation of powers? What are examples of powers of Congress and President (examples)

Judicial review – power of the courts to review the constitutionality of federal law and the actions of government.

Social contract – government protects people’s natural rights and people surrender power and authority to government (consent of the governed).

Executive branch can maintain order and safety by calling on the military/national guard to put down riots.

BCR questions: From the selection of BCRs below, please choose 2 BCRs that you can answer best and write the question and your response on a separate sheet of paper. Please indicate your response in 5 or more complete sentences as well as use details and examples to support your response. A. The United States Constitution was not a new invention in 1787, but rather an innovation influenced by earlier documents such as

the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. • Describe the significance of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and explain how they influenced

the development of the United States Constitution. • What do you think are the most significant principles of government the founding fathers borrowed from these documents when

drafting the Constitution? • Include details and examples to support your response.

B. Shortly after the American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain, a plan for government known as the Articles of Confederation, was developed. • Discuss the weaknesses of the government established by the Articles of Confederation. • In what ways did the United States Constitution improve on those weaknesses? • Include details and examples to support your response.

C. Read the list of freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

• freedom of religion • freedom of speech • freedom of the press

• the right to peaceably assemble • the right to petition the government

Citizens of a newly independent country are drafting a constitution. They have requested your help in selecting the two most important rights in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution to include in their constitution. • Choose two First Amendment rights from the United States Constitution that you think should be included in the new country's

constitution. • Identify your choices and explain why you think they should be included. • Include details and examples to support your answer.

LSN Government – Unit 3 Study Guide Ch 14-2: p. 391 – 397; Ch 16: p. 453 – 470;

Ch 17-1: p. 475 – 479; Ch 18 p. 503 – 522;

Ch 19-1: p. 527 – 533; Ch 5-1: p. 123 – 130

Know your Vocabulary (Blue key terms):

Campaign

Independent

Petition

Political socialization

Polling

Public Opinion Review questions: Be prepared to answer similar questions to the ones below for the upcoming test.

Citizen – a member of a political society who therefore owes allegiance to the government and is entitled to its protection and to political rights. As US citizens, you have certain responsibilities/obligations that society expects you to perform; voting, paying taxes, learning how government functions, registering for the draft, doing jury duty.

14th Amendment – a constitutional amendment granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States; banned states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and banned states from denying any person equal protection under the laws. The 14th Amendment defines citizenship and provides/ensures equal protection under the law regardless of race, age, gender, ethnicity, national heritage, or religious creed.

Limited Government – a system in which the power of the government is limited, not absolute. The US Constitution limits the powers of government stating what it can and can’t do while at the same time granting freedoms, protections, and rights to the people to exercise towards the benefit of society.

Representative democracy – a form of democracy in which the people elect representatives and give them the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government. Voting and participating in government are requirements/necessities for representative government to function.

Political parties – groups of individuals with broad common interests, who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy; any group, however loosely organized, that seeks to elect government officials under a given label. Their main purpose it to win elections in order to push their parties agenda. They generally take different stands on many issues but at times they will agree and work together.

Third party – any political party other than one of the two major parties. Third parties usually focus on a single issue (environment, economic reform, women’s rights) that gain’s little attention while the two major parties focus on multiple and larger, more important issues that Americans are concerned with. What are reasons why people are members of third parties rather than one of the two major parties? The two major parties may not represent the views or hold the same viewpoints as voters do. They simply aren’t meeting certain needs of the people so they opt for a third option, third parties.

Interest group – a group of people with common goals who organize to influence government. They bridge the gap between citizens and the government, helping citizens communicate their goals and needs to government leaders.

What are the 3 differences between political parties and interest groups? Political parties focus on multiple issues while interest groups focus on one specific issue. Political parties can nominate candidates for elected office, while interest groups can only support and campaign for candidates running for office.

Political Action Committee – an organization formed to collect money and provide financial support for political candidates.

Lobbyist – interest group representative; a person who represents a special interest group and tries to influence the legislators. Lobbying – direct contact made by a lobbyist in order to persuade government officials to support the policies their interest group favors. Lobbyists use financial resources to provide information, testify before congressional committees and help in the drafting of bills as well as support campaigns by providing donations and sponsoring advertisements for candidates willing to support their issues.

What are direct/indirect ways or methods citizens can take in order to influence lawmakers? o Voting o Referendum o Initiative o Petition o Lobbying

Candidate – an individual who applies for or seeks a job or position in local, state, or national government.

Caucus – a private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office. Primary election/ Primaries – an election to choose a political party’s candidates for an elective office. Primaries are more democratic compared to caucuses as they allow the voters to choose their representatives. Nominating convention – an official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office. General election – the election that takes place, usually in November in which voters can choose a candidate from any of the political parties for an elective office

Campaigning: How do candidates influence voters as they campaign for elected office? How do candidates finance/pay for their campaigns for elected office? Is the image of a candidate more important than the issues they represent? Explain.

Media/Mass media – the different means of communicating information to reach large audiences; the means of communication, such as television, newspapers, movies, books, and the Internet, that influence large audiences. Mass media is called the ‘fourth branch of government’ as influences public opinion on the issues at hand.

Referendum – process in which a measure passed by a legislature is submitted to the voters for final approval or rejection. By allowing the people to vote, they are able to express their will allowing the decision to stem from the people rather than from the government.

The United States Congress – primary function is to make and pass laws. Congress/Legislative Branch – Bicameral legislature (2 chamber/house legislature). o The US House of Representatives – Qualifications, terms of office, privileges, powers and responsibilities o US Senate – Qualifications, terms of office, privileges, powers and responsibilities

US Census/Census – a population count. It is conducted every ten years to determine the increase/decrease of population within the country. By counting the population, the government can determine what services and at what cost can they provide to the people. It also has an impact on representation within the House of Representatives as population of a state determines the number of representatives they have. The US Census Bureau is involved in surveying the households to determine the number of people living there so that they can then ensure fair political representation as representation within the US House of Representatives is based on a state’s population.

Reapportionment – the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census; the redistribution of political representation of the basis of population changes, usually after a census. Redistrict/Redistricting – to set up new district lines after reapportionment is complete. Gerrymander/Gerrymandering – to draw a district’s boundaries to gain an advantage in elections; the dividing of a geographic area into electoral district lines to give an unfair advantage of a party or group.

How does population, whether an increase or decrease affect/impact the government? If a state’s population increases they will see an increase in their representation giving them a bigger voice in government affairs, possibly leading to a greater number of programs that will benefit them. If a state’s population decreases, they will see a decrease in their representation giving them a smaller voice in government affairs, possibly leading to fewer programs that will benefit them.

BCR topics/questions (be prepared to discuss and support with details) – choose 1 of the following choices. A. Study the graph to the right. Then answer the following:

• Based on the graph to the left, describe the relationship between voter turnout and average annual income. How would a law requiring citizens to vote could affect the voting patterns shown on the graph. Should voting be mandatory in the United States? Explain why or why not. Include details and examples to support your position.

B. The following BCR will have an accompanying cartoon. Use it to help answer the question. News organizations predict the winners of elections before all the votes are counted. On Election Day 2000, supporters of George W. Bush complained that news organizations predicted Al Gore to be the winner in California hours before the polls closed on the West Coast. • Explain reasons why Bush supporters may have been displeased with the early predictions. Should news organizations

predict the winners of elections? Explain why or why not. Include details and examples to support your response. C. In what ways do political parties bring attention to important issues, thus influencing American politics? Explain your response in

your own words and be sure to include details and examples. D. In what ways would strong third parties make the American political system more democratic? Include details and examples to

support your response.

E. The two-party system dominates American politics though many independent or third parties compete for control in government as well. Historically, however, these third parties have had very little success in obtaining political power in the United States. • Describe two challenges third parties face in their attempt to gain political power in the United States. Include details and

examples to support each challenge in your response. LSN Government – Unit 4 Study Guide Ch 5: p. 123 – 150; Ch 6: p. 157 – 176; Ch 7-1; 2; 3: p. 181 – 198 Ch 14-1; 4; 5: p. 387 – 390; 406 – 418 Ch 20-1: p. 555 – 559 Ch 23-1; 4: p. 637–640; 656–658 Ch 24-1: p. 663 – 668 Vocabulary (Blue key terms): be familiar with the underlined terms and along with the secondary terms listed below. 1. Affirmative action 2. Bicameral legislature 3. Census 4. Checks and balances 5. Civil Rights 6. Deficit/National debt

7. Expressed / Enumerated Powers 8. Implied Powers 9. Inflation 10. Interest Groups 11. Lobbyists 12. National budget

13. Necessary and Proper Clause / Elastic Clause

14. Political Actions Committees 15. Redistricting 16. Representative democracy 17. Separation of Power

People, Black Bold Face and Italicized Terms, and other topics to be prepared to discuss: Influences on government:

Voters/Constituents – influence lawmakers by testifying before legislative/congressional hearings, writing letters/emails, visiting the office of lawmakers, and casting votes for lawmakers who support their issues.

Political parties (Democrats/Republicans)

Interest groups – primary function/purpose is to influence government officials on specific issues Bicameral Legislatures (National & State)

US Congress (National bicameral legislature – 538 members) o House of Representatives – lower house with representation based on a state’s population (435 members) o Senate – upper house, equal representation regardless of a state’s population; 2 senators per state (100 members)

US Census/US Census Bureau – to count the current population of the US by surveying homes to gather population figures and to ensure fair political representation, since representation within the House of Representatives is based on a state’ population. Census – a population count; Reapportionment – the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census; Redistrict – to set up new district lines after reapportionment is complete.

Reserved Powers & the 10th (X) Amendment – any rights not given to the federal government in the US Constitution belong to the states and the people. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Examples: powers reserved for the state governments are: the power to create public schools; elect the state treasurer (joint ballot); power to regulate elections (local, state, & national); power to license and regulate the manufacture and sales of alcohol/liquor.

Maryland General Assembly (State Legislature) o Maryland House of Delegates (141 delegates) o Maryland Senate (47 senators)

The Maryland General Assembly makes and passes laws, approves the annual state budget proposed by the governor, confirms/rejects gubernatorial appointments, and can override gubernatorial (governor) vetoes of proposed bills from the General Assembly.

Powers

Congressional Powers – Expressed/Enumerated Powers and Implied Powers: general powers to levy/collect taxes, borrow money, raise and support a military, coin money, establish post offices, govern D.C., etc. The US Congress has the most control over government spending. All revenue measures/bills (tax laws) are exclusively the responsibility of the House of Representatives.

Checks and balances – Congress has the power to approve presidential appointments; the power to impeach government officials; the power to ratify treaties negotiated by the executive branch; the power to propose amendments

Maryland’s Clean Alternative program – encourages business to switch to/use new technologies that are less harmful to the environment. These businesses would in return receive tax credits/incentives for the investment and use of the new and safer technology.

Urban Sprawl – sprawl is the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land at the periphery of an urban area. This involves the conversion of open space (rural land) into built-up, developed land over time. Urban system: an interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region.

Smart growth – state and local efforts to regulate the use of public land by establishing a smart and well-planned development that protects open space and farmland, revitalizes communities, keeps housing affordable and provides more transportation choices

Zoning Board – a government agency that regulates the way land and buildings may be used in order to shape community development.

Maryland’s Smart Growth Areas Act of 1999 – passed by the Maryland General Assembly, it encourages the building of new homes in vacant city lots

Economics/Economic Policy o Goals of the US Government’s economic policy: to promote full employment, promote competition in a capitalist market,

promote innovation and development of new technologies, and ensure fair business practices. o Inflation is an increase in the overall price level in an economy. o Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the overall price level in the economy. It measures the rate of inflation. o Fiscal policy – a government’s use of spending and taxation to influence the economy; a course of action that seeks to

achieve socioeconomic goals by affecting the level of taxes and governmental expenditures in the economy. In the US, fiscal policy is largely the responsibility of the President and the US Congress and on the state level, the Governor and the General Assembly. The federal government manages the economy through taxing and spending.

o Monetary policy – a government’s control of the supply of money and credit to influence the economy. o Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/Gross National Product (GNP) – the total dollar value of all final goods and services produced

within a country’s borders in a given time period; the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year. o National/State government: if tax revenue increases (more money collected), government spending increases and

government programs such as Welfare receive more funding/money. If tax revenue decreases (less money collected), government spending decreases and government programs receive less or no funding/money.

o Economic recession – a slow down of the economy in which there is a decrease in the demand for labor, a decrease in financial spending, and an increase in unemployment; a slowdown in economic activity for at least two consecutive quarters (6 months).

Civil Liberties, Civil Rights, & Equality

Civil rights and liberties – to create equal opportunities for all people regardless of color, race, gender, orientation, religious beliefs/creed, or nationality. The primary function of civil rights legislation is to encourage and promote equality/equity. o 14th (XIV) Amendment – established equal protection under the law; it forbids any state to ‘deny to any person within its

jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.” The equal protection clause states that government cannot draw unreasonable distinctions among different groups of people

o Civil Rights Act of 1964 – states that all people shall be entitled to full and equal enjoyment of goods and services in or at any public accommodation without discrimination or segregation on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin. Its primary purpose is to encourage and promote equity/equality.

o Higher Education Act, Title IX (9), 1972 – states that any and all schools receiving federal funding (money) must provide equal opportunities to male and female students in instruction (education) and extracurricular activities (sports/clubs)

o Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 1974 – allows people to inspect school information on families and allows families to challenge incorrect information.

o Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 – bans discrimination in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications against persons with physical/mental disabilities.

o Voting Rights Act (1965) – the federal law passed in 1965 to effectuate the right of each citizen to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The law provides that no voting qualification prerequisite to voting shall be imposed by any state.

Supreme Court Landmark Cases o McCullough v. Maryland (1819) – the US Supreme Court supports a broad interpretation of the Constitution, giving the

federal government powers which are not specifically listed in the Constitution itself. o Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – justified segregation/separation of races; established separate but equal policy o Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) – overturned Plessy v. Ferguson; found it unconstitutional as it

violated the 14th Amendment/Equal Protection clause. BCR topics/questions (be prepared to discuss and support with details) From the selection of BCRs below, please choose any 2 BCRs that you can answer best and write the question and your response on a separate sheet of paper. Please indicate your response in 5 or more complete sentences as well as use details and examples to support your response. A Read the quote below.

“Some lawmakers wish to censor music lyrics that encourage violence and destructive behavior.”

• Explain why some lawmakers would want to censor music. • Based on what you know about the Bill of Rights, do you believe this type of censorship is constitutional? Explain why or why

not. • Include details and examples to support your response.

B B. Study the graph below and use it to answer the BCR that follows.

• Using the information in the bar graph, identify funding decisions the Maryland General Assembly would make regarding

money for local governments. • Describe the effects these decisions would have on local government decisions. • Include details from the graph to support your response.

C C. Look at the cartoon below.

“Career Opportunities 43rd Floor”

• Explain how the point of view expressed in the cartoon differs from the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • Include details to support your response.

LSN Government – Unit 5 Study Guide The Executive Branch (The President, Governor, & Mayor) Chapter 8-2; 4: p. 220 – 226; 234 – 239; Chapter 9 p. 245 – 267; Chapter 10: p. 275 – 298 Chapter 20-2; 3: p. 560 – 570 Chapter 22-2; 3: p. 614 – 625 Chapter 23-2; 3: p. 641– 654 Chapter 24-1; 2: p. 663 – 674 Know your Vocabulary (Blue key terms): 18. Budget 19. Cabinet 20. Deficit/Debt

21. Elector 22. Electoral College 23. Electoral vote

24. Executive orders 25. National guard 26. Pardon

27. Separation of powers 28. Treaty 29. Veto

Be able to answer the following questions based on the material covered and discussed in class: • The Executive Branch

o President/Vice President – National (US) o Governor/Lt. Governor – State (Maryland)

o Mayor/Lt. Mayor or County Executive – Local (Town/City/County)

• Electoral College – the system/method by which the president is elected. • Powers, Duties, and Responsibilities of the President

o 1) Commander -in-chief/civilian leader of the armed forces; 2) appoints—with Senate consent—the heads of executive departments; 3) conducts foreign policy, makes treaties, and appoints ambassadors; 4) appoints federal court judges, grants pardons, and may reduce punishments; 5) ensures that the laws are “faithfully executed”; 6) delivers an annual State of the Union message; 7) proposes legislation; power to veto (reject) bills that the president does not approve/favor; 8) calls Congress into special session when necessary; 9) power to promote general welfare of the nation.

o Commander in Chief – to help maintain order and safety, the president may call upon the military to help evacuate areas or provide relief efforts hit by natural disasters or put down riots.

• Powers, Duties, and Responsibilities of the Governor (State Executive) o Head of government; Power to veto, propose legislation, appoint gov’t officials, pardon & shorten sentences o Chief Executive: carries out the laws passed by Legislative branch; Economic Planner: proposes budget/financial plan so

government can operate; Party Leader: represents political party’s interests in instituting policy. o Directly elected by the voters; Authority supersedes that of the mayor’s authority. o Commander in Chief – to help maintain order and safety, the governor may call upon the National Guard to help evacuate

areas or provide relief efforts hit by natural disasters or put down riots. • Federal/National Executive Departments and Agencies / Department Secretaries and Agency Directors.

o Department of State – handles foreign policy, staffs embassies, speaks for the United States in the UN o Department of Defense – protects U.S. security and oversees armed forces

o Department of Justice – oversees the nation’s legal affairs o Department of Agriculture – helps expand farmers’ markets, develops conservation programs, and safeguards food supply.

Also ensures that homeowners in rural communities have increase opportunities at owning land. o Department of Labor – ensures safe working conditions and a minimum wage, protects pensions, analyzes employment data,

and regulates unions o Department of Transportation – regulates aviation, railroads, highways, mass transit, and the Coast Guard o Environmental Protection Agency – is in charge of enforcing clean air and water quality standards. They also try to reduce the

amount of waste dumped in landfills. o Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – protects consumers by inspecting food and drug processing plants and approves drugs

for treatment of diseases. o Federal Trade Commission (FTC) – protects consumers by regulating businesses and enforcing fair business practices o Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – reduces the loss of life and property and protect the nation from all

hazards, including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters, by leading and supporting the nation in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation. Overall, they ensure the well-being of all citizens affected by disaster.

o Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – regulates broadcast media (TV & Radio) that use public airwaves. o Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) –regulates air travel, ensures that regulations are followed. o Centers of Disease Control (CDC) – promotes the health and safety by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and

disability o Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) – regulates consumer products by developing and enforcing safety standards

and education consumers. It protects the consumer from products that could be harmful to people. o Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) – requires businesses to make workplaces safe for employees and to

ensure that employees follow safety guideline.

Foreign policy o Foreign Policy – politics of the federal government directed to matters beyond United States borders, especially relations with

other countries. o Head of State: represents the entire nation and performs ceremonial roles; president plays host and meets with visiting

foreign heads of state and dignitaries o Chief Diplomat: directs foreign policy, negotiates treaties with Senate approval, & enacts executive agreements. o Executive agreement – an agreement made between the president and a head of state; a pact made by the President

directly with the head of a foreign state; a binding international agreement with the force of law but which (unlike a treaty) does not require Senate consent.

o Commander in Chief: shares with Congress the power to declare war; uses military action to control serious disorders in the nation

o War Powers Act – in 1973, Congress passed this resolution which requires that soldiers sent abroad by the president be brought back within 60 days unless Congress approves the action.

o Foreign aid – aid/help provided by the United States to foreign nations devastated by war, economic crisis, or natural disasters. Usually done to promote national security, open up free trade, increase world peace, concerns for humanity/well-being for people, and helping the spread of democracy.

Economics/Economic Policy o Economic Planner – president with help of Council of Economic Advisors submits economic report to Congress; with help of

Office of Management and Budget prepares federal budget; and proposes economic legislation; and is responsible for promoting high employment, production, and growth

o Goals of the US Government’s economic policy: 1) to promote full employment, 2) promote competition in a capitalist market, 3) promote innovation and development of new technologies, & 4) ensure fair business practices

o Fiscal policy – a government’s use of spending and taxation to influence the economy; a course of action that seeks to achieve socioeconomic goals by affecting the level of taxes and governmental expenditures in the economy. In the US, fiscal policy is largely the responsibility of the President and the US Congress and on the state level, the Governor and the General Assembly. The federal government manages the economy through taxing and spending.

o Monetary policy – a government’s control of the supply of money and credit to influence the economy. o Economic sanction – a foreign policy tool of the US government in which the government imposes a measure such as

boycotting or withholding economic aid to influence a foreign government’s activities. By doing so, would be to weaken the economic status of the country being sanctioned. Example: the US has sanctions against Cuba as they are communist and ruled by a dictator, Fidel Castro.

Checks and balances – President can issue a veto on a Congressional bill that they disapprove of; the power to appoint government officials with Congressional approval; the power to negotiate treaties with Congressional approval; commands the military during times of war with continued support and approval from Congress.

Maryland’s Clean Alternative program – encourages business to switch to/use new technologies that are less harmful to the environment. These businesses would in return receive tax credits/incentives for the investment and use of the new and safer technology.

Smart growth – state and local efforts to regulate the use of public land by establishing a smart and well-planned development that protects open space and farmland, revitalizes communities, keeps housing affordable and provides more transportation choices. Maryland’s Smart Growth Areas Act of 1999 – passed by the Maryland General Assembly, it encourages the building of new homes in vacant city lots

Urban Sprawl – sprawl is the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land at the periphery of an urban area. This involves the conversion of open space (rural land) into built-up, developed land over time. Urban system: an interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region.

Zoning Board – a government agency that regulates the way land and buildings may be used in order to shape community development.

• Constitutional Amendments o 12th Amendment – requires presidential electors casts separate ballots for president and vice president o 20th Amendment – shortens time between presidential election and inauguration by set January 20 as Inauguration Day. o 22nd Amendment – limits presidents to two (2) full terms of office. o 25th Amendment – provides for succession to the office of president in the event of death or incapacity and for filling vacancies

in the office of the vice president. • Municipality – an urban unit of government chartered by a state; usually headed/lead by a mayor or county executive.

LSN GOVERNMENT: NAME:

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST!!!!! Unit 5 Assessment: The Executive Branch BCR questions: Read and answer 1 of the BCRs below to the best of your ability. Be sure to write your response on a separate sheet of paper. Please indicate your response in 5 or more complete sentences as well as use details and examples to support your response. A In its dealings with other nations, the United States government operates based a several goals of its foreign policy. For example,

the United States wishes to use its tools of foreign policy to demonstrate a concern for humanity and promote world peace. Foreign aid is a primary tool used by the United States to promote its foreign policy goals. • Describe types of foreign aid the United States provides to other countries and identify the costs and benefits to providing

such aid? • Should the United States provide foreign aid to other countries? Explain why or why not. • Include details and examples to support your response.

B The federal government requires medicines to be tested extensively before they can be used by the general public. How does this

requirement affect drug manufacturers and consumers? • State whether you agree or disagree with this policy. • Include specific details and examples to support your response.

LSN Government – Unit 6 Study Guide Know your Vocabulary (Blue key terms): 30. Contract 31. Double jeopardy 32. Exclusionary rule

33. Incorporation doctrine

34. Lawsuit

35. Legal counsel 36. Precedent 37. Probable cause

38. Self-incrimination 39. Warrant

(Arrest/Search) Be able to answer the following questions based on the material covered and discussed in class: Judiciary/Judicial Branch • National Court System:

o US Supreme Court – highest court in the US and head of the US Judicial Branch; has the power to study and interpret the law and the meaning of the US Constitution; is the final authority on the US Constitution with the power of Judicial Review.

o Lower Federal Courts: – US Court of Appeals – District Courts • Power of the Federal Courts granted by the US Constitution & federal laws. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: matters concerning

and/or violating the US Constitution or federal law; violations on copyrights; disputes between two or more state governments or citizens of those states; bankruptcy laws; admiralty/maritime laws; treaties with foreign nations.

• Judicial Review – the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional; the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the legislative and executive branches of government. The precedent of Judicial Review was established in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison.

• State Court System: o Maryland Court of Appeals (Maryland Supreme Court) – highest court in Maryland; has the power to study and interpret the

law and the meaning of Maryland’s State Constitution; is the final authority on the Maryland Constitution with the power of Judicial Review.

o Lower Maryland Courts: – Maryland Appeals Court – Trial Courts • Power of the State Courts granted by the State Constitution and State laws. Jurisdiction of State Courts: issues concerning state

constitutions and/or state laws; petty offenses, misdemeanors, and felonies committed within the state’s boundaries/jurisdiction. Criminal Law/Criminal Cases: • Criminal Case – a case in which a defendant is tried for committing a crime as defined by the law. Criminal Law – law and law

proceedings that deal with the investigation and trial of those accused of crimes against society; one that defines crimes and provides for their punishment. o Prosecution/Prosecutor – a person who prepares and conducts the prosecution of persons accused of crime. Representing

the government, it is usually a public official but in some instances involving minor offenses, it may be a private attorney. o Defendant – in a criminal case, the person charged with the crime and must be defended in a court of law.

• Requirements for a fair trial in a criminal case: awarded the right to due process of law; right to a lawyer; a right to a speedy and public trial by a jury of the accused’s peers; a right to hear and challenge the evidence and witness testimony against the accused;

• Due process of law – principle in the Fifth Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals. Due process clause – Fourteenth Amendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

• Equity/Equal Protection Under the Law – the idea that no individual or group may receive special privileges from nor be unjustly discriminated against by law.

• The purpose of a grand jury: to weigh the evidence and witnesses’ testimonies against the accused and to indict (formally charge) the accused of the crime(s) committed. Grand jury – group that hears charges against a suspect and decides whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial. Indictment – a formal charge by a grand jury; a formal complaint before a grand jury that charges the accused with one or more crimes.

• Plea bargaining – the process in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser crime than the one with which the defendant was originally charged.

• Beyond a reasonable doubt – this refers to the degree of certainty required for a juror to legally find a criminal defendant guilty. These words are used in instructions to jury in a criminal trial to indicate that innocence is to be presumed unless the guilt is very clear. Reasonable doubt refers to failure to meet the required degree of certainty.

• Presumption of Innocence – in criminal law, the principle that a person is innocent of a crime until he is proven guilty. Its primary manifestation is the constitutional requirement that the prosecutor establishes the defendant’s guilt by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

• Search and seizure: police need to have ‘probable/reasonable cause’ or a warrant in order to conduct a legal search of a person and/or their property as well as to confiscate any items that may be linked to a crime.

Civil Law/Civil Cases: • Civil case – one usually involving a dispute between two or more private individuals or organizations. Civil law– all laws that

does not involve criminal matters. Civil law may refer to the body of laws prescribed by the supreme authority of the state, as opposed to natural law. Civil law usually deals with private rights of individuals, groups, and businesses; one relating to disputes among two or more individuals or between individuals and the government. Civil cases generally involve lawsuits in which the plaintiff sues the defendant for damages on issues dealing with contracts/breach of contract (breaking it), property, family law, and torts. o Plaintiff – in civil law, the party who brings a suit or some other legal action against another (the defendant) in court; a person

who brings charges in court. o Defendant – in a civil suit, the person against who the plaintiff brings a court action.

• Civil Rights – protections and privileges given to all United States citizens by the Constitution and Bill of Rights. o Civil Rights legislation passed by Congress and the President is suppose to encourage and promote equality between all

peoples regardless of race, religious creed, sexual orientation, gender, place of origin, and age. • Affirmative Action – government policies that award jobs, government contracts, promotions, admission to schools, and other

benefits to minorities and women in order to make up for past discrimination. Affirmative Action legislation was created to promote equal opportunities for minorities in places of employment and education

Constitutional Amendments/Rights: • First Amendment – guarantees the right of free speech, the freedom of the press, the freedom of religion, the freedom to

peacefully assemble, and the right to petition (ask questions of) government. • Fourth Amendment – guarantees freedom from unreasonable searches of the home or the person and freedom from the seizure

of property. • Fifth Amendment – in criminal cases, it assures the right that people cannot be deprived of ‘life, liberty, or property without due

process of law,’ including protections against being tried for the same crime twice (double jeopardy), suspects and defendants cannot be forced to answer questions or testify against themselves (self-incrimination), being indicted by a grand jury, and government seizure of private property without just compensation.

• Sixth Amendment – each person has the right to a fair trial and the right to legal counsel. (Criminal law) • Seventh Amendment – in disputes between two parties, each person has the right to a trial by a jury. (Civil law) • Eighth Amendment – no excessive fines or cruel punishments will be inflicted. • Fourteenth Amendment – grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States; banned states from denying

any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and banned states from denying any person equal protection under the laws.

Supreme Court Cases/Decisions: • Marbury v. Madison (1803) – The Supreme Court case that established the precedent of Judicial Review, which allows the

courts to rule on the constitutionality of the president’s and congress’ actions, making the courts the final authority on the meaning and interpretation of the US Constitution.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – the Supreme Court decision that supports a broad interpretation of the Constitution, giving the federal government powers which are not specifically listed in the Constitution itself. o Necessary and Proper Clause/Elastic Clause – the clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the

right to make all laws, “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses in Article I; it gives Congress the power to make all laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its duties.

• Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court case that established the “separate-but-equal” doctrine, legalizing segregation on the basis that separate facilities for the different races could be established as long as they were equal.

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) – Supreme Court decision that overturned the “separate-but-equal” doctrine established under Plessey v. Ferguson, as it violated the 14th Amendment. As a result, the decision outlawed segregation in schools nationwide.

• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – the Supreme Court case that decided that every person regardless of economic status (rich or poor) on trial for every type of crime, serious or minor, has the right to have an attorney.

• Miranda v. Arizona – the Supreme Court case that decided that all law enforcement agents must inform the accused persons of their rights such as the right to remain silent (self-incrimination) and the right to legal counsel/lawyer.

• Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) – the Supreme Court decision that stated students have the right to exercise their freedom of speech in school as long as it isn’t disruptive to the school environment.

• T.L.O. v. New Jersey (1985) – the Supreme Court decision that limited the warrant requirement for search and seizures in schools, making them largely dependent on circumstances. Case limited student’s privacy rights at school.

LSN GOVERNMENT: NAME: Unit 6 Assessment: The Judicial Branch BCR questions: Answer the 2 BCRs below to the best of your ability. Be sure to write the question and your response on a separate sheet of paper. Please indicate your response in 5 or more complete sentences as well as use details and examples to support your response. A Read the following information: Police cameras have been installed at intersections in parts of Maryland to photograph the license plates of red-light runners. Many citizens oppose this government use of cameras • What constitutional issue might be involved in this use of cameras? • Explain whether you agree or disagree with this practice. • Include details and examples to support your response. B Read the following excerpt: “[neither] students or teachers shed their constitutional rights of freedom of speech or expression at the school house gate.” –Tinker v. Des Moines School District • Explain how the point of view expressed in the excerpt above could conflict with the functioning of a school. • Do you agree or disagree with the position taken in this excerpt? Explain. • Include details and examples to support your response.