Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

The diachronic/stylistic variation in Chinesemetonymies for WOMAN

An onomasiological study

Weiwei Zhang, Dirk Speelman, Dirk Geeraerts

KULeuvenQuantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Overview

1. Theoretical background

2. Research question

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Overview

1. Theoretical background

2. Research question

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Theoretical background

Semasiology vs. onomasiology

• word-meaning (semasiology): role of metonymy in semanticchange

• qing-yi (green clothes): "green clothes","musician","servantgirl"

• meaning-word (onomasiology): choice of metonymic source fortarget

• "servant girl": qing-yi (green clothes), ya-huan (knots of hairon top of head), hou-ting (back palace)

(cf.Geeraerts 1997)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Theoretical background

Semasiology vs. onomasiology

• word-meaning (semasiology): role of metonymy in semanticchange

• qing-yi (green clothes): "green clothes","musician","servantgirl"

• meaning-word (onomasiology): choice of metonymic source forthe target

• "servant girl": qing-yi (green clothes), ya-huan (knots of hairon top of head), hou-ting (back palace)

(cf.Geeraerts 1997)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Theoretical background

Conceptualization of WOMAN

(e.g. Takada et al.2000; Kleparski 1997, 2000, 2004; Kövecses 2006; Grygiel2007)

Main focus• possible metaphoric/metonymic sources• dictionary-based

Ignored• corpus-based (distribution in real language)• lectal factors (diachronic and stylistic variation)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Overview

1. Theoretical background

2. Research question

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Research question

An onomasiological perspective on metonymy

• Do we find any preference for choosing one category ratherthan another for designating WOMAN by metonymies inChinese?

• If yes, do the preferences change across time and genre?

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Research question

An onomasiological perspective on metonymy for WOMAN

WOMAN

source1

sub_s1

exp1 exp2

sub_s2

exp3 exp4

source2

sub_s3

exp5 exp6

sub_s4

exp7 exp8

...

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Research question

An onomasiological perspective on metonymy for WOMAN

WOMAN

location

palace

hou-gong hou-ting

room

zheng-shi pian-fang

dress

skirt

hong-qun

garment

qing-yi

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Overview

1. Theoretical background

2. Research question

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymic candidate list

• Metonymy dictionaries• Dictionary of Chinese Lexical Metonymy (Han 1995)• Dictionary of Chinese Substitutive Words (Zhang 1993)

• 278 metonymic lexical items for WOMAN

Confronting with corpus

• Corpus of Historical Chinese (Peking University)• 17 million Chinese characters (classical Chinese texts)• 14 chronological dynasties and 14 genres

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Chronological information from the corpus

W Zh E ZhWest East

Si D i

1046BC

West Zhou East Zhou

770BC 221BC

QinWest Han

202BC

East Han

9AD

Six Dynasties

266AD 581AD

1949AD

Sui Tang

618AD

Five Dyn.

907AD 979AD

Song

1279AD

Yuan

1368AD

Ming

1644AD

Qing

1912AD

RC

581AD

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Chronological information from the corpus

1046BC

01PrQHS

770BC 221BC 202BC 9AD 266AD 581AD

1949AD

02Tang

618AD 907AD 979AD

03Song

1279AD

04Yuan

1368AD

05Ming

1644AD

06Qing

1912AD

07RC

581AD

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Stylistic information from the corpus

1. Peotry2. Song3. Drama4. Novel5. Script for story-tellings6. Prose7. Historical works

8. Analects9. Buddhist scriptures

10. Taoist scriptures11. Dictionaries/Annotations12. Letters13. Readings for primary school14. Classics from the Hundred Schools

of Thought

⇒ poem, fic, hist, non_lit

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Stylistic information from the corpus

1. Peotry2. Song3. Drama4. Novel5. Script for story-tellings6. Prose7. Historical works

8. Analects9. Buddhist scriptures

10. Taoist scriptures11. Dictionaries/Annotations12. Letters13. Readings for primary school14. Classics from the Hundred Schools

of Thought

⇒ poem, fic, hist, non_lit

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymy identification

1. metonymy for WOMAN or not• e.g. you [qing-yi] xian-nv shu-shi ren.

(There are decades of fairies in [green-clothes].)• e.g. liang-ban [qing-yi] an-shi chou-ye.

(Two groups of [green-clothes] started playing music on time.)• e.g. [qing-yi] dao sheng qu, ru shi, ze Jiu-Niang hua-zhu ning

dai.(The [green-clothes] guided the young scholar to the room;Jiu-Niang was waiting for him in the light of candles.)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymy identification

1. metonymy for WOMAN or not• e.g. you [qing-yi] xian-nv shu-shi ren.

(There are decades of fairies in [green-clothes].)• e.g. liang-ban [qing-yi] an-shi chou-ye.

(Two groups of [green-clothes] started playing music on time.)• e.g. [qing-yi] dao sheng qu, ru shi, ze Jiu-Niang hua-zhu

ning dai.(The [green-clothes] guided the young scholar to theroom; Jiu-Niang was waiting for him in the light ofcandles.)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymy identification

2. subcategory of target• beautiful woman(btf_w)• dressed woman(drs_w)• female entertainer(fm_ent)• imperial woman(imp_w)• mother/grandma(mthr_g)

• servant girl(srv_g)• wife/concubine(wf_con)• young woman(yg_w)• other woman(other)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymy identification

3. source identification• location(loca)• hairstyle(hairst)• everyday object(ev_ob)• dress(dress)

• cosmetics/accessory(cos_acc)• part of body(bodypt)• attribute(attr)• action(act)

chained metonymye.g. luo-qi (silk material)silk material⇒clothes made of silk(dress)⇒WOMAN

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymy identification

3. source identification• location(loca)• hairstyle(hairst)• everyday object(ev_ob)• dress(dress)

• cosmetics/accessory(cos_acc)• part of body(bodypt)• attribute(attr)• action(act)

coordinate compoundse.g. qun-chai (skirt-hairpin)skirt(dress) for WOMAN; hairpin (cos_acc) for WOMAN

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Metonymy identification

1. metonymy for WOMAN or not2. subcategory of target3. source identification

⇒ WOMAN metonymy dataset• 256 metonymic items, 18810 metonymic mappings with targetWOMAN

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Methodology

Lectal factors

• chronological: 01PrQHS, 02Tang, 03Song, 04Yuan,05Ming, 06Qing, 07RC

• stylistic: poem, fic, hist, non_lit

Data analysis

• descriptive statistic analysis

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Overview

1. Theoretical background

2. Research question

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Results

What we are concerned is:

• choice of sources for subtargets across time and genre

visualization: barplots in proportion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

Time

Targ

et

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0btf−wdrs_wfm_entimp_wmthr_gothersrv_gwf_conyg_w

Target*Time in WOMAN metonymy dataset

391 1978 2251 1655 3150 6764 2621

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

42 7 4 195 19 20 9 95 0

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

42 7 4 195 19 20 9 95 0

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

42 7 4 195 19 20 9 95 0

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

02Tang

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

809 232 27 337 128 59 117 250 19

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

03Song

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

1012 337 36 308 67 29 195 253 14

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

04Yuan

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

504 93 39 132 105 60 168 511 43

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

05Ming

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

432 64 98 210 42 151 1191 837 125

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

06Qing

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

821 50 213 345 303 756 2927 958 391

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

w

drs_

w

fm_e

nt

imp_

w

mth

r_g

othe

r

srv_

g

wf_

con

yg_w

07RC

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

630 36 58 538 59 319 405 472 104

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

02Tang

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

03Song

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

04Yuan

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

05Ming

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

06Qing

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

07RC

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

02Tang

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

03Song

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

04Yuan

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

05Ming

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

06Qing

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

07RC

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

wife/concubinemother/grandmaservant girl

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

02Tang

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

03Song

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

04Yuan

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

05Ming

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

06Qing

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

07RC

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

wife/concubine

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

wife/concubine

Time

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrcos_accev_obloca

95 250 253 511 837 958 472

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

wife/concubine

Time

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

actattrcos_accev_obloca

95 250 253 511 837 958 472

07RC: no ev_obji-zhou(dust pan and broom)jin-zhi(towel and comb)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

02Tang

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

03Song

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

04Yuan

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

05Ming

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

06Qing

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

07RC

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

mother/grandma

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

mother/grandma

Time

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptloca

19 128 67 105 42 303 59

locabei-tang (north hall)zun-tang (honored hall)ling-tang (your hall)

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

Time

Gen

re

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0fichistnon_litpoem

Genre*Time in WOMAN metonymy dataset

391 1978 2251 1655 3150 6764 2621

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0attrbodypt

mother/grandma in 01PrQHS

0 0 10 9

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 02Tang

16 3 19 90

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 03Song

29 12 19 7

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 04Yuan

1 96 7 1

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrloca

mother/grandma in 05Ming

0 37 3 2

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 06Qing

0 256 1 46

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 07RC

0 58 1 0

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 attrbodypt

mother/grandma in 01PrQHS

0 0 10 9

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 02Tang

16 3 19 90

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 03Song

29 12 19 7

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 04Yuan

1 96 7 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrloca

mother/grandma in 05Ming

0 37 3 2

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 06Qing

0 256 1 46

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 07RC

0 58 1 0

1

1 no loca in hist

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 attrbodypt

mother/grandma in 01PrQHS

0 0 10 9

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 02Tang

16 3 19 90

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 03Song

29 12 19 7

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 04Yuan

1 96 7 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrloca

mother/grandma in 05Ming

0 37 3 2

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 06Qing

0 256 1 46

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 actattrbodyptloca

mother/grandma in 07RC

0 58 1 0

1

1 no loca in hist

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

01PrQHS

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

02Tang

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

03Song

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

04Yuan

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

05Ming

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

06Qing

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

btf−

wdr

s_w

fm_e

ntim

p_w

mth

r_g

othe

rsr

v_g

wf_

con

yg_w

07RC

Target

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0actattrbodyptcro_accdressev_obhairstloca

servant girl

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

servant girl

Time

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

9 117 195 168 1191 2927 405

hairstya-huan, ya-jishuang-huan, xiao-huan

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

01P

rQH

S

02Ta

ng

03S

ong

04Yu

an

05M

ing

06Q

ing

07R

C

servant girl

Time

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

9 117 195 168 1191 2927 405

hairstya-huan, ya-ji

shuang-huan, xiao-huan

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dressloca

servant girl in 01PrQHS

0 4 4 1

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

servant girl in 02Tang

27 53 27 10

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

servant girl in 03Song

21 163 10 1

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

servant girl in 04Yuan

11 150 4 3

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

servant girl in 05Ming

0 1191 0 0

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

servant girl in 06Qing

0 2882 4 41

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0dresshairstloca

servant girl in 07RC

0 405 0 0

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dressloca

servant girl in 01PrQHS

0 4 4 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 02Tang

27 53 27 10

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 03Song

21 163 10 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 04Yuan

11 150 4 3

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 05Ming

0 1191 0 0

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 06Qing

0 2882 4 41

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 07RC

0 405 0 0

1

4

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dressloca

servant girl in 01PrQHS

0 4 4 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 02Tang

27 53 27 10

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 03Song

21 163 10 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 04Yuan

11 150 4 3

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 05Ming

0 1191 0 0

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 06Qing

0 2882 4 41

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 07RC

0 405 0 0

1

4

dominant hairst only in poem/fic

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dressloca

servant girl in 01PrQHS

0 4 4 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 02Tang

27 53 27 10

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 03Song

21 163 10 1

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 04Yuan

11 150 4 3

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 05Ming

0 1191 0 0

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 06Qing

0 2882 4 41

poem fic hi

st

non_

lit

Genre

Sou

rce

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 dresshairstloca

servant girl in 07RC

0 405 0 0

1

4

dominant loca/dress in hist/non_lit

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Overview

1. Theoretical background

2. Research question

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Conclusion

Methodological implications for metonymy research

• metonymy in the usage of language, sensitive to diachronicand stylistic variation

• social-cultural traditions indispensable for interpreting thevariation

• examining metonymy from an onomasiological perspective

Overview Theoretical background Research question Methodology Results Conclusion

Thank you!For more information:

weiwei.zhang@arts.kuleuven.be