Heart Basics-Size, Force of Contraction, Amount of Blood Moved(Rest & Active) SV, Q Valves, SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of HIS, Purkinje Fibers-The two atria receive blood into the heart; the two ventricles send blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

-Absolute values of Qmax range from 14 to 20 L/min in untrained people, 25 to 35 L/min in trained individuals, and 40 L/min or more in large endurance athletes.

Heart Basics-The left ventricle has a thicker myocardium due to hypertrophy resulting from the force with which it must contract.-Cardiac tissue has its own conduction system through which it initiates its own pulse without neural control.

Chapter 11

Chapter 11-The autonomic nervous system or the endocrine system

can alter heart rate and contraction strength.-PNS acts through the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate

and force of contraction.-SNS is stimulated by stress to increase heart rate and

force of contraction.-Epinephrine and norepinephrine—released due to

sympathetic stimulation—increase heart rate.-Aorta – Artery – Arteriole – Capillaries – Venules – Vein –

Vena Cava

Chapter 11

Chapter 11

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training

Left ventricle size and wall thickness increase-Stroke volume increases-Resting and submaximal heart rates decrease

-Blood volume increases-Blood pressure does not change or slightly

decreases-Cardiac output is better distributed to active

muscles

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training

Less Cardiac Drift - Gradual decrease in stroke volume and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and an increase in heart rate.Occurs with steady-state prolonged exercise or exercise in a hot environment.

* Neurogenic Factors or Peripheral Influences

STROKE VOLUME AND TRAINING

Heart Terminology-Polarization – The Muscle contains a negative and positive charge

but isn’t currently contracting

Depolarization – The muscle is actively contracting

Repolarization – The muscle is preparing to contract once again. Best case scenario is .2 second

Premature Atrial Contractions – (PAC’s) – Not as serious as PVC but may require Beta Blockers* Beta Blockers – Block Epinephrine & Norephinephrine* Calcium Blockers -

Premature Ventricular contractions (PVC’s)—feel like skipped or extra beats – May require Beta Blockers – Can lead to death

Heart Terminology Continued

EF = SV/EDVAverages 60% at rest – Decreases with exercise-May lead to Pulmonary Edema if the heart is weak or diseased.

Bradycardia—resting heart rate below 60 bpmTachycardia—resting heart rate above100 bpmVentricular tachycardia—three or more consecutive

PVCs that can lead to ventricular fibrillation in which contraction of the ventricular tissue is uncoordinated

Q =

Dyspnea—shortness of breath. During exercise this is most often caused by inability to readjust the blood PCO2 and H+ due to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles

Cholinergic Fibers (Dialation) SNS Baroreceptor – Dilates peripheral

vasculature and slows the heart (PNS)