Have YOU Joined GALPINS · August, 1942 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 309 A WONDERFUL BARGAIN for the...

GALPINS-ELECTRICAL STORES -

21, WILLIAM ST.,SLOUGH, BUCKS.'Phone . SLOUGH 20855

TERMS: Cash with order

DYNAMO, 110 .mintwoun11, int irnale, ball bearing. ,iss31,750 r.p.m. com i11110116 ing. Price£15. carriago forward.

EX G.P.O. MORSE INKER AND TAPERECORDER, complete with act no) togrelay and tape reel, mounted on mahoganybase, clockwork snotleil, in good deancondition and perfect working order.Price 212, carriage paid.SHEET IIIONITE, size 121n. Elin. by1/32in., best quality. Price 4/- per doz.,post free.ELECTRIC LIGHT CHECK METERS,well-known makers, first -.class condition,electrically guaranteed, rot A.C. Mains200/250 volts 50 cy. 1 phase 5 rum). leak10/- each ; 10 amp. load. 12/6 ; .-a rcioge

D.C. ELECTRIC LIGHT CHECK METERS,200/250 volts, 5 and 10 amps., in nelycondition and electrically perfect : 11/0,post 1/-.MOVING COIL METERS, high grade,panel mounting, 21in. diameter, reading'o-1 amp. or 0-1# amps., full scale deflection,15 milliamps. Price 25/- each, post free.MOVING COIL METERS, high grade,panel mounting, 2iin. diameter, reading0-8 volts, full scale deflection, 5 milliamps.Price 3216 each, post free.AUTO. CHARRING CUT-OUT AND VOLT-AGE REGULATOR, ex-R.A.F., sttit anydynamo tip to 20v. ot 15 amps., fullyadjustable, with wiring instructions,complete in metal case, 3/6, post Pd.INSTRUMENT METAL RECTIFIERS, inperfect working order. output 5 milliamps.Price 12/6 each, post free.AUTO TRANSFORMER, l,tiOO watts,tappings 0-110-200-220 and 240 volts forstep-up or step-down. Price ti, carriagepaid.LARGE TRANSFORMERS for rewinding,rating unknown, size 1 kW. auto. Price17/6, carriage }arid.LARGE TRANSFORMERS for rewinding,size 2 kW. -auto, rating wrknown. Price30/-, carriage forward.HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS,75 v. A.C. input at 300 cycles; output5,000-0-5,000 v. at 500 watts. Price 45.1 -carriage forward.HEADPHONES, 120 ohms, complete withheadband and cord, in good workingorder; suit 11.41. and N.F.S. Price 5 6per pair. post free.AIR PRESSURE GAUGE, O In. dia., scale0-4,000 lbs. per square inch. in gunmetal.Price SI each.PYE WAVE CHANGE SWITCHES, 2 -Band,2/6 each, post free.110 v. D.C. MOTORS, maker KLAXON,precision built, approx. 1/10 h.p., ballbearing, variable speed, laminated fields,in new condition. Price 20/-, post free.ROTARY CONVERTOR, D.C. to D.C.Input 220 volts D.C. ; Output 12 volts at50 amps. D.C., ball -bearing, condition asnew. Price C10 carriage forward, or 17/6passenger train.DOUBLE OUTPUT GENERATOR, shuntwound, ball -bearing, maker " Crypto."outputs GO volts at 5 amp. and 10 volts at50 amps., condition as new. Price CIOcarriage forward, or 20/- passenger train.ALTERNATOR, output 220 volts, 50cycles, 1 p.h. at 180 watts, will give 1 amp.easily, speed 3,000 r.p.m., self -exciting,condition as DOW. Price SS carriage for-ward, or 15i- passenger train.TRANSFORMER, input 230 volts, 50cycles, 1 p.h: ; output 1,100-0-1,100 voltsat 220-milliamps. and 6 volts C.T. threetimes, earth screen, wound to B.S.B.,weight 32 lbs. Price CS: carriage pas-senger train 7/6.BRIDGE MERGER, by Evershed Virpolcs.250 volt, dl) Illeg011111S. Price no, carriagepaid.PORTABLE AMP METER, reading 0-75amp., calibrated at 50 cycles, mirror scale,as new. Price 115, carriage pald.

Have YOU Joinedthe Well -paid Ranks

of the

TRAINED MEN?MANY THOUSANDS MORE ARE URGENTLY

NEEDED. PREPARE YOURSELF FOR ABETTER POSITION AND BETTER PAY

Ambitious men everywhere have succeeded throughI.C.S. Home Study Courses. So also can you. Weoffer you the benefit of our 51 years' matchless ex-

perience as the creative pioneers ofpostal instruction. Since our establish-ment in 1891, nearly 1,000,000 Britishmen and women have enrolled forI.C.S. Courses.

The man with an I.C.S. Training in any one of the subjectslisted below knows it thoroughly, completely, practically.And he knows how to apply it in his everyday work.

AccountancyAdvertisingAeronautical EngineeringAero Engine FittingAero Fitting and RiggingAeroplane DesigningAir -ConditioningArchitectureArchitectural DrawingBoilermakingBook-keepingBuilding ConstructionBuilding ContractingBusiness TrainingBusiness ManagementCabinet MakingCarpentryChemical EngineeringCivil EngineeringClerk of WorksColliery OvermanColliery ManagementCommercial ArtConcrete EngineeringCost AccountancyDiesel Engineering

DratightsmanshipDrawing Office PracticeElectrical EngineeringEngineer in ChargeEng. Shop Practicefire EngineeringFitting and TurningForgemanFoundry WorkGarage ManagementGas -Power EngineeringGround EngineerHeating and VentilationHydraulic EngineeringInsuranceJoineryJournalismMachine DesigningMachine -Tool WorkMarine EngineeringMechanical DrawingMechanical EngineeringMine ElectricianMine FiremanMine SurveyingMining Engineering

Motor Engineering.Motor Mechanic '

MouldingPatternmakingQuantity SurveyingRadio Engineerin;Radio ServicingRefrigerationSalesmanshipSanitary EngineeringSecretarial WorkSheet -Metal WorkSteam EngineeringStructural SteelworkSurveying .Telegraph EngineeringTelephone EngineeringTemplatingTextile DesigningTextile ManufacturingToolmakingTurner

WeldingWoodworkingWorks EngineeringWorks Management

And most of the Technical, Professional, Civil Service and Matric. Exams.

If you need technical training, our advice on any matter concerningyour work and your career is yours for the asking-free and withoutobligation. Let us send you full information regarding the subject in which youare specially interested. DON'T DELAY. Make " ACTION " your watchword.

The successful man does to -day what the failureINTENDS doing to -morrow. Write to us TO -DAY.

- .Use this Coupon 6r ow INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS LTD.

Dept. 95, International Buildings, Kingsway, London, W.C.2.(Use penny stamp on unsealed envelope1'

Please send me particulars of your courses in.,.,N.

Name Age

Address ICS

THE GORDON

INSTRUMENT CO.CLINTON PLACE, WILLIA VI ST..

SHEFFIELD 10.

13,16in. DIE HOLDERS, 3 - Phos. Bronze.

LATHE CARRIERS,* PHOS. BRONZENo. 1-j", 2/-, No. 2-'", 2,6.

No.

12/6 12/6

INSPECTORS' LENSEDiameter --5 Ltiopters.

Telescopic Arm and Universal Joints.Invaluable to Inspectors, Tool-makers,

Die -sinkers, Botanists, etc

INSPECTION MIRROR:(" Dental " Mirrors.)

1" Diameter. 6" Hata 2.Swivel Joint.

3/6.Used by Aircraft Inspectors, Turners,

Toolmake rs, Electricians, etc.

INSTRUMENT MADE MORSE EQUIP-MENT

CONE PIVOTS -SOLID NICKEL SILVERCONTACTS

Type K.-Key as illustrated, 15/..Type K.B.-Key and Buzzer on Bat.

Box., 30,'-.

Type B. --Buzzer m c, 7 6.

ALL THESE GOODS ARE OF OUROWN MANUFACTURE and IN PRO-

DUCTION, IMMEDIATE DELIVERY.INSTRUMENT MADE, ROBUST, and

WELL DESIGNED.TRADE ENQUIRIES INVITED.

COIL WINDING WANTE)

August, 1942 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 309

A WONDERFUL BARGAINfor the Model Railway Owner

USE AZOL THE correct De-veloper for all

films. The tables given with each bottleensure correctly developed negativeswhich print well by any process andmake excellent lantern slides. Develop-

ing becomes an added pleasure.3 oz. bottle, 213 ; 8 oz., 416.

Enlargements should be developedwith AMIDOL-JOHNSONS.

Trial Offer !For a 213 P.O. Johnsons will send you Post Free (G.B. only) a trial set ofChemicals, including I oz. bottle of AZOL, to develop eight spools 2iin. by 3fin.,4 oz. tin ACID -FIXING, making 30-60 oz. solution, one packet AM1OOL DEVEL-OPER enough for 2 or 3 dozen bromide or gaslight prints. Address Dept. 41,JOHNSON & SONS Manufacturing Chemists LTD., HENDON, N.W.4

S. TYZACK & SON LTD.INCORPORATING GEO: ADAMS"LONDON'S FINEST TOOL SHOPS"

" ZYTO " New Pattern 4 -wayTurret Toolholder. With springstop swivel base. Superior qualityand finish. Now made in malleableunbreakable 47/6.

DELIVERY FROM STOCK.

" ZYTO "Super Quality SlidingTailstock Dieholder

No. I M.T. shank, long barrel,precision finish. For 131I6in.O.D. dies. Price 8/9. For lin.O.D. dies, 11/3. With No. 2

M.T. shank, 13/9.

DELIVERY FROM STOCK

We also stock Self ReleasingDie Holders. Will producethreads to correct length withoutvariation. Full details on request.

" ZYTO " Twist Drill Grind-ing Jig. Indispensable in theworkshop for accurate grindingof twist drills. Capacity III 6in. to1,in. drills, 18/6. Larger size, for

drills -A in. to lin., 54/6.

S. TYZACK & SON LTD.,341-345, OLD STREET, LONDON, E.C.1

Telephone : CLE 4004-5-6.

An inexpensive 6 -coupled electric locomotive mechanism for the modelbuilder.This is our standard junior permanent magnet mechanism, one of the" best value " in low-priced electric prime movers.It is fitted with a tripolar armature and powerful permanent magnets, andis wound for 6-8 volts D.C.Par:titulars : No. 145910. Length over sideframes 6 3/32in. Height fromrail level 2Iin. Weight complete with wheels 1lb. 8oz. Consumptionat full load I amps. For Express locomotives, wheel dia. lain., centres48 by 48mm. For Tank or Goods locomotives, wheel dia. I ))in., centres53 by 58 mm.

Offered (while supplies last) at 251-, postage 8d.

OUR WAR-TIME STOCK LIST=is now ready, consisting of 32 pages of closely -packed particulars of modelgoods we still have for disposal.

We shall from time to time delete articles as they go out of stock. butwe cannot guarantee to have anything in stock under the prevailing con-ditions and the demand for model supplies of every description forexperimental work.

Ask for War -time Stock List L112. 6d. post free.

London :112, HighHolborn.W.C.I.

BASSETT-LOWKE LTD. Manchester:Corpora

NORTHAMPTON.28,

=ion s,

11

318 in. and 3% in. Lathes

All that you look for ...Thousands of model engineers have found that MyfordLathes are ideal for their requirements and offer thewidest scope for their abilities. These machinesembody the latest principles of design and

are manufactured by the mostup - to - date methods understrict supervision. Accuracy,sturdiness and quality of mate-rials are amply proved by thehigh standard of work carried outby enthusiastic users. Availablefor the present to holders ofM.T.C. permits only.

MANUFACTURED THROUGHOUT BY

MYFORD ENGINEERING CO. LTDN 1/ STON 5

§?, 78-13

310 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS August, 19 42

IT TELLS HOWTO MAKE YOURFUTURE SECURE

In the more competitive days of peace, technical training will be a vital necessity to theEngineer who wishes to safeguard his position and make advancement. " ENGINEERINGOPPORTUNITIES - will show you how to secure this all - important technicaltraining quickly and easily in your spare time. This 112 -page book is full of valuableinf rmation and explains the simplest way of preparing for recognised Examinations.Among the courses described are :

A.M.I.Mech.E.Inst. al Production Engineers.Mechanical Engineering.Draughtsmanship.Tracing.Works Management.Jig and Tool Design.Maintenance Engineering.Diesels..Inspection.

A.M.I.C.E.City and Guilds.Electrical Engineering.Installations.Electricity Supply.A.M.I.C.E.Civil Engineering.Structural Design.

Building Construction.Clerk of Works.

A.F.R.Ae.S.Air Ministry Licences.Aeronautical Engineering.A.M.I.A.E.Repair Certificates.Automobile Engineering.Garage Management.A.M.Brit.I.R.E.Wireless.Radio Servicing.Television, etc., etc.

Special Courses for London Matriculation and R.A.F. Mathematics

You cannot afford to miss reading " ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES." Write (orforward coupon) for your copy, and subsequent matter, immediately. Sent (post free)on receipt of 2 d. in stamps.

WE DEFINITELYGUARANTEE

"NO PASS-NO FEE"

IV= =I MD NM MIN I/. lir MN amoNrIm=ir=. We MI a

! BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY410a. Shakespeare House, Stratford Place, London, W.1.

Please forward (post free) your 112 -page handbook " ENGINEERINGOPPORTUNITIES" and subsequent matter relating to the Institute, forwhich I enclose 21d. in stamps.

Name

Lon WIN Inn MI IIMMIN ,..1 INI Or I= Mr in OW MN we MI IMP MI OM MO MEM im m m to. . cm = a Milme NM Mil MO MD I= =, i=t. MC Si ima II

. . ........

THE B.I.E.T. IS THE LEADING INSTITUTE OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD.


Inland

SUBSCRIPTION RATES

I Is. per annum.- 10s. 6d. per annum.

10s. per annum.Abroad - -

Canada

Editorial and Advertisement Office " PracticalMechanics," George Newnes, Ltd.,

Tower House, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C.2'Phone : Temple Bar 4363

Telegrams : Newnes, Rand, London.Registered at the G.P.O. for transmission by

Canadian Magazine Post.

Copyright in all drawings, photographs and articlespublished in " Practical Mechanics " is speciallyreserved throughout the countries signatory to theBerne Convention and the U.S.A. Reproductions orimitations of any of these are therefore expressly

forbidden.

FAIR COMMENT

PRACTICALMECHANICS

Owing to the paper shortage "The Cyclist," "Practical Motorist," and "Home Movies " aretemporarily incorporated.

Editor : F. J. CAMM

VOL. IX. AUGUST, 1942 No. 107

Mechanical AptitudeMOST people at some time during their

lives explain that if they had theirtime over again they would have

chosen another profession. The world is fullof square pegs in round holes. Nearly alwaysit is found that an individual is unsuited tohis job because he has had no voice in itsselection. At school -leaving ago his parents,in the mistaken notion that they understandhim, select his career. They have been toldby some half -informed friend that engineer.ing, or chemistry, or electricity, or wireless isproviding good opportunities. They haveprobably received a letter from his head-master stating that the boy has shown distinctaptitude for essay writing, or handcraft, ormechanics, and therefore should become ajournalist, an architect, or an engineer. Witha fairly lengthy experience, not only inadvising, but in observing, I can say withemphasis that the opinions of headmastersregarding the aptitudes of their pupils isof little value. In the first place a head-master spends his life amongst youths.Effectively, he never grows up, and in manyways retains youthful inexperience. He is inthe world, but not of it.

I remember, about twenty-five years ago,the headmaster of a Northern school was in

:ordinately proud of what lie thought were thepowers of oratory of a particular pupil. Inschool debates he was dominating, and theheadmaster lost few opportunities of shower-ing praise upon this unfortunate pupil, whoin course of time began to believe that he wasa great orator, and a lineal descendant of

' Socrates.- The other boys, probably withequal powers of expression, were thus imbuedby the schoolmaster with an inferioritycomplex. The cynosure of the headmeaster'smisplaced admiration was regarded by theother boys as a pet. When the boy reachedschool -leaving age he was advised to take up acareer of oratory, and, in fact, he eventuallywas successful in obtaining several platformengagements. The headmaster sought myadvice as to possible openings, and I franklytold him that I thought the boy's prospectshad been spoiled. The lad had been convertedinto a human parrot. He suffered fromthe delusion fostered by the headmaster thathe was, an orator. The parents of the otherscholars were invited to the school functionsto hear him speak. Withal, the boy adopted aself -deprecatory air of mock modesty.

My frank and forthright remarks to theheadmaster shocked him. I told him thatthe boy was vain, and that his modesty was aprime part of his vanity in that he pridedhimself on being modest. The boy inacknowledging the plaudits would refer to" his appreciation of the reception they hadgiven to his poor efforts," when he really

thought that he had spoken somethingworth while. The age of the boy at thistime was I5?, years, and for any headmasteror anyone else to presume that a boy of thesetender years could have anything to say worthlistening to, or to have any opinion which wasnot based upon the teachings of older men, isjust a fantasy and a phantasm, a snare and adelusion. However, I warned the school-master against this form of childish adulation,and I warned him against the idea that a boywith a good memory for what he had read,and who merely repeated it upon the plat-form, was only regurgitating unoriginalthoughts, and like the ruminative quadruped,was merely in a literary way chewing the cud.True PredictionTHIS was, as I have said, several years ago.

My prediction has come true. The boy'slife has been ruined, and he has endeavoured toeke out a meagre existence by hiring himselfas a political speaker to any particular party,or as a platform speaker on any subject suchas teetotalism, or alcoholism, provided thatthe necessary fee is paid." He has, in fact,become a tub -thumper of the Hyde Parkvariety. Many other boys' lives have beenruined by parents and headmasters in asimilar way.

Now most boys live a life of repression andsuppression owing to the attitudes of parentsand headmasters who have always made themistake of endeavouring to produce a standardboy instead of permitting them to developtheir own ego. Hence, the square peg in theround hole.

Now the Ministry of Labour seems to havereached the same conclusion, for they assertin one of their recent notices that the firstessential of any apprentice training schemeis that suitable apprentices should be selected.They draw attention to a particular leadingaircraft firm which in the autumn of 1938conducted some research into the questionwith important results. About too appren-tices who had been in the firm for upwardsof three years were . given a number of

.aptitude tests which were devised by theresearch staff of the National Institute ofIndustrial Psychology, also a well -triedintelligence test devised some years ago byProfessor Burt. Some of the older appren-tices were asked for their own ideas of theirsuitability or otherwise for work of an en-gineering nature. No less than 17 per cent.of these apprentices which, as the Ministryagrees, is a very disturbing figure, gave theiropinion that they were unsuitable as en-gineers. The question of suitability is funda-mental. In the past it seems to have beenimagined that providing a boy was intelligent,as shown by his school record, he would make,for example, a good engineer.

BY THE EDITOR

Aptitudes and IntelligenceRECENT investigations, however, have

shown the existence of certain aptitudeswhich are relatively distinct from generalintelligence. That is to say, a boy suchas the one whom we have quoted, whomight have a retentive memory for quota-tions, and might link them together toform a speech which would impress thosewho could not remember the quotations,and thus delude them into thinking thatthe words were his own original thought,might have a good record for general intelli-gence but lack the aptitudes which wouldmake him an engineer or a journalist. To themajority of engineering occupations aptitudeis of prime importance, and a boy of highintellectual level may fail because of lack ofthem. The vocational tests to which theapprentices were submitted assessed withconsiderable accuracy the aptitudes or lackof them, and disclosed that the spatial factoris of great importance. The skilled craftsman,for instance, is concerned with the reading ofdrawings, and the draughtsman with makingthem. One process involves the visualisationof a three-dimensional solid object from atwo-dimensional fiat representation of it ; theother the reverse. A rough division wasmade of the apprentices who, on taking theintelligence test, achieved the followingresults : Excellent, to per cent. ; good, 20per cent. ; average, 4o per cent. ; fair, 20 percent. ; poor, to per cent.

Apprentice EfficiencyTHE conclusions reached by this test were

that the general apprentice efficiency hasbeen noticeably raised. As a result of thepsychological testing of applicants the earlierapprentices compare unfavourably with thelater apprentices. The successes of appren-tices in their studies and examinations showa marked improvement. In June, 1940,

apprentices in the particular firm, passedall three subjects in the first year NationalCertificate Examination out of 5o who satfor it -22 per cent. In June, 1941, 19 out of31, or 611, per cent., passed all three subjectsof the Second Year Examinations, while thepercentages of those passing two of the threesubjects in 1940-1941 were 38 per cent. and97 per cent. respectively. The percentages ofapprentices now being rejected at the end oftheir six months' probationary period hasdiminished almost to zero. It has been foundthat school reports are valueless.

My point is that every employer has a dutyto discharge pupils and apprentices if aftersix months they are found to lack the neces-sary aptitude. If they do not do this, theyare ruining the careers of the pupils and theapprentices.

312 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS August, 1942

Grewless War MachinesRemote -controlled Land, Sea and Aircraft in Warfare

By K. DOBERER

height of I2,000ft. They could also oncommand, but of their own accord, execute

certain figures whilst performingacrobatic flying. Duringthe English Fleet and Air

A remote -controlled tank of thefuthre.

DURING summer, 1933, the first un-manned and remote -controlled aero-planes were put into commission in

Great Britain. They served as objectivesfor target practice of the anti- air craftartillery. The robot apparatus was installedin a seaplane and in land 'planes of the DeHavilland Aircraft Company. The existenceof the robot machines was kept secret.Some years later there were deliberationsat air expert circles in London in howfar this type of robot machine could beactually employed for defensive purposes.Apparently in connection with these con-siderations, the general public was acquaintedwith this type of the crewless fighter 'plane.During some festive occasions in June andJuly, 1935, they were demonstrated in public.De Havilland machines of the Tiger -Mothtype with a Gipsy Major motor of 130 horse-power were used. They had a speed of 100miles per hour and rose wireless navigated to aheight of ro,000ft. The installed robot couldbe remotely controlled from the operatingcentre within a distance of ten miles. Theoperating centre was situated on the groundand on other occasions on a warship.

After the first of these machines had beenshown at a fete for the benefit of the Air Forceon June 29th, 1935, further manoeuvres withrobot 'planes took place on July 17th of thesame year in the presence of the King duringthe great Portsmouth naval parade. One ofthe machines attacked warships and was hitafter 320 shots had been fired and crashedinto the sea. A second of the remote -con-trolled machines was giving a climbingexhibition and crashed after it had reacheda height of ro,000ft.

The result of these exhibitions was anorder to the De Havilland Works for a wholesquadron of remote -controlled 'planes. Themachines of this squadron required fortarget practice were biplanes similar to theTiger -Moth type, but the body was con-structed of wood instead of metal. This type,Queen Bee Robot Trick, remains afloateven after it has been shot down. The newmachines had a speed of 110 miles per hourand were remotely -controllable up _tor a

Force manceuvres at Alexandria in Egyptin 1936, two of these robot aeroplanes attackedthe cruiser Shropshire, and were shot down.As a result, British experts arrived at veryfavourable conclusions for the anti-aircraftartillery of the British Fleet.

The unmanned Queen Bee Robot Trickmachines also took part in the autumn navalmanceuvres, 1936. After a catapult start theyremained in the air for three hours at analtitude up to 3,000 metres. Up till then, theoperating centres for the robots were installedon a number of different warships, but werethen intended to be concentrated.

Shortly before the war, the older aircraftcarrier Argus, built during 1917, was con-verted into the robot -carrier and also into thecommanding centre of the robots. TheArgus has a displacement of 14,700 tons anda speed of 23 knots.

The Motorised BombWhilst the unmanned fighter aeroplane is a

pronounced defensive weapon, there is a

wireless -navigated type of aeroplane-out-wardly bearing a great likeness to the RammingRobot-which is just as much a distinctiveweapon of attack. This is the remote -con-trolled air -torpedo, a small streamlined andin itself complete aeroplane carrying a load

of explosive, packed in its metal body.With this type of warplane a number of

apparently unsuccessful experiments weremade during the Great War. After the war,however, it seems that the Americans hadlearnt to master the remote steering of thesesmall machines, if employed mainly forflights on a straight course. Lieutenant -General William Mitchel, the Commander -in -Chief of the -American Air Force during theGreat War, describes manceuvres with suchair torpedoes. The air torpedoes were wire-less controlled and equipped with a gyroscopefor directional stability. According toMitchel's report, three of these torpedoes weredespatched to Garden City on Long Islandand to Trenton in the State of New Jerseyduring the experiments. All three hit thebull's-eye. They reached their target, havingtravelled a distance of about 70 miles.

The technical evolution of the air torpedowas later on divided into two sections ofconstructional development which, however,both differ in one important detail from theRamming Robot and the wireless -controlledbomber. All air torpe'does possess an electriceye.

The Ramming Robot, in the service of theair defences for ranges within sight of thecommanding centres, and the remote -con-trolled bomber, in the service of its directing'plane **for ranges within its sight, do notrequire an organ of this kind.

It is immaterial if the remote -controlledair torpedo is constructed as a light bomber,able to release a number of bombs, or as awinged bomb of magnesium alloy, it alwaystravels out of eyesight during its long journey.Consequently, the operating centre whichsent it out and controls it constantly must beable to ascertain continuously its position.This task is maintained by the electric eyeof the air torpedo, constructed on the prin-ciple of a television apparatus.

An image of the territory being passed overis taken up by a system of lenses fixed to thebottom of the air torpedo. This picture isthen transmitted to the centre of operationsby a system of selenium cells in the. torpedo,

An early type of remote -controlled iub-nrarine, the receiving aerial being mounted

on a float.

August, 1942

which converts the incident impression oflight into current surges. In a type of airtorpedoes, built in the United States anddeveloped along the line of the day bomber,the load of explosives-normal bombs areused-can be divided in several sticks. Theremote -controlled bomber returns repeatedly,flying in spirals, to the, attacked objective andalways when the dark line of the ship in thelighted sea is projected on to the ground glassof the focusing screen of the televisor at theoperating centre a new stick of bombs isreleased. This type can carry a load ofexplosives up to a thousand pounds. Whenthe bombs are dropped the 'plaile returns toits taking -off place.

This kind of remote navigated bombingmachine was primarily intended to be usedas a special weapon for the American giantairships Akron and Macon. The machines,52 metres in length, started from the movingairship and it was not necessary to undertakecomplicated starting manoeuvres with auto-matic contrivances. When the bombingmachines returned to the airship, they had toalight on the sea. As was proved by trials ofthe German giant airship Hindenburg, they alsocould again be linked up with the movingairship whilst the 'planes were travellingalongside it in the air. This series of experi-ments has been discontinued owing to thedestruction of all the giant airships mentioned.However, similar tests are proceeding withcatapult starts from battleships.

In development of the original idea of theremote -controlled air torpedo, Japan is tryingto build the winged bomb. This type ofair torpedo is a small, compact aeroplane andall constructional parts are made of metal.But all the metallic parts consist exclusivelyof an alloy composed of aluminium andmagnesium. Similar to the incendiarybombs, the metal case will also ignite afterthe detonation of the explosive contents, andthen cause a white-hot, inextinguishableconflagration. In an air torpedo attack onships, when sea water pours into leaks tornby exploding torpedoes, the vigorouslyburning alloy would only cause further mostviolent explosions.

Remote -controlled SubmarinesSoon after Christoph Wirth's successes

with his remote commanded electro braton the Wannsee Lake near Berlin, theFrench engineer Gabet constructed aremote -controlled submarine of 36ft. lengthand a diameter of 3ft., which manoeuvredwithout a crew. The receiving aerial, attachedto two masts, was a fixture on a float. The

NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS

An impression of a robot air -t

float itself was dragged along by the sub-marine on a cable. The submarine waspropelled by two screws; driven by an electromotor, which was supplied with power froman accumulator battery. As the miniaturesubmarine did not possess a torpedo tube andthe explosives were stored in its own bow,it really had become a giant torpedo. Inconsequence, it was necessary to bring thewhole submarine up to the ship about to beattacked, and explode it by remote ignition.

During the Great War the British SecretService was informed by agents that theGermans were making experiments in theNorth Sea to control submarines by radiofrom aeroplanes. An actual confirmation ofthis report was never forthcoming nor wereresults of these experiments ever made known.

The American Navy is said to have aremote -controlled sea -torpedo with a powerfulelectro magnet in its point. This electromagnet is switched On by wireless during thelatter part of its way and then automaticallycorrects the course of the torpedo towards thearmour-plated battleship to be torpedoed.

Trials with a small submarine were 'fluteby the French Navy. During the successfulexperiment, the miniature submarine wasmanoeuvring on the Seine and was remotely

An Italian man -driven torpedo. On sightingthe target, the operator sets engines to fullspeed, and -he is projected-with rubber

dinghy-clear of the craft.

313

controlled from the Eiffel Tower. Identicalresults were obtained by similar experiments,undertaken at the same time by Frenchengineers in Tokyo in the interests of theJapaneie Navy.

A typical miniature submarine, very suit-

orpedo, navigated by wireless.

able for this purpose, was constructed byCaptain -lieutenant Zeiner-Henrikson. It wasto be used for the Norwegian Coastal Guard.Like the remote -controlled fighter speed -boats,this diving craft was only soft. long. Propelledby compressed air, the boat had a radius ofaction amounting to 12 miles.

The disadvantage of being propelled bycompressed air is, in this case, that thetorpedo is converted into the noisiest crafton or under the sea. With a submarine sounddetector, constructed by Thomas A. Edisonduring the Great War, a torpedo could beheard at a distance of 20 miles. It thereforestands to reason that the American Navy useselectro motors to drive remote -controlledminiature submarines. Therefore, also for thelarge torpedo types, with a calibre of 25in.and a high -explosive T.N.T. load of 700pounds, electro motors are used.

The Stalk -Eyed MonsterImportant objections have been made

against the use of such remote -controlledmachines in actual warfare, whilst theiremployment on the shooting range for targetpractice is, without a doubt, most useful. Inthe case of war, however, a remote -controlledtank has to face difficulties of quite a differentnature than perhaps a remote -controlledbomber or a fighter speed boat would have to.These machines, after all said and done,operate in equable surroundings, in whichthere are, generally speaking, no obstacles-in the water and in the air. The remote -controlled tank, however, must be ready todeal with a newly arising obstacle on ivscourse within 'the fraction of a second.Hardly has the vehicle safely eluded a tree orhas felled it by a tremendous impact than itmay be in front of a trench. It has becomeevident by eiperience that trench obstaclesespecially ensnare the tanks in a trap and makethem quite helpless. It requires all theexperience and the circumspection of the tank'driver to arrive at a quick decision as to theroute to be then followed. Even if the actioncontrol would move up to a distance of tooyards from the tank, it would prove im-possible to give a final command from therehow to deal with a simple trench, which is3o centimetres too wide or the angle of therampart of which is only 5 deg. too steep.In his machine, the tank driver may be ableto save himself by promptly accelerating hisspeed. But the' remotely - controlled tankwould have certainly been hopelessly maroonedin the trench.


Working Under the SeaThe Peculiar Effects of Working in an Atmosphere of Compressed Air

TUNNELS have made possible theelaborate surface transport systemsnow in use in every civilised country.

They enable railways to pierce mountainranges, honeycomb large cities, rand passunder rivers. Every year sees the number ofgreat tunnels increased as man becomes moreimpatient at the delays imposed by naturalbarriers to road and rail. Engaged in makingthem are thousands of men who have to work day after day in an atmosphere ofcompressed air. Science has beenable, not only to devise methods ofdriving tunnels in safety under riverbeds and through ground soakedwith water, but also to safeguardthe men who make them.

Modern diving equipmmt as used by deep seadivers. This equipment is provided with manyaccessories, such as electric light, and oxygen

and air apparatus.

It is obviously essential, when making ahole in wet clay or similar material, to havesome means of keeping out the water. Thealmost universal method is to use compressedair, the force of the air holding back thewater. The exact pressure used dependsupgn the local conditions and-in tunnellingunder a river, for instance-it increases asthe depth of water above becomes greater.As the hole is dug it is enclosed in steel tohold back the walls-but at the face wheremen are excavating rock and mud, it is thecompressed air that prevents water seepingin to flood the workings.

By Professor A. M. LOWWorking in Caissons

Compressed air is used in the same way forwork in caissons, the air preventing the wateroozing under he bottom of the hollowcylinder and reaching its natural level.To reach the working chamber or caisson,men have to pass through an air-lock-really a chamber with double doors in whichthe pressure of the air can be artificially in-creased or reduced. This chamber not onlyprevents the compressed air at the workingface escaping when anyone enters or leaves,but also serves for " decompressing " themen when they leave the work.

The " Bends "Men working in a chamber under com-

pressed air are in much the same conditionas a diver under the sea ; the pressurecorresponds with varying depths of the seaaccording to the number of pounds persquare inch. They are liable to the samedisease of the " bends " which claimed manyvictims until its cause was studied and a pre-ventive discovered. When airunder pressure is breathed, someof the nitrogen is forced intosolution in the blood. So longas the man working remainsunder pressure, no harm is done ;but immediately the pressure isreduced the nitrogen forms littlebubbles in the blood. Thesebubbles are responsible for theexcruciating pains of the" bends," and are often fatal ifthey travel to the brain. Someof the symptoms of the " bends "are very similar to those ofdrunkenness. Divers and menworking under compressed airwear a metal disc stating thisfact, and warning anyone whomay find them, apparently hope-lessly drunk, immediately totelephone their place of working.This is because the only curefor "the " bends " is for thevictim to be placed immediatelyunder pressure again, and thento be slowly " decompressed."Unless this is done the victimis in grave danger of death ordisablement.

Deep-sea DivingAs has been explained, when

dealing with deep-sea diving thesecret of the prevention of the" bends " is slow decompression,so that the dissolved nitrogencan escape slowly and naturallywithout causing pain. It istherefore now the universal rulethat anyone who has been work-ing under compressed air mustsit for three-quarters of an houror more in the decompressionchamber-the time dependingon the pressure he has been sub-jected to. While there he cansmoke, talk or read - and hescarcely notices' the gradual re-duction of the pressure tonormal. The diver achieves the same purposeby rising to the surface very slowly, pausingat' the various knots in his diving rope forperiods the length of which depend uponthe depth to which he has been and the time

he has been under. The entry into the pres-sure chamber is also made slowly to avoiddiscomfort and possibly danger. Much ofthiS trouble is now avoided by the use ofhelium as a diluent.

Danger of Flood and FireWork under pressure is dangerous and

exhausting ; men are paid in accordance withthe pressure. This is, perhaps, the only workin the world in which the shorter the hoursthe larger the pay. The higher the pressure,the shorter the hours of work. Under reallyhigh pressure, two hours' work a day would bethe limit. Apart from " bends," the chiefdangers of the work are those of flooding andfire. It may seem curious to talk about fire inworks under many feet of water, but it arisesfrom the concentration of oxygen in the air.A cigarette burns away very quickly, and aspark may cause a fire. The danger of floodingarises from the breakdown of the air -pumping

AIR ANDTE,LEPHONF"

Showing how deep-sea divingis carried. outby the diver from a diving bell.

August, 194Z

apparatus, or the walls of the tunnel bursting.The pressure is carefully regulated to theconditions. If water is leaking in, the pressureis increased. If air is escaping into fissuresof the ground and can be heard hissing, thepressure is reduced. If, however, there is abreakdown in the pressure, or a large volumeof water is unexpectedly and suddenlyencountered, it will flood the chamber, risingclose to the top. Normally, it will not fill it,because the air becomes more and morecompressed. On one occasion, during thebuilding of the Forth Bridge, a caisson wasaccidentally flooded. Four inches of airremained at the top which the water couldnot overcome, and a workthan managed tokeep his mouth and nose in this air until thewater could be pumped out. If a large fissure

NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS

suddenly appears, the compressed air mayescape so quickly that it blows up. It may takeworkmen, tools-and everything with it to thesurface. On one or two occasions workmen havebeen blown up during work under a river, andhave suddenly found themselves on thesurface of the water, even being shot into theair by the force of the escaping air. Thegreatest danger to be faced under these cir-cumstances is the sudden change of pressuresand, as soon as they are rescued, the men haveto be decompressed.

Curious EffectsWorking under pressure gives men a large

appetite, as might be supposed from thelarge amount of oxygen breathed. It producesother curious effects. When the first tunnel

315

was being driven under the Thames duringthe last century, the directors of the under-taking determined to celebrate the meetingof the pilot tunnels with a luncheon under theThames. The champagne served was, as theymight have foreseen if they had thought itout, absolutely flat, since the external pressureof air retained the bubbles of gas. They drankit nevertheless. Then they left the tunnel,and the effect of the reduced pressure on thechampagne they had swallowed con be guessed.An excellent lesson as to the importance ofpaying attention to every derail in accordancewith the laws of science before they arepressed into the service of man. It is rare tofind any technical problem which has not itsramifications in other branches of science thanthat to which it is first directed.

A Photo raphic RanAe-finderConstructional Details of a Useful Instrument for the Amateur Photographer

IN making this simple instrument the firstpart to take in hand is the casing, whichis made in two pieces, from 14 or 16

gauge sheet brass. Mark out the shapes tothe dimensions given in Fig. t, and drillholes as indicated. Slightly score the metalalong the dotted lines to assist bending.When cut and drilled, smooth with fineemery cloth, and bend to form a rectangularbox (Fig. 2), all the joints of which mustbe neatly soldered.

Fitting the MirrorsNext, take a piece of thin, good quality

mirror (surface silvered if you can get it) andcut two pieces, one ;yin. by ;in., and one ;:in.by f1,1,in. Lay the larger piece, silveredside up, on a wad of paper, and with thecorner of a piece of glass and a ruler, scrape

-s- 4

strip of springy steel or brass, 2/in. long by.in. wide, and bend it as shown in Fig. 4.To the end marked " A," glue the smallerof the two mirrors so that its length laysalong the length of the spring, and solderthe end marked " B " to the inside of the

Hie

diq.

6- dia.

It

Calibrateddisc

The completed range -finder.

range -finder at the pointmarked " X " in Fig. i.(See also Fig. 5.) Thensolder a small nut on theinside of the hole " H "(Fig. 3) and fit in it ashort bolt, to the headof which is soldered anfin. diameter brass orcopper disc. This discmay have a milled edge,since it is the whf el bywhich the range -finderis operated ; it alsocarries the scale whichindicates the range.

TestingLastly, paint the

inside of the instrumentwith some matt blackpaint, after which it maybe tested. Look throughthe hole " E " at somedistant object, and coverthe large hole in thefront with a piece ofblack card. A bright pic-ture should be seen, asthrough a round hole, byFig. r.-Developed blanks for forming the casing of the range -finder.

parallel clear lines on the mirror, about1/:12in. wide and 1/2in. apart. This semi -silvered mirror is mounted inside the range-finder in the position shown in Fig. 3, and isheld in place by two small brackets, " A "and " B," made from ;in. by in. strips ofsheet copper, bent to the shape shown.These brackets are soldered in place, and atthe same time the baffle " C " is also solderedin position. The latter consists of a similarstrip of copper, bent at 90 deg.

For the adjustable mirror holder, take aFig. 2.-The sides and bottom of the casing Font

to shape.

reflection from both mirrors. On uncoveringthe large hole, it should be quite easy to seetwo superimposed images, most probably notin register; one as seen direct, and the secondby double reflection from the two mirrors.

CalibratingOn turning the milled disc the two images

will be seen to come togethertband finallycoalesce. If the focusing is done on a distantobject, the range -finder is then set at infinity,and by repeating the procedure on objectsat known distances down to 3ft., the instru-ment is easily calibrated. The milled disc maybe removed (by unscrewing) to have thecalibrations engraved or etched in place;when the reading is taken against a fixedmark on the

When all is complete, the bottom is solderedon, and the range -finder finished by covering

H

fA

- Mirror

case'Fig. 3.-Section of casing with fixed mirror in

Mirror

45,

a'V.

Spring

A"

Fig. 4.-Details of the adjustable mirror holder.

it with thin leather. If convenient it maybe mounted on the camera itself ; the exactmethod of fixing being left to the user. Inuse, focus on the eyes of human beings oranimals or on the most prominent part ofthe picture.

E

F's'. 5.-Section of range -finder, showing howadjustable, mirror is operated.


Rotary Pneumatic ToolsNotes

IN external appearance a rotary pneumatictool is very similar to a pneumatic per-cussive tool, and the chief difference

internally is in the driving unit, which con-sists of a rotary air -motor. The followingparticulars concerning the driving unit forrotating tools, such as grinders and drills,apply equally to small air motors for suchduties as driving fans, agitators and lightconveyors.

Rotary Air MotorPrior to the introduction of the modern

" rotor " type air -motor, small reciprocatingcompressed -air engines were employed forthe above -mentioned duties. Certain disad-

DRILL BODY

AIR INLET

ROTOR CASEOR STATOR

Fig. j.-Section through a small rotarydrill.

vantages attended their use, however, such asvibration, heavy wear, and consequent leakagewith loss of efficiency. In addition, the outlineof the tools was irregular owing to thecylinders, which were usually arranged in

V " formation. The rotor type, however,disposes of all these points, and is an ex-tremely-simple unit consisting only of aslotted rotor mounted eccentrically in a rotorcase, or " stator " of larger diameter. FromFig. r it will be seen that a crescent -shapedspace is left between the rotor and stator.Each slot in the rotor carries a sliding blade,which is free to move in and out of theslot. As compressed air is admitted to thecrescent -shaped space, it acts upon blade "A"and so causes rotation of the rotor. When thefollowing blade " B " passed the inlet port,the supply to the section between " A " and" B " is cut off, and the air expands, until itescapes to atmosphere as the exhaust port isuncovered by blade " A." It will be seen thatthe exhaust does not go direct to atmosphereafter leaving the rotor case, but in the par-ticular tool illustrated it is taken round pas-sages on the inside of the drill body. Furtherexpansion therefore takes place, and veryeffective exhaust silencing is thus obtained.Without such an arrangement, the exhaustnoise from even small tools of this type canbe yery pronounced. When running, theblades are thrown outwards by centrifugalforce, but to ensure that the motor will alwaysbe self-starting, the blades are forced out-wards to the maximum point allowed bytheir position in stator by compressed air.The air reaches the bottom of the bladeslots by way of holes drilled in the shaft.

This type of prime mover gives an ex-tremely smooth -running tool with completeab lence of vibratio:i, and clean external lines.

on Their Construction and OperationMulti -vane Drills

These drills are of simple constructionthroughout, and represent a great advancein drill design (see Fig. 5). A feature of thesetools is their compact dimensions, and a verylow weight -to -power ratio. Their hightorque power is derived from a rotor air -motor fitted with four easily renewableblades. It is perfectly balanced and ensuressilent and vibrationlegs operation. Otherfeatures of importance include stainless steelball bearings and a simple twist grip throttlegiving absolute control of speed, forward andreverse.Speed Governor

In the case of the larger sizes of drills,where racing and consequent excessive airconsumption would occur under light loadconditions, a speed governor is provided.This precaution is also necessary in the caseof grinders, as modern grinding wheels havea fairly critical " best cutting speed." Fig. 3

shows the centrifugalgovernor as used onhand grinders manu-factured by Brownand Wade, Ltd. Itis fitted at the endof the rotor shaft, andconsists of steel ballscarried in grooveson the " governorplate," and in contactwith the " governorcone." A spring holesthe governor valveand cone in the posi-tion shown until thedesired r.p.m. is

reached. Theballs then flyoutwards, andthe cone andvalve moveaxially to throttlethe air supplyand so hold thespeed.

This type ofmotor is usedin all rotary

tools made by theabove firm. It isalso employed inpneumatic shears,which are capable ofcutting metal sheetsup to r6 gauge at a

Fig. 2.-A " Broom -wade" pneumatic

trench pump.

speed of 12 feet perminute. In this typeof tool the drive istaken through plane-tary gears which areidentical with thoseused in the small drills,but the end of the slowspeed shaft takes theform of a small crank ofeccentric. This oper-ates in a ball bearingfitted in the verticalshaft which carries themoving shear blade, sothat when the motorrotates, it, is given areciprocating motion.

Trench PumpAnother very use-

ful application is thetrench pump. In thiscase a high impeller

Fig. 4.-A pneumatic trench pump in use.

speed is, of course, required, and thereforethe rotor is direct coupled to the impellerwithout the use of reduction gearing. Thesize illustrated handles 57 gallons per minutewhen discharging against a head of Soft.and operating on compressed air at 851b. persq. in. pressure.

There are no complicated mechanicalarrangements, and no working parts areexposed. The only wearing parts are foursmall, easily renewable blades, which aremade of a special non-metallic material. Therotor is of stainless steel, and the pump isfitted with a water -lubricated bearing. Theimpeller is guarded by an efficient footstrainer, and is controlled by an automaticgovernor, which prevents racing and slip, and

OIL RESERVOIR

%

AIR INLET

ROTOR

XHAUST

GOVERNORVALVE GOVERNOR BALLS

COMPRESSED AIR OIL CONTROLHOSE CONNECTION VALVE

Fig. 3.-Sectional view showing the speedoover nor arrangement for a grinder tool.


maintains a steady pumping rate. A lubri-cator supplies oil to all working parts, and theunit requires neither priming nor attention.The pump is shown in operation in Fig. 4.

All that is necessary is to turn on the airbefore lowering the pump into the sump ortrench.

Pneumatic SanderThis unit is specially designed to meet the

demand for a light -weight sander. It is a

Fig. 5.-(Top) A multi -vane pneumaticdrill. (Left) Lightweight pneumatic shears.(Right) A pneumatic sander, with sanding

disc attached.

fast production tool for rubbing down sheetmetal, boat hulls and similar surfaces ; alsofor polishing stainless steel and copper. The

"sanding discs are quickly detachable from theflexible pad. The maximum size of sandingdisc is 7in., and the r.p.m. on load is 4,500.The motor uses 20 cubic feet of free air perminute at 8o1b. pressure. An illustrationof one 0f these tools with sanding disc attachedis given in Fig. 5.

ShearsA typical example of lightweight pneu-

matic shears is also shown in Fig. 5. Ofrobust design, these shears are comfortable tohandle, and can be operated continuouslywithout fatigue to the operator. In use thefixed blade is beneath the metal to be cut.The operator has a clear view of the work,and can readily traverse the moving bladealong a straight or curved line. The shears,which are capable of cutting to a radius of sin.,embody a planetary gear system, as pre-viously mentioned, with nickel -chrome steelgears.

The information contained in this article,and the accompanying illustrations are repro-duced by the courtesy of Broom and Wade,Ltd., High Wycombe, Bucks.

The World of AviationA.A. Rocket BarrageGUNS are not the chief weapons now in

use in the defence of ships againstair attack. A new device which.has been usedfor some time with considerable success is aspecial form of rocket apparatus which shootsinto the sky parachutes from which long wiresare trailed. Unless a pilot swerves to avoidthese wires' at once his 'plane is likely to be-come entangled in the wires and fall into thesea.

Some hint of the existence of this weaponwas contained in an Italian report concerningoperations in the Mediterranean in March,1945. This described it in general terms as aprojectile containing coils of steel wire capableof being thrown up to 20,000 ft., at whichheight the wires unwind to cover a radius ofr5oft.

R.A.F. Fire BalloonsIT is reported that the German people

have been warned -against the droppingof incendiary balloons by the R.A.F. Theballoons burst into flames several yards longon the slightest contact with the ground.

Sir W. WindhamQIR WALTER WINDHAM, aviation"." pioneer, died recently at his home atBuilth Wells, at the age of 74. Sir Walterconceived the idea of the air mail in August,1909, when he sent a letter from France toEngland, believed to be the first letter carriedby air.

Sir Walter founded the Aeroplane Club in1908, and offered a gold cup to the first manto fly the English Channel, the trophy beingwon by Bleriot in 1909. He took part in thefirst motor drive to Brighton.

10,000 Aircraft Sent OverseasDURING an address at the opening of an

exhibition of British war weapons atWashington recently, Lt. -Gen. G. N. Mac -ready stated that Britain sent nearly 50,000'planes and i,000 tanks to overseas battle-fields in 5945 alone.

These figures supplement those given byMr. Churchill in the House of Commonsrecently. The Prime Minister stated thatin two years Britain, the Empire. and the

United States, had sent to the Middle East4,500 tanks, 6,000 aircraft, nearly 5,000pieces of artillery, 50,000 machine-guns, andmore than roo,000 mechanical vehicles. Tankssent to Russia numbered 2,000.

Tailless Fighter Came HomeALTHOUGH the tail of his Hurricane

bomber was torn to pieces by thepropeller of another aircraft (possibly aF.W. 59o), during fighting over Francerecently, a warrant officer pilot went on tobomb his target before turning for base.

" Ta-ta for now, I'm going home," he hadcalled over the radio -telephone. Thoughhe could not climb above 3ooft., he reachedhis base after an 85 miles crossing and madea perfect landing at speed.

" I bet that shook you, sir,'? he said to theastonished C.O., who had watched him come

in. Then .was the pilot's turn to be shaken

-when he saw the state of his aircraft's tail.The squadron engineer officer examined

the aircraft and commented : " I still., can'tbelieve it. It would take the strength of twomules to fly the machine with the controls inthat state."

New Method of Spotting U -BoatsA NEW method of spotting enemy sub-

marines has been devised by a flyingofficer of Coastal Command. He was so dis-appointed over the difficulty of detecting anddestroying U-boats that he made a study of allpossible methods. The technique he evolvedgave immediate results, and on the first nightit was employed he spotted two submarines.In one month he attacked no fewer than four,the only four to be sighted by the wholecommand. He is now instructing his colleagues.

- -New design for a commercial six-engined aeroplane capable of carrying 502 passengers,each with 8o pounds of luggage, plus 25,000 lbs. of mail and cargo from the United

States to London in 13 hours.


Transportin LoA Loggers' Camp, and How Logs are Transported from the Forest to the Mills

CONDITIONS have altered greatlysince the days when the Canadianlumberjacks went out into the forests

in a more or less haphazard fashion to fellthe giant trees to supply the world withtimber. To -day, logging is a highly organised

Fig. I.-(Above) Loggersriding the logs into the river

current towards the mill.

Fig. 2.(Right) One by' one the logs are hauled up

the sluice into the mill.

business and employs thou-sands of men of all sortsand classes. There are skilledspecialists, trained in thelogging business, and un-skilled workers who arerepresentatives of varioustrades." Booming Grounds "

After a suitable large tractof " tall timber " has beenlocated near one of the greatriver valleys, it is openedup by the construction ofroads and railways, and plans are preparedfor the " booming grounds " where the logswill float while being sorted and gradedready for the saw mills. Huge camps thenspring up, water is laid on, electric light pro-vided, and machinery andinaterial have to betransported into rough mountainous country,which is probably miles from the nearestrailway station.

In the camp the comfort of the men is afirst consideration, and everything, includingthe catering, is run in a businesslike manner.The pcist office and general stole is anotherman's job, and at this latter place one canusually purchase anything from a morningpaper to a suit of overalls.

Many more men are engaged in the loggingcaMps in summer than in winter, for theirservices are required to fight the ever-presentdanger of fire. It is interesting to notethat in this employment they are known as" fire -spotters," and are organised under afire warden. These men usually take no partin the logging operations, but, armed with

shovels, they patrol allotted areas to see thatno . spark from the locomotives or donkey -engines, falling on the wood shavings andother debris inseparable from logging opera-tions, starts a fire. Such fires, if not imme-diately extinguished, may quickly become

raging conflagrations, destroying propertyand material worth hundreds of thousandsof pounds, with possibly loss of life in addi-tion. When a bad fire does occur, every manin the camp has to turn out and fight the firefor all he is worth.

From Forest to MillIn the accompanying illustrations various

phases of a log drive in the backwoods ofMaine are shown. Fig. r shows the loggers,known as " Logs," riding the logs from the" mill pond " into the river current towardsthe mill, which is situated four miles away.from this° point. The men use " cantdogs,"long poles with a special form of hooked end,to push the timber into the stream and toprevent a possible jam. The loggers are ex-pert at this work-they have to be, becauseone slip and they would fall into the icy water.

Flumes, consisting of shallow woodentroughs with running water, run for milesthrough the mountains, and are used forbringing the logs down at a rapid rate to the" mill pond."

After reaching the saw -mill the logs arehauled up the sluice into the mill for cuttinginto lumber (Fig. 2). At this point the logswave travelled about 5o miles of turbulent

river, and will finally be con-verted into materials fordefence purposes - ships,army camp construction,boxes for shipping shellsand other materials overseas,and into pulp.

When the timber is used formaking pulp for paper, it issawn into suitable lengths andconveyed to the pulp mill inrailroad trucks. The illustra-tion, Fig. 3, shows a trainloadof pulp wood arriving at amill at Whitneyville, Maine,and the logs have come fromthis year's log drive on theMachias River.

Fig. 3.(Below) A trainload ofpulp wood arriving at the Mill,where it will be converted into

various kinds of paper.

August, 1942

NEW SERIES

NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 319

Odd Jobs in House and Garden

Fig. z. -A simple house forSmall birds.

CLOTHES posts are often fixed perman-ently in a suitable position in thegarden, but a much better method is

to make them removable, so that they can beStowed away, out of sight, when not requited.This can be done by supporting the lowerends of the posts in wooden sockets, sunk inthe. ground.

Making the SocketsThe posts should be 4in. square and

about 8ft. 6in. long, which allows for 2ft. ofthe lower end to be supported in the socket.The socket can be made with boards tin.thick, nailed together, as shown at A, Fig. r.The narrower sides are let in from the edgesof the wider pieces to avoid splitting the wood

fop

Fig. 1.-A method of fitting sockets for remov-able clothes posts.

5.-Erecting Clothes Posts, Making Bird Houses, Rustic Woodwork

By " HANDYMAN "

when nailing the parts together. The base ofthe socket, cut to the dimensions indicated, isnailed in place. Before nailing the sides ofthe socket together, make sure that sufficientclearance is allowed to enable the posteasily to slide in and out.

After digging the hole the required depthfor the box, place a few layers of large stonesat the bottom of the hole, for drainage purposesas at B. Before the socket is sunk in the groundit should be well coated with creosote, insideand outside, and allowed to thoroughly dry.When ramming the earth down all round thesocket, place the post in position, and makesure that it is vertical when the ramming iscompleted. The top of the socket shouldproject about zin. above ground level, and toprevent earth or rain from entering, when thepost is not in use, a wooden cover can befitted. This is easily made with two pieces ofwood, as indicated at C.Pulley and Cleat

Many clothes posts are provided withround pegs at the top for holding the clothesline, but if the fitting of a new post iscontemplated a better method is to dispensewith the pegs, and screw .into the top ofthe post a fixed galvanised pulley, as at D,

Fig. 3.-Details of parts for the house shown inFig. 2.

to take the line, the end of which can beheld fast by a cleat, screwed to the post thesame side as the pulley, and at a convenientheight from the ground.Bird Houses

Bird houses and shelters, for attractingsmall wild birds, such as robins, blue tits andfinches, can easily be constructed from oddpieces of wood.Two simple housesare shown in Figs.2 and 4, the firstbeing intended tohang from thebranch of a tree,while the otherCould be supportedoh a nail drivenipto a tree trunk.Any kind of un-planed wood can beused, and an ordin-ary box or packing -&Se should providethe necessarymaterial.

Mark out the parts, to the dimensionsgiven in Figs. 3 and 5 and after sawing, roughlytrim the edges. A single opening, not morethan zin. digmeter is made in the front ofeach house, and just below each opening makea ;lin. hole and push in a 4in. length of dowelrod for the perches. In nailing the parts ofthe first box together, note how the gablepieces are placed.

For the roof cut six .pieces of Nn. wood,Join. long and Sin. wide, and nail them inplace so that they overlap, weatherboardfashion.

Hinged RoofIt will be noticed that the top of the other

house slopes from back to front, the top edgesof the sides, back and front being finishedflush so that the roof will lie flat. The roof,which can be formed from a single piece ofwood, has two strips, i ;in. wide, nailed on

OFig. 6.-Various rustic woodwork joint.;.

underneath, two holes being bored in thefront ends to take screws for fixing to the sidesof the house. This allows the roof to be easilyraised for cleaning out the house.

The houses can be painted, or treated withcreosote, and should be allowed to thoroughlydry before being put in their places in thegarden.

Figs. 4 at d small bird house with hinged top and details ofparts for making it.

320. NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS August, 1942

Rustic WoodworkGarden rustic woodwork, including pergolas,

rose arches, etc., will last much longer ifproperly erected, and the joints correctlymade. All posts that stand 6ft. or more abovethe grdund should have the ends sunk at least'ft. 6in. in the ground. The buried ends ofthe posts should be stripped of bark, andcoated with hot tar.

When erecting a. rose arch it is usually sufficient to sink the ends of the posts in holesin the ground, and simply ram the earth downround them. With tall pergolas, however, itis best to bed each post firmly on a piece offlat stone, laid on the bottom of the hole, andthen ram round firmly with large stones andearth, as shown in Fig. 7.

Various JointsThe toll' rails can be joined to uprights by

a simple notched joint, as at E, Fig. 6. If theparts are cut to fit snugly together a durablejoint will result. A single nail can be used for

fixing. For joining the ends of two polestogether, either at right -angles or in alignment,a halving joint, cut as shown at F, can be

Fig. 7 .-When erectingtall pergolas in rusticwoodwork the base ofeach post should besunk in the ground to adepth of at least ift.6in.and well rammedround with earth and

stones.

used. Two nails are used for fixing, asindicated.

In cases where the ends of two horizontalrails have to be joined, in alignment, to acommon upright post, a sound joint can bemade by tenoning the rails into a mortise cutin the post, as at G.

When fixing one end of a horizontal rail toa post, a simple notched joint can be used, asat H, or, alternatively, a neat joint can bemade by dowelling the ends of the railsto the posts, as at J, the ends of the rails beingfirst shaped to fit the curvature of the upright.

When nailing rustic woodwork do not drivethe nails right in with the hammer alone, butuse a nail punch to avoid splitting or bruisingthe bark.

After being exposed to the weather for a,number of years rustic work tends to shed itsbark, and for this reason the bark is sometimesstripped off the posts before erection, and thewood underneath given a couple of coats ofvarnish.

Pneumatic Wood ConveyorHow Sawdust and Shavings are Collected in a Modern

MOST amateur carpenters know howquickly sawdust and shavingsmount up. It is a difficult job keep-

ing a small workshop clean ; but Much moreso in a large factory. One factory, for instance,turns out over two tons of waste every hour,and to remove this manually would requirea small army of *sweepers.

For some years now a rather interestingmethod has been in use, known as pneumaticconveying..

The principle behind this is much the sameas that of an ordinary vacuum cleaner.

Most woodworkingsmachines throw off theirwaste^ at one particular point. Take thecircular saw, for example. The blade rotatesso that the .teeth come down on top of thewood being sawn. Naturally, most of thesawdust is thrown off underneath the machine,so a sheet metal casing is built round theunderside of the blade, and .all the sawdustfalls into it. This casing is connected by meansof a tube to a special fan which is started upand draws air in at the rate of 6,000ft. perminute. In more familiar terms, that means69 m.p.h., and at such a speed, sawdust iswhisked away almost before it can be sawn.

That briefly is the principle of pneumaticconveying. It may not sound particularlydifficult, but that isn't the whole story.To meet the present demand for fuel economy,

'many factories are investigating the possi-bilities of using wood in place of coal, so themodern system of conveying has developedinto a complicated arrangement of machineryfor collecting and utilising wood.

A large factory may have a hundred ormore machines to deal with, and they areusually laid down along both sides of theshop, with wide gangways in between. Thesuction pipe from each machine is carried upinto the roof to a horizontal metal duct,which holds the waste from all the machines,and may be anything up to 4ft. diameter.The individual pipes are about 6in. diameter.

FansSome idea of the problems involved will

be gathered from the particularS just men-tioned. The engineer who designed thatsystem had to get rid of two tons every hour,or nearly 16 tons every day. Now, to carryone pound of wood, 4o cubic feet of air areneeded. 'A simple mathematical calculationshows the amount of air involved.

All this air and wood has to pass throughthe fan, so something special in the way of

fans is indicated. It not only has to supplysufficient energy to draw the air through theducts at a high velocity, but the blades haveto be so designed that they do not clog withsawdust. The size of the fan is also critical.If it is too large, it will be uneconomical torun ; on the other hand, a small fan will notbe able to draw the sawdust and shavingsaway quickly enough, and the whole factorywould come to a standstill. Fortunately,there is a happy medium.

Dust SeparatorsAfter leaving the fan, the waste has to be

collected, and a rather fascinating piece ofapparatus is used for this purpose. At firstglance it appears to be doing the impossible.

Imagine a largeinverted cone;something like aninverted ice creamcornet. Air andsawdust are blownin near the top,and the mixturetravels round andthe air spirals outat the top, but thedust falls to thebottom.

For the inqui-sitive, it may bepointed out thatthe sawdust onlyremains suspen-ded in the airbecause of thegreat velocity.Consequently, i fthe velocity de-creases, a pointwill be reached Awhere the woodceases to becarried along. This is exactly what happensin the separator. The diameter of the inlettube is much less than that of the separatoritself ; so the velocity decreases and thesawdust falls to the bottom.

With these aptly named " Cyclone "separators, waste can be dumped just whereit is wanted. The engineer now has thewaste from all over the factory collectedin one place. What happens to it now ?

Saves CoalSome factories sell it, and this is probably

)))

Melt,Suction wipe

corner of a

Woodwork Factorythe best plan where the quantity is small.But others use it instead of coal for supplying'heat, light, and power, and many worksto -day are doing this. Not only is the factoryheated >and lighted, but the machines aredriven by the waste they themselves areproducing !

Theoretically, one pound of wood has halfthe potential heat of one pound of 'coal.Owing to a number of factors, the chief ofwhich is the moisture content, it is usual to esti-mate that four times as much wood is needed.

To discover the possibilities of any plant,heating engineers first calculate the amountof coal needed to heat the factory, and thencheck up to see if there is any chance ofsufficient wood being available.

Drone'?Pipe

--- _.------------ _,..-

-- - "Sweep -up '-------- _IWith Op party

_;______.----______/>

->open)

Surface Plan___.----1/-<<....--

er._- ,, -...----------- ___---;......-- - . _..

---- .-/--- -

woodwork factory showing the overhead suction pipe forextracting sawdust and shavings.

Burning SawdustBurning sawdust is rather a different' pro-

position to burning coal. It cannot just beshovelled on in theusual way, and there isa danger that the ordinary type of boilerwould get choked up. The most successfulmethod is to blow it into a brick furnace bymeans of a fan. There it is burnt and the hotgases given off led away to the boiler.

Even when it has been burned, the usefullife of wood has not ended, as the ash can becollected and used as a fertiliser.


THE MONTH IN THE' WORLD OF

Science and I\Invention

A chemist making a test of the linished glue. Lead shotis poured into a container until the breaking point isreached, which in this instance was i,o6o lb. per inch.Further particulars are given in the paragraph below.

Any Old Bones?WHEN you and the dogs have finished

with a bone, hand it out for salvage-because its usefulness has only just begun.

Great Britain imports thousands of tonsof bones every year from such far distantcountries as Africa, South America, Indiaand Egypt, and the shipping space is urgentlyrequired in these times for the war effort.If every household in Great Britain saved atleast two ounces of bones a week, it wouldprovide a total of about 44,000 tons ayear. Every bit of a bone can be usedand is needed for commodities that are ofvital importance in these times. Bones passedthrough the factories in this country aresufficient to provide enough glycerine forcordite to fire ten million shells. Vastmachinery is needed to extract all the valuableby-products from them. They are fed intoboiling fat, and all the glutinous matterextracted. Glue is needed for the making ofaircraft and ships ; in shell cases and fuses ;in the manufacture of fire -resisting andcamouflage paints. It is also used in theproduction of thousands of miles of A.R.P.gummed tape, in the making of fertiliser,-and for many other purposes such a,match -making, paper -making, linoleums,joinery and box -making.

Robot Cabbage PlanterADEVICE now making its appearance for

the first time is a power -operatedcabbage planter. The machine possesses amechanical pair of fingers, and makes a perfectjob of planting cabbages at the rate of t soplants a minute. Other agricultural con-trivances are a machine for setting potatoesat the rate of 22 yards a minute, and a machinefor planting sugar beet seed.

Frocks Made of GlassIT is reported that nylon and glass fibres

will replace cotton in many Lancashirespinning mills and weaving sheds, when the

war is over. Women will weardresses made from glass, whilenylon and other fabrics producedand perfected during the waryears will be used on a widescale. The shape of fashions tocome is to be seen at a CottonBoard Exhibition now open inManchester which shows thestrides made by the Americantextile industry since the warbegan. The exhibits includesamples of cotton and rayon dressfabrics, indistinguishable fromreal silk and expensive fabrics,cloths adapted for war purposes,furnishing fabrics, cotton stock-ings of a type as attractive aspure silk, articles made fromAmerica's latest discovery, nylon,and patterns of dress materialsmade from glass fibres.

Sawdust TyresHARRY JOHNSON, a Massa-

chusetts chauffeur, has dishcovered a method of makingsawdust tyres, by pouring oilinto sawdust -filled sections of awooden car tyre he has invented.The tyre is made up of eightsections held together by woodenpegs. Oil is used to keep the

wood moist and resilient.

New Shellac Creosote CementTHE British Scientific Instrument Research

Association have developed in theirlaboratories a new shellac creosote cement,which is more adhesive and less brittle thansimilar cements, and does not become infusibleby repeated heating. The composition is :superfine shellac, 5o grams; wood creosote, 5

grams; terpineol, 2 grams; and ammonia,gram. The ammonia, terpineol and creosote areadded to the shellac and the mixture gentlyheated until fused, stirring well, after whichit may be moulded into sticks. For makingjoints 'between metal and glass or similarmaterials, the surface to be joined should becleaned and warmed before the cement isapplied. The cement must be fused asneeded.

New U-boat EngineACCORDING to a technical expert who

has visited submarine bases in Germany,tile Germans have invented a new motor fortheir U-boats which can propel the sub-marines both on the surface and under thesea. Previously, submarines have needed aDiesel engine for the surface and electricmotors for the dive. The new system elimin-ates the heavy, noisy Diesels and the cumber-some accumulators, which are sometimes asixth of the submarine's total weight. Testsof the new motor have proved very successfuland it is now in service. By prolonged testson small submarines, engineers have overcomeits outstanding inconvenience, namely, heatemanations during underwater movement.The technicians found means of equippingbig submarines with apparatus for producinggas, ensuring a vast radius of action eitherabove, or below the surface. Reservoirs arecharged with hydrogen and oxygen underpressure, whilst the submarine is at its homebase. Long cruises are made possible byanother invention which enables these gasesto be manufactured in the submarine.Among the advantages of the new system atereduction in weight, greater power productionand power reserve in case of danger, andsimplification. It also enables more rapiddiving, greater space, lower temperaturebelow surface and easier control, whilevast quantities of Diesel oil are saved.

A very high degree of accuracy is essential in the making, assembly and testing of navigationalinstruments. The illustration shows the scale on a sextant being divided and marked, a

- Process demanding great skill and precision.


ASTERS OF MECHANICSNo. 77.-GeOrge Eastman, Roll -film Inventor and Pioneer of Popular Photography

PREVIOUS to the entry of GeorgeEastman- into the photographic world,p icture-making by photography was a

cumbersome and a laborious business. Minia-ture cameras, although they had been invented,were never used, for the reason that thesensitive glass plate had to be preparedimmediately before it was exposed in thecamera. The plate had also to be exposedactually in the wet state. What is more, itwas then necessary, for successful photography,to withdraw the plate from the cameraimmediately after it had been exposed, andbefore it had had time to dry off, and then atonce to develop it in this wet condition.

Cumbersome EquipmentThe consequence of this rather formidable

array of requirements for photogratthicsuccess was that it was common- for photo-graphers; both amateur and professional, togo about the country with plate -sensitisingand developing equipment which, togetherWith the large 'wooden stand -camera whichwas then popular, weighed anything from561b. to a hundredweight, and even more.A photographer in those days had to take aportable laboratory about with hiin. Underthe name 'of the " dark tent," this latterequipment comprised plate -Coating,' sensitis-ing, developing and fixing chemicals, a watersupply arid sometimes a portable form of oil,lamp, to say nothing of various -other Morn orless indispensable articles for the job. ' No'wonder was it, therefore, that, in those nowdistant days, the ardent amateur photographerhad to be an individual of unbounded andunquenchable enthusiaSin and determination,as well as being the possessor of considerablemeans.

Within the space of a few short years,however, much of the former unavoidablelabour, trouble and mess was removed fromthe sphere of photography through thecleverness of a young bank clerk whoseenthusiasm for photographic experiment madehim eventually throw up a safe job ratherthan abandon his work for the advancementof photography. His name was GeorgeEastman, who in after years became world -known in association with the EastmanKodak Company, of Rochester, U.S.A.

George Eastman was, born at Waterville,near Rochester, New York, on July 12th,1854. His father was the proprietor of asmall business college, but Eastman senior died

young, leaving his widow with her sonGeorge to support. The business collegeeventually failed, but when this occurredGeorge was 14 years of age, and he hadreceived an education at the local secondaryschool at Rochester.

George Eastman, after obtaining one ortwo jobs and not finding them to his liking,succeeded in securing a post of junior clerk

George Eastman.

in a Rochester bank. The work was interest-ing and the job was a steady one, and for atime young George Eastman jogged alongcontentedly in this occupation.

Eventually, however, he grew tired of hisjog -trot existence upon a poor salary, andthere sprang up within him an ambition tomake money, and to be a man of affluencelike many of the bank's clients whose accountshe totted up daily. But you can never makereal money by being in an employed job,reasoned Eastman. To be wealthy you musthave a successful business of your own inwhich you can employ others. And to buildup a successful business you must producesome article having a wide appeal to the public.

One summer, young Eastman planned togo to the West Indies for a brief holiday. Hewanted to take photographs there, for at thistime he had become an enthusiastic and askilled amateur photographer. But the taskof transporting a heavy _ _ _camera and its necessary" dark tent " equipmenthardly appealed to theyoung man. The whole

(Left) The heavy " darktent," or. portable dark-room,which had to be carriedabout by photographerS inpre filet days of wet -platephotography. This particu-lar example weighs 321b.

(Right) An amateur'scamera of the 186o's.Heavy and cumbersome, itnecessitated the use of wetplates. It was entirelywithout shutter mechanism.

business was far too formidable for theaverage non-professicnal photographer.

Simplifying PhotographyBut why should hot photography be

simplified, mused Eastman. Why should notthis art, science and pastime be made availableto the masses of intelligent people, who, hefelt sure, w ould jump at the idea of beingable to produce photographic pictures forthemselves by some easy means ?

In a flash Eastman saw his life's careerbefore him. " Why shouldn't J find a wayof taking pictures which does away with halfthe work ? " he reasoned.

Straightaway he began his experiments. Anew notion had been conceived in Eastman'smind. He would try to produce plates whichcould be exposed in the dry state and developedafter the photographer had returned home,thereby obviating the necessity for the irksome" dark tent " method of taking photographs,by means of the then universal wet -platetechnique.

George Eastman began his experimentsin a kitchen sink. Night after night, after hehad come home from the bank, he wouldwork away at devising various formulx forthe preparation of a photographic plateemulsion which could be exposed in the drycondition. At last, after two years' hard work;he succeeded in his quest, and devised asatisfactory formula for producing a dry -plate.

It is often stated that Eastman was the actualinventor of the dry -plate, but this is incorrect.The dry -plate's original inventor was anEnglishman, a Dr. Maddox, of Southampton,'who, in the early '70'S of the last century,first ,produced a dry -plate containing agelatine emulsion. Dry -plates were beingmanufactured in England at the time ofEastman's experiments, although their per-formance was poor, and the wet -plate methodof photography was still overwhelminglyfavoured.

Nevertheless, Eastman's dry -plates werethe first of their kind to be introduced inAmerica. The first " factory " to be set upby George Eastman comprised a room overa shop. Eastman employed an assistant, and,after leaving the bank in the evenings, heMade it his practise to rush straight to his"factory," there to prepare his new " dryemulsion which was applied to the plateon the following day by the assistant.

Emulsion MakingThe job of emulsion -making was a tedious

and a dirty one. The chemicals stainedEastman's hands dreadfully. So much so,


in fact, that one day the bank manager gavehim _a stiff lecture about his stained finger-nails and told him that unless he gave up hisphotographic experiments and turned upevery day with clean hands, he would have torelinquish the service of the bank. He sawin his tiny photographic business the chanceof a lifetime, so, taking the plunge, he resignedfrom the bank, and at once entered upon thewhole -time occupation of photographic dry -plate manufacturer.

A New York photographic dealer who hap-pened to get into touch with George Eastmansoon after, was impressed by the properties ofEastman's gelatine plates, and gave him anorder for a definite number of plates to bedelivered monthly. This commission helpedEastman on enormously and, for somemonths, the embryo business went on well.Automatic Plate -coating Machine

Eastman invented a machine for coatinghis plates with the gelatine emulsion. Thiswas one of the world's first automatic plate -coating machine inventions, the forerunner ofthe more complicated ones to come.

Suddenly, failure began to stare Eastmanin the face. For no apparent reason, hisplates " went off " ! The plates which hehad sold to dealers.* were all returned tohim, complaint being made that they were allfogged. This was the first notion that Eastmanhad of his plates being perishable, and oftheir being unable to keep in good conditionfor long. Although it meant the almosttotal ruin of his business, he took back everyplate which he had sold during the previousfew months and refunded every penny paidon them. At the end of it all he had hardlya dollar left to start up again in plate manu-facturing.

However, by dint of taking a partner intothe business, Eastman weathered the stormand, once again, began manufacturing hisdry -plates and selling them to dealers and tothe public generally.

Business boomed for Eastman. His platesbecame more and more known by the publicand their reputation began to incaease. Then,like a lightning stroke, another tragedythreatened itself. For no apparent reason, hisplates suddenly refused to work. The youngmanufacturer spent nights and days togetherin frantic experiments to find out the causeof their failure, but all to no effect.Visit to England

One week Eastman decided upon a des-perate measure. He closed his /miniaturefactory down and took ship for England.Arrived in this country, he straightaway wentto a firm which was then manufacturing dryplates, and persuaded the firm's principalsto sell him their formula for use in America.Eastman's quest was successful. He returnedto the United States with his newly -acquiredformula and again commenced successfulplate -making.

Eastman eventually found that the cause ofthe mysterious refusal of his plates to functionwas due to his use of a new delivery ofgelatine, his original stock having been "allused up. The new gelatine was highlyrefined material, and, as was afterwardsdiscovered, it lacked traces of a sulphur -containing impurity which was essential forthe conferring of light -sensitivity on theemulsion.

After this event Eastman had littlefurther trouble with his plates. They soldsteadily and they' brought him in a satis-factory income.The First " Kodak "

Eastman, however, was still convinced thatphotography had not been satisfactorily sim-plified for the amateur. He invented acamera and made for it a film " composedof tough paper upon which his, plate emulsionwas coated. The camera was of a convenientbox form and when loaded with its paper

" film " it weighed far less than the thenprevalent massive thick mahogany cameraswhich utilised glass plates.

' George Eastman deliberated long andcarefully over the name which he should applyto his newly -devised camera. He wanteda name which would be at once short, striking,characteristic, and easy to pronounce in alllanguages. Ultimately, he coined the word" KODAK " to designate his new camera,and in 1888 the original " No. s " Kodakcamera, with its paper film, was marketedin Rochester.

This prototype of to -day's amateur filmcameras took circular pictures of 2 kin. indiameter. Its capacity was one spool of nofewer than a hundred pictures !

An "amateur', photograph taken on glass bythe wet -plate process in the- 70's. Note the

elaborate gilt frame.

In 1892 the Eastman Kodak Company, ofRochester, came into being, with GeorgeEastman at the head of it. The latter nowplanned to manufactwe his Kodaks by semi -mass -production methods, and to market themall over the world. There was, however, onething which was unsatisfactory about them-the paper film. Paper was by no means asuitable base material for coating a sensitiveemulsion.

Eastman had the idea of making a trans-parent film for this purpose, and he is said tohave invented (in conjunction with Edison)the perfectly clear, transparent celluloid filmwhich Edison later employed to such goodeffect in his early cinematographs. Eastman'sclaim to the original invention of the celluloidfilm is disputed, however. -Be this as it may, hecertainly perfected the film and applied it tophotography in a highly successful manner, somuch so that by thissingle application of anorigin& idea, he at oncemade possible themodern huge amateurfilm camera industry,to say nothing of thepresent-day colossalmoving -picture trade.

Eastman's mainoccupations in the lastdecade of the nine-teenth century wereconcerned with thedevising of suitableplant for manufacturinghis films, plates andcameras. As far backas 1891 he patentedthe " day -light load-ing." system for filmcameras, with itsaccompanitnent ofdeveloping tank

technique, but, curiously enough this dualinvention was not commercialised until 1902eleven years later.

Introduction of Folding CamerasAfter the success of the original boa

camera Kodak models, Eastman introduced thefolding type of camera in 1898. Miniaturefolding cameras had been made before, butthese had been nothing like Eastman's models,which were marvels of simplicity and mechani-cal and photographic efficiency.

During the early years of the presentcentury, Eastman went from one improvementto another in connection with his cameras:It had been his aim to popularise photography in all civilised countries, and he now hadthe immense satisfactiOn of realising thisambition. Incidentally, he had also " mademoney " for himself.

New camera lenses were introduced by theEastman Company at Rochester, and improvedcameras were continually forthcoming. Film -coating methods were made more and moreefficient, thereby cheapening the cost of photo-graphic material for amateur use.

At the beginning of the last war (in 19141George Eastman introduced the " Auto-graphic " Kodak. A few years after that war'sconclusion, he came out with the eine -Kodak (in 1923), whilst in 1928, the Eastman" Koda-colour ' system of moving -picturephotography was introduced.

After his initial manufacturing businesshad been founded, George Eastman, through-out a long and a particularly active career,went from success to success. Everything hetouched seemed to yield up more quotas ofsuccess to him. He gave the civilised worldwhat it wanted-cheap, simple and interestingamateur picture -making, and, in return, theworld made him almost fabulously wealthy.

During his later years, Eastman gave muchof his wealth away in philanthropic measures.His total benefactions are said to have exceededa hundred million dollars, half of which wasreceived by the University of Rochester,U.S.A. In this latter town he founded anOrchestra and a School of Music, whilst intowns as far apart as London, Rome, Paris andStockholm, he established important dentalclinics.Tragedy.

Yet, in spite of his long, successful andcourageous career, Eastman does not seemfinally to have acquired a contented philosophy.His life ended in tragedy, for on March 14th,1932, he cut short his existence by his ownhand, leaving behind a mere scribbled note,as laconic and mysterious as it was brief-" My zvork is done. Why wait ?"

George Eastman may well be said to be thepioneer of the people's photography, for bedid more to popularise photography than any-one else had ever done.

The first Kodak. This pioneer of roll -film cameras took atoo -exposure paper fihn, and' produced 2iin. diameter picture).


A Low-tension CharCompleting the Circuit

THE resistance R in Fig. 3 (July issue),has a value of ohm-with thespecified rectifier-and this can be

provided by 5ft. of 20 S.W.G." Eureka resist-ance wire. To form the resistance element,wind the wire round a small diameter rod,say kin., or tin. diameter or, if nothing betteris available, a pencil will do. When a spiralhas been formed, bend it to a semi -circularshape and secure the ends to two terminalsor soldering tags, mouved on a strip offibre or ebonite, as show&in Fig. 9. The strip

9.-The resistor R can be made from eurekawire in the manner shown hete.

can then be fixed in a convenient positionbetween the positive D.C. tag on the rectifierand the positive output terminal.

When wiring the board, use fairly heavygauge wire on the D.C. side and make surethat all connections are electrically sound. Apoor or loose connection can cause a lot oftrouble.

Increasing the OutputIf two identical rectifiers of the types

mentioned are available, the current outputcan be increased by connecting them inparallel. For example, if two L.T. to's arewired in this manner, the maximum chargingcurrent will be 1.5 times that of a single one,i.e., 3 amps. If L.T. t is are used, the currentcanbe increased to 6 amps, and using A 4'sto 3 amps. The circuit wiring is shown inFig. to.

The A.C. input to the rectifiers must beincreased by 5o per cent. as regards current,but the voltage requirements will be the sameas for a single unit. The only alteration tothe secondary winding will be a heaviergauge wire, say, 18 S.W.G., for the L.T. to'sand A 4's, and 16 S.W.G. for the L.T.While speaking about the secondary winding,I specified 22 S.W.G. for the secondary;this has, in fact, been used for the work underconsideration on a transformer for a consider-able time, but it is cutting things a little fineif one 'considers wire tables, therefore,for those who would rather err on the side ofsafety-and one should in a case like this -20 S.W.G. would be better.

It is necessary, when using a parallelcircuit, to make sure that the rectifiers are ofidentical types and suitable for use in such acircuit. Even more precautions than usualmust be taken with connections ; if, throughany fault in this direction, the whole load wasthrown on one rectifier, the heavy overloadwould, no doubt, cause its destruction.

Two -circuit BoardEven with a small charging station, it is

desirable for facilities to be available wherebythe most efficient operation can be obtained.9.1though the tapped transformer provides,

Rectifiers in Parallel A Two -circuit Board

.By L. 0. SPARKS(Concluded from page 299, July issue.)

at least, three output circuits-when con-sidered individually, another complete recti-fier section is the better arrangement. Nor-mally, one would select a second rectifierhaving a higher maximum charging currentthan the first, thus extending the scope ofthe station, by allowing it to handle cells ofwidely varying current -rate requirements.As we are chiefly concerned with radio cells,the A 4 seems the best proposition as it canhandle I, 2, 3 or 4 two -volt cells at 2 amps.,while the L.T. to can attend to 3, 5 or 6 two -volt cells at the same charging rate. Both inoperation would, therefore, charge to cellsat one period, assuming them to all be of thesame capacity or charging rate and connectedin series.

The circuit of the A 4 is the same as thatof the L.T. to, with the exceptions of thesecondary winding and the value of theresistor R. The latter has a value of 0.5 ohms,and for this 3oin. of 20 S.W.G. Eureka wirecan be used, wound and mounted in the samemanner as the t. ohm resistor previouslYdescribed.

The secondary has to provide 5.5 volts,7.5 volts, 9 volts and 14 volts ; this. meansthat three tapping points have to be providedin addition to the two normal connectionsto the ends of the winding. Using the samestampings and primary winding as before, the

AC

DC

Fig. to-The method of connecting two metalrectifiers in parallel to obtain a higher current

output.

secondary will consist of 112 turns, tappedat the 44th, both and 72nd turns for the5.5, 7.5 and 9 volt ,inputs, the full 14 voltsbeing obtained from the complete winding,i.e., 112 turns. For selecting the requiredA.C. voltage, a rotary switch should beused, although inthese days of com-ponent shortages, onecould make use of aplug and threesockets, providing aperfect and firm con-nection is made be-tween the male andfemale portions.

Separate Tr an s -formersIt is, of course,

possible to wind atransformer withseveral secondariesor, in the case inquestion, make oneset of stampings dofar the supplies tothe two rectifiers.The procedure:-pro-

StationMaking a Hot-wire Ammeter

viding -the stampings are of suitable size-isquite satisfactory, but, if two individualtransformers are used, the whole station is notput out of action if a fault should develop inthe primary winding. For this reason, andthe fact that the plant being described isprimarily a war -time emergency installation.constructed from those parts which are mostreadily obtainable, I would suggest using twoseparate transformers.

A suitable circuit is shown in Fig. i t, thevalues given being for the L.T. to and A. 4rectifiers.

On the constructional side, the two -circuitboard can be built in the charger assemblyshown in Fig. 6 (July issue), the bottom shelfor baseboard being used to carry the mainstransformer and A.4 rectifier for the additionalcircuit. Slight modification of the panel layoutwill permit the extra switches, etc., to leemounted. The new panel layout is shown inFig. 12. where it will be seen that the controlsare arranged in front of their respectivesections. The value of adequate ventilationmust be stressed with this new arrangement;the heat from the lower unit must not beallowed to increase the temperature of theair surrounding the upper section.

With one ammeter, and without introducingmulti -contact switching, it is best to fittwo leads to the meter so that it can be con-nected in series with the output of eithercircuit when required.

Making the MeterThe hot-wire type of ammeter is not

difficult to make, and as it can be used onA.C. and D.C. supplies it forms a very usefulaccessory for any small charging station. Itdoes not possess a high degree of accuracy=when compared with a moving -coil" instru-ment-but it is quite satisfactory for simplecurrent checks with the apparatus with whichwe are concerned.

As its name implies, the meter depends onthe properties of expansion and contractionproduced when the temperature of metal isvaried. In this case a short length of resist-ance wire forms the metal element; this isfixed between two anchoring points, and, bymeans of a thread which is linked to the centreof the wire and passed round a pulley to whicha pointer is fixed, the expansion and contrac-tion of the wire produces movement of thepulley and pointer.

The heat produced in the wire is indepen-

20V. I'Orz

Fig. ti.7--The complete c'rcuit of a two -circuit charger, using aL.T.io and an A.4 metal rectifier with separate mains transformers.

August, 1942 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS

dent of the direction of the current, thereforeA.G. or D.C. supplies can be'measured. Themovement of the pointer follows a " squarelaw," which means that the -scale divisions areclose together at the bottom end of the scale,and opened out at the top end. In view ofthis, it is always advisable to design themovement so that the readings most requiredare at the top end, thus reducing the possi-

Fig. la. ---Shows the new panel layout arrangedto control the two circuits individually. -

bility of error by not having to rely onreadings, near the bottom of the scale. Forexample, if as with the chargers described themaximum current is 2 amps., the wireelement in the meter should be selected andadjusted to give a top scale reading of, say,2.5 to 3 amps.

It must be understood that the hot-wireammeter is liable to suffer from variation ofthe zero setting or reading, due to the popi-bility of slip between the thread and pulley.Also, if the meter is kept in circuit overa prolonged period, errors might beintroduced by the expansion of the meterassembly. These defects, however, need notcause any worry to the operator of the smallcharging plant, as it is an easy matter to setthe pointer at zero-when necessary-andeliminate frame expansion problems by usingthe meter only for short periods, i.e., sufficientto check the current.

AssemblyThe main constructional details are given

by Fig. 13, where it will be seen that thedesign lends itself to various modifications tosuit individual ideas, facilities and materialsobtainable.

The writes used a disc of 58 in. fibre,having a diameter of approximately 4in. forthe base. Around this was fixed a strip of22 gauge tinned plate, having a width of sin.One end of the resistance wire is anchored toa small terminal of the telephone type, theshank of which passes through the base and,after being locked in position, by two nuts,forms a convenient connection for one side ofthe meter circuit. The other end of the wireis fixed to a short strip of tin. wide steel springwhich is secured to the base by means of asmall right-angle bracket. On the tinnedplate surround or wall a 4 'B.A. full nut issoldered-after a clearance hole has beendrilled in the plate-in line with the upperend of the spring. Through the 4 B.A. nutis screwed a short length of 4 B.A. rod, oneend of which is filed to a point and across theother end pf which is made a saw cut to takea screwdriver. This part of the assemblyallows the tension of the resistance wire tobe varied, thus providing a simple adjustmentfor the re -setting of the zero position of thepointer when necessary.

Below the centre point of the wire, a smallbrass pulley is located-by means of a boltand washers-so that it is free to rotate withoutundue play. In the model first made, one ofthe small metal pulleys used on some types ofradio receiver dials was used, therefore it ispossible that a suitable item might be foundin most junk boxes. A diameter of, say, lin.is satisfactory. The scale needle or pointeris made from a length of 22S.W.G. wire-straightened andthe scale.end of it flattened toform a knife-edge at right -anglesto the scale-while the otherend is soldered neatly to theupper face of the pulley.

Before fixing the resistancewire tots anchoring points, asmall bead, having a length ofapproximately in., is threadedon to it, and it is to this beadthat the thread operating thepulley is fastened. After fixing,the thread is passed once roundthe pulley and then anchored-under sufficient tension to ensureit gripping the pulley-to alight spring made from a pieceof spring wire. A little caremust be taken to adjust thetension to just the right amount;if it is too great, the pointerwill not return to its zerosetting freely.

The scale can be made fromtinned plate or stout Bristolboard ; the. material is not, important so longas it is rigid and the calibration marks easy toobserve. It is fixed in position by two boltspassing through the base, nuts being usedto secure the correct distance between scaleand base.

Calibrating is best carried out by makingtest readings, say , A, / amps. and so on, tothe desired maximum, in conjunction witha reliable ammeter. The pointer positionsshould be lightly marked on the scale, andthen, after removing the latter, the numbers

A

325

can be put on in detail. Be sure that the scaleis re -fixed in exactly the same position, other-wise errors will be introduced.

Mounting the MeterSome readers may care to cut a glass disc

and fit it inside the tinned plate surround ;others may choose the easier method whichI used. On the panel to which the meter

Bead

-Bracket

Steel Spring Strip

Spring

Pulley WheelFig. r3.-The constructional details of the meter, showing the

method of adjusting tension of wire-, and pointer operation.was to be mounted I cut out a shape corre-sponding to the circular portion of the scalecarrying the calibration markings. Over this-at the back of the panel-I fixed a rect-angular strip of glass, and then mounted themeter so that the scale readings v,ere visiblefrom the front. To fix the meter to the panel,three small angle brackets-cut from tinnedplate-were soldered to the meter surroundand bolted to the panel. The connections tothe meter are made to the terminal and thebolt holding the steel spring fixing bracket.

\lovel Dispensing DeviceTHE accompanying illustration shows a

simple dispensing device for powderedsoap, which is the invention of Mr.

A. C. Reeve, of North Harrow. The device ismade from moulded plastic material, such assynthetic resin, and is adapted for fixing to

MountingBracket

ChromeC/ampRing

PowderedSoapContainer

A dispensing device for powdered soap, withbottom part removed.

a wall by means of suitable screws. As shownin the illustration, a cylindrical container isarranged telescopically within an outercasing. The upper end of the inner containeris open, the lower end being closed and pro-vided around its periphery with a series ofdischarge holes. The inner container mayconsist of a cardboard carton, which can berenewed each time a fresh supply of powderis inserted in the device.

The lower part of the outer container, whichis shaped as shown, has a number of radial.

-

arms supporting a central bush in which aspring -pressed push -rod slides.

Operation.When a small quantity of powdered soap

is required the knob on the end of the push -lever is pressed upwards by the user, and asthe top portion of the outer casing is closed,the air entrapped within the casing is forcedpartly through the powder, thus causing someof it to pass through the openings. The puffof air also blows the released powder downthrough the hollow bottom of the casing intothe hand of the user.

Refills of powdered soap are sold in card-board cartons provided, of course, with lids.When a new supply of powder is required inthe dispenser, the lid of the carton is dis-carded, the holes round the bottom edge areopened, and the container, after being fittedinto its supporting cap, is gently pushedupwards into the outer casing. The lowerpart, with push -knob, is then screwed inplace.

326 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS August, 1942 August, 1942 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 327

THE recent .zToyage of :H.M.T.S.-,- Irisrecalls the romance of deep -Sea cablelaying. Coniplefed about two years

ago, the Iris was built specially for the dutiesof laying and repairing submarine telegraphcables, and as such she represents the outcomeof many years of practical experience.

The .First...Atlantie CableBefore the first ocean telegraph cable

was laid between Ireland and America, in1857, a rough survey was made by Lieut.Maury, an American, who discovered thatthe oceanbed between Ireland and Newfound-land was particularly suitable for the receptionof the cable. During the soundings an exten-sive plateau was revealed which proved

Coiling cable on the raft: Nine -tons this one -core concentriccable go to a nautical tithe. Over

-it several conversations can becarried On sinthltaneously.

' `Cogit 4

The Many Activities Connectedof Deep -

Captain W.Leech,0 of the" Iris," , marking:up -the, echo sounderchart. This in-strument records agraph shoWing theexact formation ofthe sea bed overwhich the.. ship is

passing.

ideal for supporting the cable at that par-ticular part of -the ocean bed.- In more recent times, when the Western Union cable wasbeing laid, it was discovered that a groupof hitherto unrecorded mountains existedbeneath the Atlantic, the highest of them beingestimated at 6,000ft. above the surroundingocean bed. Various other soundings haverevealed huge pits or craters of incredibledepth in various places, and it is essentialthat such irregularities in the ocean bedshould be discovered before commencing tolay the cable, otherwise great strains wouldbe put upon it.

The first attempt to lay the Atlanticcable, in August, 1857, failed through stretch-ing it so much that it snapped, and went to the

bottom at a depthof iz,000ft. . TheWork was resumedtwelve monthslater, and shOrtlyafterwards the -firstsignals were re-ceived over a dis-tance of 2,050miles.

PreliminarySurveysSubinarine cables

are not laid the greatestdepths owing to the straininvolved when being raisedfor repairs. The greatestdepth at which cable hasbeen laid is about zt,000ft.(3,500 fathoms).

When making the pre-liminary survey, the cable ship usuallysteers a zigzag course along the line ofthe proposed route, each arm of the zig-zag being approximately five miles' inlength, soundings being taken at the endand centre of each arm. There are twosystems of taking soundings which arecommonly used, the line -and -sinker method,and the sonic or- echo system. The greatadvantage of the latter system is that the shipdoes not have to be stopped while the soundingis being taken, as is necessary when line -and -sinker machines are used. When it is necessaryto know the exact nature of the ocean bed, line -and -sinker machines must be used, asby this method samples of the sea bed can -be brought to the surface for inspection,thus revealing whether a cable will lie oncoral, rock or sand.

Another important point is to know thetemperature and pressure of the sea at anypoint where a proposed cable is to be laid, asthese factors have considerable bearing on theinsulation resistance of the gutta-perchacovering of the cable.

Cable Storage on Board .

After the preliminary work has been done,the new cable is hauled on board the cableship, and placed in storage tanks. Thisoperation,- however, is not so simple as it maysound. The storage tanks are circular, andinto these the cable hat to be carefully coiledin layers. This care is necessary, for shoulda kink occur in the subsequent paying out ofthe cable, it might be broken; and a seriousaccident caused. For safety purposes, life-lines hang- down from the tops of the tanks

Seamen cable hands wading through shallow wai with one of the shore ends of a cable.

With the Laying and Repairingsea Cables

within easy reach of the men\corking there, so tilt theycan make a hasty exit shouldthe cable get " out of hand "during paying -out operations.While the cable is beingcoiled the tank is floodedwith water to cover each

layer as the work proceeds, as the gutta-perchacovering is liable to crack if kept dry.

There are three kinds of cable-deep sea,intermediate, and shore end. Intermediateand shore end cables are more heavily pro-tected with steel wire than deep-sea cable.The action of the sea, rocks and similar faCtorsmakes it essential that the first -mentionedcables be capable of resisting rough treat-ment. On the other hand, deep-sea cablelies undisturbed, perhaps for years, on itsocean bed of sand or ooze.

Laying Shore -end CableThe work of laying shore -end cable often

proves to be difficult work, owing to thefact that usually the cable ship cannot getclose enough inshore. As several tons ofcoiled cable have frequently to be ferriedto the shore, calm water and a moderate windare essential if trouble is to be avoided. Thecable is coiled on to lighters on rafts:which aretowed inshore by a motor launch and oneend of the cable is then hauled on to thebeach by the .seamen cable hands, and laidin a trench leading to the cable house. Thelighter is then towed seaward, paying out asshe toes, and 'the seaward end of the cableis then hauled on board the cable ship forsplicing to the main deep-sea cable, or tothe intermediate cable.

In hauling theend of the cableup the foreshorethe seamen aresometimes assistedby a squad of PostOffice workers, or

A cable jointer at work,joining the two ends ofthe cable which, whenthe task is completed,will be lowered overboard midway baween

the shore ends.

other helpersanxious to lend ahand. In tropi-cal parts of theworld crowds ofnatives oftenhelp in the work

' of hauling thecable up thebeach.

The points forbringing in theshore -ends ofcables are se-lected as fat aspracticable fromanchorages, to avoid- the, risk of the cablesbeing fouled by anchors.

Paying Ouf the CableFor paying out the cable, cable ships are

provided with sheaves at the bows and stern,and duplicate paying -out and picking -upgear is fitted. The cable is paid out from thebows of the ship when operating in shallowwaters, as it has been found that under suchconditions the ship answers her helm betterwhen the cable is paid out over the bows.When operating over great depths of sea thestern sheaves and paying -out gear are used.

The cable passes out of the storage tank,over sheaves on the deck, then round thedrum of the paying -out gear, under thesheave of a dynamometer, and thence overthe sheaves at either end of the ship and intothe sea. As the cable is being paid out thedynamometer indicates the strain to whichthe cable is being subjected, and the brakesof the paying -out gear can be operatedaccordingly.

An interesting point about cable laying isthat a certain amount of slack has to beallowed to conform to the contour of the sea-bed. It is also important that the cableshould not bridge projecting peaks.

At regular intervals while the cable is beinglaid, electric communication is maintainedbetween the shore and the ship. This is anecessary precaution against the laying of,perhaps, many miles of cable after a faulthas occurred. Directly a fault is discovered,steps are immediately taken to remedy thetrouble. The electricians, by special tests,can find out if a fault has developed inthat part of the cable still laying in the tanks,and the fault can then be put right beforethe cable is laid. -

When. comparatively short lengths of cableare to be laid it is the usual practice to layboth shore -ends first. -Thus, when a cableship approaches the end of the deep-sea

As thelauntriows t er t s orewcirds,.:cable is paid out from the ship, to theraft behind which follows a small boat.She will pick up any men who may be

thrown from the raft. '

326 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS August, 1942 August, 1942 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 327

THE recent .zToyage of :H.M.T.S.-,- Irisrecalls the romance of deep -Sea cablelaying. Coniplefed about two years

ago, the Iris was built specially for the dutiesof laying and repairing submarine telegraphcables, and as such she represents the outcomeof many years of practical experience.

The .First...Atlantie CableBefore the first ocean telegraph cable

was laid between Ireland and America, in1857, a rough survey was made by Lieut.Maury, an American, who discovered thatthe oceanbed between Ireland and Newfound-land was particularly suitable for the receptionof the cable. During the soundings an exten-sive plateau was revealed which proved

Coiling cable on the raft: Nine -tons this one -core concentriccable go to a nautical tithe. Over

-it several conversations can becarried On sinthltaneously.

' `Cogit 4

The Many Activities Connectedof Deep -

Captain W.Leech,0 of the" Iris," , marking:up -the, echo sounderchart. This in-strument records agraph shoWing theexact formation ofthe sea bed overwhich the.. ship is

passing.

ideal for supporting the cable at that par-ticular part of -the ocean bed.- In more recent times, when the Western Union cable wasbeing laid, it was discovered that a groupof hitherto unrecorded mountains existedbeneath the Atlantic, the highest of them beingestimated at 6,000ft. above the surroundingocean bed. Various other soundings haverevealed huge pits or craters of incredibledepth in various places, and it is essentialthat such irregularities in the ocean bedshould be discovered before commencing tolay the cable, otherwise great strains wouldbe put upon it.

The first attempt to lay the Atlanticcable, in August, 1857, failed through stretch-ing it so much that it snapped, and went to the

bottom at a depthof iz,000ft. . TheWork was resumedtwelve monthslater, and shOrtlyafterwards the -firstsignals were re-ceived over a dis-tance of 2,050miles.

PreliminarySurveysSubinarine cables

are not laid the greatestdepths owing to the straininvolved when being raisedfor repairs. The greatestdepth at which cable hasbeen laid is about zt,000ft.(3,500 fathoms).

When making the pre-liminary survey, the cable ship usuallysteers a zigzag course along the line ofthe proposed route, each arm of the zig-zag being approximately five miles' inlength, soundings being taken at the endand centre of each arm. There are twosystems of taking soundings which arecommonly used, the line -and -sinker method,and the sonic or- echo system. The greatadvantage of the latter system is that the shipdoes not have to be stopped while the soundingis being taken, as is necessary when line -and -sinker machines are used. When it is necessaryto know the exact nature of the ocean bed, line -and -sinker machines must be used, asby this method samples of the sea bed can -be brought to the surface for inspection,thus revealing whether a cable will lie oncoral, rock or sand.

Another important point is to know thetemperature and pressure of the sea at anypoint where a proposed cable is to be laid, asthese factors have considerable bearing on theinsulation resistance of the gutta-perchacovering of the cable.

Cable Storage on Board .

After the preliminary work has been done,the new cable is hauled on board the cableship, and placed in storage tanks. Thisoperation,- however, is not so simple as it maysound. The storage tanks are circular, andinto these the cable hat to be carefully coiledin layers. This care is necessary, for shoulda kink occur in the subsequent paying out ofthe cable, it might be broken; and a seriousaccident caused. For safety purposes, life-lines hang- down from the tops of the tanks

Seamen cable hands wading through shallow wai with one of the shore ends of a cable.

With the Laying and Repairingsea Cables

within easy reach of the men\corking there, so tilt theycan make a hasty exit shouldthe cable get " out of hand "during paying -out operations.While the cable is beingcoiled the tank is floodedwith water to cover each

layer as the work proceeds, as the gutta-perchacovering is liable to crack if kept dry.

There are three kinds of cable-deep sea,intermediate, and shore end. Intermediateand shore end cables are more heavily pro-tected with steel wire than deep-sea cable.The action of the sea, rocks and similar faCtorsmakes it essential that the first -mentionedcables be capable of resisting rough treat-ment. On the other hand, deep-sea cablelies undisturbed, perhaps for years, on itsocean bed of sand or ooze.

Laying Shore -end CableThe work of laying shore -end cable often

proves to be difficult work, owing to thefact that usually the cable ship cannot getclose enough inshore. As several tons ofcoiled cable have frequently to be ferriedto the shore, calm water and a moderate windare essential if trouble is to be avoided. Thecable is coiled on to lighters on rafts:which aretowed inshore by a motor launch and oneend of the cable is then hauled on to thebeach by the .seamen cable hands, and laidin a trench leading to the cable house. Thelighter is then towed seaward, paying out asshe toes, and 'the seaward end of the cableis then hauled on board the cable ship forsplicing to the main deep-sea cable, or tothe intermediate cable.

In hauling theend of the cableup the foreshorethe seamen aresometimes assistedby a squad of PostOffice workers, or

A cable jointer at work,joining the two ends ofthe cable which, whenthe task is completed,will be lowered overboard midway baween

the shore ends.

other helpersanxious to lend ahand. In tropi-cal parts of theworld crowds ofnatives oftenhelp in the work

' of hauling thecable up thebeach.

The points forbringing in theshore -ends ofcables are se-lected as fat aspracticable fromanchorages, to avoid- the, risk of the cablesbeing fouled by anchors.

Paying Ouf the CableFor paying out the cable, cable ships are

provided with sheaves at the bows and stern,and duplicate paying -out and picking -upgear is fitted. The cable is paid out from thebows of the ship when operating in shallowwaters, as it has been found that under suchconditions the ship answers her helm betterwhen the cable is paid out over the bows.When operating over great depths of sea thestern sheaves and paying -out gear are used.

The cable passes out of the storage tank,over sheaves on the deck, then round thedrum of the paying -out gear, under thesheave of a dynamometer, and thence overthe sheaves at either end of the ship and intothe sea. As the cable is being paid out thedynamometer indicates the strain to whichthe cable is being subjected, and the brakesof the paying -out gear can be operatedaccordingly.

An interesting point about cable laying isthat a certain amount of slack has to beallowed to conform to the contour of the sea-bed. It is also important that the cableshould not bridge projecting peaks.

At regular intervals while the cable is beinglaid, electric communication is maintainedbetween the shore and the ship. This is anecessary precaution against the laying of,perhaps, many miles of cable after a faulthas occurred. Directly a fault is discovered,steps are immediately taken to remedy thetrouble. The electricians, by special tests,can find out if a fault has developed inthat part of the cable still laying in the tanks,and the fault can then be put right beforethe cable is laid. -

When. comparatively short lengths of cableare to be laid it is the usual practice to layboth shore -ends first. -Thus, when a cableship approaches the end of the deep-sea

As thelauntriows t er t s orewcirds,.:cable is paid out from the ship, to theraft behind which follows a small boat.She will pick up any men who may be

thrown from the raft. '

.328. NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS. August, 1942

cable, her look -out men watch for the buoymarking the position of the farther shdre-end.When reached, the buoy is cast off, and theshore -end is hauled aboard. Tests are made,and if the cable -end is in working order, thesplice is made, and the cable is then com-plete from end to end.

Repair WorkThe modern submarine cable rarely breaks

down, but when it does, the trouble is usuallydue to outside causes. Shore -ends maybecome chafed against rocks or coral and,occasionally, sharks, swordfish and evenwhales cause trouble with the deeper cables.

It is interesting to note that a fault in acable, perhaps hundreds of miles out to sea,can be located by the electrical engineers

In this illustration(right) the naviga-tion officer on thebridge of the " Iris "

takes a hearing.

When a shore end has been carried to the beach,a squad of Post Office workers augments the crew.Carefully the cable is hauled up the' forishore towhere it will be connected to the teintituals in thecable hut adjoining the shore, and laid out in long

curved strands to facilitate haUlage.

ashore. The resistance per mile of the cableis known, and by balancing this resistance,with artificial resistances, the exact distanceolthe fault from the shore -end can be located.In some cases a repair ship may have to seekthe ends of a cable that has been completelysevered.

On arrival "over the faulty part of the cablethe repair ship puts down a mark buoy toindicate the spot. The buoy, moored withspecial niushroom anchori, is siiimOuht0with a flag to make it conspiduotist. analactsas a centre for the repair slrieioperations, which are carricel µt bY meansof special grapnels that lift the cable frOm theocean bed.Splicing

When the grapnel has engaged one end ofthe cable it is hauled up, and men are lowered,over the bows of the ship to secure the cablewith chains and ropes. Leads are then takenfrom the conductor to the test room on board,and tests taken to discover the exact positionof the fault. When it is ascertained that thefaulty part of the cable has come inboard, thecable is stoppered, cut, and a new portion isspliced on. After further tests have provedthat all is in order with the new ithrtion, therepair ship prodeeds to pick up the other end,a further splice is made, and the repairedcable is than in working order again.

When making a joint in a cable it isessential that no air bubbles be allowed to

become imprisoned in the gutta-percha insulation,because if such bubbles were present they wouldbe liable to burst under the sea pressure, thuscausing another serious fault.

In grappling for a damaged cable in places wherethere, are a number laid on the same route, thereis the risk of disturbing the wrong cable, and to avoidthis risk, divers are sometimes sent down to findthe damaged cable, and repairs are then carried out.

A picture taken from the crow's nest of the " Iris " and showing one of the greatmarking buoys ready for dropping. Seamen cable hands are standing by for the

order to let it go.


PHOTOGRAPHY

MA

EVERY year there are many thousands offilms exposed on snaps of friendstaken on various occasions, on holidays,

days on the beach, in the woods, in backgardens, at weddings and sundry other places.Most of the results from these lose all theirinterest as soon as the friends have seen aprint; the owner keeps the prints in his orher pocket or wallet for a few weeks perhaps,then they are relegated to a drawer or box toawait the day when spring-cleaning demandsthat they must be thrown away, or found anew resting place where they can be forgotten.

Why is this ? They are all records of somehappy times you have had, and it is very niceto look at them years afterwards and to recallthe occasions. - That is quite correct, but ifthey were really good, why not put them in analbum with one or two suitable notes and somake them interesting to other friends, whowere not of the party ? This can be done if inthe first place a little more care and thoughtis used at the time of taking thesnap. Consider the few exampleswhich are given to illustrate whatis meant by a little more careand thought.

Arranging a GroupThree or four of your friends

are out with you on a day's hike;at midday a pleasant spot isfound for your picnic lunch, anddown you sit, eager to get at thesandwiches or other good thingsin the kitbags. While you areeating, one of the party suggeststhat you take a snap, and thenup you get and, without anypreliminaries, click goes theshutter and you have taken a" portrait " of your four friendsall with either a sandwich or aglass of something in their hands,and all staring full face at thecamera lens. The result is quitefunny, and good as a snap, butwhat a pity one of those four wasnot standing 'up making somewitty remark to the others whowere interested in what he wassaying, and not in what youwere doing ; or with one standing andanother kneeling, and speaking to the twositting. Even if one had his back turnedto the camera it would be quite possible tohave his face in profile so that everyone couldrecognise him; forget the idea of eating, assuch a snap is so very commonplace, andit is so obvious that some refreshments arebeing devoured.

Later in the day you may all be resting on astile, and again comes the suggestion of asnap, and your friends remain sitting on thestile like so many sparrows on the telegraphwires. Now is your chance to do a littlearranging; tell the shortest person to getdown and to sit on the ground, or bank, acouple of yards to the left of the first one onthe stile, get the tallest of the others to standabout three feet from the stile, and on the rightwith his left shoulder towards the camera andto be talking to the two on the stile. It isimportant to see that the legs of these two arein different positions, and not having theirknees at the level of their chests ; it will nottake many seconds for you to do the arranging,but do not be in a hurry to expose-wait forthe fellow who is standing to say somethingthat will attract the attention of the other three,

<ING INTERESTING PORTRAITSHow to Add Life and Atmosphere to Your Snaps

By JOHN J. CURTIS, A.R.P.S.

then is the time , to do the snapping, for theyare then free from camera consciousness. .

" Conversational" PieceWhat is your opinion of those family

groups taken in the garden, father and motherseated in front of a row of sons and -daughtersin steps, with the eldest on one end and theyoungest at the other or on a cushion in front ?Now, if any of you are members of thatexcellent " Snapshots from Home " League,and are taking snaps for sending to our boysin the Forces of their folks in the garden athome, here is an opportunity to put somethought into the work, and you will be sur-.prised hoW your efforts will be appreciated byall concerned, and especially by yourself. Tostart with, father must have his jacket on ;shirt sleeves may be his idea of freedom, butthey do not look very artistic, and will notplease for long. He is probably a little tallerthan mother, so let them be talking to each

A fine example of a " conversational"and life can be produced by

picture, showing Inattention to detail.

other, the two girls standing together abouttwo feet from the parents, while young jim canbe on the other side of the girls with his barrow,and busy loading it. Another suggestion is toget father talking to two of the party andmother with the others if there are enough;try to get the idea of a " conversational "piece. In taking these types of portraits it isalways good practice to let the subjects watchyou while getting ready, and then just whenyou are going to " shoot," to suddenly turnyour head and look as though you have seensomething extraordinary in that tree or on thefence; you will find that their eyes willimmediately turn away from the camera, andyou will possibly get a very nice expressionon the face of each.

Large Groups.The next example is a group of several

individuals, about a dozen, and the usualarrangement is a couple of rows, one sitting andthe other standing at the back ; this may answerquite well in some instances, but if they arefriends who have met for some reason at yourhouse, and if the weather permits, why notmake a little preparation beforehand in thegarden ? A small table will aid the arranging,

especially if it happens to be a rustic gardentable, and three or four chairs placed. two atthe side farthest from where you intend stand-ing with the camera; and one on the left andright. These chairs should be occupied bythe four who are the most important, or theeldest of the guests. On the left of this grouptell three of the others to stand and to bein conversation, and place another betweenthis little group who should be talking to theparty sitting at the left-hand side of the table.The remaining four can make a couple of pairson the right-hand side of the table, and oneof each pair should be facing the camera andthe other two turned towards his or her com-panion. If the party consists of six of eachsex you can form quite an interesting group ofthree of either, but do not attempt to paireach lady with a gent.

It is possible that your group may consistof many more than a dozen, and in that caseyou have no alternative than the stereotyped

one of so many sitting and therest standing. These are theusual record photographs of atroop of scouts, school, houseparty and similar bodies, and arconly taken for the purpose of areminder of the occasion, andcertainly not for the object ofmaking a picture. In such agroup there is usually someonewho is moving, and perhapsanother who insists on talking ;very often the photographer isso long focusing and arrangingthe group that the majority havelost a great deal of interest, andare looking bored. It is an easymatter to do all the focusingbefore the party comes out ;place a stick or a white hand-kerchief in the middle of thefront seat, and focus that till it isdefinitely sharp. Put the hand-

-kerchief at 'the extreme endsof the forms or seats, and seeif these come into the picture,then place it in 'a congpicuous

www.,/,ess place at the back where the backrow of the group will be standing,and make sure it is in focus in

that position. The next thing to do is to haveyour camera set ready with the correct stopand shutter speed all calculated before theparty arrives. As they come out quickly, spotthose who you think will be best for thefront row and get them to take up their posi-tions ; ask the company not to move theseats and to get their places as quickly aspossible. Keep an eye on the sides so thatthere is no overlapping of the sots whichyou have decided are the limits ; one quickglance at the focusing screen or the view-finder, and all is ready. If you have to make atime exposure, be sure to tell the folks that itis going to be one of two or three seconds, andyou will see that they will respond, and keepquiet. It was the practice of one cleverphotographer to always ask the members of agroup to look just over the top of his camera,and this caused them all to very slightly raisetheir heads just sufficient to avoid shadowsover the eyes. In taking these large groupsthere is a very great need to keep the partyin a pleasant -frame of mind, and usually thiscan be done for you by one of the party, butfailing that you must endeavour to keep thecompany amused till you are ready to make theexposure.


THE WORLD OF MODELSBy "MOT I LUS'

An International Personality Discusses His Own Reactions to theFascination of the Model Railway Hobby

ONE of the most colourful figures in themodern world of sport-pre-war, ofcourse-was His Highness Prince

Birabongse of Thailand. Prince Bira was apopular and respected exponent of the art ofsuccessful motor racing ; but few perhaps, incomparison, know of his other absorbing,hobby, which he is still able, fortunately, tocontinue' in war -time.

But it was not as easy as all that . . . . Letus read what he has to say about it :

Complete RelaxationI suppose you can call it a complete

relaxation from a 145 m.p.h. drive in a racingcar to shunting a few wagons into the goodssidings of my model gauge " 00 " railway-but, alas, these pleasurable pastimes came toan abrupt end in September, 1939. But,being a die-hard fellow who could not existwithout some form of miniature railwaysystem in the house, I had to seek some wayto satisfy my whims.

Evacuated down to the country from myLondon studios I felt definitely lonesomewithout some sort of system to work on.I began to pine for the metropolis, and inparticular for my layout on which I had justput the finishing touches to the " 00 "gauge S.R. Victoria -Dover in perfect scale.

It was a problem to decide whether to stripthose carefully pinned down nickel rails andmany complicated points, and risk the possibledamage, or to leave it all alone and buy morestuff. Either would mean trouble and cost, soI decided to visit that Happidrome of themodel world-in other Words, Bassett-Lowke'sfine establishment in High Holborn. ThereI was skilfully handled by my old friend,Mr. R. Fuller, who finally persuaded me thatTrix trains were the solution to my difficulty.I must admit that at first I was quite scepticalabout their range and the appearance of therails and curves. After my beautiful 3ft.curves and wonderfully realistic cross-overs,those tin rails of Trix with their black bakelitebases looked unattractive. But everyonemakes a mistake sometime, and nvw I amwilling to admit mine. I studied every Pointin favour of this system, and, finally , I sawthat the horror I had expressed at the firstsight of this railway was quite superfiuous,and it was soon drowned by all the other finequalities of the Trix system.

The Trix SystemReaders may be interested to know the

main reasons why I was won over by Trix.Firstly, my immediate requirement for aminiature railway was that it must be portable,as I did not- know where or when I shouldmove from place to place. So the Trixsystem answered my purpose to the full. Atfirst I went cautiously, and bought just a setof straight lines and curves, enough to make aloop with a few points for sidings. Then Ibought an 0-4-0 tank and a streamlinelocomotive with some suitable coaches. Thiswas my first " taste " of Trix toy trains-asimple layout set up on a sideboard along apassage. And the first thing which nowstruck me was the way these two locomotivesfunctioned. They were quite amazing ! Tobe able to run two different trains on the samepiece of rail in one section certainly presentedgreat possibilities. The next point I noticedwas that each of these locomotives workedbackwards and forwards without any hesitationor trouble at the slightest touch on the controlknobs.

I had hardly spent 15 minutes playing withthe Trix trains when my eyes had become usedto the tiny rails and sharp curves and theinaccuracy of the scale. I did not notice it

A striking night effect on the model railway.

any more, and all my interest centred in theperfect working of the system. The joy ofmy discovery of the Trix trains I cannot nowexpress enough, for even after nearly threeyears the system provides me with novelty,enjoyment, and much food for thought.

I soon had a proper wooden trestle madewith a top to it, and the whole thing was just3ft. tin. by 8ft. Join., stretching into onecorner of the long corridor. I chose theL.M.S.R. because I so much liked the lookof the streamline Coronation train, and alsoI could get a very nice looking 4-4-ocompound engine with a handsome tender.In fact, the range of rolling stock offered inthis company's colours was greater than eitherL.N.E.R. or S.R., so I ordered more of theTrix material. Originally, I had intended tohave them all packed in crates for taking outto the East, but at the same time I still used asmall portion on the wooden bench I havealready described. I spent sleepless nightsputting the lines up and did " underground"wiring. The controllers were placed just belowthe board, and all the signal and point leverswere neatly grouped together beside them.

A New LayoutI had three alternatives : (i) just two loop.

A busy scene at the through station showingthe Coronation Scot entering, and the Midlandex -press hauled by a Princess class locomotivestanding at the platform. In the background is a

terminus station.

running round and round and going to noparticular place ; (2) point to point; or(3) point to point with double tracks incor-porated. I chose the last plan, and afterconsidering the space available in that passageI laid down two oblong circuits runningparallel to each other giving the appearanceof a double track way. . Then I placed thefirst terminus inside the loops at one end ofthe curves. I gave the station a one -spanferro-concrete " many ways " glass roof witha handsome clock tower at the side. The


The main line through station, showing entrance. to one of the termini on the left.

other terminus was outside the two loopsright at the opposite end. The third stationwas a kind of through station which came inthe middle of one of the straights of theloops.

Electric Train IndicatorAs I have found that the Trix system was

very ,reliable as far as, working operationswent, I devised a certain system for runningthe trains. Firstly I chose the Euston -Glasgow line and called the ".inside ter-minus " Euston, and the "outside " oneGlasgow. Of course there were otherimportant -towns between these cities atwhich the.trains had to stop, and so I arrangedthat every time the trains had reached acertain station en route, such as Crewe orLancaster, the trains came to rest at " thethrough station." Therefore the middlestation was a kind of multiple station whichthe trains used for stopping before they hadreached the end of the journey. In order tovisualise things more clearly I spent a goodpart of four hours fret -sawing out of plywooda large map of the British Isles 4ft. 8in. high.I put in 102 electric bulbs on the path of theL.M.S. line which dealt with the journey fromEuston to Glasgow. I wired up all thesebulbs to a kind of revolving controller whichwould light up each bulb in turn. Therewere 5r bulbs for the up trains and 5i forthe down trains. Each bulb represented acomplete lap so when I sent one particulartrain out on its lengthy journey to Glasgowfrom Euston, or vice versa, .T could, tellat a glance how far it had travelled. Also Icould bring it to a proper stop at the rightstation after having covered the right distance.But now arose the snag. Surely no train onearth could make the 400 odd miles in justabout 20 minutes or so on my map. So Ihad to quicken the time up by moving one ortwo cogs from my stopwatch. I managed inthis way to work the clock up to suit the map,so that the Coronation Scot took just about61 ,hours of my scaled time like his bigbrother.

Night LightingI must say,I derived a great amount of fun

out of the small circuit I put up in 1940.Everything worked perfectly and when " nightfell" my own house, station buildings andvarious yards were lit up by the Lilliputianlamps, and it certainly made a pretty littlescene. My joy was to place my face at eye -level with the track and watch the red and

green lights on the signal columns changecolour in the dark. It was good to feel that

- at least in this railway of make-believe there.was no black -out or anything-though strictlyspeaking I suppose there should have been ablack -out too !

A year later, deciding not to return to mycountry, I opened up the big cases and brought

'Out the rails and points and buildings: I stillkept to the general idea of the layout butincreased the length of the straights, and also

. enlarged the area of the two termini. Thismeant cutting down my dressing -room just

Prince Bira adjusts one of his signals.

Map showing L.M.S. route with electric lamps andcontacts giving the position of the train on the track.

to leave sufficient space for dress-ing; while I tried to fill the restof the room with rails ! I had quitean ambitious scheme in mindincorporating lighting in thecoaches when running at night.This innovation was achieved withthe aid of many complicated sec-tionings, and I had to use twoextra controllers. The lamps onthe map worked automaticallywith the trains, and so, for example,when I - set a non-stop expressout frdni Euston to Glasgow, thetrain would have gond on runningby itself, and I could go out ofthe room for the- duration of thejourney - and still come back intime to bring it into the terminusjust when the lights arrived at theone which showed Glasgow.

RebuildingWith 'my larger layout and the

increase in the time needed to runthrough the time table, I was notable to give my railway as muchattention as I would have liked,and the system became dirty andunmanageable. So mylatestoccupation now is to rebuild therailway and cut down the ambitiousdouble7track system jo a single-track point to point, and to modifythe point works " drastically.Also, I am changing the name fromL.M.S.R. to B.R. and altering thecolour. My railway will be run-ning on the imaginary Birix Isle(Bira and Trix); and being amodestly small island the line willbe just a single track.


Our Busy inventorsMaking FacesTO change the shape and expression of the

human face is the object of an appliancefor which an application for a patent in thiscountry has been accepted. The inventorhas had in view the requirements of thetheatrical and motion picture worlds.

The actor frequently represents a characterwhose lineaments are totally different fromhis own. The lines of the face, for instance,must be altered to picture age or tragic grief.It is claimed for the appliance in questionthat it will transform the countenance to anydesired form and expression. It consists ofan insert which can be fastened on the teeth.The inventor maintains that it will changethe expression first by altering the positionof the so-called " deflection fold." By this ismeant the mucous membrane which connectsthe internal membrane of the face with thegums. In this way we are told it is possibleto make a young face old, an old face youngand a round face oval or sqnare. The mouthmay be formed to appeal: thicker or thinnerand the shape of the chin can be changed.

The form, surface or position of theinsert is different for each case, accordingto the nature of the physiognomy.

This contrivance may prove to be an assetto the beauty specialist and also to the surgeonwho corrects irregularities in the humancountenance.

As an Irishman might put it, the inventionis a kind of trouser -stretcher for the face.

Anti -crease SolutionIT is not a far cry from wrinkles in the face

to creases in cloth.Improving the crease -resisting properties

of textile materials has been occupying themind of an inventor.

These materials, when subjected to chemicaltreatment, are less liable to crease, and theyalso readily recover from the effects of havingbeen creased.

The inventor in question affirms that thisresult may now be attained 'by the aid ofresinous condensation products.

By the way, it is worthy of remark that,whereas, in one case, the crease is regardedas a defect, in another, when it descendsregularly the front of the trouser leg, it is athing to be desired.

Permanent TieWHAT may be termed the horizontal tie,

as worn by the Premier, is not sein asfrequently as it was in the dignified days ofQueen Victoria. However, for evening wearit still surmounts the immaculate shirt -front.

Now it is not the hand of every manwhich has the cunning to tie such a bow.Therefore, the made-up bow -tie is often inuse. This is kept in its place usually bybeing fastened with buckles at the back of thecollar. There are, I imagine, very few menwho attach their bows to a front collar -studby means of a tiny elastic loop, which wasthe method used once upon a time by thejuvenile.

A made-up tie lasts longer and remainscleaner than that which is continually tied,because the constant handling necessitatedby the latter action involves wear and tear,and is apt to soil the fabric.

To obviate the inconveniences mentioned;an inventor has designed an improvedmade-up bow. This comprises a front bowportion and two neckband parts adapted tobe fastened at the back of the collar. Thereis a short piece of elastic ribbon at the end

By "Dynamo"of each neckband portion. And each of theseribbons has at least one buttonhole or eyeletfor fastening the elastics on to the backcollar -stud.

The information on this page is speciallysupplied to " Practical Mechanics " byMessrs. Huighes & Young, Patent Agents, of7, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, London,W.C.2, who will be pleased to fend free toreaders mentioning this paper a copy of theirhandbook, " How to Patent an Invention."

Novel NozzleTHE fire -hose can play a double part. It

is possjble for it to project a Continuousjet or it may spread its water in a fan -shapeSpray.

According to a new invention, a fire -hosenozzle incorporates a jet and a spray whichcan be used either independently or in con-junction. There are two bores which arecontrolled by separate manually -operatedvalves and communicate at the inlet end witha common coupling connection to the hose.

Thus, in fire fighting, the spray can be usedto prevent the spread of the fire, while thejet is directed on to the burning material.

If desired, means may be provided on thenozzle for connecting either the jet or sprayor both to a can containing a chemical solutionfor the extinction of oil or spirit fires. Whenmixed with the water supply through thenozzle, this produces a fire -extinguishingfoam. The chemical solution is drawn intothe water stream issuing from the spray or;jet by the suction or induction effect.

Resilient SocksFROM fire - hose I turn to hose of a dif-

ferent character. A recent inventionrelating to socks is worthy of consideration.The socks concerned are of the kind knownas seamless, wherein the heel and toe areknitted in the form of a seamless pouch.

It is not necessary for me to inform theindustrious housewife that stockings andsocks made from woollen yarns have, whenwashed, an unfortunate tendency to shrink.Such shrinkage causes a shortening of thefoot from toe to heel.

The sequel is that not only are the socksuncomfortable, but they exhibit an increasedtendency for the toe to wear. The abbre-viated foot part of the sock also conduces toa strain on the fabric, which renders the heelof the sock as vulnerable as that of Achilles.

The remedy proposed by the inventor ofthe new device to which I have referred isthe incorporation in the sock of elastic yarn.

Heat SalvageTHE salvage of heat is the raison d'etre' of

an improved fire -place of the open type.The inventor points out that it has long beenrecognised that, while an open fire is as,pleasant and genial 'means of warming aroom, it is extremely wasteful, since a largepercentage of the heat goes up the chimney.

He further remarks that there have beenseveral proposals made with the object ofincreasing the heating efficiency of open firesby means of a number of tubes placed at thebase of the fire -place and extending upwardsalong its back. These are finally broughtacross the bottom of the chimney, the tubesbeing open at their upper and loWer ends.As a consequence, air in the tubes is heatedand causes a natural draught up the tubesin order to deliver hot air above the fireopening. The effect of such constructions isonly to deliver a small quantity of very hotair to the atmosphere above the fire -place.

The object of the new device is to utilisethe heat of an open fire to produce an eventemperature throughout the room. Thiscontrivance comprises one or more conduitsextending along the base of the fire -place andupwardly through the flame zone, throughwhich hot combustion gases escape to thechimney. These conduits are in communi-cation with the atmosphere above and outsidethe fire -place, and mechanical* means con-duct air through the conduits.

Exhibited at .the New York 1942 InveMors' Exposition. A solid timber portable air-raidshelter in which three people can sleep .in safety. It can be set up in to minutes, and

no metal or nails are used.


QUERIES

titI

Wind -driven Dynamo DetailsT ENCLOSE particulars of a dynamo

which I intend rewinding to produce12 volts at a very slow speed, using windas my source of power. I would like toknow the most suitable gauges of wires touse on armature and field coils ; I thinkthe armature could be wound so as tooperate a cut-out at 25o r.p.m. It wouldnot matter a great deal about a highoutput if the speed can be brought down.Hoping you will be able to supplyinformation regarding wire gauges andnumber of conductors ; also what isthe lightest wood to use for making apropeller able to withstand weather andkeep its shape ?-R. Wallace (Kilnock).co far as can be gathered from the rather" vague particulars given, you have anarmature 4in. in diameter by 6in. longwith 29 slots in. wide and about fin.deep, running in a 6 -pole field, and connectedto an 86 -part commutator. The sectional areaof the field poles is 51in. by in., or about41 sq. in., and allowing a flux in the airgapof 50,000 lines per square inch there wouldbe a total flux of 675,000 lines -for the threepairs of poles. As a wave -wound two -circuitarmatures the conductors (Z) necessary toproduce a terminal voltage (E) at a speed of4 revs. per second (240 r.p.m.) in a flux of675,000 (N) would be :

E toZ - n N or in figures :

3 ' too,000,0004 675,600 -444 conductors in series,

that is 888 when connected in, two -circuitwave -winding. , This would represent 3oconductors per slot in 29 slots, or to corn-ductors per coil grouped three -per -slotto suit the 86 -part commutator. Oneof these coils would need the ends cutoff short and insulated, leaving 86 activecoils to suit the same number of commutatorbars. The span of the coils in the slotswould be approximately the same as the polepitch, or one slot less, and the method oflaying out the commutator connections willbe found described in A. H. Avery's " Practi-cal Armature Winding." The diagrams foran armature of this size would -take toomuch space here. At the very low speed of25o r.p.m. required it will be necessary toseparately excite the fields, and as the genera-tor will presumably be used in conjunctionwith a r2 -volt accumulator the field circuitcan be excited direct from the battery. It willalso be necessary to use high -conductivitycopper -carbon brushes on the commutator.Probably the largest gauge of wire that cancomfortably be got into the slots will beNo. 22 s.w.g. double silk covered copper,which will carry up to 3:t amperes withoutgetting injuriously hot. If larger wire can beaccommodated the output will be correspond-ingly increased. For the field coils, -41b. ofNo. 20 on each pole -piece should be suffi-cient, or 31b. in all, taking an excitingcurrent of 2 amperes from the r2 -volt battery.As regards the propeller for the wind motorproposed to use with this generator, straightgrained Douglas fir is generally employed,and alternatively cedar may be used, wellvarnished after construction.

ENQUIRIESA stamped addressed envelope, three pennystamps, and the query coupon from the currentissue, which appears on back cover must be enclosedwith every letter containing a query. Everyquery and drawing which is sent must bear thename and address of the reader. Send yourqueries to the Editor, PRACTICAL MECHANICS,Geo. Newnes, Ltd., Tower House, Southampton

Street, Strand, London, W.C.2.

Running Motor on Acetylene GasREFERRING to your reply concerning

an acetylene gas generator for petrolengines in the June issue, will you pleaseanswer the following questions :

(a) Is the inner carbide container aloose fit in the lid of the water container,allowing it to rise or fall, or is it a fixture ?

(2) Can you give any approximate dataas to what size generator would berequired to run a h.p. two-strokeengine for a given period ?

(3) Is there any difficulty in obtainingcalcium carbide at the present time ?-A. Blackburn (Malton).

(i) The inner carbide container is a loosefit in the lid of the water container in orderthat it can be removed for refilling andcleaning. It is intended that it should remainin position when in use.

(2) The acetylene gas consumption perB.H.P. hour is about 7 cu. ft., and this isapproximately the output of one pound ofcalcium carbide. A generator holding onepound of carbide would run an enginedeveloping 3 B.H.P. for 20 minutes.

(3) Calcium carbide sales are restricted andwe feel certain it will not be made availablefor road vehicles.

Rewinding an Electric DrillT WISH to rewind an electric drill for

240 volt A.C., at so cycles. The fieldsare the usual 2 -pole. The armature isOn. diameter by I lin. long, and hasII circular slots, and 33 comm. seg-ments. The motor speed should be inthe vicinity of io,000 r.p.m., this beinggeared down to give a drill speed of1,450 r.p.m. Could you give me a suit-able winding specification ?-GeorgeWilson (Heaton).THE winding specification recommended

for your electric drill, with an armaturer lin. diameter by I8in. lung, having r I slotsand a 33 -part commutator, running in2 -pole fields at io,000 r.p.tn. on 24o volt.A.C., will be as follows :

Armature : 33 coils each with 33 turns of

No. 33 s.w.g. enamel and single silk -covered copper, grouped three per slot.

Fields : 2 coils, each with 400 turns ofNo. 28 s.w.g. enamel and single silk -coveredcopper, in series with one another and withthe armature.

6 -volt Dynamo as a Mains MotorWILL you please give the following

information? Is it possible to run a6 -volt motor -cycle dynamo as a motoroff 200 volt D.C. mains, for grinding,etc. ? In a back number of " PracticalMechanics " you gave details of a home -charging plant, using an electric fire inseries with battery. I substituted thedynamo in place of the battery. Althoughit ran, it got warm very quickly, anddeveloped only low power."-A. McQuil-lan.IT would be possible to run any small

6 -volt generator as a motor from thezoo -volt D.C. mains by providing enoughseries resistance in circuit to limit the currentto the same amount as previously loadedwhen working on 6 volts-provided thegenerator is designed with a commutator andbrushes, and not intended to generatealternating current with one terminal earthedand the other in connection with a slip -ring. A.C. generators will not work onD.C. The objection to running low -voltagemotors on the mains is twofold : first, thewatts consumed are almost all wasted in thelarge series resistance ; if it is a 6 volt 3ampere generator, for instance, the 3 rmperesit requires to run as a motor, if taken fromzoo -volt mains, represents 600 watts con-sumption. Of this only 6 volts 3 amperes,or 18 watts, is usefully employed by themotor, the remaining 582 watts being wastedin uselessly heating up the series resistance.Apart from this the insulation of a low -voltagegenerator would hardly be likely to stand upto the conditions called for on a 200 -voltcircuit, and would be almost certain to breakdown.

Silvering CelluloidT SHOULD be pleased if you could

inform me how to silver celluloid toproduce a mirror with a pliable, unbreak-able base.-W. H. Greenland (Wimborne).TT is not easy to silver celluloid, the results

being unreliable. Professional silverershave some method of dealing with thisproblem, but their mode of working has beenkept secret.

In your case there are two methods availablefor your trial and experimertt, viz. :

(i) Smear a very fine film of white of eggover the celluloid surface and then lay downon it a piece of thin silver foil, subsequentlypressing the silver foil down with a slightlywarmed iron. An iron warmed by beingstood in hot water is the best for this purpose.Quite a good silvering effect is obtained bythis simple means, but the mirror propertiesof the silvered celluloid may not be good.

-....-q11111111111 I I I I i I I I I I I I I 1111111.111111iIIII 111111111111111.111alli11111 lillii1111011111 111111111i1111H1(1(illiiiiiWI tlliIIIIIL

77:

THE P.M. LIST OF BLUEPRINTSThe " PRACTICAL MECHANICS " £20 CAR

(Designed by F. J. CAMM),10s. 6d. per set of four sheets.

" PRACTICAL MECHANICS " MASTERBATTERY CLOCK

Blueprints (2 sheets), 2s.

The ' PRACTICAL MECHANICS " OUT'BOARD SPEEDBOAT

7s. 6d. per set of three sheets.

A MODEL AUTOGIROFull-size blueprint, Is.

SUPER -DURATION BIPLANEFull-size blueprint, Is.

The P.M. " PETROL " MODELMONOPLANEComplete set, Ss.

The 1-c.c. TWO-STROKE PETROL ENGINEComplete Set, 55.

STREAMLINED WAKEFIELDMONOPLANE -2s.

LIGHTWEIGHT DURATION MODELFull-size blueprint, 2s.

P.M. TRAILER CARAVANComplete set, 10s. 6d.

The above blueprints are obtainable, post free,from Messrs. G. Newnes, Ltd., Tower House,

Strand, W.C.2.


A better, but more difficult method is thefollowing chemical method of silvering :

(2) Dissolve 6o grains silver nitrate in i oz.of water. Pour this solution rapidly into aboiling solution of 48 grains of Rochell saltin t oz. of water. On cooling, filter the mixedsolutions, and make up their bulk to 12 ozs.with distilled water. Call this solution" Solution A."

Next dissolve 6o grains of silver nitrate inoz. water, and add ammonia to it drop by

drop until the copious white precipitate,which is first formed, is nearly (but not quite)dissolved. Then make up the solution in bulkto 52 ozs. with distilled water. Call thissolution, " Solution B."

Solutions A and B must be stored in thedark, otherwise they will deteriorate.

For use, mix equal amounts of Solutions Aand B in a perfettly clean dish, and immersethe celluloid article in the mixed solutions.A satisfactory silver film will be depositedwithin five minutes.

It is essential that the celluloid as well asall the mixing vessels, and even the fingersof the operator, be perfectly clean andgrease -free, otherwise unsatisfactory resultswill be obtained. The slightest amount ofgrease obtaining access to the silvering bathwill make the silver deposit patchy and non -adherent.

Removing Mildew from LinenT HAVE a valuable linen cloth (which

has a colour woven into it) that hasbecome rather badly mildewed, and I amwOndering if there is any means ofremoving this.-J. T. Scanlon (Leeds).TOURS is certainly an interesting, but at

the same time an exceedingly difficult,problem to deal with. Mildew stains are thefastest of all stains, for the living mouldorganism penetrates into the centre of thefibres of the fabric, depositing its colouringmatter therein, which colour is usually veryresistant to all but the severest bleachingagents. The problem is further complicatedby two facts-first, that the linen cloth mightbe tendered or weakened by the action of astrong bleach ; and second, that the colouredinterwoven threads would almost certainly beaffected by any bleaching action applied tothe fabric.

If we were in your position we should,seeing that the cloth is a valuable one, seekthe aid of Messrs. Pullars, of Perth, whohave had extensive experience in the dealingwith difficult stains. It is possible to removea mildew stain by applying to it a certain typeof ferment, which selectively attacks the stainbefore acting upon the fabric. The techniqueof using these ferments is more or less secret,and, of course, calls for great skill andexperience. We feel, therefore, that, betterthan tackling the job yourself (and beingsorry afterwards), your best plan would be tostate the case to Messrs. Pullar and to sendthe cloth by registered post to them for theirinspection.

You could, of course, soak the affected areaof the cloth in warm citric acid solution, or inalum solution, and you could try the effect ofscouring with a paste made up of chalk andpowdered pumice stone applied very gentlyAny bleaching treatment, however, is to bedeprecated, since it will almost certainlyattack the coloured threads of the material.

Iridescent Colours "T HAVE been trying for some time to

reproduce the ever.changing coloursas seen when mineral oil is floatittg onthe surface of water, and again, as seenon the surface of an ordinary soap bubble.I remember seeing, some few years ago,an opaline glass globe illuminated withinand showing different combinations ofcolours in ever-changing formations,somewhat similar to a kaleidoscope.

My experiments so far have not metwith much suc.eess.

Can you please help me or refer me tosome book on this subject ?-C. S.Gibbons (North Finchley).WE are afraid that we can be of little

assistance to you in the matter whichyou detail, since you do not inform us of thenature of the medium in or on which you areattempting to reproduce the iridescentcolours of the soap bubble or oil film. Thesecolours are, as you know, produced by theintereference of light, rays, the oil film andthe soap bubble producing the same effect intwo different ways.

It is possible to render glassware iridescentby incorporating into it a minute amount ofiron, lead or other metallic oxide, but theexact method of effecting this is secret. Youmay be aware of the fact that glass which haslain long buried in the earth generally becomesiridescent, owing to the gradual corrosion ofthe glass by various metallic salts in thesoil.

In the absence of an orthodox mufflefurnace capable of melting glass the only linefor your experimentation which we cansuggest is that you rub over the glass surface aquantity of hydrofluoric acid containing asmall quantity of a lead salt, such as leadnitrate or acetate, in solution. The hydro-fluoric acid should be fairly dilute, andimmediately after its application to the glassthe latter should be exposed to hydrogensulphide gas, which will convert the traces oflead salt deposited on the glass into brown -black lead sulphide. If the lead salt is suffici-ently diluted, and the hydrogen sulphide verysparingly applied, it should be possible toproduce a semblance or iridescence on theglass, but, of course, the result will not beanything like as effective and as beautiful asthe natural rainbow colours observed in thesoap bubble or suitably -placed oil film.

You must bear in mind that hydrofluoric ishighly corrosive, and that, since it dissolvesglass, it has to be kept in gutta-percha bottles.It is obtainable from any firm of chemicaland laboratory suppliers.

So far as we are aware, there is no Englishbook devoted to the subject of rendering glassiridescent, but, nevertheless, you may findreferences to this subject in the many technicalbooks which are available on glass technology,and which can usually be consulted in anygood technical or reference library.

Ford V8 Producer Gas PlantMY brother, who is a mining engineer

working in Northern Rhodesia, isnaturally finding difficulty in gettingpetrol for his Ford V8 car ; but he caneasily get charcoal and coal for a pro-ducer gas plant. He has tried writing toAustralia and Durban to get a producergas plant suitable for running a Ford V8car, but he is unable to get one anywhere. -

He has now decided to try to buildhis own producer gas plant, but he isdoubtful about the way to cool the tuyeres.

Could you, if possible, let me have anYinformation on making a producer gasplant and/or let me know where I canget such information ? I think youpublished something about it in" Practical Mechanics ' some time ago,but most of my copies of " PracticalMechanics " have been sent for salvageand I cannot find anything in the fewcopies I have left.-B. Gordon White(Leeds).IN reply to your query regarding the'con-struction of a producer suitable for aFord V8 car, has your brother in NorthernRhodesia tried to obtain one from thiscountry ? The Government EmergencyTransport Producer can probably be obtainedfor export providing the necessary licence canbe obtained. Contact should be made withthe High Commissioner in London on thispoint, or perhaps an inquiry to the MinesDepartment, Dean Stanley Street, West-minster, may give useful help. Alternatively,one of the manufacturers of this plant, suchas Neil and Spencer, The Crossroads,Effingham, Surrey, may be able to help you.

Regarding the possibility of making aproducer, this would not be in the leastdifficult for an engineer, but the detailsrequired would be too great to give in any-thing like sufficient length in an answer ofthis sort. We would suggest that your brotherobtained working drawings of the Government5 -therm Producer from the Mines Depart-ment (address as above), or obtained thelicence terms from one of the other firmsmaking such plants, such as Parkinson andCowan, Terminal House, Westminster, orthe British Coal Utilisation Research Associa-tion, 54, Victoria Street, S.W.i. One of thesewould, no doubt, be willing to grant a licenceand provide drawings at a purely nominal fee.

A suitable producer for a Ford V8 wouldhave to be about r8in. diameter and 4ft. 6in.high. The tuyere would have to be tin.internal diameter and water cooled. This isachieved by welding two tubes about 8in. long,concentrically, leaving a water space of4in.-1in. all round.

Water circulation is assured by a flow andreturn connection to a water reservoir, con-veniently a car radiator, which providesatmospheric cooling. Both flow and returnconnections are made on the tuyere, outsidethe combustion chamber. The tuyere should,of course, be welded to a flange for easyremoval and fixing.

The other units required for the plantwould be an atmospheric tubular cooler forthe gas, capable of being easily cleaned,through conveniently placed " manhole "covers, and a sizal grass filter, preferablytwo -stage, to facilitate cleaning and to rednceresistance.

In conclusion, we would strongly adviseconsulting the " Hartley Report on theEmergency Conversion of Motor Vehicles toProducer Gas," price 9d., from H.M.Stationery Office, which deals fully withequipment, operation and fuels for vehicleproducers.

Dry Gas Meter : A Correction

IN the article on " TheDry Gas Meter," which

appeared in our July issue,there is a slight error in theposition of the pointer ofthe third dial. This pointershould be between theand 9, as in the accompany-ing illustration, and notbetween the o and t.


Notes and NewsU -Boat's Rocket EngineANEW engine of the " rocket " type,

said to be used by U-boats operatingoff the U.S. Atlantic coast, is described inthe Navy League Magazine. The engine burnsoil fuel when surfaced, and a mixture ofhydrogen and oxygen when submerged, thuseliminating the usual electric batteries, andthe danger of chlorine gas.

Distilling Water for LifeboatsTHE Ministry of War Transport is con-

sidering many inventions for con-verting sea water into fresh water for usein ships' lifeboats. Most of them are tooheavy to carry, but one firm is now experi-menting with a new type of distiller, designedto burn wood, even when soaked in sea -water.Under test conditions ashore this apparitushas proved capable of distilling 20 pints ofwater by burning the wood obtained from aboat's oar.

Mass-produced Cargo BoatIF tank tests in the United States are suc-

cessful, mass production may soonstart in Washington on a 25oft. long cargoboat that could be built in six weeks fromstrip steel plates. Plans have been drawnup under the direction of CommanderHamilton V. Bryan, of the U.S. Navy.

A " Tall Story"NOT all would-be aviators who pass

through the flying schools of FlyingTraining Command are born fliers. In fact,

some, judging by the comments of theirinstructors, are " a bit dumb "-but alwayspolite.

A famous instructor, now a group captainwho has a great record of bombing raids overGermany, tells this story of one of his pupils :

" I told him to take -off, climb to a thousandfeet only, and then fly straight and level.

Up he went. We got to a thousand feet, andstill we climbed. I didn't say anything butwaited. We passed two thousand feet, andwere well on the way up to three thousand.Then I leaned towards the speaking tubeand asked him, ' What height are you ? 'Back came his reply in a flash-` Five feeteight and a half, sir ! ' "

R.A.F. personnel studying the controls of g Mustang single -seater, at a technical -

training school in the North-West of England.

RADIO SIMPLIFIEDBy John Clarricoats. You've read " Radio SimplyExplained " of course, by John Clarricoats. Then 'youwill certainly be looking forward to this follow-on bookby the same author. It is another easy -to -understandhandbook, but this time the author goes farther anddeals more fully with modern radio practice. A master-piece of compression, elucidation and instruction.A.T.C. Cadets and other members of the junior serviceswill find it ideal. After all, the author should knowwhat they want ; he is a well-known A.T.C. Signalsofficer! 4s. 6d. net.

RADIO UPKEEP and REPAIRS for AMATEURSBy A. T. Witts, A.M.I.E.E. A thoroughly revised edition of this weil-known radioamateur's handbook, which enables the average radio man to diagnose theordj,nary troubles of his radio set and, remedy them himself. The first chapterhas-been re -written, and chapter VII has also been revised and enlarged. 6s. 6d. net.

ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK FOR WIRELESSOPERATORSBy W. Croak, A.M.I.E.E., A.F.R.Ae.S. Presents a general view of radiocommunication with an introduction to its technique, enabling the recruit andthe. wireless operator to "see where they are going," and, to gain a soundall-round knowledge of the subject. 4s. net.

WIRELESS TERMS EXPLAINEDBy " Decibel." An invaluable guide to the technical terms used in books andarticles do wireless, and in manufacturers' catalogues. It explains the 'meaning ofevery term in the fullest manner, with numerous illustrations. 2s. 6d. net.

INTRODUCING RADIO RECEIVER SERVICINGBy E. M. Squire. This book is being talked of as the best book there is on receiverservicing. It is handy and concise, and gives readers a sound knowledie of

. receiver operation and equipment without unnecessary theoretical frills. 6s. net.

PITMAN, PARKER STREET, KINGSWAY

AIIIRITIDiftMODEL AEROPLANE KITS

AND SUNDRIES

1-16 RATA FIGHTER

We manufacture Model Aero Kits of bothFlying and Solid Type. Prices ranging from

Is. 8d. to 7s. 6d.Each Kit, absolutely complete and packed in

an attractive carton.Write to -day for Free Price List.

NATIONAL MODELLERS SUPPLY,AIRYDA WORKS, 22 24, ST. JOHN'S RD.,

HUDDERSFIELD. 4919IEL.


HAR BUT T S

Plasticinefiverealism

to your Models

A FEW deft touches with " Plasticine "and the gun you have just made has a

gun crew at the controls. There are scoresof ways In wIlich this pliant, colourfulmaterial can bring "life" to your models.In 16 colours.

Limited quantities available.

HARBUTT'S PLASTICINE LTD.,241, BATHAMPTON, BATH

HIGHSTONE UTILITIESS IMMO

CRYSTAL SETS. Os,' latest A70.1e)isr.REAL RADIO RECEIVER and Is fitted with aPERMANENT CRYSTAL DETECTOR. WilyNOT HAVE A SET IN YOUR OWN ROOM ORAS A STAND-BY r -9/6, post 13d. PERMANENTDETECTORS 2/6, post ad.HEADPHONES reconditioned 8/6. 5/6, 1018.

BELL TRANSFORMERSThese gI r`transformers workfrom any A.C.giving 3, 5 or 8 voltsoutput at I Amp.,operate bulb, buzzeror bell. Also providesan A.R.P. light Inbedroom. shelter, et, PRICE POST 6d.

MORSE KEYSPractise on a regulation size Tapping Key. Os,heavy brass model is mounted on a wooden base,has an adjustable gap and nickel contacts. Key Iswired to wink buzzer or flask lamp by wing a 41 -voltbattery or the transformer illnetrated above.BRASS KEY 6/9, Chromium -Plated 7/6. W.O.Model with heavy brass bar and the addition of afront bracket 9/6. Chromium -Plated 10/8. Theabove keys are supplied to the Services for MorseInstruction. Slightly smaller Key 9/-. Junior Key,mounted on a bakelite base together with a buzzer.0/.. Should you require a complete outfit, our D.X.2Set consists of a heavy key mounted on a largepolished board together with a buzzer, flash lampbulb and holder with two switches to bring eitherinto circuit. Terminals are also provided for distantsending and receiving. DA post Bil

MICROPHONESJust the thing for Impromptuconcerts, room to room corn-uumication, etc. Bakelite tablemodel 6/9, Suspension type asIllustrated 8/6. Post ed.Pitting instructions included.

BUZZERS. N o. 2.Square single coil model 2/8.No. ft HEAVY DITTY, doublecod. 4/9. Post 3d.

GENE RATORS,trIple magnet P.O. type, caneither be fumed by band (handle not supplied) orpulley fitted and poser driven. Oita 70-80 volts,25 ma. A.C..on be used for ringing bells. lightingbulbs, or as 11 shocking 0011, 218, post 8d.SOLDERING IRONS, Adjustable SA, 200/250 v..2)8, post se. STRONG MAGNET8,9d. smelt. pest 4d.SEND Id. S. A. E. POE LIST R.P. OP USEFULELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES. Money refunded Ifnet completely satisfied. Letters only. Pleaseinclude postage, any excess will he refunded.

HIGHSTONE UTILITIESA 58 New Wanstead, LONDON, E.11

-7A THE FLUXITEOWNS" AT WORK" Call this a water -can, EEMore like a colander-see.Why, it won't hold the waterIt jolly well oughter ;I'll fix it with FLUXITE-} watch me ! "

See that FLUXITE is always by you-in the house-garage--workshop- wherever speedy soldering is needed. Used for30 years in Government works and by leading engineersand manufacturers. Of ironmongers in tins, 4d., 8d., 1/4and 2/8. Ask to see the FLUXITE SMALL SPACE SOLDER-ING SET complete but substantial complete with full in-structions, 8/7. Write for Free Book on the ART OF "SOFT"SOLDERING and ask for Leaflet on CASE -HARDENING

STEEL and TEMPERING TOOLS with FLUXITE.r 'I'll CYCLISTS: Your,vheeRwailNOT keep true unless the spokes

Ire tied with floe wire at the crossings and SOLDERED. Tlds makes a much I,t!enzer wheel. It's simple-with FLUXITE-lmt IMPORTANT.

THE FLUXITE GUN is al-ways ready to put Fluxite onthe soldering job instantly. Alittle pressure places theright quantity on the rightspot and one charging lasts forages. Price 116, or filled 2/6

FLUXITE Ltd.. Dept. P.M.Bermondsey Street, S.E.I

ALL MECHANICS WILL HAVENFLuxtrIT SIMPLIFIES ALL SOLDERING

OCOMOTIVESTheir Construction, Maintenance and Operation

By A. MORTON BELL, O.B.E., M.I.Mech.E.The whole of the Engine's mechanism is fully described and illustrated.It explains how the various parts work, their function, and how tokeep in good order. The running repairs section shows how to dismantle,remove faulty parts and to effect temporary repairs.

FREE APPROVALis the Best Test of Value

This is a Work to read and to study for pleasure and for Profit. As awork of reference to be referred to in all cases of doubt, it is priceless.The Index contains 1,500 references, which enable you to turn up whatis required instantly.ILLUSTRATED BY LARGE FOLDED PLATES IN COLOURS,KEYED DIAGRAMS, DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS.

A FEW PRESS OPINIONS :The Locomotive Journal : " The Set surpasses anything we have hitherto

come across."L.M.S. Magazine: " This Work is thoroughly recommended."G.W.R. Magazine : "This should be a Standard Work for some time."

FREE EXAMINATION FORM No CHARGE AND NOOBLIGATION TO ORDER

To VIRTUE & CO., LTD., P.M. bept.,Crown Chambers, Upper Parliament Street, Nottingham.

Please send me " LOCOMOTIVES," in 2 Volumes, price 37/6. Iwill return it in one week, or send you 2/6 deposit, and the balance bymonthly payments of 5/-. (Cash Price 35/6.)

Signature(Send this Form in an unsealed envelope, stamped

Address

Occupation

PELMANISMfor

Courage and clear -Thinking

The Grasshopper Mind

YOUknow the man with a

" Grasshopper Mind " asu ell as you know yourself. Hismind nibbles at eyerything andmasters nothing.

At home in the evening he tunesin the wireless-gets tired of it-then glances through a magazine-can't get interested. Finally,unable to concentrate on anything,he either goes to the pictures orfalls asleep in his chair. At theoffice he always takes up the easiestthing first, puts it down when itgets hard, and starts somethingelse. Jumps from one thing toanother all the time.

There are thousands of thesepeople with " Grasshopper Minds"in the world. In fact, they are thevery people who do the world'smost tiresome tasks-and get buta pittance for their work. Theydo the world's clerical work, andthe routine drudgery. Day afterday, year after year-endlessly-they hang on to the jobs that aresmallest -salaried, longest-houred,least interesting, and poorest-futured !What is Holding You Back ?

If you have a " GrasshopperMind ' you know that this is true.Even the blazing sun !Can't burna hole in a piece of tissue paperunless its rays are focused and con-centrated on one spot! A mindthat balks at sticking to one thingfor more than a few minutessurely cannot be depended uponto get you anywhere in youryears of life!

Half fees for serving members ofHis Majesty's Forces

(Apply for .52rv;ces Enrolment Form)

The tragedy of it all is this ;you know that you have withinyou the intelligence, the earnest-ness, and the ability that can takeyou right to the high place youwant to reach in life ! What isholding you back ? One scientificfact. That is all. Because, asScience says, you are. using onlyone -tenth of your real brain -power.What Can You do About It ?

Here is the answer. Take upPelmanism now ! A course ofPelmanism brings out the mind'slatent powers and develops themto the highest point of efficiency.It banishes such weaknesses anddefects as Mind Wandering, In-feriority, and Indecision, and intheir place develops strong, posi-tive, vital qualities salt as Opti-mism, Concentration, and Reli-ability, all qualities of the utmostvalue in any walk of life.

The Pelman Course is fullyexplained in " The Science ofSuccess." The Course is simpleand interesting and takes up verylittle time. You can enrol on themost convenient terms. Thebook will be sent you, gratis andpost free, on application to -day to :

Pelman Institute,'d mar 49 l05011,1

130 Albion House, New Oxford St.,London, W.C.1

August, 1942 THE CYCLIST 81

tik

,!!,p;;.... .14

Editor : F. J.. CAMM

VOL. X AUGUST, 1942

10 -

No. 246

Comments of the Month

All letters shouLd be addressed tothe Editor, 1` THE CYCLIST,"George Newnes, Lid., Tower House,Southampton Street,Strand, London,

W.C.Z.

Phone : Temple Bar 4363Telegrams : Newnes, Rand, London

Proposed New Cycling OrganisationrrHE much discussed Llangollen -Wolver-

hampton Massed Start Road Race which1- took place a few months ago resulted in

the N.C.U. suspending a number of riders whotook part in it. In spite of the fact thatthe N.C.U., refused to grant a licence to thepromoters the race was held with, it is stated,the active co-operation of the police, and bypermission of the Chief Constable ofWolver-hampton.

Certain riders feel aggrieved over theattitude of the N.C.U., and a WolverhamptonClub called a meeting on July rzth for thepurpose of forming an organisation to controlcycling sport. Apparently it was the intention,in forming this new organisation, to caterfor and provide the suspended riders andtheir supporters with Road Time Trials.Certain rules have been proposed. It issuggested that the new organisation be calledthe 'Midland League of Racing Cyclists " ;that all cycling clubs in Staffordshire, Shrop-shire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire beeligible to join. The object of the league isto encourage and control alland professional cycling. They define anamateur as one who has never competed for amoney prize, or monetary consideration, andwho shall not permit his name, performance,machine, or equipment to be used for adver-tisements. A professional is one who com-petes for a money prize, or monetary con-sideration. Regarding the latter, nothing issaid regarding advertising, and under thisrule, therefore, an amateur who does not com-pete for a money prize, or monetary considera-tion, but allows his name, performance, and/ormachine, or equipment to be used for adver-tisement is left in the air ; he is neither aprofessional nor an amateur.

The annual subscription has been fixed at5/:, with an annual registration fee of IFper member for those competing in openevents. Clubs which become affiliated willbe allowed one delegate for every ten members,but only one registered member will beallowed to attend any meeting of the league.

The officers are to consist of chairman,vice-chairman, secretary, assistant secretary,and treasurer. Nothing is said about acommittee.

For all road races other than unpacedevents, police permission must be obtainedby the league, and the rules of the roadstrictly observed and all police instructionsobeyed without hesitation.

Sufficient Governing Bodies

NOW there are a sufficient number ofgoverning bodies connected with cycling

for it to be unnecessary to form another, andwe do not think it is in the best interests ofthe sport for a new organisation to be formedbecause some members of the N.C.U. are indispute with that body. The rules of everyorganisation provide for such disputes, andthe machinery for listening to the evidence,and fer the case to he tried by the membership

itself. Any member who can gain sufficientsupport can, call a special general meeting.On the other hand national bodies, like localclubs, have a right to suspend or expel amember for any conduct prejudicial tothe interests of the club, if he fails tojustify the charge after having been calledbefore the committee. It seems to us that inthis case the disputant members could havecalled a special general meeting of theN.C.U. for if their views are generallyheld the matterl could have been rectifiedby a general special meeting. The callingof such a meeting would have entailedfar less work than the formation of anew body. The policy of forming a newclub every time there is a dispute canbe a many -headed chimera. It is, in-deed, inviting trouble, and may wellrecoil upon the new organisation. Forexample, the latter has made rules whichpresumably it will rigidly enforce. Supposea member of it feels aggrieved. The foundersof the new organisation cannot complain if

breaks away and forms yetanother organisation. Such procedure doesnot strengthen the cycling movement, itweakens it. The membership has the neces-sary power to rectify the policy of a club ifthat policy does not conform to the wishes ofthe majority. The minority must acceptthe majority verdict. If the minority breakaway and form another club there would be.hundreds of organisations, and the greaterthe number of organisations, the less wouldthe power of each be, until finally no organisa-tion would be able to exercise nationalcontrol.

The Umpire's Decision

IF you appoint an umpire, you must accepthis decision. A good sportsman accepts

the decision with good grace, even thoughhe may disagree with it. As we have said,there are sufficient cycling organisations tocover the various aspects of the sport andpastime. Some may, indeed, think thereare too many. It seems a pity that thepresent time should be selected for a disputeof this nature. . We understand that goodwill.has been shown in the matter by the N.C.U.;and that some suspensions have been expunged.Let. us hope that even now the parties mayget together and find some useful solutionto what is, in reality, a small disputF.

Suspended Riders Reinstated

OF the suspended riders, Messrs. Angrave,Clements, and Tall were found not

guilty under the mass -start rules of theN.C.U. Messrs. Hickman, Turner, Beeson,Finn, and Morgan, as well as all others whoentered, competed, or officiated in the racewere warned as to their future conduct,and informed that any further offence wouldbe punished with the utmost severity in

By F. J. C.

accordance with the rules of the Union. Onlyeight of the riders and officials who took partin the Llangollen to Wolverhampton ReadRace on June 7th attended the EmergencyCommittee Meeting, which was held under thechairmanship of R. Taylor at Birmingham.

Bicycles for War Workers Overseas

OWING to the lack of petrol in the BritishEmpire and neutral countries the Board

of Trade has sanctioned the manufacture of300,000 bicycles in Britain this year to meetthe definite war requirements of overseasterritories.

" Petrol restrictions apply overseas as muchas they do here in Britain," Mr. H. R. Watling,director of the cycle manufacturers' organisa-tion, said to an interviewer. " The need fortransport by bicycle for munition workersand for the essential war services of overseasterritories is consequently as great as it is withus.

" The total figure of 300,000 includescomponents

' and during the war only essential

repair parts for users of British bicycles willbe sent to countries in the Western Hemi-sphere, where the number of British bicycleshas been growing steadily for years. We are,of course, sending out such spare parts withthe knowledge and approval of the Lease -Lend administration.

" Naturally, we cannot to -day send overseasanything like the number of bicycles exportedbefore the war, but arrangements have beenmade to ship as many as possible to SouthAfrica, India and New Zealand. The otherparts of the British Commonwealth have notbeen forgotten, and we are also meeting therequirements of territories served by theMiddle East Supply Council, which includeEgypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Syriaand Transjordania.

" No tribute to the popularity of the Britishbicycle could be finer than the present demandfrom the Dominions, Colonies and neutralcountries which has led to the agreement byour Board of Trade to the programme nowsanctioned."

Portsmouth -and -Back Record

GEORGE LAWRIE and Ranson Morford,of the Viking R.C. and South Western

R.C. respectively, broke the London -Ports-mouth -and -back record in 7 hours I min.52 secs. in June. This is the first R.R.A.record since war started.

Frank H. Farrer

ON June 30th Mr. Fran'k H. Farrer,managing director of the Villiers En-

gineering Company, Ltd., completed 4oyears' service with this company. It is a longrecord, and all who know Mr. Farrer willunderstand something of the untiring energywhich he has expended in helping to bringthis business to its present position.

82 THE CYCLIST August, 1942

VA;400A,,BROOKE

IRE of WIGHT. -4ff

Over FortiesVARLY autumn time -trials include the provision," by the Upper Holloway Cycling Club, of a 12 -hour trial for men over 4o years of age.

Trooper HarrisREG. HARRIS, crack Manchester rider of a decade

ago, is now a Trooper in the Middle East.

An Authority on Cycling Leaves 421,021THE late Mr. A. W. Rumney, one of the greatest

authorities on cycle touring, left E21,021.

Sprint Champion in S.A.PILOT OFFICER BILL MAXFIELD, Empire

to -mile champion and British Sprint champion,is with the R.A.F. in South Africa.

Redmon Hon. Sec. MissingRICHARD BENSLEY, former hon. sec., Redmon

C.C., who was third in the North Road " ea "of t94o, has been posted as missing. He was in theRoyal Navy.

In TandemSECRETARY of the Atlas Cycling Club, W. H.

Elliott, has married Miss K. A. Steedon, anotherkeen rider.

Open Door to Open EventsXAEMBERS of the Century Road Club are nowIV& permitted, should they so desire, to competein Open events. The club still adheres to its policy ofnot promoting club time -trials.

Back to BlightyAFTER fighting experiences in Hong Kong, Malaya,

Java and other parts of the Far East, H. A. G.Keats, Oxford City Road Club, has reached thiscountry.

Keeping in TouchMEMBERS serving with Forces always appreciate

club magazines. Crouch Hill C.C., now in its62nd year, sends a two -page news sheet to eachmember each month.

Saving MetalCERTAIN prominent clubs promoting Open events

are awarding certificates in lieu of medals andprizes and handing any balance from entries (afterexpenses have been met) to the British Red Cross.

Distinguished ServiceA N enthusiastic member of the Ramsgate and District" C.C., Reg. Surman, serving with the Royal

Navy, has been awarded the D.S.M.

Well EstablishedWITH' an active membership approaching so.vv Henlow R.A.F. C.C. is now well established.Great North Road speedmen have reasons to recallthe speed -soaked lanes of Henlow in final stages of" it's and " 24:s.

Tallest Road Cyclist ?FRED KEATS. Finsbury Park C.C.,

is probably the tallest man, in theroad game ; he is 6ft. sin.

CongratulationsFLIGHT -LT. W. G. BARNES,

D.F.C., the Charlotteville C.C.massed start expert of pre-war days, isthe proud father of a bonny son.

Silchester's LossNA EMBERS of Silchester C.C. mourn."'A the death of a fellow -member, F. W.Barrett, who was killed in a raid.

Fighting PresidentTHE president of the Brimsdown

Rover; C.C. is Sergeant Air GunnerE. F. C. Cowper.

Best WishesA PROMINENT pre-war member of

the Tees -side Road Club, PilotOfficer F. J. Ford, has married MissIvy Askman. Former assistant secre-tary of the club (Pilot Officer K. Gate)was best man.

Glade C.C. RevivalQTEPS are being taken to reviveLi the Glade C.C. In pre-war daysit was an influential Eastern Roadsclub.

Carrying OnEVEN though it had to postpone its

Golden Jubilee celebrations lastyear, Gloucestershire City C.C. isholding its own despite depletedmembership.

W.S.C. Member MissingAMONG those now known to be missing following

the fall of Singapore, is Lance -Corporal Albert E.Williams, Suffolk Regiment, of the Wings Sports Club,Barking, Essex.

Young Tinie-trials Sec. Also MissingONLY 22 years of age, G. Rough, active pre-war

time -trials) secretary of the Johnstone Wheelers,has been posted as missing. He joined the RoyalNavy in May, nado, and within a year was a qualifiedrear -gunner attached to the Fleet Air Arm.

New Ladies' RecordBY clocking ih. 6m. t7s. in the Birchfield Girls

" 25," Miss E. E. L. Jordan, Addiscombe C.C.,created a new competition record for her sex at thatdistance.

With the R.A.M.C.WFRANKHUM, president of the North Road C.C.

and former National Treasiner of the R.T.T.C.is now in the Royal Army Medical Corps.

An R.R.A. Record LoweredGEORGE LAWRIE, Viking C.C., and Ransom

Morford, South Western Road Club, havelowered the first R.R.A. record since the outbreak ofwar. On a tandem tricycle they rode from London toPortsmouth and back in 7hrs. am. 525., beating theprevious best-set up in 1927 by Bert Houghtonand Tom White-by more than 28 minutes. Whitetimed the event.

Killed In ActionASPECIAI,IST in long-distance touring, Sergeant

Pilot Albert Douglas, Nottingham C.T.C. member,has been killed in action. He was formerly a memberof the Broad Oak Road Club ; holder of that club's24 -hour record and joint holder with Arthur Baileyof the club's Nottingham -London -Nottingham record.

Twice TorpedoedCLUB members home on leave have often interesting

stories to relate. Take the case of Jack Fergusson,Musselburgh C.C., who is with the Fleet Air Arm.He was on the Ark Royal when she sank, and whenon the way home from Gibraltar was again torpedoed,spending five hours in the water before being picked up.

News AwaitedPORTSMOUTH North End C.C. members anxiously

await news of Bernard Pearce, one of theirprominent pre-war stalwarts, who has been posted asmissing following the fall of Singapore.

Mobile Home GuardsTYNESIDE cyclists are enrolling in a special cycling

unit of the Home Guard.

Bishop Back to BicycleFORMER Bishop of 'Willesden, Rev. Guy Vernon

Smith, now Bishop of Leicester, states in hisdiocesan leaflet that he is reverting to cycling. Theeo-year-old Bishop adds : " As a bishop's habit is notdesigned'for cycling t shell wear ordinary clothes."

Void TrialONE of the very few open road time -trials to be

declared void-an over -eager helper mistook thecorrect point in a turn-the Upper Holloway " 3o "may be run later in the year.

Watch Him !D K. HARTLEY, Dukinfield C.C., has scored

many fast times in short distance events thisseason. In Manchester circles his rides in longerdistance events are being watched, with interest.

From Race to R.A.F.FRANK STAPLEY, Finsbury Park C.C., is with

the R.A.F. The day before he joined up he rodein his club's inter -club " 5o " with the Southgate C.C.

The Swales BrothersQERGEANT PILOT H. SWALES, YorkshireL' Road Club, has been killed in a flying accident,His brother, Jack, also a Yorkshire Road Club member,has been wounded while serving in the Middle East.

Speedman to SpotterR POSTLETHWAITE, Sheffield Phoenix C.C" is now a Sergeant Observer in the R.A.F. Hewas a prolific speedman just before the war.

Money MeltsREAD this on a hot day ! The cost of snow-cica irg

in Aberdeenshire list winter was £37,000 (com-pared with £3o,000 for similar work the previous year).or equal to gd. in the £ on the rates.

Lancashire Veteran DeadLANCASHIRE lost one of its most noted veterans

when, at Heywood, Charles Turner died in his9oth year. At 69 he took second prize in a veteran'srace.

Good GoingTHE 3o -mile Team Competition record was broken

by J. Simpson, A. W. Martin, and H. Bailey(Barnsley C.C.) when they clocked 3h. so m. in theSheffield and District " 3o." The club also filledthe first four places and secured nit handicap award.It was the first Open " 3o" in the district for it years.

Missing Ozier GermanyFOLLOWING a bombing raid over Germany, Len

Howe, Marlborough C. and A.C., has been pastedas missing.

'Phones at HostelsTHE Y.H.A. is trying to equip all its youth

hostels with 'phones.

Apples for Tea ?A NOVEL attraction of the new youth hostel at

Killin, Perthshire, is an orchard in the garden.

SignpostsePEAKING in the House of Lords recently, Lord" Brabazon said that it was time we had the sign-posts back.

Brigadier on BicycleABRIGADIER in the transport department of the

Northern Command travels to work, a distance ofeight miles, by bicycle.

Doubled Membership.AT the end of? June, Glasgow membership of the

Scottish Y.H.A. was over x3,000, double the figurefor the same month last year.

Running After Bicycles !OSENDORP, former Dutch running champion and

now a Nazi, is reported by Free Dutch circlesto have gained employment to pursue and catch bicyclethieves in Holland.

Another One !YET another electric bicycle has been invented, this

time by a Frenchman in St. Nazaire, says StuttgartRadio. The machine is stated to have three gears andto be capable of a speed of 6o km. per hour.

Carried Live Shell in BagAN Aberdeenshire youth, who cycled 16 miles with

an unexploded shell in this saddlebag, causedsomething of a sensation when he handed over the shellat county police headquarters, Aberdeen. He foundthe shell on the beach at Collieston, near Ellon' andplaced the shell, which was 16ins. long, in the bag.

On his way to the police station he rode through someof Aberdeen's main streets.

Prison for Cycling.ANYONE riding a bicycle in Albania is now liable to

get anything up to to years' penal servitude, reportsMoscow radio.

Novel ExcuseWIN a Girvan, Ayrshire, farm worker was before

he local court on a charge of stealing a bicycle,he gave the novel excuse that he took the machine whenwalking because he "felt tired." Sentence was deferred.


Around theBy

Cars at Time TrialsI UNDERSTAND that a watch will be kept

on time trials to ensure that petrol is notbeing misused, and I gather that it is not alegitimate use of petrol for a car to be usedfor the transport of marshals, competitors,timekeepers, etc., on such events. It will dothe sport a great amount of harm if prosecu-tions are brought against cycling officials whouse their cars in this way. This may seemharmless, but it is necessary for petrolsupplies to be conserved for really essentialduties. I mention this because one or twoeditors of club journals with a flair for givingunimportant details have mentioned that carshave been used for this purpose.

Emergency Committee Meeting

AN Emergency Committee Meeting washeld by the N.C.U. at the White Horse

Hotel, Congreve Street, Birmingham, onSaturday, July 4th, when A. A. Dodson,W. W. Kirby, R. Knight, J. Kremmers,P. Robins, A. W. Weiringen, E. Humphries,C. Harrington, C. Thornycroft, F. Hayward,R. Salter, and P. Pitchford were called uponto explain their participation in the LlangollentoiWolverhampton mass -start race on June 7th,a race organised by Stallard, whom the N.C.U.have suspended sine die. After hearing theevidence the riders were warned, and if theyparticipate in any mass -start races in futureon the road they may be suspended. At themoment of going to press we understandthat Stallard has not applied for reinstatement,and thus is still suspended by the N.C.U.

Now, I understand that this much-discussedmass - start race was run with the activeco-operation of the Chief Constable ofWolverhampton, and whilst discussions havechiefly revolved around the question of theN.C.U. and its rules, no one except theEditor of this journal has raised the importantquestion whether such road races are illegal.In recent litigation a witness explained thatOpens were known as time trials-racesagainst the watch-and not as races. LordJustice Goddard stated that if they wereraces they would be illegal. Now it seemsto me that someone should take this matterup with the Home Office to obtain a ruling.Stallard apparently gave an undertaking to thepolice that he would run his mass -start race

The Seven Stayst-6owl 11,11, Berl"

WheelworkICARUS

in strict accord with the rules of the road.Can you run a race in accord with the rulesof the road if a race itself is illegal? Havethe police power in any case to interpret thelaw and advance such decisions ? I imaginethat large numbers of would-be promoters ofmass -start races eagerly await answers to thesequestions. If it is legal it is possible thatsomeone at some time. will obtain the per-mission of the Commissioner of Police for theMetropolis to run a mass -start race roundLondon starting from the Mansion House,using the useful argument that the Chief

Constable of Wolverhampton has grantedpermission for such races.

The fact that Stallard's race was run forcharity does not answer the point. You maygive ktoo to charity out of your earnings, butyou still have to pay Income Tax on theamount. These are points which ought tobe cleared up, and I am somewhat surprisedthat critics have been more concerned withthe domestic side of- the matter than with thelegal side. Therefore, I suggest that thematter be taken up with the Home Officeat once.

The Fast Hour at PaddingtonPRANK . SOUTHALL, who achieved so

many successes in tandem -paced racing,covered. 3r miles, 1,457 yards, when hecaptured the National Record in 1929.George Fleming, at the Paddington Track in arecent attempt to beat it, covered 3o miles,77o yards. It was a brilliant performance.Fleming, of course, holds the French one -hourrecord at the Paris Indoor Track.

Cycle ValvesCYCLE valves which involve the use of less

rubber and less metal have been intro-duced by the Dunlop Rubber Company. Thevalve is attached to the tube in a mannersimilar to that which has been proved satis-factory on motor vehicles. The rubbercovering the valve is vulcanised to the metal,and the rubber base is vulcanised to the tube,ensuring perfect air tightness and disposingof the need of a base nut. This new valveinvolves a small alteration in the fitting oftubes. The final stage of the fitting shouldbe located a few inches from the valve.Before pushing the last few.inches of the wirededge of the cover into position, push thevalve up into the cover to ensure that thetube is not flat, and then complete the fitting.After completing the fitting pull the valvedown into position before proceeding withinflation.

John William Bryan" BRYAN OF THE B.S.A " died on Sunday,

June ,4th, in his 66th year, and the industryof the bicycle loses one of it most virile leaders,Unfortunately, J. W. B.-as he was affectionately knownin trade circles -11'3.d been ailing in health for a coupleof years, and had semi -retired from the daily workat the big factory which had been a kind of spiritualhome to him for 33 years.

J. W. Bryan saw the light of day near Bourne, inLincolnshire, was brought up in Methodist circles (forhis father and grandfather were both local preachersand lived to great ages), and undoubtedly this early

7chn William Bryan.

training in conduct formed the foundation of hisbusiness dealings, and won the probation of thousandsof friends he made in the course of his career.

He went to he B.S.A. Co., Ltd., in ton, afterserving his apprenticeship as a printer, followed byconsiderable advertising experience; three years latertook over B.S.A. publicity, followed soon after the closeof World War One by sales management of cycles,motor -cycles and wireless, and finally in 1934 was

-elected a director of B.S.A. Cycles, Ltd., a position hestill filled at the time of his passing.

On the business side of his life J. W.' B. steadilygained the confidence and often the affection of hiscontemporaries, for while he could not suffer foolsgladly, he was ever fair and frank, and grew in statureto be a great servant of the firm whose trade mark hewore as his coat of arms.

Many ActivitiesSc;cially he was delightful, the embodiment of s

modern John Bull ; and his work on behalf of theMidland Centre of the Motor and Cycle Trade'sBenevolent Fund, of which body he was chairmanduring the last three years, was outstanding in thematter of dignity and individualism and for the kindlinessto the less fortunate which was one of J. W. B.'scharming traits.

At the time of his death he was president of theCycle and Motor Cycle Union, and that important bodyloses a forceful leader whose personality had impressedopinion on its gatherings for many years.

J. W. B. was a friend;to all cyclists, for deep downin him he understood how much the sport and pastimemeant to the present generation, and should meanto the teeming millions coming after them. He was abusy man, possessing a mind sparkling with notionswhich he occasionally would spill for one's edificationduring those intimate talks which one remembers powwith quiet happiness.

'There is some talk of a memorial tribute to a " gentle-man of business," and one hopes it will eventuate.

J. W. B. leaves a widow, 'a daughter (Mrs. Janes,who married the son of a B.S.A. colleague, Mr. WalterJanes), and a tiny granddaughter, and to thein we offerour genuine sympathies in the loss of a husband andparent who might so easily have looked forward to asunny autumn after the long season of work.-F.J.U.


."4

NW, _ \ \

f(t0.10,`

-\

'! ;

.., . '1.- .

- '.

., %\\CLENOE-'71 \ -N.,FALLS . /,:'..- ' ' - -

LARNE_

\ \ t,,,,,NNA,

Cycles for Wounded R.A.F. MenTT was grand to see the ready and big

response to, the appeal first made byH. T. Bates, of Bates Cycles, Ltd., forsecond-hand bikes for wounded R.A.F. men.In certain stages of convalescence, what couldbe better than a bike to help towards a com-plete restoration to health ? , Those who.know how good a thing cycling is to restorehealth and build up steady nerves after illnesswill appreciate how welcome have been themachines already sent in, and will hope thatthe gallant men of the R.A.F. will get manymore bikes, and find them good " medicine."

One of the "Old Brigade"T TALKED with one of the real stalwarts

of the old days r e cent 1 y- BobCarlisle, who had the distinction of riding inthe memorable cycle race in 1889 when thepneumatic tyre first demonstrated its supe-riority over the old " solid." The event tookplace at the Queen's College Sports, at Belfast,in May, 1889, and "- Bob " (who still worksat Fort Dunlop despite his seventy odd years)well remembers the stirring victory of WilliamHume, Who only died .quite recently. _Bobhas seen the Dunlop concern grow from smallbeginnings into the giant: unit it is to -day,and his. recolfections .of the early days areentertaining indeed. He is one of the ".oldbrigade " who .ought to write a book for thedelectation of the present generation. Andif Bob can write as entertainingly as he cantalk, it would, I predict, be a " best seller."

"Suffolk Scene"TALKING of reading, I have just re -read

a book which I warmly commend to' allwho love England and the English scene-andparticularly to those discerning tourists wholove Suffolk. The volume is " SuffolkScene " and its author, Julian Tennyson, is agreat-grandson .of , the poet. I know Outmany cyclists with an intimate knowledge of;England would not place Suffolk very itigh upin a list, of ,the best of our countieS-Aherewould be more votes, I voiv for' Desion, andSussex, and leafy Warwicklire, with. manycast for Cumberland and Westmorland; but.those who know Sutiolk-realy _know: it-usually love it, and I" 'haV.:. never 'yet

Cycloramamet with a better inter-preter of its chasmsthan Julian Tennyson.Get the book if you wouldlive again your pleasantrides in the country ofConstable and Gains -borough, and renew yourmemories of such pleasantplaces as Long Melford,and Clare, and Bury St.Edmunds. Blackies arethe publishers.

A Cottage Garden -AS I write,I am looking

througt a window onto a cottage garden, andthe border is glorious withlupins-mostly of thegood old " haze blue "colouring, but some arethe newer pink and yellowvarieties. They make agreat showing, and amongthem are patches of flam-ing red poppies. Thegrass of the lawn has been

newly cut, and the scent is sweet indeed-al-most as good as the scent of new -mown hay-and there is surely nothing in the whole worldbetter than that ? My cottage garden contains,too, some of the old-fashioned roses-boastingbeauty as well as scent. I am afraid that manyof the new varieties, despite the glamorousdescriptions of them which appear in theflorists' -catalogues, do not fascinate me asmuch as the old favourites. But maybe I amold-fashioned myself in this respect ; Ithink I am, for, turning to the world of dogs,I find myself preferring a mongrel to apedigree dog, and I will always maintain thatthe mongrel has far more intelligence ! Why,even as I write this, I can see Toby (a littlefellow of mixed parentage if ever there wasone) cocking an eye, and wagging a tail as ifto endorse what I say and think !Rubber SalvageTT is natural, and good, that cyclists-tyre

users all-should wish to play their partin the great national campaign for the con-servation of rubber. And there is much thatthey can do. Those old covers, taken off thebike months ago, and now hanging in a shed-they are needed for salvage ! And those.old tubes too. Every bit of rubber that canbe used again is wanted, atfc1 cyclists will notfail in their duty - in this regard. Andremember that tyres must be made to last aslong as possible. That old bug -bear of" under -inflation " must be watched, and,fortunately, the cyclist has only to pay heedto a few simple rules to make his tyres giveof their best, and perform long service." Inflate hard " are the magic words whichappear on many covers. Take them as awar -time order, and do not run tyres" soft."

The Shrew -mouseRIDING along a Warwickshire lane the

other day, I came across two boysexamining the body of a small furry creatureand speculating as to what animal it was.It looked like a mouse, but had a " snout ':unlike the nose of any mouse with which theywere familiar. It was not a vole, nor yet amole. ..I &amounted and joined in the littlenatural history lesson-and was able toidentify the little " fatality " as a shrew -mouse.

By H. W. ELEY

Followed quite a "nature study " lesson, witha friendly talk about the smaller creatures ofthe English countryside. I was able toexplain that in olden days the timid littleshrew -mouse was held in awe and detestation,for it was an animal supposed to possess evilattributes, and cause the deaths of cows andsheep if it happened to run over their bodies.Whether this was due to the fact that theshrew -mouse gives off a peculiar odour I donot know. But I do not think the shrew -mouse is such a villain-he eats a lot ofinsects and grubs, and plays his useful partin the economy of nature and the fields.

"Faed" WilsonT E-IAVE mentioned one " old-timer " in

these notes, and will mention another,for recently I heard from that famous pioneerand lovable personality " Faed " Wilson. Hisletter came to me from somewhere theCotswolds, and I gathered from a short andpleasant correspondence I had with him thathe was fit and well-despite a ripe old age.What memories his name brings back ! Cycleracing ; great work for the Cycle TradesBenevolent Fund ; the earliest days of Dunloppublicity-" Feed " was in at the verybeginning of the advertising of Dunlop tyres.One of the best of all writers on cycles andcycling-and a lovable man. Salute to

A. J. "-still going strong, and, I doubtnot, loving the rolling roads of England asdeeply as ever.

Benefits of CyclingWE are all cyclists these days ! Riding to

work one day recently, I was overtakenby the managing director of a famous Midlandfirm-a man of some 6o years. We rodetogether for a mile or so, and I asked myfriend whether he still kept a car. " Car ? "he asked with a smile, " why, that went ayear ago. And, by the way, cycling to workhas done something for me which bottles ofmedicine, and visits to spas, never did-I'velost my middle -age spread ! " So the goodwork goes on, and the benefits of cycling areenjoyed by more and more folk every day.And, where there's a wheel-there's .a smile.

Rabbit KeepingT HAVE previously mentioned how success-

fully"and enjoyably cycling can - belinked with other hobbies and pastimes,and at Whitsuntide I was reminded of thisfact by the sight of some happy holidayriders who were busy searching the hedge-rows for herbs and edible wayside plants.I talked with two of the party, and discoveredthat 'they were ; . not exactly enthusiasticbotanists, but very ' enthusiastic rabbit -keepers ! Yes, they had become." back-yard food . producers " in Britain's civilianarmy, and they were filling satchels with suchhomely plants as groundsel, hedge -parsley,sow -thistle, plantains, and dandelions. Howmy mind raced back to boyhood days, whenI kept my " Belgian Hares " and FlemishGiants " and symmetrically marked " Dutch "in those home-made hutches, and foundtheir chief foods (in summer time, at anyrate), in the tangled hedgerows of my nativeStaffordshire ! Quite a long and interestingchat I had with those rabbit -keeping cyclists,and I left thent convinced that they, at anyrate, would not go short of a meat mealif the butchers' , stocks gave out, for theyassured me that they were only interested in,`` bunny " from the strictly utilitarian pointof view.


A New Bicycle Every Year !How Manufacturers Can Take Full Advantage of Post-war Conditions

By W. J. M.

THE British cycle industry will have tomake a considerable adjustment in itsattitude towards cycle design if fullest

possible advantage is to be taken of post-warconditions. While we cannot possibly fore-cast those conditions in detail, it seemsreasonably certain that the position will bethat (a) the cycle manufacturers will be inpossession of considerably augmented plantand resources as a result of their war -timeactivities, and (b) that there will be an enor-mous, although temporary, demand for newmachines to make good the war -time wastage. . . a wastage, at present going uncheckedbecause of restrictions on supply.

Given (a), the cycle makers will make shortwork of coping with (b), but what follows ?

After expanded plants have satisfied thedemand for the replacements necessitated byseveral years of restricted supply, there willbe only the normal, pre-war trade.

Will this be sufficient to keep the tradegoing in its expanded state ? When youconsider that before the war the progressivemanufacturers had to cultivate an extensiveexport trade in order to keep their plants pro-ducing at capacity, and that this export trademay be considerably diminished after thewar by reason of the growth of industry inhitherto agricultural countries, it is reasonableto assume that the home trade, as it existedbefore the war, will certainly be a long wayshort of sufficiency.

Export Trade -

So problematical is the whole subject ofpost -War export trade that it would be awaste of time to discuss any possibilities inthat direction. But there is nothing to stopthe trade from considering, and consideringnow, what can be done to stimulate the homedemand for what always has been, and willcertainly continue to be, the finest bicyclein the world . . . a British made bicycle.

Purchasers of bicycles in pre-war dayscan be roughly grouped into three classes-(a) the youngster presented with his firstmachine, (b) the same youngster buying hisfirst adult machine and (c) the adult convertedto cycling, whether for utility or pleasure.

There is actually a fourth class-the riderbuying a replacement bicycle to replace adiscarded bicycle. But isn't it a fact that thisclass is so small that it could almost bedisregarded ? Who replaced a bicycle beforethe war ? The average machine, once bought,lasted a lifetime, calling only for replacementsof such wearing parrs as tyres and chains.The only extensive buyer of new bicycles wasthe club rider, the majority of whom probablyinvested in a new machine every year of theiractive (say three to five years) club life, andeven if they numbered a hundred thousand,what were they among the estimated twelvemillion cyclists in this country ?

But when we come to consider how thehome demand can be stimulated, it is thisfourth class that must be considered . . . forthere is a natural limit to our (a) and (b)classes, and the collective advertising of thecycle trade, just before the war, was rapidlypushing class (c), the converts, up to itsmaximum potential.

How can cyclists be made to replace theirmachines more frequently? An easy answerwould be " cheapen the quality so that theywear out more quickly," but this is a policywhich will never commend itself, I hope, toany British manufacturer.

No, the answer is to continue to improvethe bicycle so that cyclists will want to buya new bicycle every year.

Impossible ? Not at all-the motor tradehas shown how it can be done with a semi -

Has progress in design-sincethe model above-been con-sistent with demand? Modernconditions necessitate a break-away from the stagnant ideas

of the past.

luxury item costing severalhundreds of pounds. Can youenvisage a motor -car manu-facturer turning out the samecar every year for say ten yearson end, changing only its colourand the pattern of the brakelever ? No, the necessity forkeeping plants working at some-thing near full capacity, in spiteof the comparatively limitednumber of people able to afforda car, meant employing a designstaff capable of turning out aradically different car almostevery year in an endeavour tomake every car owner buythat new car every year.

New Designs WantedIn the cycle trade, design,

except for the matter of details,has been static-almost stagnant-for many years. But it neednot have been so. Already, inthe few years before the war, Petrol restrictions are giving the bicycle its greatest chance.there were signs that increasing Lord Provost rNitnino is seen above with his, wife turningcompetition was forcing the the restriction to good account by returning to cycling after ab i g g e r manufacturers to ex- break of six years.plore the possibilities ofradical changes.

There is no reason why a firm should notproduce a new design of bicycle, if not everyyear, at least every two years, a design so

different that it definitely dates its predecessor;so much more modern that a large percentageof riders will become dissatisfied with their" last year's model " and will invest in " thisyear's.Neglected Features

To minds accustomed to accepting thestatic design of bicycle it may seem impossiblethat really radical changes can be made, but isit so ? Just before the war we were treatedto some revolutionary developments inlighting and gearing-two much neglectedfeatures of bicycle design. There is stillplenty ofliscope. Frame design has crystal-lised out into the standard diamond frame-but there are an infinite number of variationswhich could be tried out, especially if thepublic were first shown that even the acceptedriding position was not necessarily obligatory.

The many lessons which have been learntin the correct handling of light alloys by thedesign staffs on aircraft work will not all bewasted, surely ? Nor, -we hope. will theenormous amount of research into the pro-blems of air resistance.

Problems there will be in plenty, butnothing will be settled if we adopt an ultraconservative attitude, and refuse to admitthat our present-day bicycle is not the lastword. It is far from it-and any cyclemanufacturer who actually cycles to anyextent will admit it. After the war he willhave his opportunity, in a world of change,

to make many necessary changes, and manu-facture, to his own profit and the riders'increased pride of ownership, a really newbicycle every year.


aria

*WIr ail"i

\\N)

ialt-WealtasBRAKE BLOCKSSMOOTH -GRIPPINc NgISELESS LONGLASTIN6

FERODO LIMITEDCHAPEL -EN -LE -FRITH

ttli111!"MI

416.

IF EROS

DUNLOPintroduce a cycle valveof improved designinvolving the use of less rubber and less metal.This valve is attached to the tube in a similar manner tothat which has already been proved the most efficient onDunlop Giant, Car and Motor Cycle tubes. The rubbercovering of.the valve shown is vulcanised to the metaland the rubber base is vulcanised to the tube. Thisensures perfect airtightness and disposes of the needfor a base nut.A small alteration in the fitting procedure of tubes

with this new typevalve is recom-mended, and is madequite clear by theaccompanyingphotographs.

1 The tinal stage of fittingshould be located a few inches fromthe valve.

2 Before pushing into positionthe last few inches of the cover'swired edge, push valve up into thecover to ensure that the tube is

not trapped, then complete fitting.

3 After completion of fittingpull valve down into position be-fore proceeding with inflation.

2H/3 to


WAYSIDE THOUGHTSBy F. J. URRY

The Old Bell inn .

waitkani.A.Lawrence6E44 slei-esssi.

Nrks

War -time Touring ExperienceAFRIEND of mine has recently returned from a

spring tour of ten days-he is a retired individual-and tells me that accommodation is not too badproviding you seek shelter in the early evening, and sogive the smaller places a chance to serve you beforetheir bedtime. He says that it would be ridiculousto give up " straight " cycle touring, i.e., changing youraccommodation every night, because there may be anoccasion when several enquiries are necessary beforeyou find bed and breakfast; and I quite agree. Hehad been to the south-west area. My only touringexperience this year has been in Wales and the- Welshborderland, and I had very little trouble in findingaccommodation. He recommends tourists to carrysome rations, and found that many of the places hestayed at were quite glad he could supplement theirown supplies of sugar, tea, bacon and cheese, rationsthat can very easily be carried in the touring bag.Unless special arrangements are made in advance, hethinks a larger number than a couple would be likelyto meet greater accommodation difficulties ; andagain I am inclined to agree. In effect this means thata family or club party would be wise to fix a centralspot from which daily runs can be undertaken ; and,actually, this form of cycle touring is generally thecheapest and often the most convenient. But I confessI like the straight tour best, the journey that goeswandering round the shires, when you do not knowquite where you will drop anchor for the night, andoften do not care so long as the bed is clean and com-fortable, and the food sufficient. The point to rememberis that this is a very friendly land if you approach itsinhabitants in a friendly spirit, seeking help for yourneeds rather than demanding service.

The ShortageWHEN the announcement was made that basic petrol

rationing would cease at the end of June, I wasinundated with enquiries for bicyles, the type to buyand where they could be obtained, and thought in myignorance these questions would disappear in a week orso. But they have grown greater as the calendar tabshave disappeared, and to -day dozens of people claimmy acquaintance in the hope I may be helpful inobtaining the goods they need. People stop me on theway home to make enquiries, and seem to be mostdisappointed when I fail to be helpful. The fact isthat the general public did not, or would not, believepetrol would cease as far as pleasure motoring wasconcerned, and actually could not conceive that bicycleswould be short in supply, and those accessories ofequipment, such as speed gears and lightweight tyres,would disappear. Now thousands of folk will bedisappointed ; and, candidly, I see no hope of the cyclesituation improving until after the war. It is no usethese people lamenting over their neglect to take theadvice so generously given by all cycling interests;they have now to make the best of a bad job and buywhat they can in the way of a machine, if, indeed,they, are able to find one for sale. Were I in such apredicament I think I should endeavour to buy a second-hand machine of good make and alter it if necessaryto suit my style of riding, probably by a change ofsaddle and handlebars, and possibly by a reduction ofthe gear ; and I recommend the folk who are reallyin urgent need of a bicycle to make enquiries amongtheir friends. There must be many thousands of

.,;

zorztka Anatim4...7

machines out of commission, the owners of which arenot sufficiently interested to advertise their property;but much can be done to get such cycles into use bypersistent enquiry by the person who is in need of theservices.

The First EssentialFOR many years I have been trying to persuade

people to give cycling the attention the pastimedeserves in the way of fitting the bicycle to the rider'scomfort. In these times when so many folk are returningto cycling after a long lapse, or are taking to the pastimefor the first time, the importance of re -commencingor starting right cannot be exaggerated. So many folkseem contented to ride the machine with the saddleand bar adjustments exactly as fixed when they takedelivery- of the article. That position may be correct forthem, but it would be lucky were it so, even if thedealer selling the machine takes a little trouble intrying to make it fit. Let me give once more the positionawheel that I favour. It is this : the saddle peak two tothree inches behind a vertical line through the bracketaxle of the machine ; the reach or height such as to leavethe knee comfortably flexed when the heel of the footis resting on the pedal at its lowest point ; thehandlebars adjusted at saddle height or an inch lower(whichever feels most comfortable). Such a positionmay seem strange to those folk who have hithertosat bolt upright with a long leg -stretch, but I am certainif they will give a trial to the posture I advise they willride much easier, and be far more comfortably seated.The whole problem of easy cycling is concerned withthat one word, comfort, and you can take it as certainthat if you have not achieved that condition whenriding, your position is at fault, your gear is too high,or your saddle is unsuitable. And all these things canbe altered or replaced, and are worth the little attentionor expense involved.

The Coming YearsSOME few weeks ago the Birmingham Daily Post re-

printed a fifty -years -old letter from a then correspon-dent who likened cyclists to barbarians, and incidentallyrefused to recognise any obligation on the part of thepedestrian to budge one inch." And that attitudetowards cyclists was common enough when I was aboy. What a change has occurred. If we as cyclistsor pedestrians adopted a similar attitude towardsmotorists to -day, I am afraid the road casualties wouldtreble. Nor would any newspaper editor dare topublish an epistle so denouncing a class of road userwho-and I say this without criticism-is mainlyresponsible for the troubles and trials of highway travel.Certainly we have bowed the knee to motoring, andfor good or ill have to abide by the consequences. Andit isnot all ill, as most of us know well enough if we stopto think for a moment. What I am concerned aboutin the post-war world of highway travel is that the rightof the cyclist to use the roads within the present lawsof the land shall not he invaded. We won that rightin a888, when Parliament recognised the bicycle as avehicle, and we mutt not lose it if we value our freedomto the one little bit of freehold most of us share, theKing's Highway. The ever growing interests ofcommercial motoring will, I imagine, endeavour to gainsome form of road control, using as the excuse thegeneral welfare -of the public, and both pedestrian andcyclist will come under their criticism as methods of

travel which should be made to give way to thespeedier vehicles. I think it quite possible that eventhe rights of the private motorist might be attacked on.the grounds that commerce should take first place. Itwould be strange to see the combination of privatemotorist, pedestrian and cyclist joining forces to keepcommercial interests at bay, but such a condition is notby any manner of means improbable, judging by myexperience of the complete disregard, by the commercialusers, of any other road interests but their own. Thatfifty -years -old letter is just an average example of whatwe cyclists faced in the early days of the pastime; andthat we won through to our present position we oweto the fine work of the cycling organisations and itsspecialised press. We must not forego that position orsurrender one jot of our hard-won freedom.

The Life of a BicycleT/SEE the question has been raised again as to theA average life of a bicycle. Some years ago I gave myopinion as five years, and I see no reason to alter it.True enough I had a host of letters telling me that thewriters had been riding the same bicycle for anythingup to thirty years ; and I did not then, and do not now,doubt their word. But they had missed the qualifyingadjective average, and were merely stressing theexceptions. Furthermore, they failed to say how farthey had ridden their thirty -year -old mounts, and thecare and attention they had given pem. My averagefigure was based on the daily usage of the ordinarybicycle in utility service, a bicycle which is not normallywrapped in cotton wool, and all too often does notreceive its prop modicum of lubricant, or the adjust-ment attention desirable to ward off wear and deprecia-tion. Certainly a machine can be made to carry itsservice for a much longer period than five years providingcare, attention and necessary replacements are forth-coming : but my observations suggest that the averagebicycle, i.e., the majority, are more neglected by theirowners than any other piece of property costing asimilar figure. I do not pretend to coddle my machines,but I do oil and adjust them regularly, and occasionallyhave them cleaned and touched up, with the result thatmy property gives me longer service without appreciabledepreciation than the average. After all, if a bicyclecarries you through five years of riding at 8,000 milesa year, costs you 41o, and a further to for repair,replacements, oil, lamps, macks, outfits, etc., it amounts.to los. per r,000 miles, all in, or, less than an eighthof a penny a mile. Not so bad in these times of travelcost, for it must be approaching if not cheaper thanboot leather.

The Great CompensationTHOSE folk who are in a position to make evening

-1- journeys during these lovely summer nights arclucky. It is like having a holiday in the middle of theweek; indeed that is exactly what it is, those few peacefulhours by the wayside when you can rest and smokeand note all the interesting things that make up thesum of country life. I usually treat myself to one suchevening a week, leaving the garden to care for itself,and forget that on the morrow. I shall be fire -watchingamong the factory smoke stacks. These stolen eveningscost nothing, indeed they sometimes pay a rich dividend,for I've not been prowling along the mad for overfifty years without making friends, calling to pass thetime, and often being invited to test their produce.But I do not go out on predatory excursions, they aremerely incidental to the joy of a break in the dull roundof the week, a break that makes me realise again andagain how much I owe to the bicycle and its silentservice, and to an upbringing that made me consciousof the compensations that lie in a love of country lifeand country scenes.

CLUB NOTESTaylor Rides AgainJACKT TAYLOR, West of Scotland Clarion and

former Scots champion, rode for the first time fortwo years in the Lancia so, and won the event with2 hrs. 13 171111S. a sec.

New Lanarkshire StarALEX. GILCHRIST, Royal Albert C.C. is the

year's best Lanarkshire cyclist. In his ownclub's open 25, out of an entry of 82, he beat JackTaylor, the ex -Scots champion, with a time of a hr.6 mins. 18 secs., compared with Taylor's a hr. 6 mins.32 secs.

Clarion Membership MaintainedTHE membership of the National Clarion C.C. is

keeping up very well, and in some districts isactually increasing. Most active area of the club isstill Manchester, followed by London, West of Scotlandand Yorkshire.

Shackleton MarriesJACKT SHACKLETON, former Queensbury Road

Club (West Riding ) star, was recently married atDenholme to Miss Margaret Bradshaw. He is atpresent serving in Scotland with a radiolocation unit,and is in touch with local cycling circles.

First Scots CancellationTHE Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire C.A. open m,

which should have been held late in June, was thefirst Scottish time trial of 1942 to be cancelled. Thesport is holding its own well in Scotland, where thereare many young ,miners and engineers interested incompetitive cycling_


r; .-"re --.1407 d/W.,"7:;./7A

err

St Mary the Viigirt. Adderbitry(0.....)Tent Suitr5t.k

Reliable UnreliabilityAS a great writer once said (I rather think it must

have been myself !), the only reliable thing aboutour climate is its utter unreliability. A recent casein point leaps to the mind-a day of such perfection(and such heat) that you could have wagered any sumup to threepence that it would be safe to leave yourcycling cape at home. In fact, I nearly did so. But,pinning my faith to what one of the poets nearly said :

Trust no weather, howe'er pleasant," I took myequipment as usual-very much as usual-and hadreason to be thankful for the possession of so muchcommon sense. For, having baked me gloriously forseveral hours, the temperature fell off its pedestal

- soon after tee, and the last stage of my journey was donein a series of thunderstorms. A week or two later, whenit was possible for the daily newspapers to talk aboutthat particular stretch of weather without completelywrecking the war effort, it was stated that there was adifference of 25 degrees between Saturday nighttemperature and that of Sunday morning.

Undressed for Cycling IT was on this particular day that I almost undressed

to go cycling. In normal times I wear little enough,but I felt that the hour had come for reducing thatlittle, if comfortable travel "was to be achieved. Tight-ening, slightly, the waist of my shorts so that bracescould be dispensed with-I overcame, for the moment,my hatred of any constriction of the round -about,combined with my abhorrence of belts-I left my ice-cream jacket at home and went forth wearing an abso-lute minimum of clothing : shoes, stockings, shorts_,and shirt. At no time, despite the great heat, was Iin the least little hit uncomfortable, and I fairly revelledin the conditions under which my journey. was made.In the matter of clothing, the last few years havewitnessed, so far as I am concerned, a considerabledevelopment, and I find now that I can stand hot weathermuch better than was once the case.. I believe this isdue to a saner method of clothing myself. For yearsand years I cycled in a collar, in a tweed jacket withwaistcoot, and in knickers, or plus -fours, and I oftenfound myself extremely uncomfortable on hot days.It was tiring, too. I now wear as little as possible, andI rejoice in the heat, no day being too torrid for cycling.IncidentAly, I dispensed with head covering almostso years ago, and it is a very long time since I woresmoked glasses, my view on the latter point leadingme to say that, in a country where we see so little of thetun, we cannot afford to dull its shining when it is onduty.

cliSts Wrongly CladHE foregoing paragraph prompts /ne to go on to

add that it has been very discouraging to see, onrecent warm days, so many cyclists who were not" dressed for the part." One realises, of course, thatthere may be certain difficulties in connection withcoupons and things, but let me say, just as dogmaticallyas I can, that boots and long trousers are as suitablefor cycling as trousers would be for swimming andboots would be for dancing. I suggest that the soonerpeople who ride bicycles get this point into their headsand then turn frotn -the error of their ways-for errorit surely is-the quicker they will be in obtaining theirshare of cycling enjoyment. (I am not without experi-ence in cycling in trousers, and even to -day, in thepiocess of getting to and from my work, I account for

-6o miles per. week. My day-by-day experience merelyserves to emphasise what I already know, namely, thatlong.trousers are almost the last word from the cyclingpoint of view ! Nor can any accusation of inconsistencylie against me. I submit, for once in a way, to the con-ventions !) Stiff collars are equally unsuitable for thegreatest of .road games, but the freedom of the knees(and the ankles) is far more important than that of theneck. Just as I have long preached about the import-ance of " as little bicycle as possible," so I now espouse -the cause of a dearth of clothing, and I suggest thatWhat one wears, from head to foot, should be suitable forthe cycling purpose. Thus, let me say, once again that

My Point I

of View1Y WAYGARER

, 27;,..:,,,2;;;;";;;;;;,a'

there is nothing to beat shorts, and that a pairof shorts can easily be fashioned out of apair of trousers ; that shoes should be light;that an open -neck shirt is a joy ; and that ajacket, light in colour as in weight (when it isnecessary to wear such), makes for the enjoy-ment of our glorious pastime.

A ConvertAT this time of the year part of my usual

cycling plan is to go out immediatelyafter breakfast on a Sunday, have lunchin the country, and get back home in

time, for tea, and for certain duties which awaitme in the evening. In the ordinary course ofevents, as I pedal through the Forest of Arden,making my way by a 3o-nriile route to a village only16 miles from home, I meet an Ancient Gossip returningfrom his constitutional awheel, and we stop and havea " crack." My friend-a great clubman, and past -president of one o the big road clubs in the Midlands-is a bag -man by way of business, and, of necessity,has had to sit much in motor cars. He remains faithfulto the bicycle, however, and now, on the approachto his seventieth birthday, he seems keener than ever.(He looks upon me as the greatest living exponent ofcycle -touring, which may or may not be true.) Hespeaks to me with enthusiasm of " Dr. Bicycle," and,in comparing his waistline with mine, deplores thefact that for a period he was not so active a cyclist as hemight have been. Up to the other day, I never en-countered him awheel without making a point of havinga word to say on the subject of shorts. The probabilityis that I convinced him that something was lacking fromhis cycling life because he clung to plus -fours. Atany rate, I said to him, as I have said to others-and asI now say to you, good reader-that cyclists who havenever ridden in shorts do not know what cycling is. (Aviolently extreme statement to which I cling like alimpet ! I believe it to be true.) Well, constant drip-ping has worn away the stone in the case of my AncientGossip. One Sunday recently I found that his defenceswere down ; his better -half was abbreviating a pair ofhis long trousers. A week later I rejoiced to note,

# 0

when I met him near the usual place of encounter,that he was showing his knees. I fancy he felt satisfiedthat he " was orr a good thing," and I am certain thatwider experience will confirm first impressions.

Jeu d'EspritIT may be suggested that cyclists are divided into

two classes-those who observe " Halt " signs,and those who don't!

Mind -Broadening TravelIN the conclusion of an interesting contribution

. which recently appeared in a daily newspaper, itwas suggested that, until the war is over, and perhapsfor some time afterwards, foreign travel to improve themind will be impossible. There cannot be much doubtabout that, because there is every appearance that theaverage man is going to be very poor, and that taxationwill remain at an unpleasantly high level. Withoutdecrying foreign travel, however, may it be submittedthat the mind -widening process can at least be com-menced in the Homeland. Probably it is true that weBritish people cannot get rid of our inherent insularitlwithout foreign travel, but here in these delectableislands of ours there are ample opportunities for us toexpand our minds-for which, undoubtedly, there isgreat need.

At the end of the war-and even before, and preferablynow, as opportunities permit-let us visit the remoteand less " civilised " portions of England and Wales :let us get off the beaten track and invade " the wilds."Let us depart from our placid ways and our orderedI ife and see how the other half of the world lives. Lateron, when conditions ease somewhat, let us go fartherafield and familiarise ourselves with Scotland andIreland.

Take the Winding RoadTHE " authorities " in London appear to be able to

envisage (for example) only wide, straight, andwell -made main roads, which are eternally crowded withtraffic. So think the " authorities "-and they arewrong ! Let us-and the quidnuncs-go and see forourselves some of the narrow roads of Scotland-theone -vehicle -width roads along which at regular (or,more likely, irregular!) intervals, short loops (orcut-outs) are provided so that the traffic, such as it is,can pass. Let us talk with the " but and ben " dwellersand see how life deals with them. The extent to whichthe old method prevails of paying for goods in kind,rather than in cash, may be a revelation to some of us.Let us observe the bedstead -ends which act as railingsto enclose their small gardens, and the inverted bottom-less buckets .serving as chimney -pots. Let us note aswe pass through the villages on a Sunday that the frontdoors of the cottages, standing hospitably open duringthe week, are uncompromisingly closed, while perhipsthe window -blinds are drawn. The crofter's friendlyattitude of Saturday and Moqday (as of all week -days)is eclipsed on Sunday, and he views with stern dis-approval the traveller's not unnatural desire for thatmidday meal he so gladly provides on a week -day.

Notes ofBy

a HighwaymanLEONARD ELLIS

The Lure of the LandmarkTo me there is always a' fascinating appeal in the

- distant landmark. It is interesting to watch itgetting nearer and to see its details becoming clearer.To see it sometimes on the left, sometimes on theright. Sometimes it is completely lost to view on accountof.the winding of the road and intervening trees, and .

we speculate on the position of its reappearance. Thencomes curiosity and a glance at the map. We may find it-we may recognise it. Nearly every landmark has apurpose and a history, and when we find one withneither it becomes even more intriguing. It is part ofthe equipment of every intelligent tourist to learn thesestories-they are all interesting, they are all part andparcel of that mysterious something that convertscyclists into cycle -tourists.

Legends 'of SomersetLANDMARKS are nearly always sited on an

eminence so that they are visible for many miles.Cyclists approaching Somerset froM most directionswill see the tower on.Glastonbury.Tor long.before they

reach it, as it stands sooft. above sea level, in flat country.We search for the story and find that the tower isintimately connected with the legend of Joseph ofArimathea who is said to have "landed " on Wirral'Hill. The curious use of the term together with thename of the locality-" Isle of Avalon "-gives rise tofurther wondering. Here Joseph planted his staff,which grew into a miraculous tree. This was hackeddown by a Puritan soldier, who is said to have cut offhis leg in the attempt as a punishment for his pro-fanity. 'Else original tower of Si-: Michael was destroyedby a landslide in 1271 and the later tower still stands,beckoning cyclists -from all quarters. The miraculousthorn tree now in the grounds of Glastonbury Abbey,is an offshoot of the original. -

There are hundreds of such landmarks dotted aboutthe country and their stories are all worth discovering.The church at Bredon-on-the-Hill is visible for manymiles, and the story related tells of a gigantic battlebetween the powers of good and evil. As fast as thepious church builders erected the stones the Devilcarted them away,- until naturally good prevailed

This' old Mill is a famous' () foralandmark.

SPECIALCOMPLETE KIT of parts forbuilding 3 -valve battery re-ceiver, S.G.-DET.-Output, in-cludei valves, chassis (sizeoverall, with components,12; in. x 8in. x 7[in.), P.M.Speaker, all components,wiring, etc., with circuit.price E4 12s. 6d., less Bat-teries and Cabinet. (Regret

no Cabinet avai fable)

TWO -GANG 0.0005 mid. VariableCondensers, first-class precision job,ceramic insulation, with special slow-motion drive, no backlash or slip,mounted on metal frame, rubbersprung (no trimmers), new, boxed,7/6 ; :3 -gang 0.0005 mfd., standardtype, 4/6.

TRANSFORMERS, intervalve,various makes and ratios, 5/- ; LI%transformers, 465 ke/s;unsertened andwithout trimmers, new, 3/5 Philips160 kc/s intermediate transformers,air -space trimmers, 1/6.MAINS H.F. Chokes, for interferencesuppression, 2/4; L.F. chokes, 20 by.100 m.a., 15/-:SHORT-WAVE Choke, 2/-; short-wave double -wound filament choke1/-

8.1. TUBULAR Condensers, N.1.0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0005, 0.0050.01, 0.05, 66.

T.C.C. TUBULAR Condensers, 0.00015.0.0.1, 0.05 6d., 0.1 7d., 0.25 1 /-, 0.5 1/6 ;T.C.C. tubular electrolytics, 25 mill.25v. 1 /0 ; 50 gold. 25v. 2/-, 25 mill.50v. 2/-, 50 mfd. 12v. 2/-.AERIAL SERIES CONDENSER withshorting switch 2/-.MICA CONDENSERS, 30 m.mfd. and0.0005 and 0.0001, wire ended, ad.;assorted mica condensers, 0.0001 to0.01, tag or terminal type, 1/-.

MANSBRIDGE type Paper Con-densers, 0.25 to 4 mfd., various makes,from 9d. to 3/-. ; Ceramic pre-setcondensers, ed.

swim' and Medium Wave Band Coilsin aluminium can, with small ceramicI 'limner, new, 2/E P; Philips dualrange aerial coils (no reaction), withair space trimmers, circuit, 1/6;bandpass coils, 1/3; aerial or H.F.dual range coils (small), unscreened,with circuit, 3/6 each.TAPPED Mains Dropping Resistances,approx. 800 ohms, standard for Pyc,Assets, etc., .2 amp., 3/6 ; Replace-

ment for line cord resistances, 950ohm, 6/- ; 750 bhm, 4/6 ; 360 ohm,4/3 ; 801 Ferguson .4 amp., ISM;802 Ferguson .4 amp., 6/6 ; Vldor.3 amp., 4/6 ; Ferranti .3 amp., 4/6 ;Belmont .3 amp., 4/6.CELLULOID Dials Only, "Selmer"calibrated 3 -wave band, coloured, 3d. ;sieeving, red, black, yellow, blue,green, brown, good quality, 456.per yard length ; screened cable,single, 1/6 per yard, twin 1/9 per yard.VALVE HOLDERS, English chassistype, 4 -pin 4d., 5 -pin and 7 -pin 6d. ;English Octal, ed. ; American U.S.type, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7 -pin, and Inter-national Octal, Bd.

TWO -SPEED 4 Waveband (3 shortand medium) drive and dials, withchronic plated escutcheon, 5/11.

Hours : 9-6 p.m., Saturdays 1 p.m.

C.O.D. orders accepted. Prices subjectto alteration without notice. Specialterms to members of H.M. Forces andCivil Defence workers : licence toexport to Northern Ireland and IrishFree State. Please add postage for

enquiries and mail orders.

51-52 CHANCERY LANE.LONDON . W. C .2.. Telephone/101805846s,

"Easily the best soldering fluidobtainable."

This statement by a regular userof " BAKER'S " expresses thegeneral opinion of motor andengineering trades. Sold in 6d.,II- and 116 tins. Also in Bulk.

SIR WIVi. BORNE] r & CO. (CHEMICALS) LTD.Gt. West Rd., Isleworth, Middx. Hounslow0476

JUBILEE WORM DRIVEHOSE CLIPS

The long -life

Radiator Joints,

cleer-tightgrip

The Best Known

clip with the

Air,

For

l andWater Hose

JointsWe guarantee

Tight JainiL. ROBINSON & Ca.

25, LondonChambers,

GILLINGHAM,KENT

as I

Supplies are getting short andmany normal lines are out ofstock. We can still providemuch, however, to help thehome craftsman, and you shouldwrite about your needs toHobbies Ltd. (Dept. 70), Dere-ham, Norfolk, or call at oneof their Branches in London,Glasgow, Manchester, Sheffield,Leeds, Hull and Birmingham.

THE GRAYSONTURRET ATTACHMENTThis attachment will convert a good Centre -lathe into a first-class Turret

capable of speedy repetition work.COMPRIVNG

ONE REVOLVING TURRET HEAD for Six in. spanked toolholders and includingfour toolholders and one distance piece.

ONE CUTTING -OFF SLIDE with two tool -posts.ONE STAR FEED HANDLE ; ONE STOP MECHANISM.

Delivery from Stock Price 18 Gns.

E. GRAY & SON LD3, Clerkenwell Rd., LONDON, E.C.I.

'Phone : CLE. 1174.

This space will be used to advertisethe 'ADEPT' /LATHES andSHAPERS in the happier timescoming, when we hope to be able togive more prompt deliveries. Mean-time we would assure all our friendsthat we are making strenuous en-deavours to give deliveries of theorders we have on hand and asktheir kind indulgence.

TOOLSNEW MACHINERY. For GovernmentWork only. Electric Motors, Band Saws,Drilling Machines, Pumps, Grinders,Welders, etc. -John P. Steel, Bingley.

WATCHMAKINGWATCH & CLOCK REPAIRERS.Send 9d. for complete list of materialsand tools.-Blakiston & Co., Ainsdale,Southport.

HORNBY DUBLOCONVERT YOUR COACHES TO LAIN, G.W.E., orS.R. with T. & H.'s Litho Papers. Slight cuttingonly necessary. 1/6 per set for 3 coaches. Alsoyour own P.O. Wagons, Bolsover, Charrington,P.O.P., Alloa, etc., 4 on sheet,ed. Sheet of GeneralRailway Station Notices, IA Sheet of Doors,Windows. 6d. Slate Roof Sheet, Old Stonework,Concrete Blocks, Smoky Brickwork, New Brick-work, English Bond Brick, Window Paper (Black orSilver), Bovril Adverts (20 different). 3d. per sheet.POSTAGE, 1-11 Sheets, 21d. extra. 12-18 Sheets, 3d.

extra.TYLDESLEY & HOLBROOK, 109. Deansgate,

Manchester.

Easily madefrom our cast-ings, from15/- per SetJ. HALLAM

& SON,Upton, Poole,

Dorset.MINIATURE PETROL ENGINES forAeroplanes and Speed Boats, I to 60 c.c.

Stud dd. for particular,.

rIMPRESSION now avalizibie

THE WORKING PRINCIPLES Of MOTO

VEHICLE LIGHTING AND STARTIN

500 Pages 250 Illustrations

Wrre. far roe. re, ea -

"MOTOR COMMERCE"B.. k Depr. 75. Bell 5e, rre

LARGE DEPT. FOR TECHNICAL BOOKS

OYLES*BOOKSELLERS TO THE WORLD*New and secondhand Books on.Engineering and other subjects.

113-125, Charing Cross Rd., W.C.2Open 9 a.m.-6 p.m., including SaturdayTelephone ; Gerrard 5660 (16 lines)

ELECTRADIX BARGAINSPULTOGRAPIL Spare parts, new. ChartDrum and clips, 5/8. Magnetic Clutch, 6 -volt, complete, 1-. 9in. Traverse Shaft,4in. threaded 1 to inch. with bearinm.12'8. Stylus, with carriage rods andbr,kets, 7/8. 5 -pin plugs, with panelsocket and cords, midget type. 416 pair.14 -way Plug and Socket, with cord. S!6.in. Aluminium Panel. drilled 13in. x Olin.,31-. Bakelite ditto, 711n. x 6:1n.. 2/3.MULTI -SW MLR 8 -way boxes, Lucaschange -over and fuses. 316. 6 -way push-button switches, R.A.F. aero, 2/9. Raft rYSwitches, R.I. 7 stud, box base. 31.Solenoids for remote control, 12 volts, 2in.plunger, Lin. dia. compound wound, 11'6.Wavemeters-Heterodyne and other types.A.C.313.('. MAINS MAGNETS. 2 woundpoles, 110 or 220 volts, 7 lb. lift. 5/6. Small12 volt solenoids, 21n. x tin. plunger. 6/8.RELAYS. Numerous types from 4.6.State wants.CIRCUIT BREAKERS, Ironclad ; anyamps. from 11 to 10 amps., 26;-. MansContactors, 35/, Auto -cutouts in stock.110v. DRILLS. D.C., Wolf sturdy berthtype, geared reed counterweight rise. No. 1morse socket for tin. clearance. in steel.20 for delivery without permit, E7 101- each.PUMPS. Stuart motor pumps. centrifugalC.D. shelter, 12 volts D.C. or 230 volts A.C.in stock. Twin -piston pumps with orwithout motors, for suds or water.AMPLIFIERS. Portable Mark IV, 3 -valveBattery Amplifiers. ex W .D. 9in. x 9in. x 61in.double doors, mahogany -covered, metal -hound case and handle. Fitted 4 trans-formers, 5 -tap switch rheostat, terminalsand sockets. etc. Suitable for conversionfor test set, mike amplifier, oscillator, etc.,unused. 45/-.DYNAMOS BARGAINS. Rotas, 6/12 volts5) amps.. D.C., 3rd brush size. 81n. x 41in.,11 lb., cost £10, unused. 15!.. G.E.C. Doutle-current Dynamos, 6 volts and 600 volts.ball -bearings, 17 lb.. as new, 25/-. ChargmgDynamos. 30 volts. 15 amps... Crompton,3.000 revs., £8/10/-.HOME GUARD. Field telephone cable.single or twin in 1 mile reels. Ceiling roses,porcelain with 2 " Scruff, " couplers forconnect boxes, 8/8 doz. Old bayonets, make2 daggers, 3/6. Portable Field Telephones.etc.T URN"CABLES. Bake-lite, 4 tin. diameter, steelball hearings. 21- postpaid.Please add postage for allmail orders. Send stampedenvelope for replies to allenquiries.ELECTRADIX 'RADIOS

19. Broughton St., Battersea, London,SAY.8

Telephone : Macaulay 21St

TECHNICALLY QUALIFIEDENGINEERSKey Men of the War

Qualify by home -study with The T.I.G.B.for Big Pay Technical Posts in WartimeEngineering -Aeronautical, Mechanical,Electrical, Chemical, Wireless, etc.

How to QualifyTake a recognised Engineering Quali-fication such as A.M.I.Mech.E., A.M.I.E.E.,A.F.R.Ae.S., A.M.I.Chem.E., etc., inwhich professional examinations T.I.G.B.Students have gained 25 FIRST PLACESand Hundreds of Passes.

C

World's best choice ofourses in Entineering

Writeto -day for" TheEngineer'sGuide toSuccess,"containingworld'swidestchoice ofengineerir gcoursescovering allbranchesand quali-fications.

The Technological Institute of Great Britain,218 Temple Bar House, London, E.C.4

CHEMISTRYSPECIAL OFFER

A Sample Parcel ContainingMany Useful Pieces of

CHEMICAL APPARATUS

(post 3/6 ree

A WIDE RANGE OFEQUIPM20iT AND REAGENTS

for Experiments at Home canbe chosen from our Catalogue-write for free copy, enclosingstamped (Id.) addressed

envelope.BECK(Scientific Dept. A), 60 High St.Stoke Newington, London, b1.16

Iti

One of the following Courses taken at home in yourspare time can definitely be the means of securingsubstantial promotion in your present calling, or entryinto a more congenial career with better prospects.

ENGINEERING, ETC.Wireless - Telegraphy - Telephony - Welding -Aerodynamics - Electrical Engineering - Television-Electric Wiring-Talking Picture Work-Genera-tion and Supply-Works Management-Metallurgy-Refrigeration-Planning, Estimating, Rate-fixing-Time and Motion Study-Aero Inspection-Auto-mobile Engineering-Sheet-metal Work-Engineer-ing Draughtsmanship-Aero Draughtsmanship-Jigand Tool Draughtsmanship-Press Tool and DieDraughtsmanship - Structural or RIF ConcreteDraughtsmanship - Sanitary Engineering -AND R.N. PILOTS AND OBSERVERS.

GENERALMatriculation-College of Preceptors-CharteredInstitute of Secretaries-Aircraft Apprentice-Emergency Commissions (Army).

MUNICIPAL SERVICESchool Attendance Officer-Handicraft Teacher-Registrar-Relieving Officer-Sanitary Inspector-Weights and Measures Inspector-Inst. of Mun.and Cy. Engineers-P.A.S.I.

THE BUILDING BOOM-SECURE YOUR SHARE!

The Free Guide also gives particulars of ourextensive range of modern Building and StructuralCourses, Building Draughtsmanship, etc. Thegreat post-war Building programme offers un-limited prospects to technically trained men.

-BECOME A DRAUGHTSMANor AERO INSPECTORAND EARN BIG MONEY

Men and Youths urgently wanted for reservedoccupations as Draughtsmen, Inspectors, etc.,in Aero, Jig and Tool, Press Tool, Electrical,Mechanical and other Branches of Engineering.Practical experience is unnecessary for thosewho are willing to learn-our Guaranteed

" Home Study" courseswill get you in. Thosealready engaged in theGeneral Drawing Officeshould study somespecialised Branch suchas Jig and Tool or PressTool Work and so con-siderably increase theirscope and earningcapacity.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING(Dept. 29)

148, HOLBORN, LONDON, E.C.I

FIFTY-SEVEN YEARS OFCONTINUOUS SUCCESS

SOUTH AFRICA BRANCH : E.C.S.A P.O. BOX 8417 JOHANNESBURG.

. PRACTICAL ENGINEERING" said-We recommend. all readers interested l.'s improving their position

to apply for. a copy of this valuable book. " Success inEngineering" is not a pamphlet. It is a 14. -page book, con-taining valuable and vital information on all branches of .

engineering . . . There are many engaged in engineering whoowe their success to The National Institute of Engineering.The FREE GUIDE explains :

Openings, prospects, salaries, etc., in Draughts-manship, Inspection, and opportunities in all otherbranches of Engineering and Building.

How to obtain money -making technical qualificationsthrough special RAPID FULLY -GUARANTEEDCOURSES.

Write now for yourcopy of this remarkablepublication.A.M.I.E.E., A.M.I.Mech.E.,A.M.Brit.I.R.E., A.M.I.P.E.,A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.Struct.E.,A.M.I.A.E., A.F.R.Ae.S.,A.M.I.S.E M.R.San.I.,London B.Sc., Degrees.Fully guaranteed postal courses forall the above and many otherexaminatioes. Fully described inthe Free Guide.

THE ACID TEST OF TUTORIAL EFFICIENCYSUCCESS --OR NO FEE

We definitely guarantee that if you fail to pass the examination forwhich you are preparing under our guidance, or if you are notsatisfied in every way with our tutorial service-then your TuitionFee will be returned in full and without question. This is surelythe acid test of tutorial efficiency.

If you have ambition you must investigate the Tutorialand Employment services we are able to offer. Foundedin 1885, our success record is unapproachable.

Why not fill in and post the attached coupon NOW for further detailsand Free Authoritative Guide (free while present stocks last)to openings in Engineering and Building ? This book contains amine of valuable and exclusive information and may well prove tobe the turning point in your career.

FREE COUPONTo NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

(Dept. 29), 148, Holborn, London, E.C.1.Please forward your FREE Guide to :

NAME

ADDRESS

My general interest is in : (i) ENGINEERING (Place across against(2) BUILDING (3) MUNICIPAL WORK theyoubarraen;:leirlet stViz .i)ch

The subject or examination in which I am especially interested is

To be filled in where you already have a special preference.FOUNDED 1885 - - - OVER 100,000 SUCCESSES

"Practical Mechanics" Advice Bureau COUPONThis coupon is available until August 30th, 1042, and mustbe attached to all letters containing queries, togetherwith 3 penny stamps. A stamped, addressed envelope

must also be enclosed.Practical liStebanics. August, 1942.

Published about the 30th of each month by GEOROE NEWNES, LIMITED, Tower House, Southampton Street. Strand, London, WC.2, at..1in England by The Newnes and Pearson Printing Co., Ltd., Exmoor Street, London, W.I0. Bole Agents for Australia and New Neal/incl.-Gorden ItLtd. Sole agents for South Africa-Central News Agency, Ltd. Subscription Rates : -Inland Ils, per annum. Abroad, 10s. 6d. per annum. Canada, its

per annum. Registered at the G.P.O. for transmission by Canadian magazine Post.

Date post:	17-Sep-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	1 times

Have YOU Joined GALPINS · August, 1942 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 309 A WONDERFUL BARGAIN for the...

Documents