Date post: | 27-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | job-oconnor |
View: | 213 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Hernando Cortés and Montezuma II. Engraving (19th century), Gallo Gallina.
NEXT
European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700
Europeans explored and colonized the Americas and had a major impact on Native Americans. Slavery developed in the colonies.
NEXT
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Spain Claims an Empire
European Competition in North America
The Spanish and Native Americans
Beginnings of Slavery in Americas
European Explorationof the Americas, 1492–1700
NEXT
Section 1
Spain Claims an Empire
Spain claimed a large empire in the Americas.
Spain and Portugal Compete
NEXT
Spain Claims an Empire
• Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal (1494):- moves Line of Demarcation 800 miles west- gives Portugal much of eastern South
America
1SECTION
• Get rich by mercantilism—setup of favorable balance of trade
• Europeans also explore to become rich and expand their empires
• European missionaries convert Native Americans to Christianity
Europeans Explore Foreign Lands
NEXT
1SECTION
• Amerigo Vespucci sets out to find sea route to Asia (1501)
• Ferdinand Magellan sails west around South America to Asia; he dies
• Explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean (1513)
• He realizes that Americas are not Asia; America named after him
• Magellan’s crew returns; first people to sail around world (1519—1522)
Image
The Invasion of Mexico
NEXT
1SECTION
• Conquistadors—soldiers; explore Americas, claim for Spain
• Cortés defeats Montezuma, Aztecs; takes over region for Spain
• Aztec leader Montezuma at first welcomes, then opposes Cortés
• Conquistador Hernando Cortés and men land in Central America (1519)
Image
The Conquest of the Incan Empire
NEXT
1SECTION
• Inca have powerful empire along western coast of South America
• Conquistador Francisco Pizarro and men conquer Incas (1531)
Reasons for Spanish Victories
NEXT
1SECTION
• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans; weakens resistance
• Conquistadors treat Native Americans brutally
• Spanish form alliances with Native American enemies of Aztecs and Incas
• Spanish are excellent soldiers, sailors; have superior weapons
Other Spanish Explorers
NEXT
1SECTION
• 3 Spanish expeditions set out to find cities of gold (1539—1542):- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado travels
through Arizona, New Mexico - Hernando de Soto explores southeast North
America - Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sails up California
coast• All 3 expeditions fail to find cities of gold
Image
NEXT
Other European countries competed with Spain for control over territory in the Americas.
Section 2
European Competition in North America
The Search for the Northwest Passage
NEXT
2SECTION
• Northwest Passage—theoretical water route through North America to Asia
• Giovanni da Verrazzano searches for French along Atlantic coast (1524)
• John Cabot searches for English (1497); 2nd voyage never returns
• Henry Hudson searches for passage for Dutch, English
• Jacques Cartier searches for French up St. Lawrence River (1534—1536)
European Competition in North America
• None of the expeditions successful in finding Northwest Passage
Spain Responds to Competition
NEXT
2SECTION
• Spain angry about English and French claims in North America
• Nearby, Spanish troops build St. Augustine fort
• French Protestants found colony in Florida (1564)
• Religious tension among Spain, England, France
• Spanish troops destroy Protestant colony, massacre French
Image
Spain and England Clash
NEXT
2SECTION
• Catholic Spain wants England’s Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, dethroned
• During voyage, he plunders Spanish galleons, gets treasures for England
• Englishman Sir Francis Drake travels around world
• England challenges Spain’s sea power
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
NEXT
2SECTION
• Philip II of Spain sends Spanish Armada to conquer England
• England does not finance colonization; its private citizens must
• English victory has two major effects:- England remains independent and
Protestant - Spain’s image suffers; other nations
challenge Spain
• Using smaller, faster ships, English fleet defeats Spanish Armada (1588)
Image
The French and Dutch Seek Trade
NEXT
2SECTION
• Frenchman Samuel de Champlain explores St. Lawrence River
• Dutch start colony of New Netherland along Hudson River
• Rich fur trade develops; colony of New France thrives
• In Quebec, Champlain founds first permanent French settlement (1608)
• Dutch buy Manhattan Island (1626), start town of New Amsterdam
Map
NEXT
Spanish rule in the Americas had terrible consequences for Native Americans.
Section 3
The Spanish and Native Americans
Spanish Colonies in the Americas
NEXT
3SECTION
• By 1700, Spain controls much of the Americas
• Build new roads; transports soldiers, goods more efficiently
• Each province called viceroyalty; top official—viceroy
• Divides American empire into two provinces, New Spain and Peru
The Spanish and Native Americans
Life in Spanish America
3SECTION
• Spanish colonists receive encomiendas—grants of Native American labor
• Spanish rulers create haciendas—large estates; produce food for colony
Image
Continued . . .NEXT
NEXT
3SECTION
• Spanish colonial society has four levels
• Mestizos are third level, mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
• Creoles are second level, Spanish descent born in colonies
• Spanish-born colonists are top level; hold the most power
• Native Americans, enslaved Africans lowest layer; have least power
continued Life in Spanish America
The Role of the Church
NEXT
3SECTION
• Missions—Spanish settlements in Americas; church, town, farmlands
• Some missionaries treat Native Americans as slaves
• Missionaries provide food, protection, education for Native Americans
• Missions’ goal is to convert Native Americans to Christianity
• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish, but is defeated
Image
Sugar Plantations Develop
NEXT
3SECTION
• Plantations—large farms that grow cash crops; export crops to Europe
• Using encomiendas Spaniards force Taino to labor, who suffer, die
• Many plantations grow sugar
The Abuse of Native Americans
NEXT
3SECTION
• Most Spaniards treat Native Americans as beasts of burden
• Because of his efforts, Spanish king issues New Laws in 1542
• For 50 years, he fights against the abuse of Native Americans
• Catholic priest Bartolomé de Las Casas gives up his encomienda
• These laws order freeing of enslaved Native Americans
• But king eventually reverses many of these laws
The Columbian Exchange
NEXT
3SECTION
• Columbian Exchange—transfer of living things between hemispheres
• Potatoes, corn move to Eastern Hemisphere; help feed population
• Horses, cattle, wheat, onions, grapes move to Western Hemisphere
• Includes transfer of germs that kill millions of Native Americans
• People move from one hemisphere to other; cultures blend
Chart
NEXT
Slavery in the Americas began in order to provide cheap labor for the colonies.
Section 4
Beginnings of Slavery in Americas
The Origins of American Slavery
4SECTION
• Slavery—holding a person in bondage for labor
• In some societies slaves own property and their children are freed
Beginnings of Slavery in Americas
Continued . . .NEXT
NEXT
4SECTION
• Sugar plantations change slavery
• Turn to using enslaved Africans because they:- are immune from most diseases - provide cheap labor - have experience farming - have no allies to help them in the Americas
• First use enslaved Native Americans; many die from disease, overwork
continued The Origins of American Slavery
The Slave Trade
NEXT
4SECTION
• In 1509, Spanish king sends 50 African slaves to Hispaniola
• West African kingdoms on coast gather captives from inland
• European slave traders ship Africans to Americas
• Starts slave trade in Americas; soon colonies depend on slave labor
• These kingdoms then trade captives for goods, become rich
• Inland African societies weaken
The Middle Passage
NEXT
4SECTION
• African Diaspora—forced removal of people from Africa
• About 2 million of these die during voyage called the middle passage
• Overall, about 12 million enslaved Africans are shipped to Americas
• Slave trade lasts until the late 1800s
• On the ships, enslaved Africans face horrible conditions and disease
Slavery in the Americas
NEXT
4SECTION
• Most enslaved Africans are forced laborers in haciendas, mines
• Leads to racism—belief that some people inferior because of their race
• Europeans connect slavery with black Africans, dark skin with inferiority
• Many slaves rebel; laws to prevent rebellion, punish slaves—slave codes
• Enslaved Africans bring their knowledge and culture to Americas
• Crops such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilies go to Africa
Image
NEXT
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
Print TextPrint Text
BACK
Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint
If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation
Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open
in Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or
select the pages you want to print