saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetiqarTuli universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetis Sromebifakultetis Sromebi
I
gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~
TbilisiTbilisi
20142014
Sromebis krebulSi warmodgenilia samecniero statie-
bi, romlebic exeba saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli enisa
da qarTuli literaturis aqtualur problemebs.
mTavari redaqtori:
profesori sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe
saredaqcio kolegia:
akademikosi roin metreveliroin metreveli,
profesori vaxtang gurulivaxtang guruli,
profesori giorgi alibegaSviligiorgi alibegaSvili,
profesori eka duRaSvilieka duRaSvili,
profesori tariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZe,
profesori rozeta gujejianirozeta gujejiani,
profesori eTer SengeliaeTer Sengelia,
istoriis doqtori levan jiqia levan jiqia
(saredaqcio kolegiis mdivani).
SinaarsiSinaarsi
istoriaistoria.... ..................................................................................................................................... 5-304
roin metreveli. roin metreveli. ra akavSirebs petre pirvels
daviT aRmaSenebelTan (sxvaoba _ 600 weli) ................................................ .6-32
sergo vardosaniZe. sergo vardosaniZe. patriarq leonidesa da
mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias
dapirispirebis istoriidan ..........................................................................................33-49
vaxtang guruli. vaxtang guruli. mowameobrivi cxovrebis dasasruli
(ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba) .....................................................................................50-87
vaxtang guruli. vaxtang guruli. politikuri mkvlelobis fizionomia
(vin mokla rusi egzarqosi nikoni?) ...............................................................88-101
rozeta gujejiani. rozeta gujejiani. istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebi
TurqeTis respublikis marmarilos zRvis regionebis
eTnikur qarTvelTa Soris ...................................................................................... 102-129
gvanca burduli gvanca burduli statistikuri cnobebi
saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi 1906 wlisaTvis
arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb ................................................................................. 130-144
levan jiqia. levan jiqia. baTumeli moswavleebis antisabWoTa
saqmianobis istoriidan (1955 w.) .........................................................................145-147
levan jiqia. levan jiqia. morwmuneTa marTlmadidebluri
sazogadoebebis Seqmna zugdidis raionSi ............................................... 148-163
gela qistauri. gela qistauri. sisxli rogorc warmarTuli
reliqti V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul
mwerlobasa da xalxuri yofis
rwmena-warmodgenebSi ......................................................................................................164-173
daviT malazonia. Tamar fxalaZe. daviT malazonia. Tamar fxalaZe.
interkulturuli ganaTleba, urTierTobebi da
kvlevebi saqarTveloSi. sitiuaciuri analizi ...................................174-188
daviT malazonia. daviT malazonia. socialur-ekonomikuri motivebi
TergdaleulTa mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ................................................189-202
maxare (miqael) bukia. maxare (miqael) bukia. wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre
(oqropiriZe) ..............................................................................................................................203-233
maka kvaracxelia. maka kvaracxelia. qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde
(1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis maisi) ............................................................... 234-245
maka kvaracxelia. maka kvaracxelia. Tbilisis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
xmosanTa 1919 wlis arCevnebi ............................................................................... 246-260
besik gafrindaSvili. besik gafrindaSvili.
nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavrebi 1534-1822 wlebSi ............................261-286
saba saluaSvili. saba saluaSvili. „rifsimianeTa wamebidan _ wm. ninos
saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde ....................................................................................287-298
durmiSxan laSxi. durmiSxan laSxi. cota ram mecenatobisa da
qvelmoqmedebis warsulidan saqarTveloSi ......................................... 299-304
filologiafilologia ...........................................................................................................................305-396
tariel futkaraZe. tariel futkaraZe. ucxouri polisemantikuri terminebi
qarTul politikur konteqstSi (regioni, regionuli enebi,
regionalizmi...) ....................................................................................................................306-332
manana tabiZe. manana tabiZe. enobrivi politikis Teoria da praqtika ............ 333-348
inga RutiZe. inga RutiZe. enobrivi viTareba nigalis xeobaSi –
borCxisa da murRulis soflebi .................................................................... 349-367
eka duRaSvili. eka duRaSvili. giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi
meTodi bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanebis magaliTze .....368-376
giorgi alibegaSvili. giorgi alibegaSvili. beri – monazoni _ enkratisi ....................377-380
sofo gvaramaZe. sofo gvaramaZe. arCilis `samijnuroni~,
mistikur-alegoriuli leqsi ...............................................................................381-387
istoriaistoria
6
roin metreveliroin metreveli _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetis profesori,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
akademikosi
ra akavSirebs petre pirvels ra akavSirebs petre pirvels
daviT aRmaSenebelTan daviT aRmaSenebelTan
(sxvaoba _ 600 weli)(sxvaoba _ 600 weli)
paraleluri biografiebis Janri istoriografia-
Si plutarqem daamkvidra Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel
saukuneSi. `bio paraleloÁ~ _ Zveli berZeni gamoCenili
pirovnebis cxovrebis aRwerasTan erTad gadmoscems misi
badali romaeli moRvawis biografias da mkiTxvels aZlevs
saSualebas, erTmaneTs Seadaros es ori istoriuli piri.
ase magaliTad, Tezevsis biografiis gverdiT aRwerilia
romulusis cxovreba. aseve dawyvilebulia soloni _ pub-
likola, perikle _ fabius maqsimusi, alkibiade _ gaius
mariusi (koriolanusi), kimoni _ lukulusi, agesilae _
pompeusi, aleqsandre makedoneli _ iulius keisari, demos-
Tene _ ciceroni da sxv. plutarqes naSroms udidesi gamo-
Zaxili hqonda msoflio istoriaSi, misi ganviTarebis bevr
etapze. renesansis epoqaSi Tu safrangeTis burJuaziuli
revoluciis dros gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen `paralelur
biografiebs~. Seqspiri da rasini uxvad daewafnen plu-
tarqeseul Temebs. aRfrTovanebuli iyvnen am nawarmoebiT
volteri, ruso, belinski. plutarqes Zveli qarTuli mwer-
lobac kargad icnobda.
amjerad Cveni mizania, gavixsenoT es Janri da warmo-
vaCinoT paralularad ori istoriuli moRvawe _ daviT
7
aRmaSenebeli da petre pirveli: XI saukunis miwurulisa
da XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelo da XVII
saukunis miwurulisa da XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis
ruseTi. 600 weli aSorebs erT mefes meore mefisagan, erT
epoqas meore epoqisagan. miuxedavad amisa, bevri ram metad
sainteresod emsgavseba erTmaneTs ori Zveli xalxis isto-
riaSi. umTavresi is aris, rom swored XII saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi miaRwia saqarTvelom, xolo XVIII saukunis pir-
vel meoTxedSi ruseTma gansakuTrebul siZlieres; erTica
da meore saxelmwifoc swored zemoxsenebul mefeTa moR-
vaweobis dros iqcnen centralizebul qveynebad. Zlieri
iyo samefo xelisuflebac, rasac TavisTavad didi mniS-
vneloba hqonda, radgan centralizebuli samefo xelisu-
fleba Sua saukuneebSi (ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xa-
naSi) progresul elements warmoadgenda.
XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifos teritoria mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda. daviT aR-
maSeneblis 1125 wlis anderZi gvauwyebs: `... da uwoda magas
mefobaÁ, mamuli da axlad mogebuli Ruawli CemiTa da
TqueniTa: nikofsiTgan darubandisa zRuadmde da ovseTid-
gan soerad da aregawadmde~.1
aseve farToa ruseTis sazRvrebi XVIII saukunis pir-
vel meoTxedSi. aSkarad Cans qveynis siZliere petre pi-
rvelis erT sigelSi: `Божиею поспешествующею милостию мы, пресвятлейший да державнейший великий государь, царь и великий князь Петр Алексеевич, всея Великия и Малыя и Белыя России, самодержец московский, киевский, владимирский, новгородский, царь казанский, царь астраханский, царь сибирский, государь псковский да великий князь смоленский, тверский, югорский, пермский...~2 da sxv.
1 anderZi daviT aRmaSeneblisa (1125 w.)._ qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi. II. Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 19.2 Полномочная грамота И. Х. Урбиху к австрийскому императору Карлу VI.- Письма и бумаги императора Петра Великого. т. XII. 1975, стр. 217.
8
swored petre pirvelis dros damkvidrda ruseTi
baltiis napirebze da moipova umoklesi savaWro gza ev-
ropasTan.
ai, yovelive amisTvis, arsebiTi msgavsebisaTvis mimovix-
ilavT daviT aRmaSeneblisa da petre pirvelis 600-wlovani
intervalis mqone moRvaweobas.
******
`daviT, mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somex-
Ta~
daviT aRmaSeneblis samefo tituli
(zedwerili daviTis monetaze, warwera mis oqros
jvarze).
`Божиею милостию мы, Петр Первый царь и самодержец всероссийский, и прочая, и прочая, и чая~
petre pirvelis samefo tituli.
amTaviTve movitanT ramdenime qronologiur faqts.
daviT aRmaSenebeli daibada 1072/3 wels, 600 wlis Semdeg
1672 wlis 30 maiss daibada petre pirveli. XI saukunis
80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan daviT aRmaSenebeli mefed
iwodeboda da nominalurad saxelmwifos TanammarTvelis
uflebebi hqonda. 600 wlis Semdeg 1682 wlidan petre pi-
rvelic nominalurad Seudga qveynis marTvas. 1089 wels
daviT aRmaSenebeli erTiani saqarTvelos mefe gaxda. 600
wlis Semdeg 1689 wels petre pirveli ruseTis faqtobrivi
erTmmarTveli Seiqna. daviT aRmaSenebeli gardaicvala 1125
wlis 24 ianvars. 600 wlis Semdeg 1725 wlis 28 ianvars gar-
daicvala petre pirveli.
axla ki metad saintereso damTxvevebs miRma ufro
Rrmad gadavixedoT saqarTvelosa da ruseTis warsulSi.
9
qveynis mdgomareobaqveynis mdgomareoba
nominaluri mefobanominaluri mefoba
XI saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos sagareo
politikuri viTareba erTgvarad garTulda, risi mizezic
Turquli modgmis tomebis _ selCukebis gamoCena iyo. sul-
Tanma alf-arslanma (1063-1072 ww.) araerTgzis dalaSqra
saqarTvelo (1065 w., 1068 w.). qarTvelebi mxned ebrZodnen
momxdur mters da cdilobdnen, rom Turq-selCukebs qar-
Tul miwaze fexi ar moekidebinaT. selCukTa Semosevebi
did zians ayenebda dapyrobil qveynebs. saqarTvelos ekono-
mikisaTvis damangreveli iyo Turq-selCukTa Semosevebi XI
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom `mooxrda qveyanaÁ da tyed
gardaiqca; nacvlad kacTa mxecni da nadirni daemkvidrnes
mas Sina; da iyo Wiri mouTmeneli yovelTa zeda mkÂdr-
Ta qveyanisaTa~.3 aseTi ubedureba saqarTvelos arasodes
enaxa. selCukebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebodnen sxva dampy-
roblebisagan (bizantia, arabeTi). isini momTabareebi iyvnen
da amitom dapyrobil adgilebze saxldebodnen. es ki, Tavis
mxriv, xels uSlida feodaluri meurneobis ganviTarebas,
mas safuZvels (miwas) aclida da erTianad gadaSenebis sa-
frTxes uqmnida. miuxedavad didi moZalebisa, saqarTvelom
damoukidebloba SeinarCuna, magram es damoukidebloba
qveyanas mZime tvirTad awva kiserze _ giorgi II (1072-1089
ww.) sulTnis sasargeblod yovelwliurad xarks ixdida,
Tanac mefe sulTans eaxla da morCileba gamoucxada. mSvi-
dobianoba mainc ar Canda _ momTabare Turqebis ricxvi
saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad matulobda.
3 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 303.
10
sagulisxmoa, rom XI saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasaw-
yisidan daviT aRmaSenebeli Cans mefis TanammarTvelad.
daviT garejis wignTsacavSi aRmoCenil 1085 wlis minaw-
erSi igi ukve mefed da sevastosad ixsenieba: `daesrula
saweliwadoÁ sawinaswarmetyveloÁ wessa, zeda berZulsa,
axalTargmnili wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmind-
elisa, sruli yovliTurT da unaklo. me suliTa sawyalo-
belman egnati davwere wmida ese wigni sawinaswarmetyve-
lo didebulisa lavrisa SatberdisaTvis, salocvelad
RvTiT-gÂrgÂnosanTa CuenTa giorgi mefeTa-mefisa da
kesarosisa da Zisa maTisa daviT mefisa sevastosisa~.4
bunebrivia, qveyanas ganagebda mefeTa-mefe giorgi, magram
masTan erTad samefos marTvis nominaluri uflebebi mis
mcirewlovan Svilsac hqonda. yuradsaRebia isic, rom ma-
ma-Svils Soris ierarqia mkveTrad aris daculi _ gior-
gi kesarosia, daviTi ki sevastosi _ SedarebiT dabali
rangis titulis matarebeli.
******
ra mdgomareobaa XVII saukunis ruseTSi? ruseTi
ucxoel interventTa Tavdasxmis obieqtadaa qceuli. mas
ar gaaCnia arc mosaxerxebeli sazRvao navsadgurebi, arc
ganviTarebuli mrewveloba, arc gawvrTnili armia da flo-
ti. ruseTis saxelmwifo Zalze nela viTardeboda. 60-70-ian
wlebSi ruseTs aSkara safrTxe Seeqmna TurqeTis mxridan.
am ukanasknelma, mas Semdeg, rac marjvena napiris ukrainis
getmani doroSenko TurqeTis mxareze gadavida, pretenzia
ganacxada mTels ukrainaze. erTi sityviT, ruseTs sWirde-
boda qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba TurqeTis winaaRmdeg,
saerTod aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba...
4 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi. I. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 232.
11
... 1672 wlis 30 maiss kremlis taZarTa zarebma mosax-
leobas ufliswulis dabadeba auwya. es ufliswuli petre
gaxldaT, ruseTis mefis aleqsi mixeilis Zis Svili. petre
42 wlis aleqsi mixeilis Zes SeeZina 21 wlis natalia kir-
iles asul nariSkinasTan qorwinebis Semdeg. vaJis SeZena
sasixarulo iyo mefisaTvis imitomac, rom pirvel col-
Tan maria ilias asul miloslavskaiasTan SeZenili xuTi
vaJidan _ sami mcirewlovani gardaicvala, Tevdore da ivane
ki avadmyofebi iyvnen. petres dabadeba zar-zeimiT aRiniSna.
oTxi wlisac ar iyo igi, rom aleqsi mixeilis Ze gardai-
cvala da misi adgili 1676 wels Tevdorem daikava. ufro
sworad, igi boiarebma xeliT gamoitanes da mefed gamoacx-
ades. 1682 wels Tevdore ise gardaicvala, rom STamomavlo-
ba ar dautovebia. taxtis memkvidre unda yofiliyo ivane
an petre. erTsac da meoresac TavianTi momxreebi hyavdaT.
ivanes mxars uWerdnen aleqsi mixeilis Zis pirveli colis
naTesavebi, romelTac saTaveSi edga boiari ivane mixeilis
Ze miloslavski. am dajgufebaSi did rols TamaSobda me-
fis asuli sofio _ energiuli da Zalauflebismoyvare
qali, romelic TviTon ocnebobda samefo gvirgvinze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom formalurad, rogorc ufross,
ivanes ekuTvnoda taxti, patriarqis winadadebiT mefed pe-
tre gamoacxades da regentad dedamisi natalia nariSkina
dauniSnes. es ukanaskneli, rogorc misi Tanamedrove Ta-
vadi boris ivanes Ze kurakini gadmogvcems, iyo `Доброго темпераменту, доброжелательного, токомо не была ни прилежная и не искусная в делах и ума легкого~.
sasaxlis karze saqmis viTareba imgvarad wavida,
rom strelecTa moTxovniT saxelmwifos marTva orive
Zmas _ petres da ivanes daekisraT, maTive daJinebiT, Zme-
bis mcirewlovanebis periodSi saxelmwifos faqtobrivi
gamgebeli mefis asuli sofio gaxda. amdenad, 1682 wlidan
7 wlis manZilze petre mxolod nominalurad iTvle-
boda ruseTis mefed.
12
gamefebagamefeba
XI s-is 70-80-ian wlebSi Zlierdebian mefis mowi-
naaRmdege Zalebi _ aRiniSneba saqarTvelos samefo karis
winaaRmdeg didgvarian feodalTa gamosvlebi. saqarTvelo
politikurad da ekonomikurad daqveiTebis gzas adga. qvey-
nis isedac garTulebul mdgomareobas daerTo stiqiuri
ubedurebani _ mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi didi miwisZvre-
bi yofila da mravali adamianic umsxverplia. yovelive
aman saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi iseTi STabeWdileba Se-
qmna, rom samefo kari da TviT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi
II codvilni iyvnen da RmerTmac es ubedurebani amisaTvis
mouvlina saqarTvelos (`bunebiT mowyale da saxieri Rmer-
Ti eseoden ganarisxes, vidremdis TviT moixades ganCineba
risxvisa~5).
aseTi mZime saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobisa da mw-
vave saxelmwifoebrivi krizisis pirobebSi saqarTvelos
samefo karze, rogorc Cans, garkveuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad,
moxda cvlileba, romlis Sedegadac jer kidev axalgazrda
giorgi II 1089 wels gadadga samefo taxtidan da misi ad-
gili daikava daviT giorgis Zem, istoriaSi aRmaSeneblad
wodebulma. `bnelsa ukunsa Sina, _ gadmogvcems daviTis is-
torikosi, _ iwyo aRmociskrebad mzeman yovelTa mefobaTa-
man, didman saxeliTa da udidesman saqmiTa, saxel-modgamman
daviT, RmrTisa mamisaman, da TÂT sameocdameaTurameteman
Svilman amis daviTisman daviT~.6
5 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 305.6 qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 307.
13
mZime memkvidreoba xvda wilad Teqvsmeti wlis dav-
iTs _ selCukebisagan aklebuli da ganadgurebuli qveyana,
mTebSi gaxiznuli da damSeuli mosaxleoba, dacariele-
buli cixe-qalaqebi da soflebi: `mooxrebuli iyo qarTli
da TÂnier cixeTa sadame ara sada iyo kaci sofelsa Sina,
arcara Senebuloba~.
qveynis mosaRoniereblad gadamWreli zomebis miReba
iyo saWiro.
******
rogor midioda petres cxovreba 7 wlis manZilze _
misi nominaluri mmarTvelobis dros? igi dedasTan _ de-
dofal nataliasTan erTad cxovrobda moskovis maxlo-
blad soflebSi _ vorobiovoSi, kolomenskoesa da preob-
raJenskoeSi. sasaxlis karze petres, ise rogorc mis Zmas
ivanes, mxolod dekoratiuli roli hqonda gankuTvnili:
isini eswrebodnen sxvadasxva zeimebs, elCebis miRebas,
monawileobdnen saeklesio ceremonialebSi. ZmebisaTvis
oradgiliani samefo taxti daamzades. qveyanas faqtobri-
vad sofio ganagebda.
petres 17 welic ar Sesruleboda, rom dedamisma misi
daqorwineba gadawyvita. natalia nariSkinas varaudiT, qor-
winebis Semdgom srulwlovan da srulfasovan mefes misi
dis meurveoba aRar dasWirdeboda da preobraJenskoedan
kremlis palatebSi gadasaxldeboda.
dedam TviTon SeurCia Svils sacole evdokia lopuxina,
romelic TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT metad lamazi yofila
(`лицом изрядная, токомо ума посреднего и нравом несходного своему супругу~).
urTierToba preobraJenskoeSi myof petresa da kremls
dapatronebul sofios Soris TandaTan mwvavdeboda. es gan-
sakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gamoCnda, roca oficialur aqtebSi
daiwyes sofios moxsenieba (`благоверной царевны и великой
14
княжны Софьи Алексеевны~). sofio aSkarad amzadebda sasax-
lis gadatrialebas im mizniT, rom petresaTvis mefobis
uflebebi aeyara. 1689 wlis 7 agvistos RamiT petre iZule-
buli gaxda, daetovebina preobraJenskoe da sergi samebis
monastrisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. petres gaqcevam gangaSi
gamoiwvia moskovSi. sofio amaod Seecada Serigebas Zmas-
Tan. verc patriarqis damociqulebam moagvara saqme. es
ukanaskneli petres did pativs scemda da masTan darCa.
sofios momxreebi gaifantnen, petres irgvliv ki Tavi moi-
yares misma erTgulma jarebma. petre da misi momxreebi
mdgomareobis baton-patronebi Seiqnen. mefe moskovisaken
gamoemarTa. mas miwaze garTxmuli egebebodnen erT dros
sofios momxre strelecebi da Sewyalebas sTxovdnen. pe-
trem adrianad gamougzavna werili ivanes sofios xelisu-
flebidan Camocilebis Sesaxeb: `Срамно, государь, при нашем совершенном возрасте тому зазорному лицу государством владеть мимо нас~.
amgvarad, petre 1689 wels 17 wlis asakSi qveynis faqto-
brivi erTmmarTveli gaxda.
garegnoba, xasiaTigaregnoba, xasiaTi
orive pirovnebas, daviT aRmaSenebelsa da petre pir-
vels, Tanamedroveni aRgviweren, rogorc axovani agebuleb-
isa da keTili Sesaxedaobis mamakacebs.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi Tavisi weris obieqts
mTeli sisruliT aRwers, warmogvidgens rogorc didi fizi-
kuri Zalis mqone Zlier pirovnebas, Zliers xasiaTidanac.
daviT iyo `Suenier xatiTa, uSuenieres morTulobiTa gua-
misaTa, Sewyobil anagebiTa da axovan taniTa, Zlier Zal-
iTa, uZlieres simaxviliTa, sawadel RimiliTa, usawedels
mWmunvarebiTa, madlieri xedviTa, sazareli lomebr mkr-
15
TomelobiTa, brZen cnobiTa, ubrZnes gamorCeviTa, martiv
saxiTa, mravalsaxe marTebiTa, Semrisxvel myudroebiTa,
maqebel ganmswavlelobiTa...~7 aseve sainteresoa gelaTis
freska daviTis portretiT: axovan mamakacs, `uSvenieres
morTulobiTa guamisaTa, Sewyobil anagebiTa~, xelSi taZ-
ris maketi uWiravs. amgvarad hyavT warmosaxuli daviTi
Tanamedroveebs.
petre pirvelis aRnagobis Sesaxeb cnobebi uxvad aris
daculi TanamedroveTa (maT Soris ucxoelTa) mogonebeb-
Si. jer kidev sruliad yrma petre aRwera SvedeTis sael-
Cos mdivanma 1683 wlis erT-erTi miRebis dros: `Лицо у него открытое, красивое, молодая кровь играла в нем, как только обращались к нему с речью~.
TerTmeti wlis petre Tavisi simaRliTa da ganviTare-
biT 16 wlis Wabukis STabeWdilebas tovebda.
holandiaSi mimavali petre pirveli Sexvda branden-
burgis kurfiurstis meuRles sofia Sarlotas da mis de-
das. deda-Svilma dagvitoves petres saintereso aRweri-
loba (igi am dros 25 wlisa iyo):
`Царь очень высокого роста, лицо его очень красиво, он очень строен~.
ai kidev erTi Tanamedrovis mier aRwerili mefis por-
treti:
Царь Петр Алексеевич был высокого роста, скорее худощавый, чем полный; волосы у него были густые, короткие, темно-каштанового цвета, глаза большие, черные, с длинными ресницами, рот хорошей формы, но нижняя губа немного испорченная; выражение лица прекрасное, с первого взгляда внушающее уважение~.8
7 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 344-345.8 Н. Павленко. Петр Первый. Москва, 1976, стр. 58.
16
rogorc erTi mefe, ise meore Sromasa da brZolaSi
pirad magaliTebs iZleodnen. roca daviTis istorikosi
mogviTxrobs mefis saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze, gansa-
kuTrebiT aRniSnavs, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli glaxakebs uw-
yalobebda xolme `TÂsTa xeliTa~ namoRvawars: `da amas _
aRniSnavs istorikosi _ araTu xelosanTagan morTmeulisa
iqmodis, anu Tu saWurWliT, aramed xelTa TÂsTa nadirebu-
lisa. romelTagani TÂssa moZRuarsa iovanes misca odesme
drahkani, viTar ocdaoTxi aTasi, raTa ganuyos glaxakTa~.9
rac Seexeba petre pirvels, misTvis xelsaqme da xelos-
noba bavSvobis wlebidan iyo didi gataceba. kalatozoba,
durgloba, mWedloba _ petres Zalze itacebda es dargebi.
ukve srulwlovan mefes kargad scodnia 12 saxis xeloba.
gansakuTrebiT kargad exerxeboda culiT muSaoba da sax-
arato saqme. petre amayobda kidec Tavisi SromiT; branden-
burgis kurfiurstis meuRlis sofia Sarlotas deda ig-
onebda:
`Он нам сказал, что сам работает над постройкой кораблей, показал свои руки да заставил потрогат мозоли, образовавшиеся на них от работы~.
swored amgvarma damokidebulebam Sromisadmi, didma
fizikurma Zalam da simtkicem, amasTan, rogorc XII sauku-
nis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTveloSi, ise XIII saukunis pi-
rveli meoTxedis ruseTSi Seqmnilma saSinao mdgomareobam
da sagareo politikurma viTarebam gansazRvra erT SemTx-
vevaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi petre
pirvelis moRvaweobis xasiaTi.
9 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 337.
17
pirveli RonisZiebebipirveli RonisZiebebi
pirveli periodebi daviT aRmaSeneblisa, Tu petre pi-
rvelis mefobisa, aRsavse iyo Sinapolitikuri brZolebiT.
saqarTvelo XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze, ise rogorc eqvsi
saukunis Semdegdroindeli ruseTi, Sinapolitikuri br-
Zolebis asparezs warmoadgenda.
ra saxis iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis pirveli RonisZiebebi?
saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebas kargad hqonda
awon-dawonili XI saukunis dasasrulis saqarTvelos
mdgomareoba da iTvaliswinebda kidec im winaaRmdegobebs,
romelic samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas win eRobebo-
da. upirveles yovlisa, qveyana unda moSenebuliyo da mefes
gabneuli da daqsaqsuli qveSevrdomebi Semoekriba. daviT
aRmaSenebelmac amiT daiwyo: Semoikriba Tavisi erTgule-
bi, raTa maTi mxardaWeriT warmatebiT waremarTa qveynis
saqmeebi. saqarTvelos samefo karma Tavi mouyara erTgul
mxedarTa razmebs da Tavs esxmoda Turq-selCukebs. mefem
wvril-wvrili gamarjvebebis wyalobiT selCukebi Tanda-
Tan ahyara qarTlidan. amiT ki qarTvel xalxSi garduvali
gamarjvebisa da sakuTari Zalis rwmenas aRvivebda; mtris
SiSiT mTaSi gaxiznul miwis muSas barad Camosvlis saSu-
aleba mieca. qveyana kvlav daubrunda soflis meurneobis
intensiur warmoebas, qalaqebi aRorZinebis gzas daadga.
saqarTvelos samefo karma XI saukunis bolos mkac-
ri brZola gamoucxada mefisa da qveynis centralizaciis
mowinaaRmdege didgvarian feodalebs.
daviT aRmaSenebelma Seipyro 1193 wels samefo karis
winaaRmdeg gamosuli kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRva-
Si. am ukanasknelma codvebi moinania da mefemac gaaTavisu-
fla igi. Tanac feodalis yvela Zveli ufleba Seucvle-
lad cno. rogorc Cans, liparitma Tavisi fici da piroba
ar Seasrula da saqarTvelos mefes kvlav gauorgulda _
18
`ganacxada mteroba da ukeTurebasa iwurTida~.10 saqarTve-
los mefe roca darwmunebula, rom liparitis morjuleba
ar SeiZleboda, `rameTu kudi ZaRlisa ara ganemarTebis,
arca kirCxibi marTlad vals~, kvlav Seupyria da ori wlis
patimrobis Semdeg bizantiaSi gauZevebia, sadac gardacvli-
la kidec es qedmaRali feodali. am aqtis Semdeg kldeka-
ris saerisTavom kidev ramdenime xans iarseba; saTaveSi mas
liparitis Ze rati edga. verc rati liparitis Zem gamoiCi-
na Tavi sikeTiTa da saqarTvelos mefisadmi erTgulebiT.
isic, misi winaprebis msgavsad, samefo xelisuflebisa da
erTiani qveynis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. ̀ kaci orguli da nand-
vilve naSobi iqednesi~. _ aseTi mware sityvebiT `amkobs~
istorikosi kldekaris ukanasknel erisTavs. bunebrivia,
roca saqarTvelos mefem kvlav orguloba ixila, baRvaSTa
gvaridan momdinare, mas isRa darCenoda, ukiduresi zomi-
saTvis miemarTa. es ukiduresi zoma saerisTavos gauqmeba
iyo. 1103 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma kldekaris saerisTa-
vo gaauqma da saqarTvelos samefos SemouerTa. 1099 wels
saqarTvelos mefem selCukebs xarkis micema Seuwyvita da
amiT sruli damoukidebloba aRidgina.
1104 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma adgilobriv didebul-
Ta aqtiuri mxardaWeris wyalobiT kaxeTi da hereTi Semoi-
erTa.
saqarTvelos mefis aseTi moqmedeba verafrad epitnava
sultans, radgan hereT-kaxeTi misi moxarke iyo da am qvey-
nis dakargva did danakliss warmoadgenda sasulTnosTvis.
sustdeboda Turqebis pozicia aRmosavleT amierkavkasia-
Si. sulTnis didmoxele, ganZis aTabagi, mravalricxovani
laSqriT gamoemarTa daviT aRmaSenebelTan SesabrZole-
blad da mis hereT-kaxeTidan gasadevnad. daviT aRmaSenebe-
li momzadebuli dauxvda mters. brZola gaimarTa erwuxSi
10 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 308-309.
19
(axlandel saingiloSi) 1104 wels da qarTvelTa brwyin-
vale gamarjvebiT damTavrda (`erwuxs qmna wyobani didni
xma-gasmenili igi didi Zleva~), istorikosi aRtacebiT aR-
wers daviT aRmaSeneblis uSualo monawileobas erwuxis
brZolaSi: `ara Tu viTarca sxua vinme zurgiT udga oden
spaTa TÂsTa, anu SoriT uzaxebda... aramed upirates yovel-
Tasa TÂT wina uvidoda, da viTa lomi Seuzaxebda xmiTa
maRliTa, da viTa grigali midamo iqceoda.~11
daviT aRmaSenebelma daimorCila mowinaaRmdege feo-
dalebi _ Zagan da modistos abuleTisZeebi. Zagani dav-
iTs sikvdiliT ar dausjia, magram misTvis yvela pativi
auyria. nawili misi miwebisa `naqoni misa-mimarT TÂsebuli
da mRvimes qonebani misni saavazakoni da wartyuenili~ mis-
Tvis dautovebia sikvdilamde. Zaganis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg ki misi STamomavloba kargavda yovelgvar uflebas
zemoaRniSnul qonebaze.
amgvarad, didgvariani feodalebis aRviraxsnilobis
alagmviT, selCukebisaTvis xarkis SewyvetiT, hereT-kaxeTis
SemoerTebiT daviT aRmaSenebelma did warmatebebs miaRwia.
amieridan ukve aSkarad Zlier, erTian saqarTvelos SeeZlo
farTo masStabis RonisZiebebis qmediTi gatareba _ ekono-
mikuri xasiaTisa iqneboda, Tu politikurisa.
******
avida Tu ara samefo taxtze, petre pirvels mouxda
opoziciur ZalebTan SebrZoleba. igi sruliad gansxvavde-
boda misi winamorbedi mefeebisagan. siaxle yvela saqmeSi,
brZola ruseTis Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifos
SeqmnisaTvis, _ ai ra iyo petre pirvelis sazrunavi. Tavga-
modebuli brZola imisaTvis, rom ruseTs hqonoda zRvaze
11 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 312.
20
gasasvleli, petresTvis pirvel moTxovnilebad gadaiqca.
evropis bevr qveyanaSi imogzaura ruseTis mefem, ecnoboda
gemTmSeneblobasa Tu sxva sakiTxebs. igi didi STabeWdile-
bebiT datvirTuli dabrunda samSobloSi da Zlierma mefem
morCili Tayvaniscemis gunebaze daayena boiarebi. saocari
faqti moxda mefis rezidenciaSi _ preobraJenskoeSi, roca
boiarebi petres sanaxavad movidnen, raTa misalmebodnen ax-
lad dabrunebul mefes, am ukanasknelma makrateli moiTxo-
va da sakuTari xeliT mohkveca boiarebs wveri. pirveli
msxverpli boiari Seini gaxda. wvers Seelia Tavadi ro-
modanovskic. SemdgomSi ukve am movaleobas mefis masxara
asrulebda.
petrem wveris mokveca saxelmwifo politikis rangSi
aiyvana _ moiTxova, mTels mosaxleobas gaeparsa wveri. wv-
eris tarebis ufleba mxolod garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdis
gziT SeiZleboda. mdidar vaWrebs wveri weliwadSi 100
maneTi ujdebodaT, aznaurobasa da Cinovnikebs _ 60 maneTi,
sxva moqalaqeebi 30 maneTs ixdidnen. glexebi qalaqSi yo-
veli Sesvla-gamosvlisas TiTo kapiks ixdidnen.
petre pirvelma didi mniSvneloba mianiWa misi mowi-
naaRmdege strelecebis moZebna-dasjas. strelecebi jer
kidev petres sazRvargareT yofnis dros ajanydnen. stre-
lecTa mizani iyo petres mokvla da sofios gamefeba, ma-
gram isini mwared damarcxdnen mefis erTguli laSqris
mier, ajanyebis moTaveebi daisajnen. petre pirvelma roca
gaigo am ajanyebis Sesaxeb, Tavad romodanovskis werili
gamougzavna: `Min Her Kenih! Письмо твое, юня 17 день писанное мне отдано, в котором пишешь, ваша милость, что семья Ивана Михайловича растет, в чем прошу быть вас крепкими; а кроме сего ничем сей огнь угасить не можно.
Хотя зело нам жаль нынешнего полезного дела, однако сей ради причины будем к вам так, как вы не чаете~.
am werilidan aSkarad Cans, rom petres TavisTvis gad-
21
awyvetili hqonda strelecTa bedi. mefes isini adridanve ar
mosdioda TvalSi da ukve gamarjvebuli Zlieri pirovneb-
is lagamamoudebelma dauokebelma despotizmma udidesi
risxva daatexa strelecTa polkebs. petre pirvelma Tvi-
Ton aiRo xelT gamoZiebis xelmZRvaneloba, Tumca misTvis
naTeli iyo, rom `Смерти они достойны и за одну провинность, что забунтовали и бились против Большого дома~.
gamoZiebam daadastura, rom sofio aleqsis asuli
garkveulad iyo dakavSirebuli ajanyebasTan. petrem Tvi-
Ton dahkiTxa cxra wlis unaxavi da, magram am aqtma ver-
aviTari Sedegi ver gamoiRo, radgan uSualo mamxilebeli
sabuTi ar arsebobda. Zieba formaluri xasiaTisa iyo. igi
arc ki damTavrebula, ise daiwyo strelecTa dasja. maT
gadauwyvites sikvdili, rogorc `qurdebs da moRalateebs,
ficis gamtexebsa da mojanyeebs~. sagulisxmoa, rom stre-
lecTa sikvdiliT dasjas TviT petre pirveli eswreboda,
samefo karis maRal moxeleebTan da ucxoel diplomatebT-
an erTad. mefis Zlieri pirovneba mTeli simkveTriT war-
moisaxa TanamedroveTa winaSe. petre pirvelma morCilebis
gunebaze moiyvana aqa-iq jer kidev arsebuli mowinaaRmde-
geni da Semdeg did reformatorul saqmianobas Seudga.
reformatoruli saqmianobareformatoruli saqmianoba
daviT aRmaSenebelma samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkiceb-
is mizniT gatarebuli pirveli RonisZiebebis Semdeg mniS-
vnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis ganxorcieleba
daiwyo. dRis wesrigSi idga saqarTvelos eklesiis sak-
iTxi; qveyanaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis, agreTve, sasuliero
pirebis Tavgasulobisa da TviT eklesiis saxelmwifos-
Tan dapirispirebis gamo, aucilebeli iyo RonisZiebebis ga-
tareba sasuliero sferoSic. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo-
22
Si eklesia msxvil feodalur organizacias warmoadgenda.
gansakuTrebiT gaizarda da gaZlierda igi XI saukuneSi,
roca mis xelSi didZalma mamulebma moiyara Tavi. ufro
metic, eklesiam Seuvaloba moipova da saxelmwifoSi erTg-
var saxelmwifod iqca.
XI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi giorgi mTawmindelma sca-
da, eklesia swor gzaze daeyenebina, magram eklesiaSi ar-
sebuli uwesobani mainc ver mospo. saqarTvelos samefos
winaSe dasaxuli iyo amocana _ centralizebuli saxelm-
wifos gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT SebrZoleboda
reaqciul sasuliero aristokratias. pirveli didi nabiji,
romelic saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebam am mimarTule-
biT gadadga, 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba iyo
_ `didTa wylulebaTa kurnebad Semokrba eri mravali~.12
vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, daviT aRmaSenebeli krebas
daswrebia, magram igi aq yofila `ara viTarca mefe, aramed
viTarca mona~.
krebam daviT aRmaSeneblis momxreTa xazi gaatara:
gankveTa uRirsi samRvdelo pirebi, maT nacvlad Rirseule-
bi (daviT aRmaSeneblis politikis erTgulebi) SearCia; ga-
nawesa sasuliero Tanamdebobis damkavebelTa wlovaneba,
daadgina xeldasxmis wesi, akrZala gvirgvinis kurTxeva
`CCvilTa qal-yrmaTa~, agreTve zogi uwesoba, romelic dam-
kvidrebuli yofila saero da sasuliero pirTa Soris.
rogorc irkveva, pirveli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg
eklesia-monastrebi daviT aRmaSenebels mkacr pirobebSi
hyolia Cayenebuli. saerTod, XII saukunis pirveli meoTxe-
dis saqarTveloSi mTeli es didi saqmianoba mimarTuli
iyo saxelmwifoze eklesiis saziano gavlenis winaaRmdeg.
amieridan didi feodalebi mRvdelmTavrebis saxiT Zlier
mokavSireebs kargavdnen.
12 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 310.
23
XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifos Zlierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvnelo-
ba hqonda Wyondidelisa da mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamde-
bobebis gaerTianebas _ Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesobis
SemoRebas.
mwignobarTuxucesi monazoni iyo da miwismflobe-
lobisagan Sors idga. sxva didi feodalebisagan gansx-
vavebiT, ver gamoiCenda `xelis~ samemkvidreod gadaqcevis
midrekilebas. mwignobarTuxucesi mTlianad mefis cen-
tralur xelisuflebaze iyo damokidebuli, amitom iyo
aseTi xelisuflebis gaZlierebis Tavgamodebuli momxre.
daviT aRmaSenebelma swored mwignobarTuxucesis Tan-
amdeboba SeaerTa WyondidelobasTan. mefis erTguli mox-
ele mwignobarTuxucesi, amave dros, saeklesio sferoSi gav-
leniani Tanamdebobis, Wyondidelobis, matarebelic gaxda.
saqarTvelos mefes mis mier Seqmnili axali xelis meox-
ebiT SeeZlo, farTod Careuliyo saeklesio saqmeebSi. sava-
raudoa, rom es Tanamdeboba ruis-urbnisis krebis momdevno
periodSi 1104-05 ww. daarsda. daviTis istorikosi xmamaRla
acxadebs, rom amieridan `monasterni da saepiskoposoni da
yovelni eklesiani wessa da rigsa locvisasa da yovlisa
saeklesiosa gangebisasa darbazis kariT miiRebdian, viTar-
ca kanonsa ucTomelsa, yovlad Sueniersa da dawyobilsa,
keTilwesierebasa locvisa da marxvisasa~.13
daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels ukavSirdeba samxedro re-
formis gatarebac. mas jarSi mkacri samxedro disciplina
SemouRia. mefem yuradReba miaqcia laSqris kargad gawvrT-
nis saqmes, laSqris moqmedebis siswrafisaTvis gaamrav-
la mxedroba, cxenosani razmebi. brZolis dros laSqris
xelmZRvaneloba axal taqtikasa da strategiul gegmebs
13 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 336.
24
mimarTavda. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier organizebuli qar-
Tuli laSqris wyalobiT saqarTvelos samefo xelisufle-
bam araerTi mniSvnelovani amocana gadawyvita. samxedro
reformis Semdgomi etapi iyo 1118-20 ww. yivCayTa gadmosax-
leba saqarTveloSi da maT bazaze mudmivi laSqris ga-
Zliereba. daviT aRmaSeneblis droindeli laSqari ase
SeiZleba warmovidginoT: qarTvelTa laSqari, `mona spa~
(mefis Tanmxlebi laSqari), yivCayTa laSqari, `roqis spa~
(daqiravebuli laSqari).
daviT aRmaSenebelma fulis kursis ganmtkicebis miz-
niT gaatara didmniSvnelovani finansuri RonisZiebebi,
moawesriga samoneto saqme. reformebi gatarda samarTlis
dargSic, daixvewa da gaumjobesda misi warmoeba. gardamqm-
neli moRvaweoba kulturis sferosac Seexo.
erTi sityviT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebuli re-
formebi masStaburi iyo da qveynis politikur da ekonomi-
kur aRmavlobas ganapirobebda.
******
mravalmxrivi da yovlismomcveli iyo petre pirvel-
is mier gatarebuli saxelmwifoebrivi reformebi XVIII
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi. sagulisxmoa, rom ruseTSi
meTvramete saukune axleburad daiwyo, axali 1700 weli
idResaswaules ara pirvel seqtembers, aramed pirvel ian-
vars. axali wlis mesame dRes petrem brZaneba gamosca, rom-
liTac rusuli Cacmuloba icvleboda _ Zveleburi grZeli
kaba mokle `ungrulma kaftanma~ Secvala.
brZanebulebebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT gamoicemo-
da. maTi erTi nawili mudmivmoqmedi iyo da `generaluri
daniSnuleba~ hqonda, zogierTi ki moklevadiani iyo. petres
mier gatarebuli administraciuli reformis wyalobiT
Seicvala saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi _ ruseTSi absolu-
turi monarqia damkvidrda.
25
Tuki winaT mefe boiarTa saTaTbirosTan erTad mar-
Tavda qveyanas, axla es instituti moZvelebulad gamoCnda
da mis nacvlad daarsda biurokratiuli dawesebulebebi,
romlebic sityvaSeubruneblad emorCilebodnen mefes. 1721
wels senatma petre pirvels imperatoris tituli miani-
Wa. mefis uflebaTa ganusazRvreloba naTlad Cans samxe-
dro wesdebaSi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `его величество есть самовластный монарх, который никому на свете о своих делах ответу дать не должен, но силу и власть имеет свои государства да земли, яко христианский государь, по своей воли и благомнению управлять~.
monarqis absoluturi uflebianoba sagangebodaa aRniS-
nuli sasuliero reglamentSi:
`Император всероссийский есть монарх самодержавный и неограниченный. Повиноваться его верховной власти не токомо за страх, но и за совесть, сам бог повелевает~.
petre pirvelma Secvala taxtis memkvidreobis wesi,
romelic pirmSoobaze iyo damyarebuli. amieridan taxtis
memkvidris SerCeva imperatorze iyo damokidebuli (niSan-
doblivia, rom daviT aRmaSenebelmac 1125 wlis saanderZo
gankargulebaSi, winaaRmdeg arsebuli tradiciisa, SesaZle-
blad dauSva umcrosi Svilis gamefeba).
didi mniSvneloba hqonda XVIII saukunis pirveli me-
oTxedis ruseTSi sasamarTlo reformis gatarebas, rom-
liTac mTavroba Seecada, burJuaziuli iusticiisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli wesrigi daemyarebina _ administraci-
ul-politikuri xelisufleba gaecalkevebina sasamarT-
losagan.
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro reformeb-
is gatarebas. farTo masStabiT warmoebulma gemTmSen-
eblobam ruseTis armias metad mniSvnelovani siZliere
Semata. jarSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad Seiqmna
pirvelxarisxovani samxedro armia da sazRvao floti.
26
mefis xelisuflebis ekonomikurma politikam mrewvelo-
bis zrda da vaWrobis ganviTareba uzrunvelyo. qveyana
mZlavr saxelmwifod iqca. ruseTma socialur-ekonomi-
kuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mZlavri
nabiji gadadga win _ didma gardaqmnebma daaCqara qveynis
`evropizacia~.
aRmavlobis gzazeaRmavlobis gzaze
XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi masStaburi saxelmwi-
foebrivi reformebis gatarebis Semdeg saqarTvelos same-
fo kari aqtiur saSinao da sagareo politikas awarmoe-
bda. XII saukunis aTiani wlebidan daiwyo Tanamimdevruli
brZola qalaqebis SemosaerTeblad. jer samSvilde aiRes
(1110 w.), 1115 wels qarTvelebma selCukebs rusTavic gamoh-
glijes xelidan, 1117 wels _ giSi, 1118 wels _ lore.
saqarTvelos samefo mTeli gulisyuriT emzadeboda
gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis _ Tbilisis SemosaerTeblad.
es brZola moxda 1121 wels didgorTan da, rogorc cno-
bilia, qarTvelTa Zlevamosili gamarjvebiT damTavrda.
muslimurma koaliciam samarcxvino marcxi ganicada. am
gamarjvebas udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. 1122
wels Tbilisi saqarTvelos erTian samefos daubrunda.
daviT aRmaSenebelma brZolis masStabebi gazarda, rac ar-
sebiTi mniSvnelobis iyo, rogorc saqarTvelos, ise mezobe-
li qveynebisaTvis. qarTvelTa da SirvanelTa erToblivma
brZolam uzrunvelyo Sirvanis damoukidebloba selCuki
dampyroblebisagan. 1124 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma Sir-
vani saqarTvelos SemouerTa. daviT aRmaSenebelma isarge-
bla somxeTis Crdilo raionebSi gaCaRebuli ganmaTavisu-
flebeli brZoliT da mters xelidan gamostaca somxeTis
cixeebi: gagni, terunakani, qavazni, noraberdi, minasgomni da
27
qalinjaqari. 1123 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma anisic aiRo.
amgvarad, XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi TiTqmis mTe-
li amierkavkasia saqarTvelos garSemo gaerTianda.
gaerTianebuli da ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwifos
winsvla mis kulturaSi gamoixata. daviT aRmaSenebeli
TviTon friad ganswavluli adamiani iyo da eris ganaTle-
basa da dawinaurebazec fiqrobda.
daviTma 1106 wels `adgilsa yovelad Sueniersa da yo-
vliTurT unaklulsa~ aago taZari `amaRlebuli yovelTa
winandelTa qmnulebaTa~, ganTqmuli Tavis `sivrciTa da
nivTTa sikeTiTa~, gelaTSi dafuZnda qarTuli kulturis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera _ gelaTis akademia. daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosi gelaTs moixseniebs `yovlisa
aRmosavlisa meored ierusalimad, saswavlod yovlisa ke-
Tilisad, moZRurad swavlulebisad, sxuad aTinad, friad
uaRresa missa~.14
daviT aRmaSenebelma gelaTis akademiaSi Semoikriba
`kacni patiosanni cxovrebiTa da Semkulni yovliTa saT-
noebiTa, ara TÂsTa oden samefoTa Sina povnilni, aramed
queyanisa kideTaT sadaTca esma vieTme siwminde, sikeTe,
sisrule, sulieriTa da xorcieliTa saTnoebiTa aRsavs-
eoba, iZina da keTilad gamoiZina, moiyvanna da daamkvidr-
na mas Sina~.15
gelaTis akademia, rogorc varaudoben, daarsebulia
1106-1110 wlebSi.16 igi ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis pir-
veli akademiaa, romelic Seiqmna realuri inteleqtualuri
moTxovnilebis niadagze da gzas ukafavda qarTul rene-
14 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 332.
15 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi _ qarTlis cxovreba. Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 313.
16 roin metreveli.roin metreveli. meore ierusalimi da sxva aTina. Tbilisi,
2007.
28
sanss.17 daaxloebiT am periodSi movidnen gelaTSi samoR-
vaweod ioane petriwi da arsen iyalToeli.
daviT aRmaSeneblis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moR-
vaweobaze metad mniSvnelovan cnobas gvawvdis somexi is-
torikosi vardan barZberdeci: `is Zlier zrunavda codn-
ismoyvare iveriis xalxze, romelTa ricxvidan man SearCia
ormoci axalgazrda da gagzavna saberZneTSi codnis mis-
aRebad. sami amaTgani SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda Tavisi
moRvaweobiT~.18 bizantiaSi codnis misaRebad axalgazrdeb-
is gagzavna, samSobloSi, xalxSi kulturis Setana mniS-
vnelovani saqme iyo. muslimi mwerlebi imasac gvamcno-
ben, rom daviT aRmaSenebels calke saxlic ki auSenebia
ucxo qveynebis mecnierTa, filosofosTa da poetTaTvis.
igi Turme nivTieradac exmareboda maT da xangamoSvebiT
sazeimo darbazobasac umarTavda.
daviT aRmaSeneblis droindel saqarTveloSi ga-
naTleba da kultura qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis Sesabamis simaRleze idga.
******
didi gardaqmnebi axal amocanebs ayenebda ruseTis
saxelmwifos winaSe. pirveli didi sakiTxi _ brZola
poloneTTan ruseTisa da ukrainis miwebisaTvis nawilo-
briv gadawyda andrusovos xelSekrulebiT (1667 w.) da
`saukuno zaviT~ (1686 w.); meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi _
samxreT ruseTis miwebis dabruneba da Sav zRvaze gasas-
vlelis mopoveba aseve mxolod nawilobriv gadawyda
ruseTisaTvis azovis SeerTebiT (konstantinopolis 1700
17 k. kekeliZe.k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. t. I. Tbilisi,
1980, gv. 251.
18 vardan barZberdecivardan barZberdeci. msoflio istoria (somxur enaze). 1861,
gv. 157.
29
wlis xelSekruleba); mesame didi sakiTxi _ Svedebis mier
ruseTisgan mitacebuli miwebisa da baltiis zRvaze gasas-
vlelis mopoveba iyo. am ukanaskneli problemis gadaWra
gansazRvravda XVIII saukunis pirveli aTwleulis ruse-
Tis sagareo politikis ZiriTad xazs.
ruseTis mokavSireebad gamovidnen dania, poloneTi
da prusia; es qveynebi SvedeTis dampyrobluri poli-
tikis msxverplni gaxdnen. Seiqmna antiSveduri koalicia.
TurqeTTan zavis dadebis Semdeg (1700 w.) petre pirvelma
brZaneba gasca, ruseTis jars maxvili CrdiloeTisaken
miemarTa. 1700 wlis 16 seqtembridan 19 noembramde ruse-
Tis 34 aTasiani armia warumateblad cdilobda narvis
aRebas. aq rusebma marcxi ganicades da didi gakveTili
miiRes. istoriografiaSi oficialuradaa aRiarebuli,
rom narvasTan marcxi _ es iyo gza gamarjvebisaken.
1702 wlidan gardatexa daiwyo CrdiloeTis omSi. pe-
trem pirveli damarcxebebi agema SvedeTs. amasTan, igi ama-
grebda ruseTis qalaqebs. ruseTis armia ise gaZlierda,
rom mrisxane Zalad iqca. 1708 wlisaTvis igi 135 aTas mebr-
Zols iTvlida. es iyo kargad gawvrTnili, brZolebSi gamo-
brZmedili, mtkice disciplinis mqone SeiaraRebuli armia.
petre pirvelma didi gamarjveba moipova poltavasTan 1709
wels. karlos XII-m mZime marcxi ganicada. Svedebma aTi
aTasamde meomari dakarges, sami aTasamde tyved Cavarda.
petre pirvelma zeimiT aRniSna gamarjveba, sadilad Svedi
tyve generlebic moiwvia da Sesva samxedro saqmeSi Tavisi
maswavleblebis sadRegrZelo. roca hkiTxes, Tu vin iyvnen
es maswavleblebi, petrem upasuxa: `Tqven, batono Svedebo!~
poltavis gamarjvebas hqonda udidesi strategiuli
mniSvneloba. politikuri TvalsazrisiTac ganumeorebeli
iyo igi. ruseTis avtoriteti ganusazRvrelad gaizarda
saerTaSoriso masStabiT. petre pirvelma axal-axali war-
matebebi Cawera ruseTis matianeSi.
30
petre pirvelis sagareo politika istoriulad pro-
gresuli xasiaTisa iyo. gaZlierda qveynis Tavdacvisunari-
anoba, ganmtkicda ruseTis kavSiri sxva saxelmwifoebTan.
Seiqmna damatebiTi wanamZRvrebi qveynis Semdgomi ekonomi-
kuri da kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
petre pirvelma didi yuradReba dauTmo ganaTlebis
saqmes, yovelmxriv axalisebda mecnierebis ganviTarebas.
1701 wels gamovida mefis brZaneba, romlis ZaliTac Seiqmna
sanavigacio skola. amis Semdeg saartilerio da sainJinro
skolebic daarsda. specialistTa momzadebis daCqarebis
mizniT petre axalgazrda rus aznaurebs gzavnida saz-
RvargareT codnis misaRebad. sagulisxmoa, rom ukan dab-
runebulT TviTon mefe utarebda gamocdas, Tu ramdenad
aiTvises esa Tu is saqme.
am dros mecniereba, bunebrivia, praqtikuli moTxovnileb-
is Sesabamisad viTardeboda. petre pirvelis saxelTan
aris dakavSirebuli ruseTis akademiis Seqmna. 1724 wels
senatma sagangebod ganixila akademiis debuleba. akademia
gaixsna 1725 wels. didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda mecnier-
ebis propagandasac, risTvisac sagangebo dawesebulebebic
Seiqmna. erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis
ruseTi rogorc politikurad, aseve ekonomikurad da kul-
turulad maRal doneze idga.
******
kidev erTi damTxveva... roca kvlav sakraluri cifri
600 urevia saqmeSi: 1125 wlis ianvarSi gardaicvala daviT
aRmaSenebeli, 1725 wlis ianvarSi ki _ petre pirveli.
sagulisxmoa, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma sikvdilis win
datova anderZi, romlis mixedviTac mefed demetre mtkicde-
boda, aseve nawildeboda mTeli misi qoneba. es momakvdavi
TviTmpyrobeli mefis neba iyo:
31
`xolo drahkani, kostanti cuatas da Cemni lalni da
Tual-margalitni xaxulisa RmrTismSoblisada Semiwiravs.
xolo dukati da potinati atenisa saWurWlisa igica Ce-
miTa sisxliTa mogebuli, Tu eleodes mefe dimitri, yoveli
misces moZRuarsa Cemsa...~
petre pirvelma, igrZno Tu ara sikvdilis moaxloe-
ba, moiTxova qaRaldi, romelzec ramdenime gaurkveveli
striqoni dawera. am striqonebSi gamoirCa mxolod ori
sityva: `Отдайте всё~...sikvdilis win qonebis gacema, etyoba, didi adamianebis
xvedri iyo.
POST SCRIPTUM
daviT aRmaSeneblisa da petre pirvelis moRvaweobis
ganxilvisas aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT is gare-
moeba, rom eqvsaswlovan periodTan erTad masStabebic gan-
sxvavebuli iyo. ruseTis imperia Tvaluwvden teritori-
aze iyo gadaWimuli da, bunebrivia, petres mier gatarebul
RonisZiebaTa masStabebi ufro didi iyo. mniSvneloba ki am
ori mefis moRvaweobisa TavianTi qveynebisaTvis daaxloe-
biT erTnairi iyo.
saerTod, roca daviT aRmaSeneblisa da petre pirvelis
moRvaweobis dadebiT mxareebze vlaparakobT, ar unda dag-
vaviwydes, rom rogorc erTi, ise meore mefis politika ga-
napirobebda mosaxleobis did daZabvas. mTeli gardaqmnebi
XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTveloSi, Tu XVIII
saukunis pirveli meoTxedis ruseTSi, didgorisa da pol-
tavis gamarjvebebic xalxTa masebis kiserze gadadioda.
gardaqmnebs udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. daviT aR-
maSeneblis mier gatarebulma RonisZiebebma saqarTvelo
32
wina aziasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi cnobil, politi-
kurad da ekonomikurad mZlavr saxelmwifod aqcia, petre
pirvelisam ki ruseTi _ evropis udides imperiad.
600 weli... 600 aris cifri, romelic SemTxveviT aR-
moCnda xidad daviT aRmaSenebelsa da petre pirvels So-
ris. swored 600-ma gadagvawyvetina Cvenc am erTi SexedviT
uCveulo narkvevis dawera.
33
sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
wmida andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis reqtori,
profesori, istoriis
mecnierebaTa doqtori
patriarq leonidesa da mTavrobis patriarq leonidesa da mTavrobis
Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias
dapirispirebis istoriidandapirispirebis istoriidan
urTules pirobebSi mouxda uwmidessa da unetaress
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq leonides
saqmianoba. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-
1921 ww.) xelisufleba aTeisturi iyo da deda eklesi-
isadmi misi damokidebuleba oficialuri da civi iyo.
xelisuflebis mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia mZime
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris
arsebul problemebs kargad asaxavs uwmidesi da unetaresi
leonides werilebi saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris
noe Jordaniasadmi gagzavnili.
`Zvirfaso mamuliSvilo batono noe nikolozis Zev bo-
diSs vixdi, rom Cemi ucilebeli movaleoba maiZulebs wa-
garTvaT ramdenime wami Zvirfasi droisa, romelic Tqven
Cveulebrivad andomebT saqveyno diadi saqmeebis mowyoba-
mogvarebas. me mainc nebas ar mivcemdi Cems Tavs Semewux-
ebineT, rom Cem mier wamosayenebeli sakiTxebis marTebul
gadasawyvet gzas vxedavde gareSe Tqveni saxelmwifoebrivi
gamWriaxoba- sibrZnisa...
34
1. pirveli razedac Tqvens yuradRebas miviqcev, aris
sasuliero wodebis yofili saswavleblebis qoneba-Se-
nobebi, romelic gadaeca saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris
gamgeobaSi, magram Cven varaudobdiT, rom aravin Seavi-
wroebda sasuliero wodebas. axla ganaTlebis saminis-
trom xeli Cahkida yvelafers da Cven sasuliero uwyebis
rogorc kanonier mflobelebs gvagzavnis sasamarTloSi,
iq dagvimtkiceT oficialuri sabuTebis wamoyenebiT risi
patronebica xarTo. samwuxaroa, rom saministros patrono-
bis Jams daikarga sasuliero saswvaleblisa da seminariis
pansionatis qoneba.
dasasruli aRar aqvs saministros usamarTlo miwer-
moweras Cvens uwyebasTan provinciis rwmunebulis Taobaze.
autaneli xdeba aseTi Zalmomreobis daTmena. samRvdeloe-
ba usaTuod SeebrZoleba saminastros im warmomadgenlebs,
romelnic mis daCagvras moindomebs. es ki xalxis TvalSi
saxels gautexavs rogorc saminastros, ise mTlad saero
mmarTvelobas.
2. amgvarsave usamarTlobas iTmens sasuliero uwye-
ba miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosagan, romelmac eklesiebs
CamoarTva miwebi, glexebi, saTibebi, wisqvilebi, tyeebi...
ver gagvigia, riT dagvayenes kanonis gareSe? monastrebSi,
eklesiebSi adamianebi cxovroben da riT iarsebon maT Tu
miwa ar eqnaT? vin upatronebs gelaTs, martvils, Semoqmeds,
alaverds, daviT-garejas, SuamTas, bodbes, SiomRvimes, qvaTax-
evs, mcxeTas?
romeli saxelmwifoebrivi saqme unda garigdes mSobe-
li berebis SimSilisagan gawyvetiT da Cveni qveynis saamayo
istoriuli naSTebis ganzrax dangreva-ganadgurebiT? us-
amarTlobaa rkinigzaze mRvdlis Tanamdebobis gauqmeba,
Cven mTavrobas Tavis bolodroindel deklaraciaSi Seuta-
nia eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa. SeiZleba es kar-
gic iyos, Tu daculi iqneba samarTlianoba. saqarTvelos
35
eklesia umTavresi da uTvalsaCinoesi faqtoria Cveni eris
sulieri cxovrebisa. Cvens eklesias gansazRvruli damsax-
ureba miuZRvis im pirobebis SeqmnaSi, romelTa meoxebiTac
dRes Cvens samSoblos dahfrialebs erovnuli droSa da
saxelmwifoebriv Rvawls eweva Cvens dedaqalaqSi dam-
fuZnebeli kreba.
saqarTvelos eklesias moepoveba keTili SenaZeni sa-
kuTreba, romelsac xels upotineben ruseTis saero da sa-
suliero mTavrobani... dRes damoukidebelni varT, ruseTi-
sagan, maSasadame marjve dro gvaqvs aRvadginoT mSobeli
eklesiis qonobrivi uflebebis aRdgena-xelSeuxeblobisa.
axla TviTon Cvenma mTavrobam unda saqmiT daumtkicos
kacobriobas sruli samarTlianoba, Rirebuli fasis gaRe-
biT Seisyidos eklesiisagan misi uZravi qoneba da sruli
mSvidobianobiT gancalkevdes misgan.
Cveni mTavroba socialisturia da principulad ver
Seguebia eklesias. Tanaxma var, diaxac daSordnen erT-
maneTs, magram gaSorebaSic, savaldebuloa samarTlianoba
da Cvens marto samarTlian gayofas vTxoulobT saxelmwi-
fosagan da sxva arafers.
Cemma xangrZlivma sicocxlem ganvlo qarTveli eris
TvalTa winaSe, samsaxurSi Sesvlis pirveli dRidan mok-
idebuli aqamde gauwyvetliv davdivar saqarTvelos mTa da
barSi saxarebis sityvisa, humanitaruli swavla-ganaTleb-
isa da erovnuli Segnebis xelgaSliT……safrad qarTveli
eris maSvralTa klasis farTo wreebSi. pirvelad me wa-
vakiTxe ,,deda ena” mTis Svilebs da pirvelad me avamRere
mSobliur hangze dabeCavebuli Cemi moZmeni. dRevandlamde
vcxovrob mxolod imisaTvis, rom SeviZino da rame Sevmato
saTayvano samSoblos. es iyo da aris Cemi sunTqva, Cemi ganu-
Sorebeli Zraxva, Cemi erTaderTi lxini da uaRresi bed-
niereba. samSoblos keTildReobis samsaxurs vanacvale
yvela is, riTac ki saamo da sainteresoa sxvisTvis wuTi-
36
sofeli. moZmeTa gardametebuli samsaxuris gamo savsebiT
daviwyebuli mqonda da maqvs Cems pirad arsebobaze zrunva.
dResac am kerZo werils gwerT. mxolod samSoblos
erTgulebas eqneba raime Sedegi Cems nawers Tu ara damok-
idebulia Tqvenze. me ki amiT Tavisufali viqnebi momaval-
Si rogorc sazogadoebis, ise Tqvens winaSe yoveli pasux-
ismgeblobisagan.
1919 w. 5 maisi~1919 w. 5 maisi~
`mowyaleo xelmwifev, `mowyaleo xelmwifev,
batono noe nikolozis Zev!batono noe nikolozis Zev!
ganvlili maisis naxevarSi vikadniere Tqveni Sewuxeba
CemTvis audienciis miRebiT TqvenTan piradad da sxvadasxva
saeklesio sakiTxebze saTaTbirod. rogorc mosalodneli
iyo pativi damdeT, miRebis saaTi daminiSneT da gulmodg-
inebiTac moismineT Cemi sityvieri vrceli moxseneba.
momaxsenes, rom sul axlobel momavalSi ismineba sak-
iTxi monastrebisaTvis miwebis datovebisa kerZo mesakuTre-
TaTvis miRebuli normiTao da CemTanve ubrZaneT Tqvens
mdivans amis Taobaze Sesaferisi qaRaldis gamzadeba.
mas ukan ager Tve gadis da DdRevandelobamde am sak-
iTxisa ara vici ra, monastrebis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe
uaresdeba: berebi zogni SimSilisgan ixocebian da zog-
nic raki arafers saimedos aRara xedaven garSemo, garbian
monastrebidan da amis gamo saqarTvelos saamayo istoriu-
li naSTebi sul upatronod datovebulni, xdebian mglebis
da turebis sacxovrebel bunagebad. morwmuneni aRarafers
sikeTes aRar gamoelian mTavrobisagan da gamwarebulni
toveben monastrebs.
amis gamo, radganac saqme aRar iTmens gagrZeleba-ga-
dadebas da metad rTuldeba, umorCilesad gTxovT SesaZlo
37
siCqariT ineboT brZanebis micema, visdamic jer ars, raTa
miwis mimRebma komisiebma...
vsasoeb, rom am Tvis 16-mets misceT sasurveli mima-
rTuleba Cems Suamdgomlobas.
1919 w. 9 ivnisi~.1919 w. 9 ivnisi~.1
uwmidesma da unetaresma leonidem gulTan axlos mii-
tana 1920 wels gorSi damangreveli miwisZvriT gamowveuli
tragedia da mimarTa sruliad saqarTvelos.
`kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide, mona da msaxuri
uflisa ieso qristesi, RvTivkrZalulTa mRvdelmTavarTa,
mRvdelTa da morwmuneTa ZeTa da asulTa saqarTvelos
wminda eklesiisaTa: madli Tqvenda da mSvidoba RvTisa
mier mamisa Cvenisa da uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi!
mdgomare wlis Tebervlis oci Cveni qveynis isto-
riaSi darCeba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi wauSlel niSnad
uRrmesi erovnuli ubedurebisa da saSineli RvTis risx-
visa! am dRes CvenSi ar-gagonili simZlavris miwisZvrisa-
gan moispo da sakuTar nangrevebSi Caimarxa qarTlis
guli q. gori da misi mazris Cvidmeti sofeli. me vinax-
ule es saSinelebis alagi. davrwmundi, rom sinamdvile
bevrad aRemateba gazeTebSi aRweril suraTs. xalxis
Tavze datexil ubedurebis gamoTqma SeuZlebelia Cveni
eniTa da cremliT. uZlevel stiqiur Zalas mtvrad uqce-
via yvelaferi, ris Seqmnisa da mopoveba ASeZenisaTvis
Seulevia TviToeuli ojaxis wevrs Tavisi mxneoba, codna
da gamocdileba. esec cotaa: nangrevebs qveS mouqcevia
da ufskrulis ZirSi CaunTqavs ojaxebis amSenebelni,
marCenelni, momavlis imedni: vaJkacni, yrmani da moxucni!
zogierTi ojaxi mTlad mospobila, zogidan erTiRa dar-
1 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi. mitropolit leonides
fondi 6443, furceli 1-3.
38
Comila, zogni Tu saswaulebrivi ZaliT cocxlebi gadar-
Cenilan, nametani SiSisagan WkuaSeSlilad gamoiyurebian
da dedas Svili ver ucvnia.
uWerod da ukerZod darComilebs Tavi SeufarebiaT
mTavrobisagan miwodebul tilos karvebis qveS. romel
karavTanac ki mivedi nugeSis-misacemad, didma da pataram,
qalma da kacma, yvelam xelebis apyrobiT, erTxmad, cecx-
lis cremlebis frqveviT Semomtira: `mamao, gviSvele, Segvi-
brale, Segvavedre ufals, nuRar dagvsjis, nuRar gvkiTxavs
codvebs, aRara varT Rirsni misi Svilobisa, magram Semoa-
brunebie mas Cvenze mamobrivi gulio!~
`TanaZmano da Tanamsaxurno, mwyemsmTavarno da mwyemsno
sulierno Zeno da asulno!
bejiTad da gulmodgined SeusruloT ubedurebaSi
Cacvenil Cvens Zmebs da Svilebs maTi pirveli da mduRare
cremlebiT Cvendami momarTuli vedreba: yvela qalaqSi da
daba-sofelSi gadavixadoT sasinanulo savedrebeli, Se-
musvrili guliT SevavedroT zecier mamas miwisZvrisagan
gaWirvebaSi myofni da Svilebrivi kadnierebiT gamovTxo-
voT mas mTeli Cveni erisaTvis mSvidoba, simrTele da xsna
simSilisagan, Zvrisa da svrisa!
am texa-sicivis dros tilos karvebis qveS myofT es-
aWiroebaT sazrdoc da Sesamosic. RmerTmac uwyis da qvey-
anamac, ra xelmokleobas da nakluvanebasac ganicdis Cveni
samRvdeloeba, magram miwisZvrisagan dasjilebi sul usaxs-
roni arian, amitom gTxovT da gevedrebiT mRvdelmTavrebs
da mRvdlebs, mSierebs lukma gauyoT, Tavzed mexdatexil
Cvens Zmebs gacrecili anaforebiT SeumosoT yinvisagan
gaToSili sxeuli da Cveni xeliT movwmindoT mwuxare-
bis cremli. eklesiebSi, ojaxebSi, gzebze da yvelgan gvax-
sovdes gaWirvebulTa mdgomareoba, Tvalwin gvedgas maTi
mwuxareba da yoveli nabiji, yoveli moZraoba sulisa da
gulisa, mimarTuli gvqondes maT tanjvaTa Sesamsubuqeblad,
39
nu davzogavT da nu daviSurebT maT misawvdenad nurafers,
rac ki mogvepoveba.
sulierno Zeno da asulno! dRes didmarxvis pirveli
kvirikea. yvelani emzadebiT, rom eziaroT qristes sisx-
lsa da xorcs, qriste ki, miwisZvrisagan ubedurebaSi Cacvi-
nulTa saxiT, mwvave cremlebiT gevedrebaT qalsa da kacs
Sebraleba-gakiTxvas.
maS, eziareT, Zvirfasno, namdvilad Tqveni macxovris
sisxlasa da xorcs, gaikiTxeT, riTac ki SegiZliaT ubedu-
robaSi Cavinulni Tqveni moyvasni, mieciT maT sazrdo da
sakvebi, auSeneT ganadgurebuli binebi, mohbaneT maT mwux-
arebis cremlebi da amiT Tqvenc CamogexdebaT zecieri
mamisagan Tqveni codvebis mZime tvirTi.
Cveni qveynis dido imedo, qarTvelo axalgazrdobav!
siyvaruli, TanagrZnoba da sikeTisaTvis Tavdadeba Seni
bunebaa. Sen unda Seni gmiruli mkerdiT SeiWra im ube-
durebis zRvaSi, romelmac waleka gori da misi midamo, Sen
unda Seni uTvalavi gundebiT tarbisebr moedo stiqiisagan
aoxrebul kuTxes da seni madliani mklaviT isev aamoZravo
Yvelgan sicocxle, aanTo gamqrali kera da isev aamRero
sazareli movlenisagan Tavzardacemuli Seni TanaZmebi.
icode, exla Senken aqvs mopyrobili Tvali dangreul gors
da mis midamos!
Svilno! daumtkiceT kacobriobas, rom viciT TanaZmaTa
ubedurebis gaziareba da Rirseulad vatarebT RvTis xate-
basa da msgavsebas.
Sewiruleba grovdeba sakaTolikoso sabWoSi.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi
leonideleonide~.2
2 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi. mitropolit leonides
fondi 6443, furceli 4-2.
40
kaTalikos-patriarq leonides mmarTvelobis periodSi
moxda metad SemaSfoTebeli faqti: gelaTisa da jruWis
monastris ganZeulobis CamorTmeva da maTi saxelmwifos
xazinaSi gadatana. gazeTma `saqarTvelom~ 1920 wlis #169-
Si gamoaqveyna gelaTis monasterSi momxdari ambebi, ri-
Tac saziogadoeba gaecno saqmis viTarebas: `noembris 24-s,
misma uwmidesobam, kaTolikosma leonidem aseTi xasiaTis
moulodneli depeSa miiRo quTaTel mitropolit nazar-
isagan: `23 noembers, Tbilisidan Camosulma mTavrobis war-
momadgenelma n. Jordanias piradma mdivanma g. cincaZem, adg-
ilobrivi prokuroris, erobis Tavmjdomaris da miliciis
ufrosis TanxlebiT, Cemda nebadaurTvelad da daukiTxavad
waiRo gelaTis monastridan Zvirfasi xatebi da ganZeulo-
ba ama monastrisa da jruWisa, gaenaTis monasterSi daculi,
dawvrilebiTi moxseneba igzavneba~.3
am cnobis miRebisTanave misma uwmindesobam mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares dauyonebliv gaugzavna Semdegi telegrama:
`mowyaleo batono, noe nikolozis Zev! _ quTaTel mitro-
politisgan momivida SemaZrwunebeli depeSa (moyvanilia
zemoT moyvanili cnoba). gacnobebT ra zemoaRniSnuls, pa-
tiviscemiT gTxovT, mowyaleo batono, gasceT gankarguleba
nivTebis gelaTSive datovebisaTvis~.4
am mimarTvazed misma uwmindesobam mTavrobis Tavmj-
domaris sammarTvelodan Semdegi pasuxi miiRo: `pasuxad
Tqveni telefonogramisa, mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris davale-
biT maqvs pativi mogaxsenoT, rom dRes an xval quTaisidan
dabrundeba sagangebo rwmunebuli, ris Semdeg dawvrile-
biT gecnobeba yvelaferi gelaTis monastris ganZeulobis
Sesaxeb _ mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTveli k. jafariZe~.5
3 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 2009, gv. 100.
4 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 2009, gv. 101.
5 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 2009, gv. 103.
41
aRniSnuli saxiT, kaTolikos-patriarqma mTvarobis
Tavmjdomarisagan miiRo dapireba, rom Tavis droze yve-
lafers acnobebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, araferi acnobes.
rodesac am rwmunebulma mTeli ganZeuloba gamoitana
monastridan da dabrunda TbilisSi, kaTolikos-patriarqma
miswera werili mTavrobis Tavmjdomares:
`didad pativcemulo noe nikolozis Zev!
telefonogramiT, romelic Tqveni saxeliT gadmomca b.
jafariZem noembris 26-s, Tqven miTvlidiT: ,,dRes an xval
quTaisidan dabrundeba Cemi rwmunebuli da Sin dawvrile-
biT gecodinebaT gelaTis ambebio”. dRes dekembris 5-s,
Tqveni rwmunebuli, karga xania, dabrunda da TbilisSi imy-
ofeba, magram me mainc Rirsi ar gavxdi Tqvengan aRTqmuli
cnobebis miRebisa! dReidan es cnobebi aRar mWirdeba, me
ukve miviRe srulebiT saimedo wyarodan saWiro cnobebi
mTeli sisruliT.
vcdilob mivxvde, ram gaiZulaT Tbilisidan rwmunebu-
lis gagzavna gelaTSi monastris ganZeulobis gadmosa-
tanad da ver gamigia, ver mivxvedrilvar, ver gamovkrveul-
var, es ra CagideniaT da rogor agiyiravebiaT yvelaferi.
ueWvelia, Tqven mimiTiTebT social-demokratebis gazeTeb-
Si moyvanil cnobaze gelaTis monastris viTomda berebi-
sagan gaZarcvis Sesaxeb, magram es sabuTebi ar gamogadebaT,
radganac dRes CvenSi sami wlis bavSvmac ki kargad icis,
ra Rirebulebis da sisworis cnobebic ibeWdeba eklesie-
bze socialistebis organoebSi. davaneboT amas Tavi, war-
movidginoT SeuZlebeli, davijeroT, rom socialistebis
gazeTSi moyvanili SemTxvevebi gelaTis gaZarcvis Sesaxeb
da quTaisis miliciis ufrosis moxsenebac viTomda naqur-
dalis aRmoCenaze sinamdvilea, mere es garemoeba gikar-
naxebdaT im saxifaTo nabijis gadadgmas, romelic Tqven
gadagidgamT? gana Tqven gqondaT ufleba, Tu Tqvens garda
uflebas sxvebsac argunebT, rom monastris gaZarcvis am-
42
bavi imave dRes ar SegetyobinebinaT sakaTolikoso sab-
WosaTvis bejiTi moTxovniT, rom mas dauyovnebliv mieRo
ficxeli zomebi Cadenili borotmoqmedebis gamosarkvevad
da Sedegebi Ziebisa ecnobebia TqvenTvis!
sakaTolikoso sabWo xom Cveni respublikisagan jer-
jerobiT cnobili da Sewynarebuli uzenaesi saeklesio
organoa da romeli uflebamosilebiT am organos gausviT
ganadgurebis xazi?
meore, nuTu Cemi mdgomareoba, rogorc saqarTvelos
mTeli morwmune mosaxelobis mamaTmTavrisa da drouli
sazogado moRvawisa, sabuTia TqvenTvis imisi, rom araferi
angariSi ar gamizioT, CvariviT mTeloT da Cemda srule-
biT daukiTxavad zidoT tomrebidan Tqvens Zirgavardnil
xazinebSi viTomda dasacvelad saswaulTmoqmedi xarebi,
jvrebi, wminda nawilebi, Sesamoslebi, barZim-feSxumebi da
sxva. arc sicocxle, arc goneba da arc morwmune erisagan
miniWebuli uflebamosileba, RvTis madliT, jerjerobiT
ara damikargavs, da ver gamigia, romeli uflebiT ginebebi-
aT saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis kverTxis aReba
xelSi da brZanebis gacema aseTi rameebis gadmotana gela-
Tis monastridan, rasac morwmuneni muxls uyrian, wminda
sanTels unTeben da, Tu exebian maT, mxolod da mxolod
didi krZalva-mowiwebiTi amborisyofiT, isic samRvdelo
pirTa daxmarebiT da ara sxva romelime saxiT.
mesame, gana Tqven gqondaT an dRes gaqvT imis sabuTi,
rom SeiaraRebuli milicionerebis razmiT SeWriliyaviT
monasterSi cnobis miucemlad da srulebiT daukiTxa-
vad quTaisis eparqiaruli mwyemsmTavrisa, romelsac aseTi
Tqveni saqcieliT pativiscemas ukargavT da sazogadoebis
TvalSi saxavT ndobadakargul, saeWvo pirad!
meoTxe, Tqven Seuferxeblad SeexeT da SeuracxyaviT
morwmuneTa svindisi, im xalxisa romelic eklesiis ezodan
gamosuli fexs ibertyavs, wminda adgilis mtveri ar gamyve-
43
so, romelic eklesiis ezoSi napovn lursmans xels ar
hkidebs, RvTisa ariso, Tqven abuCad igdebT rodesac mis sa-
locav da saTayvano wminda nawilebiT saves xatebs, jvrebs
da barZim-feSxumebs tyemlis tylapebis yuTebSi ayrevinebT
ubralo nainebis msgavsad, Tqvengan gagzavnil saero pirs.
gana es Tvenis mxriT sxvisi svindisis Segineba ar aris
morwmuneTaTvis da brZolaSi gamosawvevi xelTaTmanis
gadagdeba ar aris? nuTu Tqven warmogidgeniaT, rom amgvar
profanacias morwmune qarTveloba apatiebs da SearCens
vinmes?! sastikad scdebiT.
gelaTSi danTebulia Tqvengan iseTi cecxli, romelic
Tu exlave Tqvenive xeliT ar CaaqreT, sul Cqara caSi ava-
rdnili grandiozuli Wiakokona wiTlad SeRebavs mTel
saqarTvelos aremares da am koconis garSemo momuSave
qristianebs gverdSi amoudgebian mahmadiani qarTvelebic,
romlebic xmamaRla gaiZaxian: socialistebi TavianTi sju-
lis eklesias rom spoben, gana Cven ki sikeTes dagvayrian,
Cven ki ar Segvibilwaven meCeTebs da yurans?
Tqven gagecinaT amaze, magram mogaxsenebT, rom Tqveni
gacineba Tu risxva ar aCerebs arc mtkvarsa da arc sxva
romelime mdinares.
guli sisxliT mewureba, rodesac viTvaliswineb Tqven-
gan Cadenili faqtis SesaZlo savalalo Sedegebs da sam-
Soblos saxeliT gemudarebiT, nu gaamwvavebT am saqmes, nu
gaitanT gelaTidan saeklesio gamotanis ambavs farTo sa-
zogadoebaSi, inebeT ukanve mibruneba monasterSi ganZeu-
lobisa da yvelaferi TavisTavad miCumdeba, Torem icodeT,
savsebiT gamomJRavndeba xalxSi Tqveni gankargulebisa _
navTis tbaSi anTebuli asanTis gadasrola iqneba.
Tu gelaTis monasters ar daubrundeba misi sakuTreba,
verc me SemiZlia gaCumeba d aim SemTxvevisaTvis vitoveb
moqmedebaTa Tavisuflebas.
TqvenTvis ucnobi ar aris wminda wylis qarTluri
44
didi moTmineba da mokrZaleba, arasodes am eniTa da kil-
oTi ar milaparaknia TqveTan. magram am qveynad yvelafers
sazRvari aqvs: ukanaskneli saqcieliT Tqven Saraze dasviT
qarTuli eklesiis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi da aseT SemTx-
vevaSi Cemi gaCumeba iqneboda Ralati, uromlisodac erT
wamsac ar msurs sicocxle.
Tqvengan usamarTlod uflebaayrili, Seuracxyofili
kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide~.
batonma noe Jordaniam arc am werils gauwia ara-
viTari angariSi da maSin, kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide
sakaTolikoso sabWos da mcxeTa-Tbilis-urbnisis saepar-
qio delegatTa TanxlebiT TviT gaemarTa mTavrobis Tavm-
jdomaresTan.
am darbazobis dros adgili hqonda aseT dialogs,
romelic Cven stenografiuli sisworiT mogvyavs:
misi uwmindesoba: batono noe nikolozis Zev!
Tqvens win dganan saqarTvelos Tavisufali da da-
moukidebeli eklesiis Tavi, am eklesiis mudmivi saRmrTo
krebis wevrebi da am sami dRis wined dasrulebuli mcx-
eTa-Tbilisi-urbnisis saeparqio krebis delegatTa warmo-
madgenlebi. am SemadgenlobiT movediT TqvenTan im mizniT,
rom gangimeoroT, Cemda, saeklesio uzenaesi organos da
quTaisis mRvdelmTavris daukiTxavad Tqvens rwmunebuls
gadauzidia gelaTidan quTaisis xazinaSi, viTomda dasacve-
lad, jvrebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi da sxva. 25 noembers
telefonogramiT gTxovT gankarguleba nivTebis ukanve da-
brunebisaTvis, Tqven aRmiTqviT damakmayofilebeli pasuxis
mocema rwmunebulis dabrunebis Semdeg. magram me aseTi
ar mimiRia, Tumca Tqveni rwmunebuli didi xania dabrunda
TbilisSi. amis gamo me gicxadebT uRrmes guliswyromas da
usastikes gakicxvas.
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: me vswyvet am sxdomas, am kilo-
Ti laparaks da guliswyromas me, rogorc mTavrobis Tavm-
45
jdomare, ver movismen. amas me vauwyeb mTavrobas.
misi uwmindesoba: Cven swored imisaTvis movediT, rom
damoukidebeli eklesiis saxeliT mogveTxova Tvqeni rwmu-
nebulis mier gelaTis monastridan waRebuli nivTebis
ukan dabruneba.
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: saqarTvelos eklesia damouk-
idebeli da Tavisufali ar aris, is jer saxelmwifosagan
gamouyofelia, verc SevqmniT saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi.
rac Seexeba saeklesio nivTebs, isini Seadgenen saxelmwi-
fos sakuTrebas da saxelmwifos saqmea, sad Seinaxavs maT...
unda icodeT, visTan midixarT...
misi uwmindesoba: Tqven ufleba gaqvT, cixeSidac CamsvaT,
me vasruleb Cems saRrmTo movaleobas, Cven mxolod is
gvindoda gagvego, rom saeklesio nivTebs Tqven sTvliT
saxelmwifo sakuTrebad... mSvidobiT brZandebodeT!
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: kargad brZandebodeT! 6
yovelive amis Semdeg mTavrobam quTaisSi gagzavna
sagangebo rwmunebuli, romelTac daavala dauyovnebliv
Camoitanon TbilisSi gelaTis da jruWis monasterTa mTe-
li ganZeuloba.
rogorc ki, sazogadoebaSi xma gavrcelda am aRmaS-
foTebeli ambavis Sesaxeb, kaTolikos-patriarqi inaxules
mravalma sazogado moRvaweT da aRSfoTeba ganucxades mas
mTavrobis moqmedebis gamo.
`eklesias yvelaferi CamoarTves, rac ruseTis sasuli-
ero mTavrobam daaklo Cvens ubedur eklesias, is saero
mTavrobam Seusrula, fexqveS gaTeles naamagari qarTveli
erisa da kulturis aRmzrdeli deda eklesia~ _ werda
dananebiT dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe. aseTi rTuli ur-
TierTobis miuxedavad rodesac bolSevikuri saokupacio
jarebi mouaxlovdnen dedaqalaqs eklesia da misi meTauri
6 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. 2009, gv. 102-103.
46
uyoymanod dadga xelisuflebis mxareze qveynis interese-
bidan gamomdinare~.7
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam
eklesias faqtiurad undobloba gamoucxada da religi-
is Sesaxeb miRebuli kanoniT igi gauTanabra saqarTve-
los momqmed sxvadasxva konfesiebis `xelisuflebis
ZiriTadi mizani iyo, saqarTvelos eklesiis izolacia
saxelmwifo politikisagan, radgan man kargad uwyoda
eklesiis didi istoriuli avtoriteti qarTvel mosax-
leobaSi, romlis ZiriTadi nawili eklesiasTan erTad,
saxelmwifoSi gatarebuli reformis winaaRmdegi SeiZle-
boda gamosuliyo”. erTaderTi dadebiTi, rac saqarTve-
los demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam gaakeTa, es
iyo 1920 wlis 17 Tebervlis mTavrobis dadgenileba
kavkasiis sinodaluri kantoris gauqmebis Sesaxeb, xolo
7 agvistos dadgenilebiT rusuli, berZnuli da os-
uri samrevloebi daeqvemdebara saqarTvelos eklesias.
amiT dasrulda samwliani gaurkvevloba, urTierTda-
pirispireba da intrigebi, romelsac mimarTavda ruse-
Tis sinodi saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg, roca maT
daarses amierkavkasiis saegzarqoso da masSi gaaerTi-
anes araqarTuli mrevli. isini edavebodnen saqarTvelos
sakaTalikozos qonebas, eklesia-monastrebs. marTalia
oficialurad 1920 wlidan isini iZulebulni gaxdnen, da-
morCilebodnen sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patri-
arqs, magram 1921 wlis Tebervlis Semdeg, roca saqarTve-
lo kvlav ruseTis saokupacio jarebiT aivso, rusuli
samrevloebi kvlav daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos kaTa-
likoz-patriarqs da aRar emorCilebodnen mas. ra Tqma
unda, maT ukan isev ruseTis eklesia idga. 1921 wlis 11-12
Tebervals viTomc `ajanyebuli mSromelebis~ dasaxmare-
7 moqalaqe mRvdlis dRiuridan. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 48.
47
blad saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gadmolaxa bolSevikuri
ruseTis XI armiam. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv da-
moukideblobas safrTxe Seeqmna. saqarTvelos marTlma-
didebeli eklesia samSoblos damoukideblobis sadara-
joze dadga. 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals TbilisSi Sedga
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakaTalikozo
sabWos sagangebo sxdoma, romelmac imsjela Seqmnil vi-
Tarebaze da specialuri weriliT mimarTa mcxeTa-Tbili-
sis, urbnisis, quTais-gaenaTis, Wyondidisa da cxum-bediis
eparqiebs: `1. eklesiebSi dauyovnebliv gadaxdil iqnas
paraklisebi mtrebisagan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebi-
saTvis; 2. eklesiebSi winamZRvrebis mier ganmartebul iq-
nas dRevandeli omis mniSvneloba; 3. samrevlo sabWoebis
mier gadadebul iqnas eklesiis qonebisgan Sewirulebani
omisagan gamowveul saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad; 4.
maT mier miRebul iqnas zomebi taZarTa gan Zeulobisa
da siwmindeTa dasacavad; 5. imave saWiroebisaTvis wirva-
locvis dros Sekrebil iqnas nebayofilobiTi Sewiru-
loba; 6. krebulis wevrTa mier miRebul iqnas yovelgvari
zomebi jarSi gawveulTa ojaxebis sulier moTxovnile-
baTa dauyovnebliv dasakmayofileblad.8 sakaTalikozo
sabWos weriliT mimarTa uwmidesma leonidim 1921 wlis
22 Tebervals, sadac unda emsjelaT Semdeg sakiTxebze:
1. sad da rogor iqnas daculi omisagan mosalodnel sa-
SiSroebisagan soflebisa da qalaqis eklesiebis ganZeu-
loba da siwminde? 2. sad iqnas daculi sakaTalikozo
sabWos qoneba da arqivi? 3. rogor Seicvalos eklesiis
marTva-gamgeobis wesebi am SiSianobis Jams? 4. rogor
moviqce piradad me, vinicobaa Cvenma mTavrobam moaxdinos
qalaqis evakuacia? 5. ra zomebis miRebaa saWiro sakaTa-
likozoSi omisagan Seqmnili araCveulebrivi pirobeb-
8 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqu-
lo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 44.
48
is gamo~.9 saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba hqonda Tbilisis sakiTxs, roca mTavrobam
miiRo Tbilisis datovebis gadawyvetileba, sruliad
saqarTvelos sakaTalikozo sabWom miiRo dadgenileba,
saeklesio ganZeulobis, Zvirfasi xatebis Tbilisis ekle-
sia-monastrebidan gamotanisa da quTaisSi evakuaciis
Sesaxeb. amave dros man TxovniT mimarTa Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros, gamoeyo dacva rkinigzaze ganZeulobis usa-
frTxod gadatanisaTvis. sakaTalikozo sabWos special-
uri rwmunebiT aRiWurva episkoposi daviTi (kaWaxiZe) da
arqimandriti pavle (jafariZe), romelnic pasuxs agebd-
nen ganZis usafrTxoebaze. uwmendisma leonidma aseTi
weriliT mimarTa dimitri lazaraSvils: `mamao dimitri,
mTavroba mzad aris mogvces mcvelebi da gadavitanoT
rkinigziT Cveni ganZeuloba quTaisSi. Tu Cven yvela
amas mivitanT vagzlamde. aba datrialdi iSove ramdenime
uremi da Caabare rkinigzaze. rac SeiZleba Cqara~.10 24
Tebervals uwmidesma da unetaresma leonidmac datova
Tbilisi da quTaisSi wavida, xolo sakaTalikozo sabWos
droebiTi Tavmjdomaris movaleobas dekanozi kalis-
trate cincaZe asrulebda. roca mTavrobam miiRo gadawy-
vetileba emigraciaSi wasvlis da amave dros saqarTve-
los erovnuli siwmindeebis, ganZis waRebis Sesaxeb, es
iyo Tavzardamcemi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-
patriarq leonidisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTavroba emi-
graciaSi gaemgzavra 11 marts, ganZeulobiT datvirTuli
kreiseri `ernest renani~ baTumidan gavida. saqarTvelos
kaTalikoz-patriarqi uwmidesi da unataresi leonidi 13
aprils TbilisSi dabrunda... aRarc damoukidebeli sax-
9 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqu-
lo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45.
10 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samoci-
qulo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45.
49
elmwifo, aRarc saeklesio siwmindeni, patriarqi TiTqos
ucxo qalaqSi dabrunda. gapartaxebuli quCebi, daRvre-
mil-gatanjuli qarTveloba da gaxarebuli ucxo tomel-
ni. aseTi gamxdariyo qarTvelTa dedaqalaqi... `axalma
xelisuflebam pirveli siurprizi daaxvedra mas. sapa-
triarqos CamoarTva erTaderTi avtomobili... win kidev
bevri usiamovnebani iyo mosalodneli~.11
11 sergo vardosaniZesergo vardosaniZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samoci-
qulo eklesia 1917-1952 ww. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 45.
50
vaxtang gurulivaxtang guruli _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetis profesori,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
mowamebrivi cxovrebis dasasrulimowamebrivi cxovrebis dasasruli
(ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba)(ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba)
as welze meti gavida ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobidan.
saukunis mkvlelobis istoriaSi bevri ram dResac burusi-
Taa moculi. es mravali mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. 1907
wlis 30 agvistodan ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze xuTi ver-
sia Seiqmna, romelTaganac WeSmariti mxolod erTi iyo.
mokled mimovixiloT es versiebi.
pirveli versia _ mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. pirveli versia _ mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. es versia
SemTxveviT ar Seqmnila, mas winaswar amzadebda is politi-
kuri Zala, romelsac ilias mkvleloba hqonda ganzraxuli.
1907 wlis 7 ivniss saguramoSi, ilias mamulSi, yaC-
aRuri Tavdasxmis dros mokles ilias mouravi mose me-mose me-
marniSvilimarniSvili, misi meuRle ki sasikvdilod daWres (rogorc
Cans, yaCaRebs isic mkvdari egonaT). rogorc mouravis, ise
ilias saxlSic, viTomda fulisa da Zvirfasi nivTebis Zeb-
nis mizniT, yaCaRebma yvelaferi gadaqeqes, waiRes kidec
zogierTi nivTi. mose memarniSvilisa da misi meuRlis mose memarniSvilisa da misi meuRlis
daxocva ar iyo mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniTdaxocva ar iyo mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. am movlenis
logikuri gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo ilias mkvleloba,
viTomda, Zarcvis mizniT, xolo organizatori varaudob-organizatori varaudob-
da, rom orive mkvleloba (mose memarniSvilisa da ilia da, rom orive mkvleloba (mose memarniSvilisa da ilia
WavWavaZisa) erTmaneTs daukavSirdeboda da Zarcvis mizniT WavWavaZisa) erTmaneTs daukavSirdeboda da Zarcvis mizniT
Cadenil danaSaulad SeiracxebodaCadenil danaSaulad Seiracxeboda. rogorc 1907 wlis 7
ivniss saguramoSi mose memarniSvilis sacxovreblis, iseve
ilias saxlis gaZarcva, 30 agvistos wiwamurTan mokluli
51
iliasa da mZimed daWrili misi meuRlis gaZarcva, simu-
lirebuli iyo da xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da gamoZ-
iebis SecdomaSi Seyvanas isaxavda miznad. mavanma da ma-
vanma iqneb daijera kidec, rom ilia Zarcvis mizniT mokles,
magram kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administracias eWvic ar
Sehparvia, rom Zarcva simulirebuli iyo. 1907 wlis 1 se-
qtembers, ilias mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, peterburgSi,
saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil telegramaSi Tbili-
sis samxedro gubernatori aRniSnavda: ,,Zarcva simulire-
bulia” (,,грабеж симулирован”).1 cxadia, Tbilisis samxedro
gubernatori kompetenturi organoebis daskvnas eyrdnobo-
da. kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administracias, piradad mefis-
nacvals, Tbilisis samxedro gubernators da sxva Tanam-
debobis pirebs xels aZlevdaT Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis
versia. Zarcvis SemTxvevaSi maT naklebi pasuxismgebloba
ekisrebodaT, vidre politikuri mkvlelobisas. miuxedavad
amisa, Tavdapirvelad kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administra-kavkasiis mefisnacvlis administra-
ciam misTvis xelsayrel, magram ususur versias mxari ar ciam misTvis xelsayrel, magram ususur versias mxari ar
dauWira _ Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis versia gamoricxadauWira _ Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis versia gamoricxa.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, Zarcvis mizniT ilias mkv-
lelobis versiis winaaRmdeg metyvelebda Semdegi garemoe-
ba. ra simdidre (fuli da Zvirfasi nivTebi) unda hqonodaT
iliasa da mis meuRles etlSi? ufro meti qonebis xelSi
Cagdeba yaCaRebs SeeZloT, Tu isini ilias aryofnis dros
daesxmodnen mis saxls TbilisSi an saguramoSi. imxanad
ilias saxlebs raime gansakuTrebuli dacva ar hyavda mi-
Cenili da yaCaRebs xels veravin SeuSlida iseve, rogorc
veravin SeuSala xeli 1907 wlis 7 ivniss.
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu yaCaRebs ilias mkvlelo-Tu yaCaRebs ilias mkvlelo-
bis gareSe, gacilebiT ufro naklebi riskis fasad, ufro bis gareSe, gacilebiT ufro naklebi riskis fasad, ufro
1 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 42.
52
meti fulis Sovna SeeZloT, vidre iSoves did riskTan meti fulis Sovna SeeZloT, vidre iSoves did riskTan
dakavSirebuli ilias mkvlelobiT, maS, ratomRa mokles dakavSirebuli ilias mkvlelobiT, maS, ratomRa mokles
ilia? ilia? yaCaRebi arc ise sulelebi iyvnen, rom ar scodno-
daT: ilias saxlis gaZarcva TbilisSi an saguramoSi maT
ufro advilad SerCebodaT, vidre dRisiT, mzisiT ilias
mokvla.
amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: versia ilia WavWavaZis
Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze sruliad usafuZvloa.
meore versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. meore versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. es versia
imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza ver-
sia Zarcvis mizniT mkvlelobis Taobaze. mizanic igive
iyo: xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da gamoZiebis Secdo-
maSi Seyvana.
glexebis mier memamuleebis mkvlelobebma da maTi ma-
mulebis darbevebma masobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina 1905 wlis
gazafxulidan da grZeldeboda mTeli zafxulisa da
Semodgomis ganmavlobaSi. male glexTa ,,wiTeli razmebis”
TareSs memamuleebma ,,Savi razmebis” SeqmniT upasuxes. bev-
rma memamulem Crdilo kavkasieli mTielebi daiqirava da
teroristTa TviTneboba alagma. xelisuflebac saTanadod
daexmara memamuleebs. bevr sofelSi policia da jaric ki
Caayenes. policia icavda saguramoSi ilia WavWavaZisa da
sxva memamuleebis saxlebs. 1905-1906 wlebSi xelisuflebam
damsjeli eqspediciebi aamoqmeda. samxedro tribunalebma
memamuleTa mkvlelobis monawile bevri glexi sikvdiliT
dasajes, glexebis nawili cixeebSi gamoketes da Semdeg
cimbirSi gadaasaxles. 1906 wlis miwurulisaTvis xelisu-
flebam TiTqmis sruliad aRadgina kontroli sasoflo
raionebze, amoqmedda soflis administracia. memamuleTa
mkvlelobaSi braldebuli glexebi, romlebic xelisu-
flebis msjavrs gadaurCnen, soflebidan gaiqcnen (maTma
nawilma Tavi irans Seafara). 1907 wels, miT ufro wlis
meore naxevarSi, agrarul niadagze memamulis mkvlelobebi
53
Zalze iSviaTi iyo. 1907 wlisaTvis iliamac glexebTan Zve-
li, tradiciuli urTierToba aRadgina. 1907 wels iliasa
da glexebs Soris urTierToba seriozulad ar daZabula,
radgan amis mizezi ar arsebobda. muqaris werilebi, rom-
lebsac ilia TiTqosda glexebisagan iRebda, sinamdvileSi
glexebs ar ekuTvnoda da im politikuri Zalis mier iyo
SeTxzuli, romelic ilias mkvlelobas gegmavda. xmebi imis
Sesaxeb, rom ilias male moklavdnen, aseve zemoxsenebuli
politikuri Zalis mier iyo gavrcelebuli.
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: Tu ilia glexebma ar mokles Tu ilia glexebma ar mokles
1905-1906 wlebSi, roca bevri memamule gamoasalmes sicocx-1905-1906 wlebSi, roca bevri memamule gamoasalmes sicocx-
les da roca memamulis mkvleloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, les da roca memamulis mkvleloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo,
ratom Caidines es 1907 wlis agvistoSi, roca memamuleTa mkv-ratom Caidines es 1907 wlis agvistoSi, roca memamuleTa mkv-
lelobebi ukve warsuls Cabarda da mkvlelebs sasjelisagan lelobebi ukve warsuls Cabarda da mkvlelebs sasjelisagan
Tavis daxsnis aranairi Sansi ar hqondaT? Tavis daxsnis aranairi Sansi ar hqondaT? 1905-1906 wlebSi
memamulis mkvlelobas mizezi ar undoda, klavdnen imitom,
rom memamule iyo. mTeli glexoba afeqtis mdgomareobaSi im-
yofeboda. 1907 wlis zafxulisaTvis viTareba kardinalurad
iyo Secvlili. glexoba darbeuli, welSi gatexili da, rac
mTavaria, daSinebuli iyo. saguramoSi glexebis mier ilias
mkvlelobis organizeba Znelad savaraudoa.
garda amisa, yuradsaRebia kidev erTi garemoeba. ilias
rom glexobis SiSi hqonoda, mas SeeZlo sagangebo dacvis
TanxlebiT emgzavra da misi saxlebic saimedod yofil-
iyo daculi. ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrs
dacvis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda. miT umetes, rom Tbilis-
sa da duSeTis mazraSi samxedro mdgomareoba vrcelde-
boda. ilias dacvis ayvana azradac ar mosvlia, radgan mas ilias dacvis ayvana azradac ar mosvlia, radgan mas
verc ki warmoedgina, rom glexebi gzad Causafrdebodnen verc ki warmoedgina, rom glexebi gzad Causafrdebodnen
da moklavdnen.da moklavdnen. imxanad glexebi ilias ki ara, Tavisi si-
sastikiT cnobil memamuleebsac ki veRarafers aklebdnen.
Tbilisis samxedro gubernatori ilias mkvlelobis miz-
ezad glexobis aRSfoTebas ki ar asaxelebda, aramed mi-
54
iCnevda, rom glexebi social-demikratebma waaqezes. 1907
wlis 1 seqtembers ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakav-
SirebiT peterburgSi, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagza-
vnil telegramaSi Tbilisis samxerdo gubernatori aRniS-
navda: ,,предпологается, что князь убит местными крестянами подстрекательству социал-демократов”.2
aqve gvinda gavimeoroT zemoTqmuli: kavkasiis mefis-
nacvlis administracias xels aZlevda agrarul niadagze
mkvlelobis versia (iseve, rogorc versia Zarcvis mizniT
mkvlelobisa). am SemTxvevaSic pasuxismgebloba gacilebiT
ufro naklebi iqneboda, vidre politikuri motiviT mkv-
lelobis SemTxvevaSi.
amrigad, agrarul niadagze ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelo-
bis versia usafuZvloa.
mesame versia _ mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis mesame versia _ mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis
dakveTiT. dakveTiT. somexi nacionalistebis dakveTiT mkvlelobis
versia, anu versia erovnuli SuRlis niadagze mkvlelo-
bis Taobaze imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac
SeTxza pirveli da meore versiebi _ mkvleloba Zarcvis
mizniT da mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. mizanic igive iyo:
xelisuflebis, sazogadoebisa da Ziebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.
cnobilia, Tu raoden didi aRSfoTeba mohyva somex na-
cionalistTa Soris ilias ,,qvaTa RaRads” (1899 w.). ili-ili-
as mkvlelobis somxuri versiis SemTxzveli swored am as mkvlelobis somxuri versiis SemTxzveli swored am
faqtiT spekulirebda.faqtiT spekulirebda. ilias mkvlelobis somxuri versiiT
gamoZiebis SecdomaSi Seyvana mkvlelobis monawilis, ilias
meetlis, Tedo labauris, saSualebiT scades. 1907 wlis
3 seqtembers micemul CvenebaSi Tedo labaurma, miRebuli
miTiTebis Tanaxmad, ganacxada, mkvlelebi somxebi iyvneno
2 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 41-42.
3 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 48.
55
(`По виду мне показалось, что эти были армяне”)3 meti damajere-
blobisaTvis Tedo labaurma aRniSna: mkvlelebi rusulad
laparakobdnen, oRond somxuri aqcentiTo: ,,Мне слышалось, что эти люди говорили с таким акцентом, которым говорят по-русски армяне”.4 meore dakiTxvisas, 1907 wlis 16 noembers,
Tedo labaurma TviTonve uaryo adre micemuli Cveneba da
ganacxada: mkvlelebi qarTvelebi iyvneno.5 xmebi somexi
teroristebis mier ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze mxolod
Tedo labauris Cvenebidan ar iRebda saTaves. es ukanaskne-
li versia sxva wyaroebidanac vrceldeboda. somexi na-
cionalistebis mier ilias mkvlelobis versia sruliad
usafuZvlod miiCnia vaJa-fSavelam da xalxs mouwoda, ar
ahyolodnen provokatorebs.
amrigad, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis somxuri versiac
sruliad usafuZvlod unda miviCnioT.
meoTxe versia _ mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisu-meoTxe versia _ mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisu-
flebis dakveTiTflebis dakveTiT. ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveT-
iT mkvlelobis versia, anu politikuri mkvlelobis versia
imave politikurma Zalam SeTxza, romelmac SeTxza pir-
veli, meore da mesame versia (mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT,
mkvleloba agrarul niadagze, mkvleloba somexi nacion-
alistebis mier). am versiis mizans Seadgenda ruseTis im-
periis xelisuflebis komprometacia, xelisuflebisa da
sazogadoebis dapirispireba. versiam ruseTis imperiis
xelisuflebis mier ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze meore
sicocxle SeiZina sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis pe-
riodSi. gabatonda Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom ,,ilia
WavWavaZe mokles carizmis mier mosyidulma agentebma”. sab-
WoTa istoriografia ilias mkvlelobis mizezad asaxeleb-
4 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 48.
5 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 71-73.
56
da: ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi ilias brZolas qarTveli
xalxis interesebis dasacavad, gamosvlas sikvdiliT das-
jis winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelos avtonomiisaTvis brZolas.
mokled SevexoT am sakiTxebs.
ilia rom ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi qarTveli eris
interesebs icavda, es sayovelTaodaa cnobili. saxelmwifo saxelmwifo
sabWoSi Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze ilias iseTi araferi sabWoSi Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze ilias iseTi araferi
uTqvams an gaukeTebia, rom xelisuflebas igi miuReblad uTqvams an gaukeTebia, rom xelisuflebas igi miuReblad
da, miT umetes, saSiSad mieCnia.da, miT umetes, saSiSad mieCnia. ilia tipuri liberal-
demokrati iyo, misTvis ucxo iyo yovelive radikaluri
da eqstremistuli. saxelmwifo sabWoSi ilias gamosvlebi
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis nimuSs warmoadgenda. am ga-
mosvlebs xelisuflebis mxridan raime protesti arasodes
mohyolia. wlebis manZilze grZeldeba is gaugebroba
romelic warmoiSva saxelmwifo sabWoSi sikvdiliT dasjis
gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT viTomda ilias gamosvlis Tao-
baze. imxanad uamravi rusi politikuri da sazogado moR-
vawe, iuristi iTxovda sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas. saqme
exeboda ara saerTod sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas (rac
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobiT),
aramed xelisuflebis mier revoluciis periodSi droe-
biT SemoRebuli sikvdiliT dasjis sagangebo (gansakuTre-
buli) wesis gauqmebas, anu samxedro tribunalebisaTvis
sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis gamotanis uflebis CamorTme-
vas. ilia iziarebda gamoCenili rusi politikosebisa da
iuristebis azrs da emzadeboda kidec am sakiTxze sax-
elmwifo sabWoSi gamosvlisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, ilia ilia
sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis moTxovniT saxelmwifo sabWo-sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis moTxovniT saxelmwifo sabWo-
Si ar gamosula da romc gamosuliyo, amaSi xelisuflebi-Si ar gamosula da romc gamosuliyo, amaSi xelisuflebi-
saTvis saSiSi araferi iqnebodasaTvis saSiSi araferi iqneboda (samxedro tribunalebis
moqmedeba SemdgomSi marTlac SeCerebul iqna). ruseTis
imperiis xelisuflebisaTvis jer kidev 1905 wlisaTvis kar-
gad iyo cnobili ilias damokidebuleba saqarTvelos av-
57
tonomiis ideisadmi. saqarTvelos avtonomiis iliaseuli
idea rom ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebas saSiSad mieC-
nia, maSin ilias 1906 wels saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad ar
airCevdnen da saqmesac ar gairTulebdnen. ilia WavWavaZes ilia WavWavaZes
ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi saqarTvelos avtonomiis sak-ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi saqarTvelos avtonomiis sak-
iTxi oficialurad ar dauyenebia, da romc daeyenebina, es iTxi oficialurad ar dauyenebia, da romc daeyenebina, es
ar SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkv-ar SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkv-
lelobis safuZveli. lelobis safuZveli.
da bolos, ruseTis imperiaSi politikuri motiviT
saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkvleloba yovlad warmoudg-
eneli iyo. xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurveli moRvawe ad-
vilad SeiZleboda gamxdariyo saxelmwifo saTaTbiros
wevri. amis saSualebas iZleoda saarCevno sistema. magram
xelisuflebisaTvis arasasurveli politikosi verasgziT
ver gaxdeboda saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, amas gamoricxa-
vda saarCevno sistema. amitom iyo, rom xelisuflebisaTvis
miuRebeli politikuri moRvawe arasodes yofila ruseTis
saxelmwifo sabWoSi.
amrigad, versia ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveT-
iT ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb moklebulia yo-
velgvar safuZvels.
mexuTe versia _ social-demokratebis mier politikuri mexuTe versia _ social-demokratebis mier politikuri
motiviT organizebuli mkvlelobamotiviT organizebuli mkvleloba. ilia WavWavaZis mkv-
lelobis Taobaze gadawyvetileba miiRo ruseTis social-
demokratiuli muSaTa partiis (rsdmp) xelmZRvanelobam
(vladimer lenini, grigol zinovievi da sxv.), romelic imx-
anad emigaciaSi (parizSi, JenevaSi) imyofeboda. teroristu-
li aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro Tanxac sazRvarga-
reTidan Semovida (saqarTveloSi ar moupovebiaT), qileri
qarTveli iyo. rsdmp Tbilisis komitets ilias mkvlelo-
bis Taobaze gadawyvetileba ar miuRia, komitetis sxdomaze
es sakiTxi ar ganxilula. qarTvel social-demokratTagan
mkvlelobis organizebaSi monawileobdnen filipe maxaraZe
58
da sergo orjonikiZe. arc erTi imxanad rsdmp Tbilisis
komitetis wevri ar yofila, isini komitetis davalebiT ar
moqmedebdnen da arc angariSs abarebdnen mas.
rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis mier ilias mkvleloba gul-
dasmiT momzadda. Cven mier zemoxsenebuli oTxive versia
(mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba agrarul niadagze,
mkvleloba somexi nacionalistebis dakveTiT, mkvlelo-
ba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT) social-
demokratebma SeTxzes da ilias mkvlelobis pirvelive
dRidan avrcelebdnen xalxSi. ilias mkvlelobamde darx-
euli xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ilias male moklavdnen, aseve
qarTvelma social-demokratebis gegmis nawils warmoad-
genda. ilias mouravi mose memarniSvili da misi meuRlec
social-demikratebma daaxocvines. gamoZiebisTvis gigla
berbiWaSvilis, Tedo labauris da sxvaTa mier micemuli
Cvenebebic metwilad social-demokratebis mier iyo nakar-
naxevi.
social-demokratebis mier ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis
es versia oficialurad Tbilisis droebiTma samxedro gu-
bernatorma wamoayena 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers peterburgSi,
saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, gagzavnil telegramaSi. masSi
vkiTxulobT: ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles adgilobrivma
glexebma social-demokratebis waqezebiT”. (,,предпологается, что князь убит местными крестянами подстрекательству социал-демократов”).6 sazogadoebis nawils amis gareSec sjeroda,
rom ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebi social-demokrate-
bi iyvnen. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ilias mkvlelobasTan
aranairi kavSiri, arc pirdapiri da arc arapirdapiri, ar
hqonia or qarTvel social-demokrats _ noe Jordaniasa da
ioseb juRaSvils (stalins).
6 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 41-42.
59
dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis analizis Sede-
gad SegviZlia davaskvnaT:
1. 1905 wlis gazafxulze ilias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
binZuri kampaniis Sedegad social-demokratebma CaTvales,
rom ilias saxeli gautexes da igi xels veRar SeuSlida
maTi gegmebis realizebas. 1905 wels iliam liberalur-
demokratiuli tipis partiis Seqmna scada, magram uSede-
god. social-demokratebma esec TavianT gamarjvebad mi-
iCnies. rsdmp xelmZRvaneloba Tvlida, rom saqarTveloSi
maTi yvelaze Zlieri da saSiSi mowinaaRmdege umniSvnelo
Zalad aqcies.
2. 1906 wels ilia ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad
airCies. rsdmp xelmZRvanelobisTvis es mowmendil caze
mexis gavardnis tolfasi iyo. yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, rom
ilias garSemo Tavs moiyrida saqarTvelos avtonomiisa da
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZoli Zale-
bi. avtonomiaca da avtokefaliac principulad ewinaaRm-
degeboda rsdmp programas. saqarTvelos avtonomiis mopo-
vebisa da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis
SemTxvevaSi daiwyeboda erovnuli moZraobis mZlavri aRma-
vloba. ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom ilia amjerad moaxerxeb-
da mTeli qarTveli eris interesebis gamomxatveli liber-
alur-demokratiuli (centristuli) partiis Seqmnas. es ki
minimumamde daiyvanda saqarTvelos teritoriaze saxelm-
wifo saTaTbiros arCevnebSi social-demokratebis gamar-
jvebis Sanss. qarTul sazogadoebriv moZraobaSi erovnul
ZalTa gabatonebas rsdmp xelmZRvaneloba verasgziT ver
dauSvebda. ilias mkvleloba erovnul ZalTa daqsaqsvisa
da dasustebis erTaderT saSualebad iqna miCneuli.
3. ilia SeiZleboda moeklaT TbilisSic da sagura-
moSic, mgzavrobisas Tu Sin myofi. amisTvis qileris erTi
marjve gasrola iyo sakmarisi. am gziT mkvleloba rs-
dmp xelmZRvanelobas xels ar aZlevda. ilia unda moe-
60
klaT glexebs da Tanac ise, rom mkvlelobaSi social-
demokratebis kvali dafaruliyo. mkvlelebi aucileblad
adgilobrivi, ilias nacnobi glexebi unda yofiliyvnen.
ilia glexebs unda moeklaT, rogorc memamule, rogorc
glexebis mCagvreli. amiT daifareboda politikuri mkv-
leloba, mkvleloba erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolisa.
4. ilias mkvlelobisaTvis SerCeuli glexebi: gigla
berbiWaSvili, gigola moZRvriSvili, Tedo labauri, pav-
le fSavliSvili (afciauri), giorgi xizaniSvili _ mkv-
lelobaSi ideuri mosazrebiT ar monawileobdnen, isini
ilias mokvlas garkveuli safasuris miRebis sanacvlod
dasTanxmdnen, anu tipuri teroristebi iyvnen. teroris-
tebis imedad mkvlelobis uSualo organizatori ver
iqneboda. maT SeiZleba nebismier momentSi gadaefiqre-
binaT iliaze Tavdasxma (aseTi SemTxveva bevri iyo 1905-
1907 wlebSi). ilias mkvlelobis damkveTsa da uSualo
organizators aucileblad sWirdebodaT sayovelTaod
dadasturebuli faqti, rom ilias etli adgilobrivma
glexebma gaaCeres. danarCeni marto moqmedi profesion-
ali qileris saqme iyo. es qileri Casafrebuli iyo. man
zustad icoda, glexebi ilias etls sad gaaCerebdnen.
glexebma qileris arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen.
gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma ilias etli gaaCera. ili-
as mcvelis iakob biTariSvilis etlidan gadaxtomam da
buCqebSi gaqcevam teroristebi daabnia da SeaSina. ia-
kobs SeeZlo moxerxrbuli safridan Sua gzaze mdgari
teroristebi advilad daexoca. mTeli yuradReba iakob
biTariSvilze iqna gadatanili. swored am dros gaCer-
ebuli etlis ukan Casafrebulma marto moqmedma qilerma,
vimeorebT, marto moqmedma, erTaderTi tyvia gaisrola.
ilia swored am tyviiT aris mokluli. gasrolis Semdeg
qileri SeumCnevlad gaecala iqaurobas. sworeb amitomaa,
rom ilias sxeulSi tyvia Sevida marcxena iRliis ukana marcxena iRliis ukana
61
kidesTan, neknebs Soris, gaiara guli da gamovida marjvena kidesTan, neknebs Soris, gaiara guli da gamovida marjvena
ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (macxena ZuZus dvrilisak-ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (macxena ZuZus dvrilisak-
en).en).7 amitomaa, rom marcxena iRliis ukana kideze (neknebs
Soris) tyviam datova mcire diametris xvreli (gamavali
neka TiTisaTvis), xolo mkerdze (marjvena ZuZus dvril-
Tan) _ gacilebiT didi zomis xvreli (ovaluri formis,
sami santimertis sigrZisa).8 cnobilia, rom tyvia sxeulSi
Sesvlisas tovebs mcire diametris xvrels, xolo sxeuli-
dan gamosvlisas _ gacilebiT dids. ilia WavWavaZis gvamis
daTvalierebis aqtis (1907 wlis 31 agvisto) Seswavlis
Sedegad eqsperti b. kilasonia daaskvnis: ilias sxeulze
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT miyenebuli ,,Wrilobis arxis mima-,,Wrilobis arxis mima-
rTulebaa marcxnidan marjvniv, uknidan win, e. i. iliasaTvis rTulebaa marcxnidan marjvniv, uknidan win, e. i. iliasaTvis
tyvia zurgidan usvriaT”.tyvia zurgidan usvriaT”. 1907 wels Catarebuli Ziebis
masalebis mixedviT, romelic daadastura 1941 wels Catare-
bulma Ziebamac, ilia mokluli iqna etlis win mdgari ter-
oristebis jgufidan gasrolili tyviiT. SeiZleba Tedo
labauri da mkvlelobis sxva monawileebi arc cruobdnen,
maT, ubralod, verc gaiges, vis mier nasrolma tyviam mokla
ilia. teroristebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT imis Tao-
baze, rom iqve axlos qileri iyo Casafrebuli.
5. ilias mkvlelobis damkveTma da misma uSualo xelmZ-
Rvanelma mizans nawilobriv miaRwies _ sazogadoeba da
gamoZieba daabnies. ilias mkvleloba ise veragulad iyo
momzadebuli da ganxorcielebuli, rom dRes mavans da ma-
vans kvlav sjera, rom ilia glexebma agrarul niadagze
mokles. kvlav SevxvdebiT adamianebs, romlebic amtkice-
7 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo ma-
salebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 38-39; guram SaraZe.guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-
1907. cxovreba. moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad.
wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 321.
8 guram SaraZe.guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-1907. cxovreba. moRvaweoba.
Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad. wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv.
322-323.
62
ben, rom ilia ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT
moiSores Tavidan.
ilias mkvlelobis damkveTisa da misi uSualo aRmas-
ruleblis (teroristebs ar vgulisxmobT!) dadgena ver Se-
Zlo orma gamoZiebam da orma sasamarTlo procesma. verc
ruseTis imperiisa da verc sabWoTa marTlmsajulebam ver
gabeda, simarTlisaTvis bolomde aexadaT farda. WeSmar-
iteba mxolod RmerTma uwyis. misi msjavri ukve karga xania
aRsrulda _ ilias mkvlelobis damkveTebsac, mkvlelobis
uSualo organizatorebsac da teroristebsac miezRoT.
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da
sasamarTlo procesi (1907-1909 ww.). sasamarTlo procesi (1907-1909 ww.). ilia WavWavaZis mkv-
lelobis saqmis Zieba (1907-1909 ww.) ver warimarTa saTan-
ado doneze. Ziebis uxarisxod Catarebam gavlena iqonia
sasamarTlo procesze (1909 w.) da, cxadia, ganaCenzec. Ziebam
da sasamarTlom ver miaRwia umTavress _ ver gamoavlina
ilias mkvlelobis damkveTi da verc mkvlelobis organ-
izatori. saukunis danaSauls ar mieca politikuri mkv-
lelobis kvalifikacia. pasuxi ver gaeca uamrav kiTxvas.
dRes, ilias mkvlelobidan erT saukuneze meti xnis Semdeg,
Zalze Znelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelic ki, gamoikv-
lio da daadgino is, rac unda gamokvleuliyo da dadge-
niliyo mkvlelobidan ramdenime kviris, Tundac ramdenime
Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
ilias mkvlelobis masalebis mokvleviT dakavebuli iyo
ramdenime uwyeba: 1) ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa samin-
istros policiis departamenti da misdami daqvemdebarebu-
li Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo, 2) ruse-
Tis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvisa da uSiSroebis ganyofileba (oxranka) da
misdami daqvemdebarebuli Tbilisis oxranka, 3) Tbilisis
policmaisteris sammarTvelo, 4) Tbilisis droebiTi samxe-
dro gubernatori (igive general-gubernatori) da misdami
63
daqvemdebarebuli duSeTis mazris mmarTveloba. uSualod
Ziebas awarmoebda Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samZebro
nawili (umniSvnelovanes saqmeTa gamomZiebeli iliaSenko),
Tbilisis policmaisteris samZebro nawili (samZebro nawi-
lis ufrosi evtuSevski). Ziebis procesze zedamxedvelobas
axorcielebda Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos prokurori.
zemoT CamoTvlilTagan ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze
yvelaze met informacias flobda da yvelaze kompetenturi
iyo duSeTis mazris ufrosi yaraman faRava.yaraman faRava. man icoda yve-
laferi, rac xdeboda saguramosa da maxlobel soflebSi.
mazris ufross agenturis farTo da kargad organizebuli
qseli gaaCnda, informatorebi hyavda mosaxleobis yvela
fenaSi, gansakuTrebiT, glexobaSi. yaraman faRavam kargad
icoda, Tu vin arxevda xmebs, romlis mixedviTac ilias
male moklavdnen, icoda isic, Tu vin amzadebda ilias mkv-
lelobas. swored amitom iyo, rom ilias mkvlelobidan
ori kviris Tavze yaraman faRavasTvis mkvlelobis yvela
monawilis vinaoba iyo cnobili. man detalurad icoda
mkvlelobis momzadebisa da ganxorcielebis mTeli isto-
ria. gasagebi mizezis gamo yaraman faRavas ar SeiZleboda
raime scodnoda wiwamurTan Casafrebuli da damoukide-
blad moqmedi qileris Sesaxeb. amitom iyo, rom yaraman
faRava ilias im glexebis moklulad miiCnevda, romelTac
ilias etli gaaCeres. rac mTavaria, yaraman faRavam icoda, rac mTavaria, yaraman faRavam icoda,
rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba dagegmes da ganaxorcie-rom ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba dagegmes da ganaxorcie-
les social-demokratebma, e. i. es iyo mkvleloba politi-les social-demokratebma, e. i. es iyo mkvleloba politi-
kuri motiviT. kuri motiviT. im adamianebs Soris, vinc ilias mkvlelobis
organizebaSi monawileobas iRebda, rsdmp ramdenime wevri
iyo, rsdmp wevri iyo aseve TavdamsxmelTagan ori. yara-
man faRava kategoriulad gamoricxavda yvela sxva zemoT
CamoTvlil versias (mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT, mkvleloba
agrarul niadagze, somexi nacionalistebis mier SekveTili
mkvleloba).
64
yaraman faRavas ilias mkvlelobis saqmis Ziebis
ufleba ar hqonda, mas mxolod masalebis mopoveba See-
Zlo. yaraman faRavas versia damajereblad eCvena Tbili-
sis general-gubernators. 1907 wlis 1 seqtembers Tbili-
sis general-gubernatorma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan
dakavSirebiT peterburgSi, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi, Sem-
degi Sinaarsis depeSa gaagzavna: 30 agvistos daaxloebiT
12 saaTze duSeTis mazris sofel saguramodan oTxi versis
moSorebiT oTxma borotmoqmedma srolis Sedegad mokla
saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe da misi
laqia, kondaxis dartymiT Tavi gautexa (Tavis areSi Wri-
loba miayena) Tavadis meuRles, yvelani (ilia WavWavaZe, misi
meuRle da laqia) gaZarcves. metad saintereso iyo tel-
egramis daskvniTi nawili: ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles ,,savaraudoa, rom Tavadi mokles
adgilobrivma glexebma social-demokratebis waqezebiT, adgilobrivma glexebma social-demokratebis waqezebiT,
Zarcva simulirebuliaZarcva simulirebulia”.9 dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
general-gubernatorma saxelmwifo kancelarias yaraman
faRavas versia acnoba. es arc iyo moulodneli. duSeTis
mazris ufrosi uSualod general-gubernatoris daqvem-
debarebaSi imyofeboda da gubernatoric yvelaze metad
Tavis xelqveiTs endoboda. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
yaraman faRavam mizans miaRwia, _ peterburgs ilias mkv-
lelobis miseuli versia acnoba.
mainc ra gamomdinareobda Tbilisis general-guberna-
toris 1907 wlis 1 seqtembris depeSidan? 1. ilia WavWavaZe 1. ilia WavWavaZe
mokles social-demokratebis waqezebiT, e. i. mkvlelobis mokles social-demokratebis waqezebiT, e. i. mkvlelobis
damkveTi iyo social-demokratia, maSasadame, es iyo politi-damkveTi iyo social-demokratia, maSasadame, es iyo politi-
kuri mkvleloba; 2) social-demokratebma ilia WavWavaZis kuri mkvleloba; 2) social-demokratebma ilia WavWavaZis
mkvleloba adgilobrivi glexebis xeliT ganaxorcieles; mkvleloba adgilobrivi glexebis xeliT ganaxorcieles;
3) ilia WavWavaZis, misi meuRlisa da laqias gaZarcva simu-3) ilia WavWavaZis, misi meuRlisa da laqias gaZarcva simu-
9 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 41-42.
65
lirebuli iyo, maSasadame, mkvleloba glexebs Zarcvis miz-lirebuli iyo, maSasadame, mkvleloba glexebs Zarcvis miz-
niT ar CaudeniaT. niT ar CaudeniaT.
yaraman faRavas mier Catarebuli mokvlevis Sedegad
dadginda: 1) mkvlelebis (teroristebis) vinaoba; 2) pirovnebe-
bi, romlebic uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen teroristebs; 3)
politikuri Zala, romlis nebiTac ganxorcielda ilias mkv-
leloba. yaraman faRavam ver daadgina da arc SeeZlo konk-
retulad daedgina, sad gadawyda ilias mkvleloba da visi
miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen Tavdasxmis organizatorebi, anu vin
SeukveTa mkvleloba. es ukve Ziebis saqme iyo.
yaraman faRavas mier mokvleul masalaze dayrdnobiT
gamomZiebelma iliaSenkom miaRwia imas, rom Tedo labauri
1907 wlis 16 noembers iZulebuli gaxda, eRiarebina, rom
ilias mkvlelobaSi monawileobdnen: gigla berbiWaSvili, gigla berbiWaSvili,
gigola moZRvriSvili, pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) da gigola moZRvriSvili, pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) da
ivane (vano) inaSvili.ivane (vano) inaSvili.1010 mkvlelobis damkveTisa da organi-
zatorebis Sesaxeb Tedo labaurs ar SeiZleba rame scod-
noda. amis Taobaze gamoZiebas informacia sxva eWvmita-
nilebisagan unda moepovebina, Tumca es ar momxdara.
1907 wlis dekembridan ilias mkvlelobis Ziebis saqme
CixSi Sevida, ufro zustad, Sewyda yaraman faRavas versiis
(social-demokratebis mier SekveTili mkvlelobis) damuSave-
ba. am versiis avtori, duSeTis mazris ufrosi, yaraman faRava,
jer mazris ufrosis TanaSemwed CamoaqveiTes, xolo Semdeg
saerTod moaSores mazris mmarTvelobas. ufro metic, yaraman
faRavas daJinebuli moTxovniT dapatimrebuli eWvmitanilebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac Ziebas ilias mkvlelobis organi-
zatorebi (filipe maxaraZe da sergo orjonikiZe) unda dae-
dgina, patimrobidan gaaTavisufles. gamoZiebas xelSi SerCa
is adamianebi, romelTac warmodgenac ar hqondaT arc mkv-
lelobis organizatorebze da, miT umetes, arc mkvlelobis
10 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 71-73.
66
damkveTze. yovelive es SemTxveviT ar momxdara.
ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos wevris mkvleloba
ar iyo Cveulebrivi movlena. es metad usiamovno faqti iyo
TviT kavkasiis mefisnacvlisTvisac ki. rac SeexebaT Tbili-
sis general-gubrenators, Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis
sammarTvelos ufrossa da Tbilisis oxrankis ufross, isini
Tanamdebobrivad iyvnen movaleni, daecvaT saxelmwifo sabWos
wevri. ilias mkvlelobis versiebidan kavkasiis samefisnacv-
los administracias yvelaze metad xels aZlevda versia _
mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT.mkvleloba Zarcvis mizniT. ufro naklebad, magram mainc mis-
aRebi iyo versia _ mkvleloba agrarul niadagze.mkvleloba agrarul niadagze. yvelaze ar-
asasurveli iyo versia _ social-demokratebis mier organi-social-demokratebis mier organi-
zebuli mkvleloba anu politikuri mkvleloba.zebuli mkvleloba anu politikuri mkvleloba. politikuri
mkvleloba seriozulad ayenebda eWvqveS Tbilisis general-
gubernatoris uwyebis, Jandarmeriisa da oxrankis kompeten-
turobis sakiTxs. rac Seexeba mkvlelobas Zarcvis mizniT, an
mkvlelobas agrarul niadagze, es kavkasiis samefisnacvlos
administracias Tavis marTlebis met Sanss utovebda. yaC-
aRTa bandis mier Zarcvis mizniT an glexebis mier agrarul
niadagze ganxorcielebuli memamulis mkvleloba, cxadia, ar
aRiqmeboda ise mwvaved, rogorc saxelmwifo sabWos wevris
politikuri angariSsworeba.
ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebi (filipe maxaraZe
da sergo orjonikiZe) grZnobdnen, rom Ziebas SeeZlo, maTi
vinaoba daedgina. cxadia, maT ar SeiZleboda scodnodaT,
rom garkveuli mosazrebiT xelisuflebam Tavad Tqva uari
social-demokratebis mier SekveTili politikuri mkvlel-
obis versiis damuSavebaze. amitom iyo, rom filipe max-
araZe da sergo orjonikiZe, TavianTi mxridan, cdilobdnen,
kidev erTxel daebniaT gamoZieba. ase gamovida asparezze
aleqsandre grekovi.aleqsandre grekovi.
1907 wlis 30 noembers ozurgeTis sofel nagom-
ris mcxovrebma, social-demokratebTan kavSirSi myofma
aleqsandre grekovma Tavisi nebiT misca Semdegi Sinaar-
67
sis Cveneba: 1907 wlis zafxulSi guriaSi, sofel baxvSi,
social-demokratebis krebaze gadawyda ilia WavWavaZis
mokvla. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcieleba daevalaT er-er-
mile da kalistrate doliZeebs da vinme basilaSvils.mile da kalistrate doliZeebs da vinme basilaSvils.1111
sofel baxvSi Catarebuli krebis Taobaze daiwyo gamoZieba,
Tbilisidan da saguramodan yuradReba gadatanil iqna gu-
riaze. Sedegi winaswarve iyo cnobili: 1908 wlis 19 aprils
aleqsandre gregovma Cveneba Secvala da ganacxada: baxvSi
araviTari kreba ar Catarebula, yvelaferi me movigoneo.12
baxvSi kreba, marTlac, ar gamarTula. social-demokratebma baxvSi kreba, marTlac, ar gamarTula. social-demokratebma
mizans miaRwies: Zieba kvlav agrarul niadagze momxdari mizans miaRwies: Zieba kvlav agrarul niadagze momxdari
mkvlelobis versiis damuSavebas daubrunda.mkvlelobis versiis damuSavebas daubrunda.
kavkasiis samxedro-saolqo sasamarTlo Ziebis masalebs
daeyrdno. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobas politikuri mkv-
lelobis kvalifikacia ar mieca. ra Tqma unda, arc mkvlel-
obis damkveTi da misi organizatorebi daudgeniaT. isic ki
ar gamourkveviaT, uSualod vin xelmZRvanelobda teroris-
tebs, vin amzadebda maT teroristuli aqtisaTvis, vin misca
glexebs davaleba, rom 1907 wlis 30 agvistos gzaze unda
daxvedrodnen ilias. gamomZiebelma, mosamarTlem da proku-
rorma TiTqos ar icodnen, rom teroristuli aqti xor-
cieldeboda aseTi sqemiT: teroristuli aqtis damkveTi _
teroristuli aqtis organizatori _ teroristuli aqtis
uSualo xelmZRvaneli _ teroristebi.
1909 wlis 10 agvistos sasamarTlom Tedo labaurs, Tedo labaurs,
giorgi (loma) xizaniSvils da ivane (vano) inaSvils giorgi (loma) xizaniSvils da ivane (vano) inaSvils
CamoxrCoba miusaja. ganaCeni sisruleSi iqna moyvanili
21 agvistos.13 gigola moZRvrgigola moZRvriSvili iSvili cixeSi gardaicvala.
11 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 80-82, 85-86.
12 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 80-82, 85-86.
13 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 103-105.
68
pavle fSavliSvili (afciauri) 1908 wlis 11 maiss cixidan
gaiqca. is 17 dekembers policielebTan Setakebisas mok-
les. gigla berbiWaSvilis gigla berbiWaSvilis kvals policiam ver miakvlia.
Cans, is social-demokratebma saimedod gadamales.
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba da sasamarT-
lo (1907-1909 ww) iyo arc Tu ise kargad dadgmuli speqtak-
li. 1907-1909 wlebSi winaswar ganzraxviT, mcdari versi-
iT, warmoebuli gamoZiebiTa da sasamarTlos mier imave
mcdari versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebiT pasuxgaucemeli
darCa bevri kiTxva. gamomZieblebma (iliaSCenko, evtuSevs-
ki) mowmeebs, eWvmitanilebsa da braldebulebs ar dausves
iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic logikurad gamomdinareobda maT
mier micemuli Cvnebebidan. ar dakiTxula ramdenime mniS-
vnelovani mowme. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom TiTqos
gamomZieblebi SiSobdnen, farda ar axdoda simarTlesfarda ar axdoda simarTles.
gamoZiebam Seasrula kavkasiis koloniuri administraciis
dakveTa _ ilias mkvlelobas politikuri, SekveTili mkv-
lelobis kvalifikacia ar misca da, aqedan gamomdinare,
arc mkvlelobis damkveTisa da arc mkvlelobis organiza-
torebis dadgena ucdia. mTeli yuradReba uSualod ter-
oristuli aqtis (mkvlelobis) monawileTa vinaobis dadge-
nas daeTmo. am kiTxvebze pasuxi unda gaeca gamoZiebasa da
sasamarTlos. is, rac ar gakeTda 1907-1909 wlebSi, cxadia,
veRar gakeTdeboda meore gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo pro-
cesis dros (1941-1942 ww.). miT ufro, rom meore gamoZiebam
da sasamarTlo procesmac winaswar ganzraxviT isev mcdar
versias dauWira mxari.
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da
sasamarTlo procesi (1941-1942 ww.). sasamarTlo procesi (1941-1942 ww.). ruseTis imperiis aR-
sasruls (1917 wlis Teberval-marti) TiTqos xelsayreli
pirobebi unda Seeqmna ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis
obieqturad gamoZiebisaTvis. saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) xelisuflebam am TvalsazrisiT
69
imedebi ver gaamarTla. jer kidev saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde (1918 wlis 26 maisi)
amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetisa (ozakomi) da
amierkavkasiis komisariatis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1917
wlis marti - 1918 wlis aprili), iseve, rogorc yofili
ruseTis imperiis mTels teritoriaze, saqarTveloSic
daucveli da mouvleli aRmoCnda ruseTis imperiis sax-
elmwifo dawesebulebebis arqivebi. masalebis didi nawili
an daudevrobiT, an Segnebulad (politikuri mizniT) ganad-
gurda. yvela politikuri partia da politikuri moRvawe yvela politikuri partia da politikuri moRvawe
cdilobda, moespo iseTi saarqivo masala, romlic saxels cdilobda, moespo iseTi saarqivo masala, romlic saxels
gautexda mas. gautexda mas. ase ganadgurda masalebi Tbilisis guberniis
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos, quTaisis guberniis Jandarme-
riis sammarTvelos, Tbilisis oxrankis, kavkasiis oxrank-
is, Tbilisis policmaisteris, droebiTi samxedro guber-
natorebis (general-gubernatorebis), mazrebis ufrosebis,
Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos, quTaisis saolqo sasamarT-
los, Tbilisis olqis prokuroris, quTaisis olqis proku-
roris, kavkasiis sasamarTlo palatis, kavkasiis samxedro-
saolqo sasamarTlos, Tbilisis metexis sapyrobilisa da
sxva sapyrobileTa arqivebidan. Segnebulad Tu SemTxveviT Segnebulad Tu SemTxveviT
ganadgurebul saarqivo masalaTa Soris aRmoCnda ilia ganadgurebul saarqivo masalaTa Soris aRmoCnda ilia
WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos
masalebi (1907-1909 ww.). masalebi (1907-1909 ww.). am danakargis anazRaureba dRes
ukve SeuZlebelia.
1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelo-
bis saqmis obieqturad gamoZieba sazogadoebis sruliad
bunebrivi moTxovna iyo. am mimarTulebiT gadaidga kidec
zogierTi konkretuli nabiji. sabolood, saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis social-demokratiuli (men-
Sevikuri) xelisuflebis azri ilias mkvlelobis saqmis
gamoZiebasTan dakavSirebiT orad gaiyo. erTni miiCnevdnen,
rom ilia bolSevikebma mokles, amitomac mkvlelobis saqmis
70
gamoZiebas didi politikur-ideologiuri mniSvneloba
eqneboda. meoreni Tvlidnen, rom, marTalia, ilia bolSe-
vikebma mokles, magram mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas Sei-
Zleboda, Crdili mieyenebina qarTveli menSevikebisaTvisac,
radgan qarTvel menSevikTa nawili, ideuri TvalsazrisiT,
dapirispirebuli iyo ilia WavWavaZesTan da aqtiurad ebr-
Zoda mas. sabolood ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba
saxelmwifo zrunvis sagnad ver iqca. saxelmwifo zrunvis sagnad ver iqca. saqarTvelos so-
cial-demokratiuli partia, marTalia, ilias mkvlelobis
Taobaze masalebs agrovebda, magram es saqme mindobili
hqondaT araprofesionalebs, muSaoba warmoebda usistemod.
sazogadoebaSi gavrcelda xmebi, rom komisiam masalebis komisiam masalebis
raRac nawili an gaanadgura, an saguldagulod gadamala.raRac nawili an gaanadgura, an saguldagulod gadamala.
1921 wlis Teberval-martSi saqarTvelo sabWoTa
ruseTma daipyro. damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba. daiwyo daiwyo
ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis axali ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofis axali
etapi. etapi. ilia gamocxadda ,,feodalur-monarqistuli nacion-
alizmis mamamTavrad~, ,,xalxTa Soris erovnuli SuRlis
gamRviveblad~, ,,Tavadaznaurobis interesebis damcvelad~.
,,batonymobis ideologad~, ,,sastik memamuled~, ,,socialuri
Tanasworobis mowinaaRmdeged~, ,,progresis Semaferxeblad~
da a. S. ilias sulieri memkvidreobis uaryofa mimdinare-
obda sabWoTa saqarTvelos erT-erTi politikuri lideris,
XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan ilias winaaRmdeg mimarTu-
li binZuri kampaniis sulisCamdgmelisa da ilias mkvlel-
obis erT-erTi organizatoris filipe maxaraZisfilipe maxaraZis xelmZ-
RvanelobiT. aqve sruliad garkveviT unda iTqvas: ilia ilia
WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa ar SeiZleba WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa ar SeiZleba
ganvixiloT filipe maxaraZis kerZo iniciativad. es iyo ganvixiloT filipe maxaraZis kerZo iniciativad. es iyo
sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis neba, sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis neba,
e. i. saxelmwifo politika.e. i. saxelmwifo politika. sergo orjonikiZesa da filipe
maxaraZes Soris 1921-1922 wlebSi, sxvadasxva garemoebaTa
gamo, urTierToba seriozulad daiZaba. miuxedavad amisa,
71
amierkavkasiis federaciis politikuri lideri sergo
orjonikiZe da sabWoTa saqarTvelos erT-erTi politi-
kuri lideri filipe maxaraZe sruli Tanxmobis viTare-
baSi cdilobdnen ilias saxelis amoSlas saqarTvelos is-
toriidan. isini istorikosebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs istorikosebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs
aiZulebdnen, XIX saukunis saqarTvelos istoria da qar-aiZulebdnen, XIX saukunis saqarTvelos istoria da qar-
Tuli mwerlobis istoria ilias gareSe gaeazrebinaT. Tuli mwerlobis istoria ilias gareSe gaeazrebinaT. amis
magaliTs iZleoda filipe maxaraZe, romelic iliaze win
daniel WonqaZes ayenebda. vinc am umsgavsoebis winaaRmdeg
xmas aimaRlebda, sastikad idevneboda. ilia WavWavaZes bev-
ri sxva vinmec ebrZoda, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT, filipe
maxaraZis nawerebSi aSkarad igrZnoba biologiuri zizRi
iliasadmi. saocaria, mainc raoden didi unda yofiliyo saocaria, mainc raoden didi unda yofiliyo
filipe maxaraZis siZulvili iliasadmi, rom XIX saukunis filipe maxaraZis siZulvili iliasadmi, rom XIX saukunis
90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mTeli ormoc welze meti 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mTeli ormoc welze meti
xnis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv ebrZoda mas, jer cocxals, xnis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv ebrZoda mas, jer cocxals,
Semdeg mkvdars.Semdeg mkvdars.
1921 wlidan filipe maxaraZe sistematurad aferx-
ebda ilias mkvlelobis Taobaze masalebis moZiebasa da
gamoqveynebas. ibeWdeboda mxolod iseTi masala, romelic
mxars uWerda oxrankis mier ilias mkvlelobis versias.
filipe maxaraZe avtorebis mimarT muqarasa da SantaJsac
ar erideboda.
ilia WavWavaZis naazrevisa da naRvawis uaryofa fil-
ipe maxaraZisa da ,,misi razmis” (e. i. xelisuflebis) mier
1921 wlidan 1934 wlamde gagrZelda. am samarcxvino kampa-
nias 1934-1937 wlebSi zRvari daudo ioseb stalinma.ioseb stalinma.
1934-1937 wlebSi ilia WavWavaZis pirovnebisa da Semo-
qmedebis mimarT sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebulebis
sasikeTod kvlav TavisTavad dasva kiTxva: vin mokla ilia? vin mokla ilia?
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis pasuxis er-
TaderTi, xelisuflebisaTvis misaRebi varianti aseTi iyo:
ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis dakveTiT
72
mokla oxrankam.mokla oxrankam. daiwyo am versiis damadasturebeli ma-
salebis moZieba. am metad sapasuxismgeblo saqmes ioseb
stalinis davalebiT lavrenti beria xelmZRvanelobda.
ramdenime avtorma, miuxedavad didi mondomebisa, ver SeZlo
xelisuflebis dakveTis Sesruleba. moZiebuli masalidan
aSkara xdeboda, rom ilias mkvleloba SeukveTa ruseTis ilias mkvleloba SeukveTa ruseTis
social-demokratiul muSaTa partiamsocial-demokratiul muSaTa partiam, oxrankis kvali ar
dasturdeboda. 1938 wels gamoica paata guguSvilis wigni
_ ,,ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba~.14 marTalia, paata guguS-
vili ilias oxrankis moklulad miiCnevda, magram naSro-
midan (gamokvlevidan da TandarTuli dokumentebidan)
aSkara xdeboda, rom oxrankis mier ilias mokvlis ver-oxrankis mier ilias mokvlis ver-
sia SeTxzuli iyo, kvali aSkarad social-demokrateb-sia SeTxzuli iyo, kvali aSkarad social-demokrateb-
isaken midioda,isaken midioda, aseTi Seusabamoba paata guguSvils ar
SeiZleboda mxedvelobidan gamorCenoda. kidec rom gah-
parvoda, wigns cenzura ar gauSvebda. unda vivaraudoT,
rom xsenebul wignSi arsebuli es ,,Seusabamoba~ ioseb
stalins sWirdeboda. ori kurdRlis erTdroulad daW-
eris didostats, albaT, amjeradac raRac mizani amoZ-
ravebda. ioseb stalinis es mizani imdenad veraguli iyo, ioseb stalinis es mizani imdenad veraguli iyo,
rom lavrenti beriac ki daibna. rom lavrenti beriac ki daibna. ioseb stalinisagan ilia
WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis davaleba rom
miuRia, gaocebul lavrenti berias uTqvams: am saqmes raRa am saqmes raRa
gamoZieba unda? ilia WavWavaZis erT-erTi mkvleli belads gamoZieba unda? ilia WavWavaZis erT-erTi mkvleli belads
moskovSi hyavs TavisTan, meore ki me mizis TbilisSio. moskovSi hyavs TavisTan, meore ki me mizis TbilisSio. Zne-
li misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom lavrenti beria sergo sergo
orjonikiZesa orjonikiZesa da filipe maxaraZes filipe maxaraZes gulisxmobda.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom 1934-1937 wlebSi ilias naazrevi-
sa da naRvawis obieqturad Sefasebam, ilias reabilitaciam
bunebrivad dasva kiTxva: vin mokla ilia? xelisuflebas,
surda Tu ar surda, am kiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaeca. es
14 paata guguSvili.paata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938.
73
ki ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebas moiTxovda. ilias
mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba sxva mizezebmac ganapiroba.
unda vivaraudoT, ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da
sasamarTlo procesi ioseb stalins XX saukunis 30-iani
wlebis Sua xanebisTvis, Seqmnili viTarebis gamo, dasWirda.
ufro konkretulad ki, ioseb stalins filipe maxaraZisa da
sergo orjonikiZis Tavidan moSoreba surda. Zveli bol-
Sevikuri gvardia seriozulad fiqrobda ioseb stalinis
sergei kiroviT Canacvlebaze. sergei kirovis mkvlelobis
Semdeg (1934 w.) Zvel bolSevikebs ioseb stalinis Semcv-
lelis Ziebaze xeli ar auRiaT. seriozulad ixileboda
sergo orjonikiZis kandidatura. Tu sergo orjonikiZes
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis organizatoroba daumtkicde-
boda, es ioseb stalinis xelSi seriozuli kompromati
iqneboda. Tumca garkveviT unda aRiniSnos: ioseb sta-
lini sergo orjonikiZis Tavidan moSorebis sanacvlod
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi ruseTis social-demokra-
tiul muSaTa partias ar daadanaSaulebda, aseT Crdils
ar miayenebda. garda amisa, filipe maxaraZisa da sergo
orjonikiZis ilias mkvlelobis organizatorebad aRi-
arebiT saqme ar dasruldeboda. bunebrivad daismeboda
kiTxva: visi davalebiT moqmedebdnen isini? mkvlelobis
damkveTis vinaoba TavisTavad cxadi gaxdeboda. ufro sa-ufro sa-
varaudoa, rom ioseb stalinma lavrenti berias, marTlac, varaudoa, rom ioseb stalinma lavrenti berias, marTlac,
misca miTiTeba filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZismisca miTiTeba filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis,
rogorc ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa, mamxilebeli rogorc ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa, mamxilebeli
masalebis moZiebis Taobaze, magram es masala garkveul masalebis moZiebis Taobaze, magram es masala garkveul
dromde saidumlod unda yofiliyo daculi, rogorc kom-dromde saidumlod unda yofiliyo daculi, rogorc kom-
promati sergo orjonikiZis winaaRmdeg. Ziebas da sasamarT-promati sergo orjonikiZis winaaRmdeg. Ziebas da sasamarT-
los ki oxrankis versia unda daesabuTebina. los ki oxrankis versia unda daesabuTebina.
ilia mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba garkveulwilad Seafer-
xa lavernti berias moskovSi gadayvanam (1938 w.). amiT
isargebla filipe maxaraZem da kidev erTxel scada ili-
74
as mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis Seferxeba. male filipe
maxaraZe mkacrad gaafrTxiles da isic iZulebuli gaxda,
mayureblis roliT dakmayofilebuliyo.
ilias mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZiebis Tao-
baze gadawyvetileba sabWoTa kavSirze germaniis Tavdasx-
mamde (1941 wlis 22 ivnisamde) miiRes. pirveli mowmeebi 1941
wlis ianvarSi daikiTxnen. gigla berbiWaSvili pasuxisge-
baSi misces 1941 wlis 14 ivniss (omis dawyebamde rva dRiT
adre). omis dawyebam gamoZieba ver Seaferxa. 1941 wlis noem-
bris bolos gamoZiebam saqme gadasca saqarTvelos umaR-
les sasamarTlos. 1941 wlis 27 noembers Sedga saqarTve-
los umaRlesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa
sasamarTlo kolegiis mosamzadebeli sxdoma. sasamarTlo
procesi daiwyo 1941 wlis 25 dekembers, ganaCeni gamocxadda
1942 wlis 5 ianvars.
cxadia, 1941 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze Seqmnil
umZimes samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi xelisuflebas
SeeZlo, gadaedo gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesi. magram,
Cans, ioseb stalini sxvagvarad fiqrobda: ilia WavWavaZis ilia WavWavaZis
mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlo process mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlo process
didi politikuri mniSvneloba eZleoda, romelic scilde-didi politikuri mniSvneloba eZleoda, romelic scilde-
boda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSiris farglebs.boda saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa kavSiris farglebs.
da mainc, ilias mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZieba da
sasamarTlo procesi winaswar Sedgenili scenaris mixed-
viT warimarTa. yvela Cveneba gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos
dokumentebSi (oqmebi, stenogramebi) im saxiT Sevida, ro-
goric es xelisuflebas surda. dRes SeiZleba Zneli war-
mosadgenia, Tu ras niSnavda 1941 wels iseTi Cvenebis micema,
romelic miuRebeli iyo xelisuflebisaTvis. amitom iyo,
rom gamoZiebac da sasamarTloc mividnen daskvnamde: ilia ilia
WavWavaZis mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis WavWavaZis mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis
SekveTiT ganaxorciela oxrankam.SekveTiT ganaxorciela oxrankam.
1941-1942 wlebis gamoZieba da sasamarTlo procesi iseve,
75
rogorc 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan dawyebuli ilias mkv-
lelobis Taobaze mimdinare masalebis mokvleva, iyo dadg-
muli speqtakli. riT unda damTavrebuliyo Zieba da ra ga-
naCeni unda gamoetana sasamarTlos, winaswar iyo cnobili.
aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos: miuxedavad imisa, rom
1907-1909 wlebis gamoZieba da sasamrTlo procesi xelisu-
flebis dakveTas asrulebda, simarTlis dadgenis Tvalsaz-
risiT, 1907-1909 wlebis masalebi ufro sayuradReboa, vidre
1941-1942 wlebisa. 1907-1909 wlebis masalebSi mcire doziT,
magram mainc aisaxa simarTle. 1941-1942 wlebis masalebi
isea gayalbebuli, rom simarTlis dasadgenad TiTqmis
mTlianad gamousadegaria. ilias mkvlelobis istoriis
Seswavla, swored zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, fer-
xdeba.
1941 wlisaTvis ilias mkvlelobis organizatorTa-
gan mxolod filipe maxaraZe iyo cocxali, mkvlelobis
uSualo xelmZRvanelTagan - aRaravin, iliaze Tavdasxmis
monawileTagan (teroristTagan) ki _ mxolod gigla ber-
biWaSvili. radgan ilia oxrankis mier moklulad unda
gamocxadebuliyo, filipe maxaraZiT gamoZieba da sasamarT-
lo sajarod ver dainteresdeboda. rCeboda gigla berbi-
WaSvili. gadawyda: gigla berbiWaSvili unda gamocxadebu-gigla berbiWaSvili unda gamocxadebu-
liyo oxrankis agentebis mier daqiravebul ilia WavWavaZis liyo oxrankis agentebis mier daqiravebul ilia WavWavaZis
fizikur mkvlelad, romlis gasrolilma tyviamac sico-fizikur mkvlelad, romlis gasrolilma tyviamac sico-
cxle mouswrafa mwerals. cxle mouswrafa mwerals. radgan mkvlelobis uSualo
xelmZRvanelTagan cocxali aRaravin iyo, anu aRar iyvnen
is adamianebi, romelTac teroristTa jgufi Seadgines da
ilias gzaze Causafres, Ziebasa da sasamarTlos ar gau-
Wirdeboda imis damtkiceba, rom ilias mkvlelobis uSua-
lo xelmZRvanelebi oxrankis agentebi iyvnen da oxrankis
davalebiT moqmedebdnen. Zalze gaWirdeboda, ufro zustad,
Zalze aradamajerebeli iqneboda, gigla berbiWaSvilis ox-
rankis agentad gamocxadeba. gamoZiebasa da sasamarTlos
76
es arc ucdia. samagierod, aucilebeli iyo imisi ,,dadas-
tureba~, rom gigla berbiWaSvili 1907 wels arc rsdmp gigla berbiWaSvili 1907 wels arc rsdmp
wevri da arc 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros social-wevri da arc 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros social-
demokratebis mier organizebuli ,,wiTeli razmis~ wevri demokratebis mier organizebuli ,,wiTeli razmis~ wevri
da meTauri yofila, social-demokratebis davalebiT ter-da meTauri yofila, social-demokratebis davalebiT ter-
oristuli aqtebi ar ganuxorcielebia, xolo 1921-1922 wleb-oristuli aqtebi ar ganuxorcielebia, xolo 1921-1922 wleb-
Si komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis mandati TaRliTo-Si komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis mandati TaRliTo-
biT miiRo da pensiac TaRliTobiT dainiSna. yovelive amis biT miiRo da pensiac TaRliTobiT dainiSna. yovelive amis
,,damtkiceba” gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom ,,SeZlo~.,,damtkiceba” gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom ,,SeZlo~.
Tu gigla berbiWaSvili arc oxrankis agenti yofila
da arc rsdmp wevri, maS, vin iyo igi? am kiTxvaze gamoZiebas
da sasamarTlos aseTi pasuxi hqonda mzad: gigla berbiWaS-gigla berbiWaS-
vili iyo uideo, uzneo, gaxrwnili, gadagvarebuli adamiani, vili iyo uideo, uzneo, gaxrwnili, gadagvarebuli adamiani,
romelic oxrankis agentebma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi romelic oxrankis agentebma ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi
monawileobaze daiTanxmes.monawileobaze daiTanxmes.
ase iqca gigla berbiWaSvili gamoZiebisa da sasamarT-
losaTvis ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmeSi centralur
figurad.
1941-1942 wlebSi gamoZiebam da sasamarTlom dadgeni-
lad miiCnia:
1. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba iyo politikuri mkv-
leloba, romelic ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebis nebiT
ganxorcielda (mkvlelobis damkveTi).mkvlelobis damkveTi).
2. mkvleloba moamzada oxrankam (mkvlelobis organi-(mkvlelobis organi-
zatori).zatori).
3. mkvlelobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen oxrankis
agentebi (mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebi).(mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebi).
4. oxrankis agentebma uideo, gadagvarebuli, znedacemu-
li da gaxrwnili adamianebisagan Seadgines teroristuli
jgufi, romelic Tavs daesxa ilias 1907 wlis 30 agvistos
(mkvlelobis uSualo monawileni).(mkvlelobis uSualo monawileni).
amrigad, sqema aseT saxes iRebda: ruseTis imperiis ruseTis imperiis
xelisufleba (mkvelobis damkveTi) _ oxranka (mkvlelo-xelisufleba (mkvelobis damkveTi) _ oxranka (mkvlelo-
77
bis organizatori) _ oxrankis agentebi (mkvlelobis uSu-bis organizatori) _ oxrankis agentebi (mkvlelobis uSu-
alo xelmZRvanelebi) _ teroristebi (ilia WavWavaZeze Tv-alo xelmZRvanelebi) _ teroristebi (ilia WavWavaZeze Tv-
dasxmis monawileni).dasxmis monawileni).
ioseb stalinma, lavrenti beriam da bevrma sxvamac
SesaniSnavad icoda WeSmariteba, romelic ukve meored mi-
iCqmala:
1. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba iyo politikuri mkv-
leloba, romelic ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa
partiis xelmZRvanelobis nebiT ganxorcielda (mkvlelo-mkvlelo-
bis damkveTi).bis damkveTi).
2. mkvleloba moamzada rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis ndo-
biT aRWurvilma pirma (is erovnebiT qarTveli ar yofila)
filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis meSveobiT (mkv-(mkv-
lelobis organizatorebi).lelobis organizatorebi).
3. mkvlelobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen qarTveli
social-demokratebi (mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanele-(mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanele-
bi).bi).
4. mkvlelobis uSualo xelmZRvanelebma Seadgines
teroristuli jgufi, romelTagan ori rsdmp wevri da
revoluciis aqtiuri monawile iyo (ilia WavWavaZeze Tav-(ilia WavWavaZeze Tav-
dasxmis uSualo monawileni).dasxmis uSualo monawileni).
5. garda amisa, ioseb stalinma da lavrenti beriam
icodnen, rom ilia mokla ara gigla berbiWaSvilma, aramed
damoukideblad moqmedma mkvlelma, romelic teroristTa
jgufis Casafrebis adgilze teroristTagan farulad mi-
iyvanes Tavdasxmis organizatorebma. ilias mkvleli qil-
eris vinaobis dadgena oxrankis versiis dadasturebisaT-
vis sulac ar iyo saWiro.
ilias mkvlelobis saqmis xelaxali gamoZieba da
sasamarTlo didi dartyma iyo filipe maxaraZisaTvis. Tum-
ca is amjeradac gadarCa: gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos mier gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos mier
oxrankis versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebam gamoricxa ili-oxrankis versiis WeSmaritebad aRiarebam gamoricxa ili-
as mkvlelobis organizatorad filipe maxaraZis miCneva. as mkvlelobis organizatorad filipe maxaraZis miCneva.
78
filipe maxaraZes aSkarad bedi swyalobda! Tumca ilias
mkvlelobis organizatori sxvagvarad fiqrobda: aravin
uwyoda, ras gadawyvetda, ras moimoqmedebda ioseb stalini,
ra gagrZeleba eqneboda im farss, romelic 1941-1942 wlebSi
gaTamaSda. filipe maxaraZe orjer (1907 welsa da 1941
wels) gadaurCa sasjels. mesamed beds aRar miendo da sa-
kuTar Tavs TviTon gamoutana ganaCeni: Tavi CamoixrCo.Tavi CamoixrCo.
oficialuri cnobiT, sergo orjonikiZe gulis daavadeb-
iT gardaicvala. mogvianebiT gaCnda versia imis Taobaze,
rom is aiZules, Tavi moekla. mesame versiiT sergo orjoni-
kiZe kefaSi nasroli tyviiT gardaicvala sakuTar binaSi.
is moskovSi, wiTel moedanze kremlis kedelTan dakrZales.
oficialuri cnobiT filipe maxaraZe bunebrivi sikvdiliT
gardaicvala. Tumca mogvianebiT gaxda cnobili, rom man
Tavi CamoixrCo.
ioseb stalins ar uyvarda filipe maxaraZe da sergo ioseb stalins ar uyvarda filipe maxaraZe da sergo
orjonikiZe. ra iyo amisi mizezi, samivem kargad uwyoda. orjonikiZe. ra iyo amisi mizezi, samivem kargad uwyoda.
samivem saidumlo Tan waritana samareSi.samivem saidumlo Tan waritana samareSi.
******
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis orive gamoZiebam
da orive sasamarTlo procesma (ruseTis imperiis xelisu-
flebisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros) upasuxod dato-
va bevri kiTxva. maT Sorisaa teroristuli aqtis ganxor-
cielebis sakiTxi _ ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis detalebi.
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli versiis mixedviT, ilia
1907 wlis 30 agvistos sofel wiwamurTan mokla teror-
istTa jgufma. sofel wiwamurTan daTqmul niSanze Tedo
labaurma etli gaaCera da fexze wamomdgari ilia erT-er-
Ti teroristis, kerZod, gigla berbiWaSvilis mier berdanis
Tofidan gasrolilma tyviam imsxverpla. tyvia ilias Sub-
lSi moxvda. am versiaSi bevri ram saeWvoa. saeqsperto
daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT:
79
1907 w. 31 agvisto. ilia WavWavaZis1907 w. 31 agvisto. ilia WavWavaZis
gvamis gakveTis aqtigvamis gakveTis aqti
31 agvisto, 1907 w. aqti. me, duSeTis mazris gamomZiebeli,
gamovcxaddi sof. guramianTkarSi, qvemoT aRniSnuli mow-
meebis TandaswrebiT da duSeTis mazris eqimis meoxebiT
Cavatare Tavad ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis gvamis gakveTa.
garegani daTvalierebagaregani daTvaliereba
micvalebuli (cxedari) asvenia magidaze sakuTar sax-
lSi. acvia ruxi feris Jileti da Sarvali, feradi kvar-
Ti da TeTri sacvali, kiserze gaxamebuli TeTri sayelo,
romlis garSemo devs bafTa _ gaxsnili feradi batistis
yel-saxvevi. marcxena xelze gaxamebuli manJeti moxsnilia,
marjvenaze manJeti moZrobilia da Camokidebulia sakin-
Zis kvarTze. fexze acvia windebi da dabalyeliani Ceqmebi.
Jileti, kvarTi da manJeti gasisxlianebulia. saxeze da
Sublze sisxlis zolebi aqvs. gasisxlianebulia agreTve
gulmkerdis zeda nawili, marcxena gverdi da orive xelis
mtevnebi. micvalebuli swori agebulebisaa; muceli winaa
wamoweuli... sxeulis danarCeni nawilebi swori agebulebi-
saa.
gulmkerdis areSi aReniSneba cecxlnasroli gamWo-
li Wriloba, romlis erTi xvreli moTavsebulia marjve-
na ZuZus dvrilidan odnav SigniT, xolo meore _ marcx-
ena iRliis ukana kideze; pirveli ovaluri formisaa, misi
udidesi zoma kanze sami santimetria, meoris zoma iRliis
kanze SedarebiT mcirea, gamavalia neka TiTisaTvis. Sub-
lis marcxena naxevarSi aRiniSneba ovaluri formis daJe-
Jili Wriloba, damavali Zvlamde, oTxi santimetris sigrZis,
ori santimetris siganis. aq Zvali Catexilia da marcxena
nawiliT Caweulia qvemoT. Catexili Zvlis udidesi dia-
metri erTnaxevari gojia, motexilobis zeda, marcxena da
qveda kideebi mdebareobs qalas sarqvelze dabla, xolo
80
marjvena nawili SeerTebulia qalas sarqvelTan, SeerTeba
aramtkicea, ris gamoc motexili Zvali moZravia. kanis Wri-
lobis kideebi arasworia, moSavo ferisaa da mSrali. mis
qveS Zvalze aRiniSneba gamoyofili sisxlis Txeli fena.
marjvena warbs zemoT mdebareobs meore daJeJili Wriloba,
iseTive xasiaTis, rogoric pirveli. es Wriloba aRwevs
Zvlamde, magram Zvali dazianebuli ar aris. am Wrilobis
sigrZea sami, sigane erTi santimetri.
sxva dazianeba sxeulze ar aris. gvamuri laqebi da
sxva naadrevi gaxrwnis niSnebi ar aRiniSneba. gaSeSebis
kvali jer kidev SerCenilia xelebSi...
Sinagani daTvalierebaSinagani daTvaliereba
gulmkerdis Rru. gulmkerdze cecxlsasroli Wri-
lobis ubanSi kanqveSa qsovili moSavo ferisaa gamonad-
eni sisxlisagan. marjvena mexuTe neknis mkerdis ZvalTan
SeerTebis adgili damsxvreulia. Semdeg tyviam gaiara gu-
lis perangSi, gulis parkuWebis zeda nawilebSi da marcx-
ena filtvis qveda wilis gavliT gamovida gareT marcxena
iRliis midamoSi. gulis orive parkuWis kedlebis zeda
nawilebi gardaqmnilia nafleTebad. gulis moculoba ar
aris gadidebuli, magram misi kedlebi gaTxelebulia da gad-
agvarebulia cximovan qsovilebad, marjvena parkuWis ked-
lis sisqis sam meoTxeds cximi Seadgens, marcxena parkuWis
wina kedels mwvervalTan axlos aqvs xaris gamxmari tyavis
sisqe, is mkvrivia, moTeTro ferisaa da win gamoberilia
mcired. gulis kedlis am nawilze TiTis daWeriT es ubani
vardeba SigniT da TiTis aRebiT gareT, rogorc rezinis
burTi. mikroskopulad anevrizmuli gamoberiloba mogva-
gonebs mkvriv da drekad SemaerTqsovilovan warmonaqmns.
marjvena filtvis plevra Sexorcebulia gulmkerdis gver-
diT kedelTan; marcxena mdebareobs Tavisuflad. orive
filtvis moqnilobis da sifafukis xarisxi daqveiTebu-
81
lia, haeriT ar arian gadavsebulni. orive filtvis qveda
nawilebi sruliad uhaeroa, ris gamoc maTma qveda kideebma
kanis simkvrivis brtyeli danamatis saxe miiRes. filtvebi
ganakveTze moTeTro-moruxo ferisaa. gulmkerdis Rru Sei-
cavs didi raodenobiT Sededebul da Txier sisxls. muc-
lis kedeli Seicavs cximis sqel Sres. Tavisa da muclis
Rruebi ar daTvalierda, radgan sikvdilis mizezi naTelia.
duSeTis mazris eqimi:duSeTis mazris eqimi: iaSviliiaSvili,
gamomZiebeli:gamomZiebeli: v. e. dilevski.v. e. dilevski.
mowmeebi:mowmeebi: sof. guramianTkaris mcxovrebni, glexebi si-si-
mon CixaSvilimon CixaSvili da vasil narimaniZevasil narimaniZe, orive wera-kiTxvis uco-
dinarni.
mosazrebamosazreba: ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis sxeulze sami
Wrilobaa: erTi cecxlnasroli, gulmkerdis gamWoli.
Wrilobis arxi mimarTulia winidan ukan da marjvnidan
marcxniv. gasrola albaT winidan moxda. sikvdili ganvi-
Tarda am Wrilobisagan gulis dazianebis Sedegad. ori
Wriloba, mdebare Tavis qalas uTmo nawilSi, miyenebulia
blagvi sagniT. erTi am WrilobaTagani, romelic garTule-
bulia Tavis qalas Zvlebis dazianebiT, miekuTvneba mZime
da sicocxlisaTvis saxifaTo dazianebas; meore Wriloba
unda miekuTvnos msubuq dazianebaTa xarisxs.
gardacvlil ilia WavWavaZes guli da filtvebi jan-
mrTeli ar hqonda. gulis kunTi gadagvarebulia cximovan
qsovilad da marxena parkuWis wina kedeli gafarToebu-
lia anevrizmulad. aRwerilobiT nawilSi me damaviwyda
aRmeniSna, rom marcxena parkuWis endokardi gasqelebulia,
moruxo-moTeTro ferisaa, mkveTrad gamoirCeva marjvena
parkuWis endokardisagan, ukanasknels aqvs xorcis feri
Sesaxedaoba. marcxena parkuWis endokardis zedapiri, nax-
evarmTvariseburi sarqvelebi da aortis Sida garsi glu-
82
via, xorklebis gare-Se, naxevarmTavriseburi sarqvlebis fu-
Zeebi gasqelebulia da mkvrivi. didi xnis sicocxle ar
darCenoda samocdaaTi wlis mxcovan poets. misi avadmyofi
guli gangmirulia mtris tyviiT. am guls SeiZleba eZgera
kidev ramdenime Tves, an weliwads.
rac Seexeba cecxlsasrol iaraRs, romliTac mokles
Tavadi ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, ar SeiZleba imis dan-
amdvilebiT Tqma, Tu rogori iyo es iaraRi. Tavad WavWavaZ-
esTan erTad mokluli iqna misi msaxuri, romlis sxeulidan
amoRebuli tyvia mrgvalia, sididiT hgavs tyvias, rogoriTac
iteneba kaJiani Tofebi. Tavad WavWavaZisa da mis msaxuri-
saTvis cecxlmsroleli iaraRiT miyenebuli Wrilobebis
xvrelebi sididiT da zogierTi sxva TaviseburebebiT daax-
loebiT erTnairia. gvamebis gakveTis praqtikiT viciT ra
berdaniT, axali nimuSis samxaziani SaSxaniT da ubralo
araswrafmsroleli iaraRiT miyenebul WrilobaTa Tavise-
burebani, me vvaraudob, rom Tavadi WavWavaZe moklulia uka-
naskneli saxeobis iaraRiT.
duSeTis mazris eqimiduSeTis mazris eqimi iaSviliiaSvili~.15
daviwyoT imiT, rom ilia WavWavaZis sxeulis eqsper-
tiziT dadasturebulia, rom ilias marcxena neknis areSi
(iRliis qveS) aqvs mcire diametris xvreli, mkerdis areSi
(marjvena ZuZus dvrilTan) _ didi xvreli. tyvia sxeul-
Si Sesvlisas tovebs wvril xvrels, sxeulidan gamosvli-
sas ki _ gacilebiT dids. amdenad, eqim iaSvils uzustoba
mouvida. iliasaTvis winidan rom esrolaT, maSin mcire
zomis xvreli mkerdis areSi eqneboda, didi zomisa ki _
iRliis qveS. gvamis gakveTis aqtSi yvelaferi piriqiTaa, e.
15 paata guguSvilipaata guguSvili. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba. sagamomZieblo
masalebi. Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 38-41; guram SaraZe.guram SaraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. 1837-
1907. cxovreba. moRvaweoba. Semoqmedeba. fotomatiane. or wignad.
wigni II. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 320-322.
83
i. ilias zurgidan esroles. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ilias
tyvia SublSi ara aqvs moxvedrili. etlidan gadmovardnis
Semdeg ilias erT-erTma teroristma SublSi orjer Caar-
tya SaSxanis lula, im mizniT, rom darwmunebuliyo, ilia
mkvdari iyo Tu ara. Sublis areSi miyenebuli arc erTi
dartyma sasikvdilo ar iyo. eqspertiziT aseve dadginda,
rom ilia moklul iqna tyviiT, romelic sxeulSi Sevida
zurgis mxridan (marcxena neknebs Soris) da gamovida mk-
erdSi marjvena mxares (ZuZus dvrilTan). ismis kiTxva: vin
esrola ilia WavWavaZes? aSkaraa, rom gasrola im teror-
istTa mxridan ar SeiZleboda momxdariyo, romlebmac etli
gaaCeres da gasrolis momentSi etlis win idgnen.
SeiZleba Tu ara dadgindes im teroristis vinaoba,
romelmac ilias zurgidan esrola? imxanad teroristul
praqtikaSi aseTi wesebi moqmedebda: yvela terorists hqon-
da Tavisi ̀ xelwera~, e. i. teroristi msxverpls klavda mis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli gasroliT. aseTi gasrolis nimuSebi
iyo: erTi tyvia kefaSi, oTxi tyvia zurgSi, ori tyvia mk-
erdis areSi, sami tyvia muclis areSi, erTi tyvia Sublis
areSi da a. S. cxadia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ramden-
ime teroristi erTi `xelweriT~ moqmedebda. magram img-
vari gasroliT, rogoriTac ilia mokles (sxeulSi marcx-
ena neknebs Soris Sesuli tyvia gamovida mkerdis areSi
marcxniv, ZuZus dvrilTan). imxanad (1905-1907 ww.) mxolod
ori teroristi sargeblobda aseTi `xelweriT~. erTi maT-
gani 1907 wlis agvistosaTvis cimbiris gadasaxlebaSi imy-
ofeboda da saqarTveloSi gvian dabrunda. meore 1907 wlis
ianvridan agvistomde, ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros policiis departamentisadmi daqvemdebarebu-
li Tbilisis, quTaisisa da baqos guberniebis Jandarmeriis
sammarTveloebis agenturuli samsaxuris masalebis mixed-
viT, aralegalurad cxovrobda TbilisSi, baTumSi, baqo-
Si da baTumi-Tbilisi-baqos marSrutiT gadaadgilebisas
xSirad ikargeboda Jandarmeriis TvalTaxedvis aridan. es
84
teroristi Sedioda im 50-55 teroristis ricxvSi, romelTac,
policiis departamentis analitikosTa daskvniT, SeeZloT
nebismieri sirTulis teroristuli aqtis ganxorcieleba.
teroristi, romelmac, Cveni azriT, ilia mokla, Jandarmeri-
is TvalTaxedvidan gaqra 1907 wlis 17 agvistos. am dRes igi
Jandarmeriis agentma baTumis navsadgurSi naxa. Jandarmeriis
TvalTaxedvis areSi teroristi kvlav mxolod 1907 wlis 21
dekembers moxvda, e. i. ilias mkvlelobidan sami Tvisa da oc-
daerTi dRis Semdeg. savaraudoa, teroristma `fskerze jdo-
ma~ gadawyvita, e. i. gadaadgilebisa da teroristuli saqmi-
anobisagan gangeb ikavebda Tavs. es teroristTa sayovelTaod
miRebuli wesi iyo. jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT iseT masalas,
romelic amtkicebdes, rom saqarTveloSi imave `xelweriT~
sxva teroristic moqmedebda. miuxedavad amisa, kategoriuli
daskvnis gakeTebisagan Tavs vikavebT, radgan zemoxsenebul
terorists, policiis departamentis da oxrankis masalebis
mixedviT, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan aranairi kavSiri
ar umtkicdeba. Tumca, aqve davZenT, rom am faqts ar SeuZlia
safuZveli gamoacalos Cvens versias, radgan 1907 wlis 17
agvistodan 21 dekembramde policiis departaments aranairi
cnoba teroristis Sesaxeb ar moepoveba, ilia WavWavaZis mkv-
leloba ki swored am periodSi moxda.
******
marTalia, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba gadawyda da
daigegma ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
emigraciul centrebSi (JenevaSi, parizSi), mkvlelobis kva-
lis dafarvac imave centrebSi SemuSavebuli gegmis mixed-
viT moxda, magram es sulac ar xsnis pasuxismgeblobas
qarTvel sazogadoebas, romelic win ver aRudga social-
demokratebis mier ilias gzis gmobas, ilias devnasa da
Seviwroebas _ ver daicva eris sulieri mama da ugvirgvino
mefe. ufro metic, imdroindeli qarTveli sazogadoebis
udidesi nawili verc ilias mkvlelobam gamoafxizla _
85
sazogadoeba ZiriTadad iseTive darCa, rogoric iyo 1907
wlis 30 agvistomde. mxolod RmerTma uwyis WeSmariteba:
iqneb qarTvelTa ganwyobilebamac iqonia garkveuli gav-iqneb qarTvelTa ganwyobilebamac iqonia garkveuli gav-
lena Jenevasa da parizSi mokalaTebul uRmerTo da us-lena Jenevasa da parizSi mokalaTebul uRmerTo da us-
amSoblo politikosebze, roca ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb amSoblo politikosebze, roca ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen.gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen.
******
ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis istoriaSi sadReisod
dadgenilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Semdegi:
pirveli. pirveli. ilias mkvelobis Taobaze gadawyvetileba mii-
Ro emigraciaSi (parizSi, JenevaSi) myofma ruseTis social-
ur-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobam (imx-
anad bolSevikuri da menSevikuri fraqciebi erT partiad
iyo gaerTianebuli).
meore. meore. ilias mokvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis
mizezi gaxda misi arCeva ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad
(1906 w.), aseve ilias brZola saqarTvelos politikuri av-
tonomiisaTvis, mxardaWera avtokefalistTa moZraobisadmi
da saerTod, erovnul ZalTa gaerTianebis mcdeloba. yove-
live zemoT aRniSnuli ewinaaRmdegeboda rsdmp programas
da misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi social-demokratia
saqarTveloSi umniSvnelo Zalad iqceoda, rasac v. lenini
da misi Tanamoazreebi ver dauSvebdnen.
mesame. mesame. rsdmp xelmZRvanelobam, mkvlelobis damkveTis
vinaobis ukeT dafarvis mizniT, ilias mkvlelobis organ-
izeba ar daavala rsdmp Tbilisis komitets (komitetSi
bolSevikebi da menSevikebi erTad moRvaweobdnen), romel-
sac Zlieri teroristuli organizacia gaaCnda. sazR-
vargareTidan Camosulma rsdmp xelmZRvanelobis ndobiT
aRWurvilma pirma (igi erovnebiT qarTveli ar yofila)
ilias mkvlelobis organizeba daavala filipe maxaraZ-
esa da sergo orjonikiZes (arc erTi maTgani rsdmp Tbi-
lisis komitetis wevri ar yofila), romelTac miRebuli
86
instruqciis Tanaxmad, saqmis kursSi ar CauyenebiaT rsdmp
Tbilisis komiteti.
meoTxe. meoTxe. teroristuli aqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis au-
cilebeli fuli social-demokratebma sazRvargareTidan
Semoitanes, eqspropriaciis gziT saqarTveloSi ar moupove-
biaT. es imitom gakeTda, rom Jandarmeriasa da oxrankas
eWvi ar aeRo, eqsproprirebuli fulis kvals ar gahyoloda
da mkvlelobis organizatorebi ar daedgina.
mexuTe. mexuTe. ilias mkvlelobis damkveTis dafarvis mizniT
filipe maxaraZem da sergo orjonikiZem teroristul aqtam-
de dayares xmebi imis Taobaze, rom ilias male moklavdnen,
mkvlelobis dRidanve ki social-demokratebi Zalze os-
taturad avrcelebdnen sxvadasxva xmas, romlis mixedviTac
ilia WavWavaZe mokles: a) yaCaRebma Zarcvis mizniT; b) adg-
ilobrivma glexebma agrarul niadagze; g) somexma nacion-
alistebma erovnuli SuRlis gamo; d) ruseTis imperiis
xelisuflebam politikuri motiviT. social-demokratebma
mkvlelobis damkveTis vinaoba sabolood mainc ver dama-
les, magram ilias mkvlelobis pirvel dReebSi xelisu-
fleba, sazogadoeba da Zieba seriozulad daabnies.
meeqvse. meeqvse. social-demokratebs ilia SeeZloT, moeklaT
sakuTar saxlSi (TbilisSi, saguramoSi) an gzaze, etliT
mimavali. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo Casafrebuli profesiona-
li qileris erTi gasrola. am gziT ganxorcielebuli ter-
oristuli aqti social-demokratebs xels ar aZlevdaT.
ilia unda moeklaT adgilobriv glexebs aSkara yaCaRuri
TavdasxmiT, xolo mokluli unda gaeZarcvaT. es mkvlelo-
bis organizatorebs saSualebas miscemda, gaevrcelebinaT
xmebi, rom ilias fizikurad gauswordnen an Zarcvis mizniT
an agrarul niadagze.
meSvide. meSvide. damkveTisa da organizatorebis dafarvis miz-
niT filipe maxaraZem da sergo orjonikiZem teroristuli
aqti Semdegnairad ganaxorcieles: adgilobrivma glexebma:
87
gigla berbiWaSvilma, gigola moZRvriSvilma, pavle fSav-gigla berbiWaSvilma, gigola moZRvriSvilma, pavle fSav-
liSvilma (afciaurma), gigla (loma) xizaniSvilma liSvilma (afciaurma), gigla (loma) xizaniSvilma 1907
wlis 30 agvistos sofel wiwamursa da sofel saguramos
Soris (saguramodan oTx versze) Tbilisidan momavali
ilia WavWavaZis etli gaaCeres. amaSi teroristebs daex-
mara maTi Tanamzraxveli, ilias meetle Tedo labauri. Tedo labauri.
social-demokratebs aucileblad sWirdebodaT sayovel-
Taod dadasturebuli faqti, rom glexebma etli gaaCeres
(es faqti Ziebas kidec daudastures Tedo labaurma da
ilias meuRlem). mkvlelobis organizatorebs afiqrebdaT
erTi garemoeba - glexebi, romlebic etls gaaCerebdnen,
profesionali qilerebi ar iyvnen. isini demoralizebuli,
gadagvarebuli adamianebi iyvnen da maTi ndoba ar SeiZle-
boda. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi iyo SemTx-
vevebi, rodesac glexebma (araprofesionalma qilerebma)
fuli aiRes, magram bolo momentSi memamulis mkvleloba
gadaifiqres da mxolod ZarcviT dakmayofildnen. igive
SeiZleboda momxdariyo ilia WavWavaZeze Tavdasxmisasac.
swored amitom ilias etlis gaCerebis savaraudo adgilze
mkvlelobis organizatorebs mzad hyavdaT damoukideblad
moqmedi profesionali qileri (igi erovnebiT qarTveli iyo).
gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma etli gaaCera, fexze wamomd-
gar ilias ki zurgis mxridan, savaraudod, gzis marcxena
napiridan, esrola Casafrebulma qilerma, romelmac erTad-
erTi tyvia gaisrola. tyvia ilias sxeulSi Sevida marcx-tyvia ilias sxeulSi Sevida marcx-
ena neknebis mxridan, gaiara guli da gamovida mkerdSi, mar-ena neknebis mxridan, gaiara guli da gamovida mkerdSi, mar-
jvena ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (marcxena ZuZusaken). jvena ZuZus dvrilTan, odnav SigniT (marcxena ZuZusaken).
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT (tyviiT) miyenebuli sxva Wriloba
ilias sxeulze ar aRmoCnda. qileris Casafrebis Sesaxeb
araferi uwyoda gigla berbiWaSvilis jgufma, qilerma ki
zustad icoda, Tu sad gaaCrebdnen glexebi etls. gasro-
lis Semdeg qileri SeumCnevlad gaecala iqaurobas, misi
arseboba ar Seutyvia arc Ziebas da arc sasamarTlos.
88
vaxtang gurulivaxtang guruli _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetis profesori,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
politikuri mkvlelobis fizionomiapolitikuri mkvlelobis fizionomia
(vin mokla rusi egzarqosi nikoni?)(vin mokla rusi egzarqosi nikoni?)AAF
ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara ars dafaruli, romeli
ara gamocxadnes, ara gamocxadnes,
arca saidumloÁ, romeli ara arca saidumloÁ, romeli ara
sacnaur iyossacnaur iyos
da cxadad movides. da cxadad movides.
luka 8,17.luka 8,17.
1908 wlis 28 maiss Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis
sammarTvelos ufrosi, podpolkovniki eriomini petrograd-
Si JandarmTa Sefs, policiis departamentis direqtorsa da
JandarmTa calke korpusis meTaurs, aseTi Sinaarsis depe-
Sas ugzavnis:
`dRes, dilis 11 saaTze, sinodalur kantoraSi Sesv-
lisas kibeze mauzeris oTxi tyviiT sasikvdilod daWres
saqarTvelos egzarqosi, romelic ramdenime wuTis Semdeg
gardaicvala. daiWra egzarqosis ukan mimavali msaxuri.
orive mkvleli, tuzemcebi, miimalnen. maTi niSnebi dadge-
nilia. Zebna da Zieba mimdinareobs~.1 28 maissave podpolko-
vniki eriomini imave adresatebs meore depeSasac ugzavnis.
cnoba kvlav sagangaSo iyo: `daaxloebiT dRis or saaTze
mZimed daWres Tbilisis oxrankis ufrosi rotmistri ka-
1 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi
94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 4.
89
raulovi, romelic saqarTvelos egzarqosis mkvlelobis
saqmis gamoZiebidan (mkvlelobis adgilidan – v. g.) brunde-
boda etliT~.2
nikonis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb TbilisSi gamoZiebas erTi
kviris Semdegac ki seriozuli versia ar gaaCnda. moulod-
nelad 1908 wlis 4 ivniss ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqme-
Ta saministros policiis departamentis direqtorisagan
Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosma
miiRo depeSa, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo Semdegi: `peterbur-
gis sasuliero wreebSi gamoiTqva varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom
egzarqosis mkvleloba moxda arqiel grigolis waqezebiT,
romelic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ganmaTavisufle-
bel moZraobaSi. SurisZiebis sababad SeiZleba qceuliyo
gardacvlili nikonis xelSi iseTi dokumentebis moxvedra,
romelic Zlier utexda saxels grigols. dokumentebis
nawili cota xnis winaT unda gamogzavniliyo da, amdenad,
SeiZleba aRmoCndes egzarqosis saqmeebSi~.3 policiis de-
partamentis direqtori Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis
sammarTvelos ufross avalebda, zemoT moyvanili versia
„sityvierad saidumlod ecnobebina“ Tbilisis sasamarT-
lo palatis prokurorisaTvis.4 amrigad, TbilisSi Ziebas amrigad, TbilisSi Ziebas
nikonis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb araviTari versia ar gaaCnda. nikonis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb araviTari versia ar gaaCnda.
versia ukarnaxes peterburgidan.versia ukarnaxes peterburgidan.
Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom, Tbi-
lisis oxrankam da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos proku-
rorma nikonis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba ise warmarTes, rom
mkvlelobaSi brali dasdeboda qarTvel avtokefalistebs. mkvlelobaSi brali dasdeboda qarTvel avtokefalistebs.
podpolkovniki eriomini swrafad mixvda, Tu ra mimarTule-
biT apirebda petrogradi Ziebis warmarTvas. swored ami-
2 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 5.
3 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 13.
4 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 13.
90
tom Ziebis mier mopovebuli masalis sawinaaRmdegod dauy-
ovnebliv upasuxa policiis departamentis direqtoris
depeSas. eriomini aRniSnavs, rom egzarqosis mkvleloba
organizebuli iyo saqarTvelos umaRlesi samRvdeloebis
– avtokefalistebis – mier. uSualod mkvleloba ki ganx-
orcielda daqiravebuli mkvlelebis xeliT.5
Ziebis yuradRebis centrSi Tavidanve moeqca episkopo-
si kirioni kirioni (erSi giorgi saZagliSvili), romelic, imxanad
saqarTvelodan gandevnili, xarkovis axlos, kuriaJis mon-
asterSi cxovrobda. episkoposi kirioni Ziebis mier miC-episkoposi kirioni Ziebis mier miC-
neuli iqna nikonis mkvlelobis `inteleqtualur organ-neuli iqna nikonis mkvlelobis `inteleqtualur organ-
izatorad~izatorad~.6 daiwyo samxilis Zieba, Tbilisis guberniis
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo da Tbilisis oxranka cdilobd-
nen daedginaT: iyo Tu ara episkoposi kirioni farulad
Camosuli saqarTveloSi nikonis mkvlelobis wina xaneb-
Si. gaimarTa mimowera xarkovis gubernatorTan da ox-
rankasTan, romelTac ver daadastures episkopos kirionis
xarkovidan saqarTveloSi gamomgzavrebis faqti.7 samagi-
erod, Jandarmeriam xelSi Caigdo episkopos kirionis mier
TbilisSi wminda barbares eklesiis winamZRvris ioseb Ci-
javaZisadmi gamogzavnili ori werili.8 erT-erTi werili-
dan, romelic daTariRebulia 1908 w. 27 apriliT, dgindeba,
rom episkoposi kirioni marTlac yofila TbilisSi 1908
wlis aprilSi, Tumca werilidan ar Cans, rodis Camovi-
da igi TbilisSi.9 aRniSnuli werilis safuZvelze Ziebam
daadgina, rom episkoposi kirioni TbilisSi imyofeboda
5 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 14.
6 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 120.
7 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 32, 61-62, 116.
8 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 54-56, 58-60.
9 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 58-59.
91
aRdgomamde da sami dRe cxovrobda avtokefalist ioseb
CijavaZis saxlSi, xolo Semdeg gaemgzavra Tavis mamulSi,
goris mazris sofel qvemo niqozSi.10 es iyo da es. Ziebam
episkopos kirionis raime kavSiri nikonis mkvlelobasTan
ver daadastura.
1908 wlis 7 ivnisamde Ziebis masalebSi ar iyo arc erTi
yuradsaRebi dokumenti, romelic daamtkicebda qarTveli
avtokefalistebis kavSirs nikonis mkvlelobasTan. 7 iv-
liss aseTi dokumentic gaCnda. winaswar vityviT, rom es
dokumenti aSkarad SeTiTxnilia an TviT Jandarmeriis mier,
an Jandarmeria SecdomaSia Seyvanili dainteresebuli pi-
ris (pirebis) mier. Tumca Jandarmeria am ukanasknel SemTx-
vevaSi didad ar dazaralebula, radgan karga xania Zieba
miiswrafoda iseTi masalis xelSi Cagdebisaken, romelic
daadasturebda nikonis mkvlelobaSi qarTvel avtokefal-
istTa monawileobas. axla TviT dokumentis Sesaxeb. 1908
wlis 7 ivliss amierkavkasiis rkinigzis Jandarmeriis sapo-
licio sammarTvelos ufrosi Tbilisis guberniis Jandar-
meriis sammarTvelos ufross acnobebs Semdegs: 2 ivniss
TbilisSi, aleqsandres baRSi saubrobda sami pirovneba:
sionis eklesiis mRvdeli ToTibaZe, kidev erTi mRdeli,
romelic JandarmeriisaTvis ucnobi darCa da muSa miSa
Sadinovi. saubari Seexeboda nikonis mkvlelobis gamomwvev
mizezebs. samTa saubridan dgindeba, rom ToTibaZe Zlier
ukmayofilo iyo imis gamo, rom ruseTis eklesiis sinodi
saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalias ar aZlevda. amaSi
igi adanaSaulebda yofil egzarqos nikonsa da rusuli
samRvdeloebis sxva warmomadgenlebs. ToTibaZes saubri-
sas isic gauxsenebia, rom 1907 wels avtokefaliis momxre
qarTveli samRvdeloebis kreba egzarqosma nikonma kazake-
bs daarbevina. ToTibaZe aRSfoTebas ver malavda avtoke-
10 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 193.
92
faliis momxreTa (episkoposi kirioni, episkoposi leonide
da sxvebi) dasjis gamo. saubris bolos ToTibaZes uTq-
vams: `exla rusebi qarTvelebis ukmayofiloni arian eg-
zarqosis mkvlelobis gamo, magram gana rusebma TviTon
ar mohkles dimitri yifiani, ilia WavWavaZe, Sio CitaZe da
sxvebi. rusebi fiqroben, rom Cven, qarTvelebi, amas yuradRe-
bis gareSe davtovebT, ara, Cvenc aseve movklavT~.11 Ziebas
ar daudgenia araviTari detali: ar daukiTxavs dekanozi
anton ToTibaZe da miSa Sadinovi, ar dainteresebula, vin
iyo is meore mRvdeli, romelic saubarSi monawileobda.
masalebidan ar Cans, rogor iqna mopovebuli es informa-
cia, sando iyo Tu ara damsmeni, cnoba agenturuli iyo Tu
SemTxveviTi xasiaTisa da sxv. rac mTavaria, gaurkvevelia,
2 ivniss gamarTuli saubris Sinaarsi Jandarmeriis erTma
uwyebam (amierkavkasiis rkinigzis) ratom gadasca meores
(Tbilisis guberniis) ase dagvianebiT – 7 ivliss. Ziebas
aseTi detalebi ar ainteresebda. mTavari aq is iyo, rom
dokumenti adasturebda nikonis mkvlelobis oficialur
versias – mkvlelobis organizebas qarTveli avtokefal-
istebis mier.
garkveuli xanis Semdeg nikonis mkvlelobaSi brali
daedo or pirovnebas – mRvdel giorgi parkaZesagiorgi parkaZesa da go-
ris mazris sofel urbnisis diakonis giorgi iremaSvilis
vaJs – ioseb iremaSvilsioseb iremaSvils.12 Tbilisis oxrankam daadgina, rom
mRvdeli giorgi viqtoris Ze parkaZe da asoTamwyobi ioseb
giorgis Ze iremaSvili cxovrobdnen TbilisSi. giorgi
parkaZe 1906 wlis damdegidan iZebneboda rogorc goris
mazraSi revoluciuri moZraobis erT-erTi winamZRoli. rac
Seexeba ioseb iremaSvils, Tbilisis oxrankas mis Sesaxeb
cnobebi ar gaaCnda. 1908 wlis 28 agvistos policia mivida
11 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 80-81.
12 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 111.
93
ioseb iremaSvilis binis gasaCxrekad. ioseb iremaSvilma
gaqceva moaxerxa, magram 31 agvistos igi mainc daapatimres.13
amrigad, Ziebis mier nikonis mkvlelebad miCneuli ori amrigad, Ziebis mier nikonis mkvlelebad miCneuli ori
pirovnebidan erTi – mRvdeli giorgi parkaZe _ revolu-pirovnebidan erTi – mRvdeli giorgi parkaZe _ revolu-
ciuri moRvaweobis aqtiuri monawile iyo, xolo meore – ciuri moRvaweobis aqtiuri monawile iyo, xolo meore –
ioseb iremaSvili _ social-demokrati.ioseb iremaSvili _ social-demokrati.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nikonis mkvlelobaSi qarTvel
avtokefalistTa monawileobis damadasturebeli masala
Ziebas ar gaaCnda, 1908 wlis agvistoSi Tbilisis saolqo
sasamarTlos gansakuTrebul saqmeTa gamomZiebelma mali-
novskim winaswari Ziebis mier mopovebuli masalis safuZv-
elze Seajama Sedegebi. Tavisi moculobiT vrceli dokumen-
ti Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos prokurorma 1908welis
19 agvistos gadaugzavna Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis
sammarTvelos ufross.14 gamomZiebeli da prokurori eg-gamomZiebeli da prokurori eg-
zarqos nikonis mkvlelobaSi yovelgvari eWvis gareSe zarqos nikonis mkvlelobaSi yovelgvari eWvis gareSe
brals sdebdnen qarTvel avtokefalistebs.brals sdebdnen qarTvel avtokefalistebs. mkvlelobis
motivi dokumentSi asea ganmartebuli: egzarqosi nikoni
winaaRmdegi iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisa, ris
gamoc igi Tavidan moiciles qarTvelma avtokefalisteb-
ma.15 prokurori Jandarmeriisagan moiTxovda, rom `daedgina
uSualo kavSiri avtokefalur moZraobasa da egzarqos
nikonis mkvlelobas Soris~.16 e. i. aseTi kavSiri 1908 wlis
19 agvistosaTvis, prokurorisave aRiarebiT, jer kidev ar
iyo dadgenili. prokurori saWirod Tvlida, agenturis saS-
ualebiTa da faruli meTvalyureobis gziT Jandarmerias
avtokefalistTa Soris moepovebina iseTi masala, romelic
`saSualebas miscemda, aRmoeCina am borotmoqmedebis ro-
13 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 171, 173.
14 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 126-168.
15 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 156.
16 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 157.
94
gorc fizikuri, ise inteleqtualuri damnaSaveni~.17 doku-
mentSi CamoTvlilia 64 avtokefalisti, romlebic Ziebis
yuradRebis centrSi unda yofiliyvnen. ZiebisaTvis sain-
teresod miCneulia ori monasteri – gelaTisa da berTub-gelaTisa da berTub-
nisa.nisa.1818 avtokefalistTa siaSi pirvelia episkoposi kirionikirioni,
Semdeg modian guria-samegrelos episkoposi leonidileonidi, goris
episkoposi petrepetre, imereTis episkoposi giorgigiorgi, alaverdis
episkoposi daviTi,daviTi, arqimandriti ambrosi (xelaiaambrosi (xelaia), mRvdle-
bi: qristefore cicqiSvili, ilarion jaSi, kalistrate cin-qristefore cicqiSvili, ilarion jaSi, kalistrate cin-
caZe, ioseb CijavaZe, vasil karbelaSvilicaZe, ioseb CijavaZe, vasil karbelaSvili da sxvebi.19
egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis saqmis Zieba didxans gr-
Zeldeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom Jandarmeria didi gul-
modginebiT cdilobda, nikonis mkvlelobaSi qarTveli av-
tokefalistebisaTvis daedo brali, Ziebis mier mopovebul
masalebSi sul ufro meti raodenobiT Cndeba cnobebi, rom-
lebic aSkaras xdis egzarqosis mkvlelobis organizebas egzarqosis mkvlelobis organizebas
social-demokratebis mier.social-demokratebis mier.2020
mainc vin mokla egzarqosi nikoni? ra politikur miz-
nebs isaxavdnen mkvlelobis organizatorebi?
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia egzarqosis mkvlelobis saqme-
Si daculma samma dokumentma. es dokumentebia: Jandarme-Jandarme-
riis anonimi agentis 1908 wlis 16 aprilis, 10 maisisa da 2 riis anonimi agentis 1908 wlis 16 aprilis, 10 maisisa da 2
ivnisis dasmenebiivnisis dasmenebi.21
anonimi agentis pirveli dasmena anonimi agentis pirveli dasmena exeba 1908 wlis 12
aprils Tbilisis erT-erTi monastris mRvdel-monazonis
17 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 157.
18 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 157-158.
19 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 157-158.
20 sscsa, fondi 95, aRwera 1, saqme 29, furceli 84-87, 89, 107-108, 119.
21 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 1-3, 8-9, 17-19.
95
samonastro xazinis gamgeblis gavrilis mkvlelobas.
anonimi agenti uaryofs versias imis Sesaxeb, rom gavrili
fulis gulisaTvis iqna mokluli. misi mtkicebiT, gavri-gavri-
lis mkvleloba bralad edeboda „diakonTa da mefsalmun-lis mkvleloba bralad edeboda „diakonTa da mefsalmun-
eTa Tbilisis komitets“, romelic imyofeboda Tbilisis eTa Tbilisis komitets“, romelic imyofeboda Tbilisis
social-demokratiuli komitetis gamgeblobaSisocial-demokratiuli komitetis gamgeblobaSi.22 agentis
cnobiT, komitetSi Sediodnen: mTavarangelozis eklesiis
diakoni tomiTe bakuraZetomiTe bakuraZe, wminda Tomas misionerTa eklesi-
is diakoni aleqsandre davidovialeqsandre davidovi, anCisxatis eklesiis di-
akoni daviT CikvaiZedaviT CikvaiZe, imave eklesiis yofili mefsalmune
simon gogiaSvilisimon gogiaSvili. komitetis Tavmjdomare iyo timoTe ba-
kuraZe, mdivani – aleqsandre davidovi. komitets hyavda Ta-
visi teroristebi: daTa, aleqsa da ladodaTa, aleqsa da lado. komitetis bina
avlabarSi mdebareobda, misi zusti misamarTi agentma ar
icoda. komitetis mizani, agentis cnobiT, iyo sasuliero
da saero wyobilebis mospoba, komitetis wevrTa cxovrebis
gaumjobeseba.23
1907 wels `diakvnebis da mefsalmuneTa Tbili-
sis komitetma~ brZola gamoucxada anCisxatis eklesi-
is mRvdel polievqt karbelovs (karbelaSvils _ v. g.v. g.).
komitetis maSindelma mdivanma, morCilma arsen lomiam komitetis maSindelma mdivanma, morCilma arsen lomiam
amasTan dakavSirebiT qarTul social-demokratiul pre-amasTan dakavSirebiT qarTul social-demokratiul pre-
saSi werilebic ki gamoaqveynasaSi werilebic ki gamoaqveyna.24 1907 wlis 5-7 agvistos
komitetma orgzis scada polievqt karbelaSvilis mokv-
la. karbelaSvili orivejer gadarCa, gadarCa mxolod
imis gamo, rom teroristebi raJdeni da antoni Tavdasx-
mamde daapatimres. komitetsa da polievqt karbelaSvils
Soris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT maSin daiZaba, roca
karbelaSvilma mefsalmune simon gogiaSvils samuSao
22 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 1.
23 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 1-2.
24 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 1-2.
96
aRar misca da misi saqcielis Sesaxeb acnoba Tbilisis
general-gubernators.25 1907 wlis Semodgomaze komitet-
ma gailaSqra wminda marines eklesiis dekanozis lazare
turievis (turiaSvilis _ v. gv. g.) winaaRmdeg. turiaSvilis
mkvleloba ver moxerxda imis gamo, rom dekanozi avad-
myofobda da mis magivrad RvTismsaxurebas sxvebi eweod-
nen, ufro xSirad ki mRvdel-monazoni gavrili. am uka-
nasknels tomiTe bakuraZem aukrZala RvTismsaxureba im
motiviT, rom eklesias boikoti hqonda gamocxadebuli.
mRvdel-monazoni gavrili ar SeSinda, piriqiT, timoTe ba-
kuraZes daemuqra: yvelafers policias vacnobebo. timo-
Te bakuraZec Tavis mxriv daemuqra gavrils da kidec aR-
asrula muqara. 1908 wlis 12 aprils teroristebma daTam
da ladom mokles mRvdel-monazoni gavrili.26 amave das-
menaSi anonimi agenti aRniSnavda, rom komitetis gegmebSi komitetis gegmebSi
Sedis polievqt karbelaSvilis, lazare turiaSvilis da Sedis polievqt karbelaSvilis, lazare turiaSvilis da
saqarTvelos egzarqosis nikonis mokvla.saqarTvelos egzarqosis nikonis mokvla. agenti saWi-
rod Tvlida komitetis wevrebze gaZlierebuli faru-
li meTvalyureobis dawesebas. iqve miuTiTebda kviraSi
erTxel maTi Sekrebis sam savaraudo adgils: egzarqo-
sis kancelaria, sinodaluri kantora da wminda marines
eklesiis ezo.27
rogorc vxedavT, saxeze iyo konkretuli faqtebi: dana-
Saulebrivi organizacia masSi Semavali wevrebis vinaobis
zusti miTiTebiT, teroris mcdelobis ori SemTxveva, sa-
suliero piris mkvleloba, mosalodneli teroris obieqteb-
is vinaobis zusti miTiTeba. miuxedavad amisa, Jandarmeriam
araviTari zomebi ar miiRo, miT umetes, rom agentis mier 1908
wlis 12 aprils Sedgenili dasmena 19 aprils Jandarmerias
25 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 2.
26 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 2-3.
27 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 3.
97
ukve miRebuli hqonda, e. i. nikonis mkvlelobamde kidev
rCeboda Tveze meti. agentisadmi undoblobis damadasture-
beli raime dokumenti Ziebis masalebSi ar moipoveba. ra
Tqma unda, Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelo,
profesiuli prestiJis dacvidan gamomdinare, yovelnairad
Seecdeboda Ziebis masalebisaTvis ar daerTo anonimi agen-
tis 1908 wlis 12 aprilis dasmena. miT umetes, rom petro-
gradidan ukve Ziebis dasawyisSive (4 ivniss) petrogra-
didan Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis ufrosi sruliad
araorazrovnad miaxvedres, rom nikonis mkvlelobaSi
qarTveli avtokefalistebi unda daedanaSaulebinaT. xsen-
ebuli dasmena ki xelisuflebisaTvis sruliad miuRebel
versias udebda safuZvels.
anonimi avtoris meore dasmenaSianonimi avtoris meore dasmenaSi (1908 wlis 30 maisi)
aRniSnulia, rom timoTe bakuraZes, aleqsandre davidovsa da
daviT CikvaiZes egzarqos nikonis mkvleloba ganzraxuli
hqondaT 1907 wlis 6 maiss. magram imis gamo, rom teroristi teroristi
vaso social-demokratebis mier kaxeTSi iyo mivlinebuli, vaso social-demokratebis mier kaxeTSi iyo mivlinebuli,
egzarqosze Tavdasxma gadaidoegzarqosze Tavdasxma gadaido.28 20 maiss simon gogiaSvili
dabrunda kaxeTidan da Tan Camoiyvana teroristi vasoc.
mkvlelobamde terorists ori Rame eZina simon gogiaS-
vilisas da daviT CikvaiZisas, xolo danarCeni drois gan-
mavlobaSi timoTe bakuraZisas.29 agentis cnobiT, 1908 wlis
28 maiss 9 saaTsa da 30 wuTze teroristi vaso sinodalur
kantorasTan CurCuliT esaubreboda timoTe bakuraZes, dav-
iT CikvaiZesa da aleqsandre davidovs. maT uCvenes vasos
kancelariis yvela Sesasvleli, aseve acnobes egzarqosis
mosvlis dro. isini erTmaneTs dascildnen 10 saaTsa da 25
wuTze. egzarqosis mokvlis Semdeg teroristebi miimal-
nen. agentis cnobidan Cans, rom mkvlelobis adgilze sul
28 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 8.
29 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 8.
98
oTxi teroristi imyofeboda, romelTagan isrola mxolod
orma.30 Ziebas arc anonimi agentis 1908 wlis 30 maisis das-
mena gauTvaliswinebia, Tundac imisaTvis, rom mkvlelobis
erT-erTi versia daemuSavebina.
anonimi agentis mesame dasmenaanonimi agentis mesame dasmena (1908 wlis 2 ivnisi) az-
ustebs egzarqosis mkvlelobis mniSvnelovan detalebs.
kerZod, agenti aRniSnavs, rom 28 maiss, diliT, nikonis mkv-
lelobamde sinodaluri kantoris SesasvlelTan, meore
dasmenaSi moxseniebulTa garda, imyofeboda kidev erTi
pirovneba, romelic meore dasmenaSi agentma ar moixse-
nia imitom, rom misi vinaoba ucnobi iyo. agents daudg-
enia, rom ucnobi iyo mRvdeli obrazcovi, romelic 1906
wels TanamSromlobda i. brixneviCis JurnalSi `vstan
spiaSCi~. dasmenidan Cans, rom aTeisturi da revoluci-
uri ganwyobilebiT cnobili obrazcovi imxanad agr-
Zelebda TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg brZolas.31 roca
timoTe bakuraZe da daviT CikvaiZe erTmaneTs daSordnen
da TavianT saxlebSi wavidnen, xolo teroristebi (oTx-
ni) sinodaluri kantoris SesasvlelSi Sevidnen, sinoda-
luri kantoris win darCa mRvdeli obrazcovi, romelic
TiTqos egzarqosisaTvis Txovnis gadacemas apirebda.
nikoni mosvlisas gaesaubra general-leitenant giorgi
yazbegs, xolo roca es ukanaskneli dascilda egzar-
qoss, nikonTan mivida obrazcovi. swored maSin, roca igi
nikons esaubreboda, gaisma gasrola. ori gasrolis Sem-
deg obrazcovi gaiqca da Sevarda egzarqatis ezoSi.32
dasmenidan Cans, rom agenti SesaZleblad Tvlida ter-
oristebTan SeTanxmebiT obrazcovis mier nikonis gangeb
Seferxebas SesasvlelTan, amitomac iTxovda mis dapatim-
30 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 9-10.
31 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 17.
32 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 17-18.
99
rebas.33 agentis daskvniT, swored obrazcovi, timoTe ba-agentis daskvniT, swored obrazcovi, timoTe ba-
kuraZe, daviT CikvaiZe da maTi kampania, social-demokrate-kuraZe, daviT CikvaiZe da maTi kampania, social-demokrate-
bi, ̀ diakonTa da mefsalmuneTa Tbilisis komiteti~ iyvnen bi, ̀ diakonTa da mefsalmuneTa Tbilisis komiteti~ iyvnen
egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis organizatorebiegzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis organizatorebi. Ziebas
arc Jandarmeriis anonimi agentis mesame dasmena miuRia
mxedvelobaSi.
kidev erTi detali. agenti mesame dasmenaSi iTxovda
fuls, romelic, misive sityvebiT, agenturuli cnobebis
mopovebisaTvis sWirdeboda (transportis xarjebi). Tu
agentisaTvis fulis micema gadawydeboda, ndobiT aRWur-
vili Jandarmi 3 ivniss saRamos 5 saaTidan 6 saaTamde
unda misuliyo loris-meliqovis quCa #10-Si.34 etyoba,
Jandarmeriam agenti aRar daafinansa, radgan mis mier
miwodebuli cnobebi xels uSlida nikonis mkvlelobaSi
qarTveli avtokefalistebisaTvis bralis dadebas. yov-
el SemTxvevaSi, Ziebis masalebSi anonimi agentis Semdegi
dasmenebi aRar gvxvdeba.
social-demokratebi, romelTac politikuri mkvlel-
obisa da kvalis dafarvis didi gamocdileba hqondaT, ax-
lac dinjad da dabejiTebiT midiodnen dasaxuli mizni-
saken. social-demokratiuli gazeTi ̀ naperwkali~ nikonis
mkvlelobis Semdeg dReebSi (30 maisi, 5 ivnisi, 7 ivnisi)
mxolod iseT masalas aqveynebda, romelic xan aSkarad,
xan ki farulad mianiSnebda egzarqosis mkvlelobaSi
qarTveli avtokefalistebis monawileobas.35 qarTvelma
social-demokratebma ukve 31 maiss gamoricxes nikonis
mkvlelobaSi ara marto social-demokratiuli partiis,
aramed saerTod yvela politikuri partiisa da mimdin-
areobis monawileoba da egzarqosis mkvleloba `ugunur-
33 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 18.
34 sscsa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 85, furceli 19.
35 ix. gaz. `naperwkali~, 1908, #4, #5, #8, #10.
100
Ta kerZo SurisZiebad~ gamoacxades36 da es maSin, roca
mTeli Savrazmeluri ruseTi, oficiozebi `kavkazi~ da
`golos kavkaza~ nikonis mkvlelobas swored avtokefal-
istTa SurisZiebad Tvlidnen.
zemoT moyvanili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba
davaskvnaT:
1) Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom, Tbi-
lisis oxrankam da Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos proku-
rorma, petrogradidan miRebuli miTiTebis Tanaxmad, Seqm-
na versia, TiTqos saqarTvelos egzarqosi nikoni mokles
qarTvelma avtokefalistebma. mizani aseTi versiisa naTeli mizani aseTi versiisa naTeli
iyo: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZolTa iyo: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis mebrZolTa
darbeva, am moZraobis mospoba.darbeva, am moZraobis mospoba.
2) Jandarmeriis anonimi agenti jer kidev 1908 wlis 16
aprils acnobebda Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sam-
marTvelos, rom egzarqosis mokvlas apirebda `diakonTa egzarqosis mokvlas apirebda `diakonTa
da mefsalmuneTa komiteti~, romelic Tbilisis social-da mefsalmuneTa komiteti~, romelic Tbilisis social-
demokratiuli komitetis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedebda.demokratiuli komitetis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedebda.
social-demokratebma kargad icodnen, rom nikonis mokv-
las avtokefalistTa devna mohyveboda, rac uSualod Se-
dioda qarTvel social-demokratTa gegmebSi. qarTvel av-
tokefalistTa moZraoba, rogorc yvelaze wminda nakadi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa, sulier sazr-
dos aZlevda, moralurad amxnevebda im Zalebs, romlebic
saqarTvelos ruseTidan gamoyofisaTvis ibrZodnen. amas ki amas ki
qarTveli social-demokratebi ver dauSvebdnen. cnobilia, qarTveli social-demokratebi ver dauSvebdnen. cnobilia,
ra didi rixiTa da SemarTebiT ebrZodnen isini saqarTve-ra didi rixiTa da SemarTebiT ebrZodnen isini saqarTve-
los avtonomiis ideasac ki ruseTis pirveli revoluciis los avtonomiis ideasac ki ruseTis pirveli revoluciis
wlebSi da Semdgom xanebSi.wlebSi da Semdgom xanebSi.
3) avtokefalistebi egzarqos nikons ar moklavdnen,
radgan maT kargad icodnen, rom es ar iyo gza saqarTvelos
36 ix. gaz. `naperwkali~, 1908, #5.
101
eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebisa. ara marto politikuri
mosazrebebiT iyo es mkvleloba maTTvis miuRebeli (mkv-
lelobas xom axali represiebi mohyveboda), aramed, upirve-
les yovlisa, moraluri TvalsazrisiT. episkoposi kirioni
da misi Tanamoazreebi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefali-
isaTvis brZolaSi uryevad icavdnen uflis mcnebas: `ara `ara
kac hkla; xolo romelman moklas, Tanamdeb ars sasjeli-kac hkla; xolo romelman moklas, Tanamdeb ars sasjeli-
sa~.sa~.3737 is, vinc ase xelaRebiT sdebda brals qarTvel av-
tokefalistebs nikonis mkvlelobaSi, pirvel rigSi, Tavis
moralur gadagvarebas usvamda xazs.
amrigad, egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis erTaderTi Sesa-amrigad, egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobis erTaderTi Sesa-
Zlo organizatorebi SeiZleboda, yofiliyvnen qarTveli Zlo organizatorebi SeiZleboda, yofiliyvnen qarTveli
social-demokratebi.social-demokratebi.
dabolos, mainc visi ZalixmeviTaa Seqmnili is doku-
menti, romelSic dafiqsirebulia aleqsandres baRSi antonanton
ToTibaZisaToTibaZisa da miSamiSa Sadinovis Sadinovis Soris gamarTuli saubari? es
xom erTaderTi dokumentia, romelic nikonis mkvlelobaSi
qarTvel avtokefalistTa mxilebisaTvis gamodgeboda. mas mas
SesaZlo ori avtori hyavs: qarTveli social-demokratebi SesaZlo ori avtori hyavs: qarTveli social-demokratebi
da Jandarmeria. arc erTs da arc meores xels ar aZlevda da Jandarmeria. arc erTs da arc meores xels ar aZlevda
avtokefalistTa moZraobis aRmavloba, rac uTuod Seuw-avtokefalistTa moZraobis aRmavloba, rac uTuod Seuw-
yobda xels erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ga-yobda xels erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ga-
Zlierebas.Zlierebas.
egzarqos nikonis mkvleloba ar yofila qarTveli eri-
saTvis tragedia. Semzaravi mTel am istoriaSi isaa, Tu ra
mzakvruli gza iqna arCeuli avtokefalistTa moZraobis
darbeva-ganadgurebisaTvis. politikur brZolaSi mizani
amarTlebs saSualebas. aq miuRebelia saxarebis sibrZne:
`yovelman romelman qmnes codvaÁ, monaÁ ars igi codvisaÁ. `yovelman romelman qmnes codvaÁ, monaÁ ars igi codvisaÁ.
da monaman arsada daimkÂdros saxlsa Sina ukunisamde~.da monaman arsada daimkÂdros saxlsa Sina ukunisamde~.3838
37 maTe, maTe, 5, 21.
38 ioane, ioane, 8, 34-35.
102
rozeta gujejianirozeta gujejiani _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis profesori,
istoriis doqtori
istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebi istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebi
TurqeTis respublikis marmarilos TurqeTis respublikis marmarilos
zRvis regionebis eTnikur zRvis regionebis eTnikur
qarTvelTa SorisqarTvelTa Soris
marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTveli mosaxleobis
kompaqturi gansaxlebis areali ramdenime msxvil regions
moicavs: saqaria, duzje, bursa, qojaeli.1
1 saqarias regionSisaqarias regionSi qarTvelebis kompaqturi gansaxlebis zusti
areali: adafazari//saqaria (centraluri qalaqi), hendekis, qa-
rasus, qojaalis, aqiazis, arifies, safanjas, geives, qainarjas, qa-
rafurCeqis raionebi. hendekis raionSihendekis raionSi qarTvelTa kompaqturi
dasaxlebebi aRmoCnda Semdeg soflebSi: giuldibi, muradie, hi-
jrie, SevqeTie, huseinSehini, esenTefe, nuriie (hendekis dasavle-
TiT); ikbalie, balikli, hasanie, fekerleki, suleimanie, gundoRani,
ikramie, inamie, kizanli (hendekis samxreTiT); serveTie, hamiTli
(hendekis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT); lutfiekoSki, biCqiadiqi (hen-
dekis aRmosavleTiT). garda zemoT dasaxelebuli soflebisa,
qalaq hendekis centralur nawilSic arsebobs qarTvelTa kom-
paqturi dasaxleba: gurju mahalesi - qarTvelTa ubani. es aris,
bunebrivia, qalaquri tipis dasaxleba. qarasus raioni:qarasus raioni: qalaqis
erT-erTi mahale//ubani - azizie. qojaalis raioni: qojaalis raioni: soflebi:
qozluRi (Zveli saxeli gurji fahrie), demiraCma, qoi ieri (Zve-
li saxeli - gurjiqoi). geives raioni:geives raioni: qiSlaCaia, qaraCai, doRan-
Cai, sarai, nurosmanie (Zveli biCqidere). safanjis raioni:safanjis raioni: qalaqi
safanja, misi centri - ieni mahale, qalaq safanjis gareubani
- mahmudie, giuldibi, ikramie, muradie, erdemli, qirqfinari, aqCai.
aqiazis raioniaqiazis raioni: beldibi, reSadie, quzuluqi, quCujuqi. qara-qara-
furCeqis raioni: furCeqis raioni: ahmedie, mejidie. duzjes regioni,duzjes regioni, aqCaqojas
103
marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTveli mosaxleobis
istoriul maxsovrobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
muhajirobis istorias. umravles SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelebs
axsovT mSobliuri xeobebisa da soflebis saxelebi. Seon-
axulia osmaluri periodis gvarebic, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
ki istoriuli qarTuli gvarebic.2
marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTveliTa winaprebi,
ZiriTadad, mosulni arian zemo aWaridan (xulo, Suaxevi,
qeda), istoriuli nigalidan: mdinare Woroxis marcxena da
marjvena napirebze arsebuli qarTuli Temebidan (xatilas-
wylis xeoba, qarTla, TxilaZe//TxilaZori, orji, omana, trap-
eni, adaguli, axaldaba, ebrika, baginiswylis xeoba, devsqe-
lis xeoba, borCxa, murRulis xeoba, xeba-maradidi, kirnaTi,
2 naSromi eyrdnoba 2010-2013 wlebSi zemoxsenebul regionebSi
ganxorcielebul individualur (2010-2012 ww.) da kompleqsur
eTnografiul eqspediciebs. kompleqsuri eqspedicia Sedga 2013
wlis agvistoSi SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-
dis mier dafinansebuli grantis `TurqeTis qarTvelebi: is-
toria, sulieri da materialuri kultura, enobrivi viTareba~
farglebSi. grnatis ganmaxorcielebelia saqarTvelos sapatri-
arqos wmida Tamar mefis saswavlo universiteti. damowmebuli
eTnografiuli masala inaxeba avtorTan, rogorc Canawerebis,
aseve video masalis saxiT.
raioni, sofeli meleni piri (Turqulad melen aRzu), bursis bursis
regioni:regioni: izniqis raioni, gemliqis raioni, inegolis raioni. iz-iz-
niqis raionniqis raionჲs s qarTuli kompaqturi dasaxlebebi: elmali, hjios-
mani, qirinTi, jandarli, quTluja, sarisu, qirxanmani. inegolis inegolis
raionisraionis qarTuli soflebi: xeirie//hairie, gazeli (axlandeli
saxeli hamidie), sulhie, ilmie, mesrurie, baxCekaia, muraTbei da
sxv. gemlikis raionis gemlikis raionis qarTuli soflebi: hamidie, haidarie,
hairie, nejidie, belaqeCer, selimie. qojaelis regioniqojaelis regioni: Sevqe-
Tie - saWmali, sireTie - murRuli, hamidie - borCxa, mahmurie -
murkiveTi, nusreTie - didi doSeme, doSeme - cocxoba, umie – kam-
para, eTnikurad Sereuli soflebi: alimezari - ijadie, beiluRi
- irSadie, CaidaRi - feradie, begoRli - lutfie, CaTaltaSi -
aivazpinari, Sirinqoi - dmlari, selimie - Cerqezqoi.
104
egre, gvara3). hendekis raionSi, inegolis raionis sofel
xeireSi (heirie) da duzjes regionis sofel melenipirSi
gansaxlebulni arian maWaxlelTa STamomavlebi. maxinjau-
ridan muhajirebi, ZiriTadad, gemliqis raionSi gansaxlebu-
lan da a. S.
qarTvelTa istoriul maxsovrobas Semounaxavs os-
maleTis imperiis saxelmwifo moxelis hasan fehmi faSashasan fehmi faSas
saxeli, romlis daxmarebiTac gansaxlebulan muhajiri
qarTvelebi marmarilos zRvis regionebSi. miuTiTeben, rom
faSa warmoSobiT qarTveli iyo da amitom daavala mas mu-
hajirebze zrunva sulTanma.
istoriuli maxsovrobis mniSvnelovani segmenti aris
xsovna mSobliuri mxareebis saxelebisa,mSobliuri mxareebis saxelebisa, saidanac wamosu-
lan winaprebi da tradicia _ mSobliur sofelTa saxeleb-mSobliur sofelTa saxeleb-
is axali dasaxlebebisTvis Serqmevisa.is axali dasaxlebebisTvis Serqmevisa.
zogierT sofels marmarilos zRvis regionebSi, aTa-
Turqis mier gatarebul saxelmwifo reformebamde, qarTu-qarTu-
li saxelebili saxelebi rqmevia: magaliTad, saqarias regionis Tan-
amedrove sofeli hijriehijrie amoCnda sofeli orji.orji. orji
arTvinis regionSia, mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze da
or nawiladaa gayofili: zemo orji, qvemo orji; giuldibis giuldibis
Zveli saxeli yofila gevli.gevli. gevli soflis saxelia mur-
Ruliswylis xeobaSi, arTvinis regionSi. ikramie da inamie ikramie da inamie
aris Zveli zemo xatila da qvemo xatila, zemo xatila da qvemo xatila, sadac cxovroben
xatilaswylis xeobidan (arTvinis vilieTi (Tanamedrove
hatila). muhajirad wamosul qarTvelTa STamomavlebi.
sofeli serveTie serveTie aRmoCnda sofel i arxva.arxva. arxva Temia
murRuliswlis xebaSi, arTvinis regionSi. arxvadan iyo wam-
osuli axmed melaSvilisaxmed melaSvilis winaparic). biCqiadiqibiCqiadiqi aRmoCnda
qarTla.qarTla. cnobilia, rom qarTlas Temi erT-erTi saintereso
3 anu, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi dayofiT, muhajirTa winapre-
bis soflebi ganTavsebulia rogorc saqarTvlos, aseve TurqeTis
teritoriaze.
105
da mdidari Temia arTvinis vilaieTSi, mdinare Woroxis
marcxena sanapiroze. dRevandel muradieSiamuradieSia gaerTianebu-
li Zveli soflebi: ToxveTi, trapeni.ToxveTi, trapeni. es saxelebic arT-
vinis regionidanaa gadmotanili da iq sofelTa saxele-
bia mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirze. suleimaniessuleimanies Zveli
saxelia avana,avana, avanac mdinare Woroxis marcxena napirzea
arTvinis regionSi. qojaelis regionSi: SevqeTie - saWmali, SevqeTie - saWmali,
sireTie - murRuli, hamidie - borCxa, mahmurie - murkiveTi, sireTie - murRuli, hamidie - borCxa, mahmurie - murkiveTi,
nusreTie - didi doSeme, doSeme - cocxoba, umie - kampara...nusreTie - didi doSeme, doSeme - cocxoba, umie - kampara...
adgilobrivi qarTvelebi dResac saubaris dros ambo-
ben, „me avanadan var“, „Cveni sofeli gaRma xatilaa, amisi
- gamoRma“. „Cveni sofeli qarTlaa“... „zemoT xatila ari,
orji ari, gevli ari, qarTla ari“ (hendekis raioni, saqarias
regioni). „abarabiZe metyodnen, mere aTabagi gavxdiT. ava-
nadan momiyvanes~.
Semonaxulia lazebis qarTuli istoriul-eTnografiu-
li saxeli „Wanebi“: „Wanebi“: „lazeb Wanebs vetyviT“ (hendekis raio-
ni, saqarias regioni).
rogorc ukve iTqva, umniSvnelovanesia muhajirobis
Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebi:
„dedes baba mosula aq, xarebis arabiT mosula, Cven
aqauri yvela xaris arabiT movsulvarT, zogic cxenebiT
mosula. Cems dedes ahmeTi erqva, imis baboi ali iyo. ali
hajid wasula da iq mokvda. Cemi babo ibrahimi iyo, me ali
var. saqarTveloSi „moloRlu“ vyofilvarT, aq haruni aris
Cveni gvari“ (ali haruni, hendekis raioni, saqarias regioni).
„saidam movsulvarT, sofeli ar viciT, en win baTumidan
mosulan, borCxas damdgaran. ityodnen, maradididan movida
Cevni dedeebio. Cem neneis babo omanadan mosula. omi iyo,
rusi mosula, qalebi, bavSvebi gameiqcnen. aqedanaw wevd-
nen muhajirebi. roca xarabi dadga, imis memre wavidodnen,
movidodnen. Cveni dedeebi rusiedan mosuli gurjebi iyvnen.
daRobili iyo sazRvari Zuelad, Woroxidan gadmocurdnen“
106
(hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).
„adre hendeki izmiTs ekuTvnoda. aq qalaqi yofila 1450
wlidan. Cvenebi aq mosulan 1878 wels. jer izmiTSi Casulan
da sanjayma dafanta aqeT-iqiT. es gurju mahalesia. ase
hqvia. aq sul gurjebi varT. es hendekis merkezia , asamde
ojaxi varT“ (qalaqi hendeki, ubani - gurju mahalesi).
„rafer mosulan ici? naviT mosulan xofamde. imis
ukan fexiT wamosulan, sami weli gzaSi viyaviTo. baTumSi
dede iaSli iqna maSin, dedes 35 kaci uuwevia, wamuuyva-
nia. baba cxra wlis baRana yofila. aq ikiTxa. merme bevri
ukan mitrialda. qedqedaSi misulan. me mexuTe var. babuis
babua mosula. meore Zma babauasi saqarTveloSi darCenla.
Tofebi vardeboda Cvens sofelSio, dabeCdnen da misTvis
movidnen. erTic, muslumanoba ar iyoso, ver unda viloc-
noTo, rusi movao. amitom wamovidnen. babas Zmebi deiWires
da moskovas guugzavniaT. babas Zma ambobda, ar waxvideTo,
sityva guuvarda yvelgan amas ambobda, amitom daiWires.
Cvenebi jer merjuhan damdgaran, aq, hendekSi. hendekidan aq
mosulan (qarasu, saqarias regioni). en windeli qedqedle-
bi aq mosulan. aq zemoT Tvalis waylia. wyalia da tyea.
wyali rom duunaxian, damjdaran. deeCvivnen. iq deearSiynen
gogoebi da biWebi erTamaneTs, imisTvis „Tvalwyali“ duur-
qmeviaT. Cemi babaoi, nenei sul qarTulad ilaparakebdnen.
Cemma didma biWma icis qarTuli. wasuli var saqarTveloSi.
varSalomiZeebTaan damdgari var xelvaCaurSi. aidinoRlu
var, saqarTveloSi - cincaZe. sami biWi myavs, samives vakiTxe
saqmeeb aqvT. gelinebi myavs, badiSebi. 17 wlis win baTumSi
pirvelad viyavi. baTumi devnaxe, vitire“ (gurju mahalesi,
qarasus raioni, saqarias regioni).
„me dedei ar vicnob. aq simoneTidan, ergedan, mirveTidan,
maWaxlidan mosulan, 300 mosaxlea, Svilebi qalaqSi arian.
gemis kapitania biWi“ (melenipiri//melenaRzu, duzjes re-
gioni).
107
„mustafa kvaxiZeebidan aris, sofel kobalTadan; ista-
roRlebi dRvanelebi arian, fati aris iqidan, hasanoRlebic.
omeri Cemi mazlis baRvia. izmanoRlebi gundaZe arian. Tvad-
giriZeebi arian, futkaraZeebi, lanaZorlebi. focxvelebic
arian. mesxebi arian. eseni gurjia, focxoRlebi arian (Tu-
Tia baihani, 85 wlis, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bur-
sis regioni, 73 wlis).
„Cven makaraZe var, aq baiqozebi. oladauridan movs-
ulvarT 1890 wls. mTeli emiaSvilebi wamovidnen, gemiT is-
tanbul mosulaa. sxvebi arian doRanoRlebi, aqcuoRlebi,
erTad mosulan Teli“ (mevluT baiqozi, 68 wlis, sofeli
sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
„nizameTTin mali var, CanCxaloeli. abdioRlu iunusa
gagigia? Cemi dedei iyo. Wvanadan mosula, sofel cekvadan.
hasan dedes baRvi muradai CanCxalodan mosula“ (sofeli
ilmie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
„buqoRlebi varT, yvelai zemoTa Cvena varT, baTomidan,
Walisoflidan movsulvarT“ (sofeli saadeTi, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni).
„Cven Suaxevidan movsulvarT. Cven iq mTlad xisimebi
ar dagvrCenia. iqidan yahvejoRli TlaT aq wamosula, axla
„jan“ aris Cveni gvari (dursun jan//yahvejoRli, sofeli
mesrurie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
„Cveni dedeebisTvis uTqvaman, rome Tqven aqedan wadiTo,
aq rome emeoba ari, Tqven ver gaZlebT, zogi wamosula, zof-
gic darCenila. Cven dRvanidan movsulvarT. genji viyo,
gevidona dRvanaSi“ (emine qaia, sofeli mesrurie, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni, 82 wlis).
„Cven sul maWaxlelebi varT, Teli haidarie“. „Cven ada-
gulidan movsulvarT“ (sofeli haidarie, gemliqis raioni,
bursis regioni).
„axlodianebi varT, baTomidan movsulvarT, CeveliT,
vikiTxeT iq. gviTxres, Tqven svaneTidan mosuli xarTo
108
baToms“ (sofeli haidarie, gemliqis raioni, bursis regioni).
„Caqvidan movsulvarT, maxinjauridan varT, sul pirve-
lad Cven CamovsulvarT, mere - muraTbei, mere osman-faSa“
(sofeli haidarie, gemliqis raioni, bursis regioni).
„sul Teli borCxidn varT. Cemi dedes mama mosula. Cemi
dede aT da oTxi wlis yofila. erTi Zma ukan gabrunebula.
zuboRluebi varT“ (vedaT sirmeni, sofeli hamidie, zveli
saxeli borCxa, izmiTi).
„Cveni dedeebi mosulan. aTi weli darCenilan qojaelis
Tefeze. imis mere aq wyali duunaxian, wisqvili. e, ra lamazi
wyaliao, bostnebSi fxali ario. aq duukavebian ierebi. vo-
ime, e ra lamazi Releao, midis wyalio, lamazi Tevzebio. ase
damjdaran aq“ (sofeli gurji qoi, qojaalis raioni).
„aq saqaria su ari, Cven Worox vetyviT. xebidan rom Ca-
movlen, ieni qoiSi uTqvian, Worox gavso, uknidan momdevano,
Worox damdebulano. Cvenebi sofel zenobnidan Camosulan.
axla bevri varT. aqedan didvani nakiTxebi arian gamosu-
li. aq zafxulSi dasaJdomi adgili ver naxav, 70 ojaxi
varT zafxulSi. afxazebi Cvenze 10 wliT adre mosulan aq.
qarTvelebi mosulan, fuli miuciaT, alagebi uyidiaT afxa-
zebisgan. is afxazebi duzjes abazebSi guuSviaT“.
„25 ojaxi mosula erTad simoneTidan. jer xis patar
saxli duudgamT, mere cotai zemoT samsarTuliani sax-
lia. aq erTi yaTia , zemoi - sami yaTia. me im zemo saxlSi
davibade. Cemi babois Zmebi erTad oTxi iyvnen. is dasaxle-
bula, es dasaxlebula, mas memre ocdaerT sulze asulan,
ocdaerTi suli erTad vWamdiT. 1948 wels, Cemi babam qomoi
saxli unda davangrioo, me iq unda Cavideo. zeda saxli emi-
aSvilebs guuSva. 1948 wles aSeneba duuwyia, 1950 wels Seve-
diT. 1999 wlamde maq vicxovreT. merme nenei, babaoi avwie,
istanbul weviyvane. Cven ori biWi viyaviT, erTi mokvta, 1966
wels mokvta. 27 wlis iyo, uSvilod mokvta. Zmai aRar myavs
axla, ori da myavs. nenei, babaoi avwie, waviyvane istambul,
109
zafxulSi mevidodiT, Txili vkrefdiT. 1999 wels miwisZ-
vra moxda, maSin geibzra Zveli saxli. mere ar SevsulvarT.
zogi baZaSvili Sevida, zogi sxva. saxls ar Sexedes. am
sofelSi (meleni piri) pirvelad me moviyvane iabanji co-
lad. 1973-Si davsaxldi. me miviRe pirveli umaRlesi gan-
leba, inJineri gavxTi. axla bevria nakiTxi am sofelSi
iuristebi bevria, aqedana rian guberantorebi, parlamentis
wevri. aq erTi maWaxleli iyo, magari kaci, raSiT goreni,
irmi gorenis Svili, is mokvta, qarTuli saqme mokvta. imis
Svilebi daifantnen. Cvenebi aq dRes 400 ojaxi varT“ (mele-
nipiri//melenaRzu, duzjes regioni).
„aq vbanaobdiT (Sav zRvaSi), wyalsac vsvamdiT zemoT.
mere iq droJis qarxana gaixsna, mdinarec gaafuWa, axla
wyals vyidulobT“.
„Cvenebi rom movidnen, tye gakafes, ameebis ieri fuliT
aiRes, tye aiRes. Cven koltaSvilebi varT“.
„xuTi ojaxi 40-ian wlebSi gadmosula. yarsidan poli-
cias aq mouyvania. aq xuTiweli yofilan, mere amerikas
TavSesafari miucia da iq wasulan. erTi resul surmaniZe
iyo, sofel darCiZeebidan yofila“ (qarafurCekis raioni,
sofeli ahmedie).
„Cveni dedeebi muhajirad wamosulan 1878 wels. es sofe-
li _ quCujeki _ manavebis sofelia, mere aq trapizonidan
mosulan, sul bolos qarTvelebi movidnen. Cven 1964 wels
CamovsulvarT giresunidan. giresunSi qedis sofel woni-
arisidan movsulvrT 1878 wels. aq Cvenze adre Cveni me-
zoblebi movidnen, 1930 wels. es mezoblebi Cveni yvelaze
axlo mezoblebi yofilan woniarisSi. makariZeebi (kvirxi-
roRlebi). babauam icoda, rom aq dasaxldnen, izmiTSi yo-
fila jarSi, aqac mosula, moaTvaliera, mowonebia Cven mere
gadmvosulvarT (erdogan Senoli, sofeli quCujeki, aqiazis
raioni, saqarias regioni).
„xatiladan mosuli xalxi aris ikramieSi (saxelia
110
zeda xatila), inamieSi (qveda xatila), es hendekia. aqiaziSi
arian aq, CvenTan, reSadieSi, kidev bursaSi, qalaqTan aris
sofeli orhanie“.
„omis dros (1941-1945 ww.) movidnen baTumidan, gamoqceu-
lan, 4 weli iyvnen, 40 ojaxi movida, tyeSi muSaobdnen, si-
mind Tesdnen mere daqorwildnen, wavidnen, amaT gvaswavles
qarTuli wera“.
„baTumidan gamosulan adafazarSi, maSin sofeli iyo.
or weliwad iq gaSeSebuli darCenilan. mere saqarias
wyals iqit gadiTo da gadmosulan. dasasvenebli adgili
es unaxavan“.
„Suaxevidan movsulvarT Cven. sxvebi mokrefilebi ar-
ian sxvadasxva soflebidan: tomaSeTi, kobalTa, darcieTi.
Cven am sofelSi erTi xane viyaviT ximSiaSvilebi. mustafa
iakuTi Cemi emiaSvilis biWia. adre sul gurjebi viyaviT,
exla meerivnes. 60-mde saxlia“.
„mindieli iyo babai, xeireSi minidlebi bevri arian.
dereCaTis Tavze iyvnen biZiebi“ (sofeli baxCeyaia, inego-
lis raioni, bursis regioni).
„awies Toxebi da aq movidnen. ada ar moswonaT, koRoe-
biao, Cven varT memTevri xalxio, mTaze amosulan“.
„Cvens ierebs Cveneburi saxelebi aqvs: SeSebi, koSebi -
tyis saxelia, civwyaro - iq civi wyali dis“.
„Cveni hasanoRlebi naxevari orduSi darCnen, Cemi dedes
emiaSvilebi iq arian. Cemidede 140 wlisa mokvda. erT saxl-
Si aTni iyvnen, qarTulad vlaparakobdiT. muRelini yurze
dewikeboda, ar ilaparakoo. bevri mova, miwa mindao, fuli
amdeni mogceTo, aq qarTvelis mets ar mevyvanT, vinme yidis
- Cven aviRebT“.
„bevri qarTveli arian, Wanebic arian, abazac aris, Cer-
qezic. 150 qarTveli varT. Cvenebi kalanjoRlebi iyvnen, sx-
vebi mamaianoRlebi mosulan, amaTi colebic debi yofilan.
aqa Teli Zvelebi arian, damdgaran, darcenilan. mere zogi
111
goljuk, izmiT wasulan“.
„zRvipiras bucunakebi bevri yofilan, ar mikbinaTo,
zeiT kapanze asulan, racxa Cvens sofels hgavso da ze-
moT damjdaran. iqac Woroxi midis, aqac zevidan gadmoixe-
da, saqaria dainaxa, moswonda, esec Woroxiao. aq modian
qarTvelebi saqarTvelodan, ori biWi iyo baTumidan, isaqmes,
fuli aiRes, wevidnen, maRazia guuxsnian“.
„safanjaSi saidan movsulvarT? fehmi faSas wamouyva-
nia gemiT xalxi, fuli miucia, stambolTan axlos, iq ar moe-
wonaT, 15 dre iyvnen, mere aq movidnen, dasaxldnen. mahmudies
mTidan gadmouxedavT, jame sadaao? jame ar yofila. mTaze
guukeTebiaT“.
„xinwkaneli var, gorgoSiZe gvarad. imamoRli gavxdiT.
Cemi didi dedei fafazi iyo, imami gamxdara xofas. sami
Zma aq movidnen, ori mere ukan wasula. Cvenebidan axla
erTi yarss aris, erTic - erzrums mufTia. eseni sul Cven
varT - imamoRli“.„meliqoRli, imamoRli, serderoRli da
demirCebi erTi gvari arian. aq cota maWaxlelebic arian“.
„SavoRlebi varT, axla bevri sxvadasxva gvaria“.
„aq (giuldibi) Teli gurjia, gaRma agarakebi Cans, isic
Cvenia, axla stambolidan bevri modis, yidva undaT, ar
mivcemT, marto qarTvels mivcemT“.
„zogi kirnaTidan mosula, kobaleTidan zogic, zogi
borCxidan. rusi rom mosula, cveni dedeebi wamosulan, kax-
beriZe vyofilvarT, kidev iyvnen gorgalazeebi, mologinaZe
iyo, wiTelaZe - gaRma mahaleSi. vinc ar wamosula, is berebi
sibiriaSi guugzavniaT“.
„kaxaberiZebi sami Zma mosula iqidan, mTeli aq darC-
nen. erTi Zma ar wamosula, maradidid arCenila. me wavedi,
movZebne imis Svilebi. oTxi wlis win viyavi. axali jame
guukeTebian. daketili iyo, axleb ar undebian jame. juma
qvemo maradidSi viloceT“.
„amis dedei muhajirobis dros askerSi yofila, gamoq-
112
ceula askeridan, misula xatilaSi, aravinaa. uZebnia, muug-
nia.“
„muhajirebad movsulvarT baTumidan, me wavedi, veZebe,
Cemi naTesavebi ver vnaxe. aq 150 ojaxi varT, yvela qarTve-
lia, sxva xalx ar uSveben aqa. sizeebi ar uSveben. Zvelebs
zakuni daudvian, Tqven, sxva xalxi sZei-miZei ar muuSvaT.
siZe gogos sofelSi ver daJdeba, gogo mogeciT, geyofa.
Cemi colis gvari baTumidan jer xatilaSi wasulan (ig-
ulisxmeba, hendekis raionsi sofeli xatila), mere - iqidan
aq. huseinis nenei imerxevelia. qomoi sofeli ari Serefie,
is imerxevidan mosula. aq Tavidan Svidi ojaxi mosula,
mere amdeni gamxdaran“.
„Cvenebi rom mosulan, aq avadoba yofila. baRnebi mom-
kvdaran. Cvenebi zemoT wasulan, tyeebSi, xeebi ukafiaT, iq
damjdaran“. „mehmeT CauSi yofila Zvelad, askeri da aq
CauSoRlebi daurqmevian. esenic giresunidan wamosulan aq
erTi Zma darCenila, erTi iyo, sofeli gaxda. Cven gavmrav-
lebulvarT“. „Cvenebi xuTi Zma mosulan, kokoloRlu varT“.
„hulusa idrisoRlu Camosula 1901 wels, aWaridan mo-
sula inegolSi. misi Svili hasani erTi wlis yofila, me-
ore Svili - abdula aq dabadula, me Turani var. Cveni qar-
Tuli gvaria daviTaZe“ (qalaqi inegoli, bursis regioni).
inegolSi meoce saukunis 40-in wlebSi gadmosula
demirji merjan usta. samuSaod mosula, mere ver Sesula
saqarTveoSi, iq sazRvarze rusis jari yofila. aq darCe-
nila“. im dros mosula mehmeT sevali, iman icoda qarTuli
wera-kiTxva. misma Svilma mehmeTam maswavla qarTuli wera“
(sofeli gulbaxCe, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
„gulbaxCeSi dedes baboi mosula Cemi dede aq aris
dabaduli. Zveli saxli iyo, dedes babaos gakeTebuli.
zeiT Tormeti oTaxi iyo, qveiT - axori. gauyofeli Zmebi
erTad iyvnen“ (sofeli gulbaxCe, inegolis raioni, bursis
regioni).
113
„Rorjomidan movsulvarT. Cemi qalis dedes dedei mo-
sula sul pirvelad - ismail aRa. is damjdara, mereme sxvebi
duupatiJnia. sofelsyazeli daerqva, wiflis dapeuli fur-
clebia yazeli, aq sul tyea, xe-tyis 85 procenti wifelia.
Zveli jame duungrevian, jargvali yofila. Zvelidan erTi
saxli damrCala. axla ori iyo, erTic avwieT, erTi darCa.
aq sul qarTuli saxelebia: kintrakoxi, civwyaro, muxrani,
dudgulebi, gaxretili kilde, karWali, gangza, gadaRma yane-
bi, CarCxalebi, koxiReleebi. qarTuli saxelebi CavwerineT
rukebis gamkeTebels. kintrakoxi Cuuweria“sofeli yazeli
(Turqulad - gazeli).
„yazelidan pirvel msoflio omSi 72 kaci wasula, sul
oTxi dabrunebula ukan. Canaqqales brZolaSi bevri in-
egoleli daRupula, amaT istoriaSi „baTumelebi“-s saxeli
aqvT. yvela pativs gvcemda. mere aTa-Turqi rom movida,
Cveni xalxi SeiSalnen, aTa-Turqma qarTuli laparaki ag-
vikrZala. skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli laparaki. Cemi dai
sami wliT pawaia, ver gavafereb Turqulai, piri gamoivle,
ver miaxvdinao. maswavlebeli aswavlida TaTruls. qarTul
laparakze jarima iyo. aukrzales Cerqezebs, abazebs, bo-
Sakebs. bevri xalxma Tavi dauRunes. zogebma ar duuRunes,
imaTma faSisti gaxdnen, teroristi gaxdnen. Cveni xalxs
osmalebi uyvaran, isini qarTuls ar gviSlidnen. axla aTi
welia, ar gviSlian, axla kargia. gverdiT sxvebis sofelia,
iq gogo ar migvicemia, sul xuTi kilometria, mainc gogo
ar migvicemia. aqeTac sul erTi gogo gvyavs, pativs vcemT,
magram ver movergeT. cemi dedes dede _ iusufai _ ori Zma
yofilan: iusufai da ali. iusufais uTqvia, me istanbulSi
unda wavideo, Cveni xalxi wevdnen,iqiT kargi cxovrebaao.
alia dedeis ar undoda gamogzavna, magram maSindels dro-
Si rusebi klevdnen. iusufs uTqvams, me wavalo, vnaxavo.
alis uTqvams, aqauri uCaRi viyidio da naxevari miucia, rom
ukan moxval, naxevari Seni iqnebao. ar ndomebia misi Zmis
114
wasvla. baTumSi Camohyolia Zma, maSindeli garigeba Zneli
yofila. wamosula Cemi didi dedei. imis Svili iyo molla
osmani, imis Svili suleimani Canaqqales wevs. didnenei 55
wlis yofila. e mivel Rorjom 130 wlis mere. SeiSalnen,ise
guuxarden. sad aris Cemi dedes alagebi - vimasxre. Zalian
guuxarden. sofeli mekeiZeebia Cemi sofeli. 1934 wels
gvaris kanoni gemvida. Cveni Zveli gvari iyo TaTaroRlu,
ase davrCiT. iqa miqelaZe arian Cvenebi. aq sxvebic Rorjo-
midan arian: TaTaroRli, mamaloRli, qurdoRli, mamaloRli
mamaulaZe yofila. Rorjomidan camosulebi Segrovdnen ba-
TumSi, gemi movida. gemiT mividen stambulSi, iqidan inegl-
Si guugzavnien, Tqveni xisimebi iq wevdneno. nigazeul-
idan darCiZe mosula. fosofidan gadmosulan mere 2-3
kvamli. isini gaqarTveldnen. Cveneburi gamxdaran. imaT
ar icodnen qarTuli, axla TaTruli ar ician. Txa dak-
les, qarTveli gaxdnen. sxva rom mova, Txa unda duklan
sofels. isini mosulan, Cveni xalxs Secodebia, miuRia,
duusaxlebia. sofelSi 40 saxlia axla zamTarSic. fo-
cxovidan mosulebs „focxebs“ veZaxiT. axlac frTxilad
varT. maTi berebi sul TaTrulad laparakoben, magram am-
bobdnen, gurji varTo. memre ena iswavles da Tqves, gurji
ar varTo. Cven vuTxariT, Tqven orpir xarTo. araxadiSi
piriqiT moxTa, qarTvelebi gaaTurqes focxovelebma. Cven
vuTxariT im qarTvelebs, Tqven ise xarT, viri rom win
wava da ukan aqlemi gayvebao. iq erTi mdidari kci, ilma-
zlari, bevri fuli aqvT da imitom „gamesxdnen“ iqauri
qarTvelebi“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//ga-
zeli, inegois raioni, bursis regioni).
„aq aris sxva sofeli „findikli“, Cven „CiTliqlis“
vityviT. meore findikli Cerqezulia. abazebic arian. aba-
zebi aqac ar Wamen Tevzs“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli
yazeli//gazeli, inegois raioni, bursis regioni).
„Walasoflidan varT, baTomidan. es Cemi mazliSvilia.
115
bilnaz ildirimi var. beqoRlebidan varT. qalis mamuli
civwyaroa. ienijar ar darCenilan, ialia muuZebniaT, iq
dasxdnen. Camosula aq, muutexian simindis kotoxebi, muu-
wonebia, aq dajdnen. me aq dabaduli var. baboi aq dabadulia~
(sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
„imerxeveli var, musa Sahini, ialovas universitetis
profesori, baboi mosula imerxevidan inegolSi. amaTi siZe
var. istanbul vikiTxe. ZiriT mesxize varT“ (musa Sahini,
sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
marmarilos zRvis regionebis qarTvelTa erTi nawili
eZebs fesvebs, warmomavlobis adgilebs. zogierTs dakargu-
li aqvs codna mSobliuri soflis geografiuli mdebareo-
bisa: „Cven longoebi varT, longoTxevidan movsulvarT, ki
ver migvignia, sad aris“. avuxseniT, rom longoTxevi arta-
nujis mxareSia. iq dRes qarTvelebi ukve aRar cxovroben.
aris mravali tragikuli istoriatragikuli istoria, romelTac ucrem-
lod ver vismenT: „TuTie Cemi bibias rqmevia iqa. bibia iq
darCenila, asia bibia da TuTia bibia yofilan. dedei aqeT
mosula. babaoi 6 wlisa yofila, biZai ormoci dRis. bibiebi
didi yofilan. Cemi didne itirebda, asiev da TuTiev, sad
xarTo. sul tiroda. isini gaTxovili yofilan. dedamTi-
lebsa ar gamouSvian. nenes uTqvams, rom mogenatrebio, mzis
Tvali Sexedeo, iqedan Cvenamc SevxedavTo, Sen diginaxavo
(TuTia baihani, 85 wlis, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni, 73 wlis).
marmarilos zRvis regionis qarTvelTa Soris arsebobs
samSoblos, erovnuli fesvebis Ziebis, eTnikuri identobis samSoblos, erovnuli fesvebis Ziebis, eTnikuri identobis
mZafri gancda:mZafri gancda:
„me saqarTolo miyvars. Cemi babos baboi Camosula aq
baTumidan. Cevedi baTumSi, vitire. rejebeali wamosula, emi-
nali iyo imis Svili, mere - ali, alis Svili - haireTTini.
me sabaheTTini var. gvari rejibalioRli gvqonda“.
„baTom rom Camovel, 130 wlis mere, Cveneburi laparak
116
rom gevgone, guli gamikankalda. doxturTan wamiyvanes.
doxturma rom miTxra daweqio, kargad gavxdi“ (abdulah
TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni).
„ori gogo myavs. Cem gogos qarTuli Cemma nenem Seas-
wavla. axla pawam unda daiswavlos, mimyavs axla RorjomSi,
iq unda davtio da iswavlis. Cvenma badiSebma ar ician qar-
Tuli, 30 weli gavdes, Cven movkvdeT, daikargos unda“ (abdu-
lah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni).
Semonaxulia mciredi codna saqarTvelos istoriis
Sesaxeb, magram igi, umetesad, wakiTxuli, SeZenili codnis
meoxebiTa: „Tamarai mefea, aq dedofal vityviT, wminda dav-
iTic mefea“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli,
inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
yvela sofelSi udidesi sixaruliT gvxvdebodnen. maT
masinZlobas ZvelqarTuli zrdilobisa da stumar-maspin-ZvelqarTuli zrdilobisa da stumar-maspin-
Zlobis wesebic Zlobis wesebic gamoarCevda: „tkbilad ver migxedeT, ma-
gram guliT-suliT TqvenTan varT“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu,
sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regio-
ni). „Sewuxeba iqneba? Cven daCouli varT. Tqven rom gnax-
avT, guli geminaTdeba“. „Cveni Wkua iqaurobaSia“- amboben
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
mZafria erovnuli siamayiserovnuli siamayis gancda: „gurji iqneba, miT
mivxvdebi, Seebraleba insani“ . „lamazs vnaxavT, mixTebi,
qarTvelia. qarTveli varT, naTesavi varT“. „Cemi neneis
Tvalebic Wreli iyo, mamac. gelinebi meviyvaneT, maram bad-
iSebi WrelTvala ar gamodgenen. viyeiro mec, imanac iyeiros,
maram me gurji var da gelinic gurji mevyvane, mezobeli
mevyvane. RmerT gamCenel yvelaferi sWiria. ndomonda, yve-
las musliman gaaCenda, maram zogi giauria, zogic muslim-
ia“ (emine qaia, sofeli mesrurie, inegolis raioni, bursis
regioni, 82 wlis). `RmerTi gamCenelisaTvis yvela adamiania,
117
magram me qarTveli adamiani umfro miyvars“.
mTxrobelTa saubarSi SeiniSneba dedaenis codnis dedaenis codnis
daqveiTebiT gamowveuli tkivili:daqveiTebiT gamowveuli tkivili: „Tqveni qarTuli zor
wmidaa, Cven ase ver gavarigavT“. „oc weliwadSi adgeba aq
qarTuli, Cven movkvdebiT, wavalT, qarTuli ar darCeba. „ra
soai, ici? erTi xea - gatexav, 3-4 xe erTadaa, ver gatexav.
uwin Cvenebma rato 5-6 baRana iqmoden? axla cotai varT.
Zala ara gavqvs. saqarTveloSi bevri Svilebi unda gyav-
deT“. „Cven ar dagvaswavles qarTuli. oreTmenebi mirtyamd-
nen, qarTuli werva mitom ver viswavle. raze ar CamoxvediT,
ar gvipatroneT? devikarqeT Cven. deikarqa Cveni qarTuli.
devilieT. male modiT, male“ (qarasu, saqarias regioni).
„Cvenis qveSam ar icis qarTuli“. „Tqvenic rusCeze gag-
nebulia, Cveni TurqCeze“. „maxsovs, pawai baRana var, 10 wlis,
aqedan qalaqSi wavedi, Cemma babam, sircxvilia, ar ilapara-
koo. mainc vlaparakobT qarTulad, vinme movida, ena ar icis,
ar vilaparakebT, Cveni kultura ase aris“ (sofeli demir-
aCma, qojaalis raioni, saqarias regioni). „Cven aq skolaSi
wasvlamde Turqulai ar vicodiT“. „Cven gurjija gviyvars
laparaki da genjebma ar ician, pawiai baRvebma ar ician“
(sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
„axla sul yvela TurqCea, ar ician rame gurjija. me axla
vuTxar gurjija, erTi vuTxar, ri - ar ician, mec TurqCa
vuTxari. amaT wvitebma ar ician~.
ismis sayvedurebic saqarTvelos misamarTiT:ismis sayvedurebic saqarTvelos misamarTiT: „iq rom
akiTxebT, erTi meqTebi aq gaxseniT“.
mTxrobelTa Soris aris erTi nawili, romelic wleb-
is ganmavlobaSi evropaSi cxovrobs da msobliur sof-
lebs zafxulobiT sturobs. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gansakuTrebiT
mZafria eTnikuri identobis gancda:mZafria eTnikuri identobis gancda: „ocdaaTi welia aus-
triaSi vcxovrob, coli gurjia. Svilebma ician qarTuli.
bavSvebi Turqul skolaSi ar gavuSvi, axla universitet-
Si arian. pirveli Cemi mamais Taoba wasula austriaSi.
118
iq dernegi gvaqvs, iq moikrifebian, venaSi varT. 50 ojaxi
varT. germaneli mkiTxavs, vin axar, me vetyvi - TurqeTis
qarTveli var. 17 ojaxi mosula aq xatileli, mere gam-
ravldnen. televizioni rom gaakeTon, Cveni iqauri qar-
Tulze ara, aqauri qarTulze rom iyos, yvela naxavda,
yvela sofelSi meviarioT, gavakeToT qarTuli televi-
zia“ (aqiazis raioni, sofeli Serefie).
gansaxvaveben metyvelebis Taviseburebebs:metyvelebis Taviseburebebs: „aWarlebi
cota sxvai laparakoben. aqauri erT sofelSi arian aWar-
lebi, Cven sofelSi erTi rZali movida aWarlebidan, Cven
„RarW“ vityviT, isini „baRanas“ ityvian“. „Cven cota tifli-
sis laparaki ver vagnebT. kai gurji Tqven laparakobT.
Cemi baba „dajeqi“ ar metyoda, „mobrZandi“,„dabrZandis“
ityoda“.
gansakuTrebulad amayoben, rodesac SviliSvilebma SviliSvilebma
ician qarTuli ena: ician qarTuli ena: „aman qarTuli ar icis, mara xTomilobs“
(abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni). „badiSebi zogs xdomiloben, zogs
- vera. baRvi xdomilobs, cicai ver xdomilobs, bursaSi
geizardnen.ar Zinavan kido? meviyvanT axla“ (sofeli yaze-
li, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „Cemma Svilebma ician
qarTuli“. „Cven vityviT, gurji varT. axlandel RarWebma
Cveneburi ar ician, mainc ityvian, gurji varo“ (sofeli
haidarie, gemliqis raioni, bursis regioni).
aRsaniSnavia, rom „laRabebis“ saxiT SenarCunda qar-„laRabebis“ saxiT SenarCunda qar-
Tuli Tikunebi, Tuli Tikunebi, romlebic adamians misi garegnobis an
xasiaTis mixedviT Seerqmeoda soflisagan: „kakunas bat-
kans vetyviT, Tikani Txisaa. erTi kakun nenei yofila,
laRabebi viciT: suslai, wowolai, fiCxai, enkai, lankai,
koberai, bubmulai, kriWoi, pumpliai, godorai, zangurai“
(abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni).
mosaxleoba gamoTqvams gulistkivils Zveli, tradici-gulistkivils Zveli, tradici-
119
uli yofis dakargvis gamo. uli yofis dakargvis gamo. axalgazrdobisa da bavSvobis
wlebi maTTvis tkbilad mosagonaria. Semonaxulia xsovna Semonaxulia xsovna
tradiciuli kulturul-sameurneo tipisa: tradiciuli kulturul-sameurneo tipisa: „vazi razec
aris gaSvebuli, is xe aris RaWaWi. nekeri viciT, nakafia.
Tivas , bzes saxlSi vinaxavdT, is aris sabZeli. jargvalic
sabZelia. msaxli gvaqv, goqsulai. es didi - culia amis
pawai iqneba najaxi. waldic gvaqvs. Zindanic gvaqvs. saxlis
win Cixikaria. WiSkarsac vityviT. sxva sofelSi „kakalais“
tyvian, Cven „karWali“ vityviT“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofe-
li yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „es
vaSli _ fqvilai _ iusuf dedes duurgavs, TeTro vaSlia.
rkinis eme iyo aq, daangria. Wedebda xarebs, gogorais gare-
dan rkinas Wedavda“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yaze-
li//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „kargad max-
sovs, es saxli Cemma babom gaakeTa. usta kaci iyo, TviTon
gaakeTa. Zveli saxlebi SeSisa iyo, daxeuli xeebi. Zveli
saxli hamidma daangria, hamidi Cemi emiaSvilia, is Zveli
saxli daangria. Cardaxi iyo, naliebic iyo, axla ar aris.
wyali faxrajebiT mogvqonda. es Wa aris. axla dailia.
uwin yuiT, ToxiT amouWria dedes. imis win tye guuWriaT,
imai zomis tye yofila, miuWrian, mouWrian, xis saxlebi iyo
ZvelaT, qerfiWebi iyo qviTkiris, miwiT talaxi muuzeliaT,
bze SeureviaT da saxli auSenebiaT. saxneveliT xnavdnen
miwas“ (ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie
qoSqi, saqarias regioni).
„skamebi iyo, xis, xis sufra iyo, aWaridan muutanian, aqac
gaakeTes. seqvebi iyo Zvelad, wifelas gaxevdnen. Zveli jame
qvis iyo, Signidan xis. genjobaSi vakeTebdi dedoflis
urubas. xelis maqinai mqonda, imiT vkerebdi. is maqina ra-
vici saidan moitanes, saidan aiRes. saxlis ustebi iyvnen.
sacocoxe ezoSi gvqonda. beqmezs aq vaSliT, msxliT, Jol-
iT vakeTebT. sxeulis nawilebi: Tma, Subli, wamwami, warbi,
Tvali, yuri, loya, nikapi, ena, kibili, titviri, yia, kinCxi, xeli,
120
mklavi, TiTebi, frCxilebi, menji, koWi, fexiguli, muxli, muce-
li, Wipi, jgeri, Savi jigeri, TeTri jigeri, guli, zurgi.:
Tvalis feri: cisferi, Taflisferi, Wrela, Savi. yarfuzi ar
odniaT, Cemi siZe SavSeTidan yofila, muutania arTvinidan.
aq xapi gonebian, Cuuflian cecxlTan. Txa myavda, cxvari, ja-
muSi, sami axori saqoneli gvyavda. bevri qaTmebi. yvels va-
keTebdiT, Zroxis iaRs, bunCxais vakeTebdiT. „luxumi- leb-
lebi. qer-Wvav davTesebdiT. fetvi Cven ar dagviTesia. erTi
baRvis gazrdas Svidi fetvi gaxrite, gerCioso. win-win
doxtoroba-moxtoroba ar iyo. amaTi dideneni mokrefda
balaxs, imaSi baRvebs abanebda. fadimesac im bebiam daas-
wavla. yvelafer vukiTxav, morCeba. _ Sen am dunias simaRle,
es momec, is momec. bavSvi gacivda, SavaciveT. gavniCbevdiT
niCbiT Tovlsa. kvar muukidebdiT. tyidan movitandiT. mere
feneri iyo. aquri alagebi aris wyaroswyali, sawmali _
yanaa, sakarikilde _ tyea, gadaRmayana _ yan iyo adre, vake
ari, gosagolevi yana _ tye yofila adre, memre saxlebi gu-
ukeTebian. sxva yanaze Txilebi gvaqvs darguli, Txil-yanas
vetyviT. kakalebi gavq, ager, ramdeni, wablebi gvaq. Zvelad
kanafi iyo. xoSiani qoqebi gamxdara. orwyali aris, erT
wyali iqidan modis, meore aqidan, SeerTdeba, etoleba. Svidi
Rele gvaq: ilfana Rele, tyeSi yofila, mTas wevdodnen,
zeda Ta - yarabuTura, iq ialiaaa, ialia TurqCea, gurjije
„Taa“. erTic qveda Taa. Cobani iqaa gaTovlebamde. rTvelze
Camovdodnen, gazafxulze wevdodnen. maisSi simindeb davTe-
sevdiT. win-win eqvsi Tve zafxuli iyo, eqvsi Tve - zamTari.
rTveli Semodgomaa. rois avdgebodiT? dilaze, gaTenebisan
ezan ikiTxven, avdgebiT, vilocavT. merme Tu saqme ar gvaq,
davwvebiT. Suai dRe mova, miere _ saRamo, saRamos mere _
Rame. dilis Wama „sadili“ iyo. SuadResa - SuadRisWamas
vetyviT. saRamoze vaxSam vakeTebT. RameSi raazan daikaveb.
qalajo, qinZi, makido, prasa, niori, pilpilai gvaqvs. didvani
qvabebi gvaq, Tanjira, tafa. keci maq, Wad davakrav. tafis
121
Wad gemo ara aqvs. kecis Wadi gemrelia. or kec gavaxureb,
erT-or ase mivayudeb cecxlze. erTSi Wads davakravT, sajs
davadeb da nakvercxals davayri, saji Tujisaa. qalajo
lamaz modis. win-win purs kecze vacxobdiT, axla furneSi
SevyriT. fuCeCisagan xasisi movqsovdiT, davafendiT. xali,
qilimi ar iyo. im kanafiT Tokeb akeTebdnen, Zroxas daabmen.
yurZeni gvaq Savi adesai, cxenisZuZu gvaq. TeTri yurZenia,
austos yurZenia. amasia vaSli, SeqervaSli, sinebi//sinafi
vaSlia, baraqai msxali, sasalai msxali. tabakai maqvs, mem-
leqeTidan gamotanili, patara iyo gvargvali. WanWuri gvaq.
qliavi savic ari, TeTric ari. panta vaSlebi ari, aba, ar
ari? ari, Tu ar gaadWri, mJave aris. Cem dedas naTqami aqvs,
Cemi yvelaferi Tu ar WameT, aramiao. Zalian germeli nenei“
(sulTan baihani, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis
regioni, 73 wlis).
„aq Tavs virCendiT, simindi, Wad vWamdiT. Wadi viciT.
dila-saRamos gamocxveboda. purs ar vWamdiT. Zroxebs vaW-
mevdiT purs, TaTrebidan vyidulobdiT, iqiT simind mivcem-
diT. keci miwidan iyo, wiTeli miwidan keTdeba, qalebi
akeTebdnen. Tafli iyo. orjer iRebdnen Tafls. gvardaSi
vdebdiT“ (abdulah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli,
inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „jilRa wifeladan keT-
deboda, leki kargia, Tu naxe. Tela bevia. jilRas win wa-
moacmvdnen saxniss. saxniss aq akeTebdnen qvemoT. celis
aviRebdT. avstriidan mevtane ori celi, damRa ori buRa
iyo. erTi momklili gvaralia, mere - Weli, mere kona, mere
zvini gaxTeba. Znas ase gaakeTeb: daasob did diregs, imas
daaxvev bzes, Calas. aiRebs oras konas. inaxeba kargad. kevri
gvaqvnda. qvebi aqvs qvemoT, kaiJi. xari emesijeba, iareba.
ar Wamos xarebmao, pirze tkeC amodebdnen. tkeCi gaTlili
xe iyo. tkeCidan kalaTebs qsoven. kalo iyo. kalo qvemoT
xarmanze aris, didi alagia, sofli boloSi. im adgilze
lewaven. xuTi-eqvsi wisqvili iyo, axla erTia am releze.
122
wisqvilis qvas aqve Wridnen kildeSi. texavs, texavs, 1000
oya ari erTi qva. amoWrian qvas satexiT. kakali lamazia
da male lpeba, magari ar ari. panta, Txili didvani iyo.
imidan gob vakeTebdiT. orasi wlis saxli ari, gaRma dgas
(nizameTTin mali, 72 wlis, sofeli ilmie, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni).
Semonaxulia nadirobis tradiciebis xsovna:nadirobis tradiciebis xsovna: „winwin
Txas mokvlazee wavidodnen, Txa iabani iq Tefeebze bevria.
moklevdnen, iq Tefeebze imRerebdnen, gevigonebdT. Tu ver
mokleso, uCumrad Camovidodnen, Sercxvebodnen. axlac aris
im Tefeze Txebi. dilai adre wevdoddnen sanadirod. husein
CauS vetyodiT, mTavari monadire iyo. is anawilebda Tef-
eebs: im Tefeze Sen unda dadgeo, aqeT - Seno. gavkoWebdiT ise,
rom Txa ver geiqceoda. pawuai Txebi iyo. ZaRls waviyvandiT.
aba, ZaRlis umisod ar iqneba nadiroba. ZaRlma unda ginaxos,
aayenebs nadirs. Tevzi daviWiravT. aqaurobaSi iyvnen kai
Tevzebi. axla kanalizacia CauSves, ar varga. ar daviWerT.
Tevzis WerisTvis kakal davnayebdiT, wyalSi guduugdebdiT,
TuTun CavawuramT, maSin amovdodoa maRla (Tevzi), kiric
Caemateboda, Tevzi maRla amovidoda“ (ali janlu haruni,
hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).
marmarilos zRvis regionis qarTvelTa Soris Semon-Semon-
axulia qarTuli naTesauri sistemebi da terminologia.axulia qarTuli naTesauri sistemebi da terminologia.
terminTa erTi nawili Canacvlebulia Turquli sityvebi-
Tac. gamakvirva im faqtma, rom am mxareSi ufro cocxalia
qarTuli sityva „nene“ dedis aRsaniSnavad, vidre istori-
ul tao-klarjeTSi (garda zemo maWaxlisa), sadac umetesad,
Turqul „anne“-s warmoTqvamen. mamas „baba//babo“ ewodeba,
bebias - „didnene“, babuas - „dede“. dedis Zma - „taia“-a, mamis
Zma, ZiriTadad, Turquli terminebiTaa Semonaxuli: „emia“,
„amja“, „emija“, magram cocxalia qarTuli „biZai“-c. mamidas
zogan amave saxels, umetesad ki - „bibias“ uwodeben, deidas
- „xalas“. „nenes Zma „taiaa“, biZas „emias“ vetyviT, babos das
123
„bibias“. gelinis mSoblebi „dosti“. patar „wvitia“. biWi
sul paqai - pawai biWia, mere saSualo biWia, mere cols rom
meiyvans - kaci iqneba. sami biWi da oTxi gogo myavs. gogo
cicai. badiSebi myavs. 24 badiSi myavs, 8 badiSis Svili
(sulTan baihani, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis
regioni, 73 wlis). da-Zmis aRsaniSnavad qarTul terminebsac
iyeneben da xandaxan - Turqulsac: da - abla, baji; Zma -
abi, yardeSi. gansxvavebuli tradiciaa inegolis qarTvelTa
Soris: „Zma Tu Cemze didia „Zias“ vetyvi, pataras - „Zmas“;
Cven sami varT, erTi Ziaa, erTic daa“ (sofeli yazeli//ga-
zeli). „racxanan vityviT, Cveni nene-babaoisgan viciT: ufros
das „baji“ vetyviT, patarais saxels duvuZaxeb. Zma ufrosi
„Ziaa“ (sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni, bursis re-
gioni). „me zoiZe var, sofel karapetidan movsulvarT. me
maSin duniazed ar viyav. iq darCnen dedes pratebi. gogo
Svilebi - pratia, biWi - Svilia (sulTan baihani//Tavdgi-
riZem sfofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
deidaSvili _ xalaSvilia, mamidaSvili _ bibiaSvili, mamiT
biZaSvili - emiaSvili, dediT biZaSvili - taiaSvili, Tumca
cocxalia qarTuli terminic - „biZaSvili“. „aT da erT
biZaSvili varT da sofelSi me var marto, misi baRanac aq
muSaobs“ (qojaali, saqarias regioni).
sagulisxmoa, rom Semonaxulia Zveli qarTuli ter-
mini „ganayofi“, „ganayofi“, rac gulisxmobs mamis xaziT uaxloes
mogvare naTesavebs, erTi saxlidan gamoyofilebs (gamrav-
lebisa da calkeul komlebad dayofis Sedegad). aRsan-
iSnavia, rom Semonaxulia urTierTdaxmarebis qarTuli
formebi: „sul eSvelebian erTmaneTs. Tu gajavrebuli
ar arian, deeSvelebian erTmaneTs. Tu mWiria rame, mival
ganayofTan avwev, waviReb. arc vkiTxav. isic ase iqms“ (hen-
dekis raioni, saqarias regioni).
SviliSvili „badiSia“,SviliSvili „badiSia“, badiSad ixsenieben gogosac da
biWsac.
124
gTavazobT erT Canawers, sadac mxolod qarTuli ter-
minologiaa gamoyenebuli: „Cemi baboi 82 wlis aris, arabu-
li icis. 1960 wlis ambebi iyo, daiWires, me ar viyavi maSin,
Cemi Zia iyo dabaduli. menderesi CamoaxrCves, bevri Cveni
xalxi daiWires. Cemi nenei 2006 wels gardaicvala. nenei
jinezoRli iyo. simamari, sidedri aqve cxovroben“ (abdu-
lah TaTaroRlu, sofeli yazeli//gazeli, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni). „es Cemi babois saxlidanaa“ - agvixsna
mTxrobelma. „es Cem Zias baRvia“ (sofeli sulhie, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni). „Cemi colic gurjia, Svilebic.
Cemi Ziaebi (ufrosi Zmebi) avstriaSia“ (sofeli mesrurie,
inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).is regioni).
Semonaxulia Semonaxulia mazlis colis aRmniSvenli qarTuli sax-
eli „Sili“,„Sili“, qmris dis saxeli - „muli“:„muli“: „axla Cemi Sili
mova. es Cemi mulia, imis saxlSi varT. me xeirieli var~
(sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
metyvelebaSi cocxalia meuRlis Zmis qarTuli saxeli
- „mazli“ „mazli“ da misi Svilis saxeli - „mazliSvili“., aseve, „mazliSvili“., aseve,
muliSvili.muliSvili.
Semonaxulia zrdilobiani mimarTvis formebi:zrdilobiani mimarTvis formebi: „Cveni
didvanebi „Zaloo“ ityodnen. babos „batonos“ vetyodiT.
mazlis baRvebs „batoniSvili“ uZaxdiT“ (sofeli sulhie,
inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
arsebobda xelovnuri danaTesavebisxelovnuri danaTesavebis formebi: „daZmaro-
ba vicodiT. vityodiT, Sen dai, me Zmai“, dasaviT iyvnes“
(sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). aRsan-
iSnavia naTesaobis sxva qarTuli formac _ „ZuZunawovebiZuZunawovebi
Tua, imis moyvana ar iqneba“ (sofeli haidarie, gemliqis
raioni, bursis regioni).
mTxrobelebi igoneben qarTuli saojaxo yofis
tradiciebs. aRsaniSnavia gauyofeli Zmebis erT saxlSi gauyofeli Zmebis erT saxlSi
cxovrebis wesi cxovrebis wesi („en win did saxlSi ori Zma iqneboda,
ver daeteoda, axals aiSenebdnen. axal rZals cota Ser-
125
cxveboda saerTo magidasTan dajodma“), gayris adaTebi, gayris adaTebi,
ojaxis wevrTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli urTierTo-ojaxis wevrTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli urTierTo-
bis formebi.bis formebi.
dadasturda „umZraxobis“ tradicis arseboba: „umZraxobis“ tradicis arseboba: „Zvelad
patarZali mamamTils ar deelaparakeboda. erT Tve gaxde-
boda, imis memre deelaparakeboda. abazebs da Cerqezebs
aqvT wesi, ise ar iyo CvenSi, erTi weli umZraxad iyvnen.
zogi CvenSic ar deeleparakeboda. Cemi emijam ise mokvta,
rZlis ukan ar duulaparakna, 15 weliwadi gaxda. oTxi Tane
Svili yavda, mamaTili ar deeleparakeboda. zogebi ise iqne-
bodnen. Cem baboma deelaparaka“.
saqorwilo tradiciebis saqorwilo tradiciebis Zveli forma dRes ukve
TiTqmis gamqralia da qorwili romelime didi saban-
keto darbazSi imarTeba. tradiciuli wesi ki aseTi iyo:
„daqorwilebis dros baba-nenei vkiTxevdiT. Tu patina
Zma qorwildeboda, did Zmas etyoda da is miscemda ne-
bas. patina Zma amize male daqorwilda (mimiTiTa gver-
diT myof mezobelze) (ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni,
sofeli lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).
Zvelad Sldnen saqorwilo sufrassaqorwilo sufras, romelzec xari
daikvloda da tradiciuli kerZebi mzaddeboda. iwvevdnen
mezoblebsa da naTesav-moyvareebs: „Cemi qorwili aq iqna,
saWmeli mivarTviT, xari deikla. gurji yvela ase iqmoda.
istanbulidanac iyvnen stumrebi. axlac aris ferxulebi,
baiar Sahini modis. cekvas ferxuli erqva. vmRerodiT qor-
wilebSi. vincxam icis simRera, isini imRerebdnen. qorwilSi
mayari vicodiT. gogos mxridan dade iyo, dade erTi an
xuTi Tane iyo, dedofals peWets Camoacmevdnen. axla
Teli gaTavda. naTesavis moyvana (colad) CvenSi zor dra-
mia, WanebSi ari (ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni, sofeli
lutfie qoSqi, saqarias regioni).
axsovT qarTuli tradicia _ lxinis da Wiris su-lxinis da Wiris su-
frasTan qalebisa da kacebis cal-calke dasxdomis wesi:frasTan qalebisa da kacebis cal-calke dasxdomis wesi:
126
„qorwilSi qalebi calke daJdebodnen, kacebi calke“
(ali janlu haruni, hendekis raioni, sofeli lutfie qoS-
qi, saqarias regioni).
arsebobda mziTvis instituti:mziTvis instituti: „xeiriedan momiyvanes ya-
zelSi. erTi qilimi, erTi logini, erTi sabani mqonda da is
momces. axla ciciai gavaTxove, uu, yvelaferi gavatane. 2500
davxarje. Zvelad siZe moitanda imden tansacmels, ramdenic
iyo ojaxSi, kacebs zubuns muutanda“ (sofeli yazeli//ga-
zeli, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni).
qarTvelebi mkveTrad uaryofen „urvadis“ arsebobas qarTvelebi mkveTrad uaryofen „urvadis“ arsebobas
tradiciul yofaSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom es wesi
maTTvis arasdros yofila damaxasiaTebeli: „me wavedi
abazebSi ferxulobaSi. imaTgan qali unda geyidna, fuli
migeca, Cven ar vicodiT yidva. Cven rom cols viTxovT,
cota saCuqars mivcemT, xaris gayidva ar gvWirdeboda,
cepi rames mivcemdiT“.
Zvelad, manqanebis gavrcelebamde, patarZali urmiT//
marxiliT mohyavdaT: „me zoiZe var, sofel karapetidan mov-
sulvarT. me maSin duniazed ar viyav. iq darCnen dedes
pratebi. gogo Svilebi - pratia, biWi _ Svilia. am sofelSi
pawai afxazebic arian. gaRma waebi da abazebi arian. me
TofeqCiqapidan var aq, gelini var. 59 welia aqa var. xarebis
arabaiT momiyvanes, qilimebiT iyo gadaxuruli“ (sulTan
bairaki//zoiZe, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni, bursis re-
gioni, 73 wlis).
Semonaxulia qalis motacebis wesebi:Semonaxulia qalis motacebis wesebi: „Zvelad zogi
gogos gaaqcevda. zogi ukan aarTmevda, meiyvaneben. zogic
Serigdebian, qorwils izamdnen. Cemma alijanam gamoaqcia
gogo inegolidan“ (sofeli saadeTi, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni). „me momipares, wyalze gavedi da mo-
mipares. Cemi baba gonji iyo, aarTva Cemi Tavi da mere
qorwiliT misca. imis qeifze ar iara. ar gamixarda, rom
momipara, pawai viyavi, es iyo gamwareba. merme Semiyvarda“
127
(TuTia baihani, 85 wlis, sofeli sulhie, inegolis raioni,
bursis regioni, 73 wlis).
dakrZalvis wesebi muslimuria, magram mas axlavs dakrZalvis wesebi muslimuria, magram mas axlavs
qarTuli Sewevnisa da daxmarebis tradicia.qarTuli Sewevnisa da daxmarebis tradicia. bunebrivia,
micvalebuls, wesiT, gardacvalebis dResve, mzis Casvlam-
de marxaven, magram Tuki Wirisufali Sorsaa, maT mosvlas
yvelaze meti ori dRe daeleodebian: „SeiZleba, or dRes
deicdis, Tu ver unda moxvide, ar dayeneben~. „tirilSi
Tan tirodnen, Tan mRerodnen. simReresaviT leqsebi iyo
Sav icmevdnen Cemi didnenei“ (Turan adiiamani, inegoli,
bursis regioni). „mkvdarze halvas vakeTebT. saflavze
gaitanen ganayrebi“ (hendekis raioni, saqarias regioni).
„zuxumze vicodiT, mkvdarze mezoblebi amoitanen. rva
dRe saWmels gizidaven mkvdarze mezoblebi. momsvlels
xval saRamomde duucdian (sulTan bairaki, sofeli sul-
hie, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni, 73 wlis). „mkvdarze
ganayofebi moutanen saWmels. sanam saxlSi mkvdaria, Tvi-
Ton ar gaakeTeben saWmels, ar iqneba“.
cocxalia qarTuli urTierTdaxmarebis sxva tradic-
iebic: SromiTi urTierTdaxmarebis tradiciebi „nadis“„nadis“
saxiTa yofila gamoxatuli. „nadi vicodiT. 15-20 kaci. man-
gliT moWridnen qalebi. qalebi, kacebi mRerodnen. axla
codvaaao simRera da ar mRerian qalebi. im ustiebsac aW-
meven mezoblebi“ (sulTan bairaki, sofeli sulhie, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni, 73 wlis). „simRerebs ityodnen. nadi
dilamdin imRerebden. saqmeze Sewuxdebodi, ver moereodi,
nads meiwvevdi. gogvebsa meiyvandi saxlSi, nad gaakeTebd-
nen. TuTuni iqneboda dasaWreli, yanaSi deeSvelebodnen. na-
dze yanaSi unda waxvide. gavmarglebdiT yanas ToxiT. „heia
molas“ vityodiT. roca movxnevdiT, xarebiT wamovidodiT,
Cveni ganayofi mozobels daveSvelebodiT. axla adga. es-
eni aRar ician“. „orpiruli„orpiruli nadi vicodiT. Toxnidnen. iqiT
gogoebi, aqiT - biWebi. erTgzas mRerodnen“.
128
cocxalia termini mezobeli - „mozobeli“-s formiT mezobeli - „mozobeli“-s formiT
da is urTierTdaxmarebis formebi, rac, tradiciulad, da is urTierTdaxmarebis formebi, rac, tradiciulad,
qarTuli samezoblo jgufebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli: qarTuli samezoblo jgufebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:
damxareba Wiris da lxinis dros, damxareba nadSi da a. S.
„Zveli saxli iyo, daiwva, sofelSi fuli avkrifeT, miveciT.
rkina-betoni devleTma unda misces. goWi bavSvebs duuwvaT,
sabZel wuukidian, bevri Tiva daiwva. Cemi xisimis saxli
iyo“ (dursun jan//yahvejoRli, sofeli mesrurie, inegolis
raioni, bursis regioni).
Semonaxulia xalxuri samedicino tradiciebis zogi-xalxuri samedicino tradiciebis zogi-
erTi elementi: erTi elementi: „mravaZarRvas Wrilobas vadebdiT“ (hendek-
is raioni, saqarias regioni). „aqimi iyo Cemi dede. cxeli
Wimuri daado Wrilobaze. kecidan cxeli wadi aiRo, iaRi
daasxa. mozila. WrilobaSi caudo. moarCina“ ismeT aTaSi,
qalaqi gemliqi, bursis regioni).
dadasturda qarTuli trdiciuli kvebiTi kulturisqarTuli trdiciuli kvebiTi kulturis
araerTi elementis arseboba: „kakalis xeebi gvaqvda bevri.
lobioslobios moxarSva viciT. qinZi, niori, kakali xmeli danayo.
filSi davnayevdiT. lobio moixarSoda, Teli guurev, gale-
sav, zor germeli iqneba. Savi laxana garecxav, moxarSav,
zemodan msxvilad danayav kakals, imas duurTeb da iWmeva.
Tu ginda, furis iaRi duumateb“. „gendimas„gendimas vakeTebT: pur
danayeben, puris marcvals danayven, moixarSvis, drami wyali
uqna, beri rZe, erTxel moixarSvis, kovziT iWmeva“. „aSurais „aSurais
kerZikerZi viciT, kandilmaa. lobio, luxuti, burRuli, firinji,
cota zmeli yurZeni, gargari. mere Saqari uqen. dariCini _
zeidan. es yvelai cal-calke unda moixarSos da merme er-
tad guurio. mezoblebSi daarigo“. „kakliani qaTmis„kakliani qaTmis kerZi
viciT. qaTam movxarSavT, merme Zvlebidan gavxsniT. kaka-
li zor unda danayo. Wadis fqvili cota imis Sigan uyo,
erTxel danayo. qinZi aiRe xmeli da Teli erTxel aurie
da merem im qaTams zemodan wuusvi“. „qadaqada viciT. purisgan
movzelavT, furi iaR moasxam, kakals daneyev, mere oTxad
129
mokecav“ _ „quma quma viciT. yurZnidan fafas viqmT, puris fq-
viliT movxarSavT, memre kakals avasxamT, Zafze guuyriT,
CamovkidavT da gavaxmobT“. „korkoti„korkoti viciT. puris kakals
aiReb, wina ramiT wyals daasxma. meore didlT samjer mox-
arSav, wyals gumuucvli. rZes daasxam. xorbals qvijaSi
danayven. takveca iyo xisagan, imiT nayavdnen. aSuraSi lux-
ut Cavyri, lobioi, Txili~. „malaxto„malaxto viciT, niori, reihani,
qinZi, makido, prasa, kakali kargad Canayo“. „xaWapuri „xaWapuri viciT,
sodiani, pawai ioRurTi, Sigan kakali danayili, merem comSi
gaaxvev, mrgvalad SemouWuWnidi, gamocxobdi. amai xaWapur
vetyodiT. imaze qaTam davdebdiT, kvercx, qorwilSi mivarT-
mevdiT, xuT cal mivitandiT. wuxel gavakeTe, xuTi cali
weiRes qorwilSi“. „boran„boran vakeTebdiT, axla WinWrisa hqvia“
(sofeli baRCeyaia, inegolis raioni, bursis regioni). „me
zoiZe var, sofel karapetidan movsulvarT. qada-madasqada-madas vet-
yviT. CaTalze sam qadas davdebdiT. xis Cangalze wamovac-
mevdiT kakalian, marilian qadas, zeidan luxums movayridiT,
iaRSi“. „moTreulas„moTreulas kerZi: lobio, kakali, Wyinti“. „yoravas „yoravas
vakeTebT, tyemlis wveniT, nenei gaakeTebs. lobias Tu qinZi
ara aqvs, ver vWam. xorci erT kuTxeT davdebT, qinZi - meore
mxareT“.
amrigad, marmarilos zRvis regionis qarTvelTa So-
ris dasturdeba tradiciuli qarTuli yofis sxvadasxva
elementi, socialuri maxsovrobis faqtebi (muhajirobis
istoria, mSobliur mxareTa saxelwodebebi, sgavareulo is-
toriebi, zogierTi istoriuli movlena), tradiciuli kul-
turul-sameurneo tipi, socialuri da suliero urTierTo-
bebis tradiciuli formebi.
130
gvanca burduligvanca burduli – – saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvewlodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universiteti, istoriis
doqtori
statistikuri cnobebi saqarTvelos statistikuri cnobebi saqarTvelos
saegzarqosoSi 1906 wlisaTvis saegzarqosoSi 1906 wlisaTvis
arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxebarsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb
1906 wlis 8 martidan 15 dekembramde sankt-peterburgSi
mimdinareobda ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiri.
TaTbiris mizani iyo ruseTSi patriarqobisa da saekle-
sio krebis aRdgenisaTvis aucilebeli sakanonmdeblo
bazis momzadeba. Cafiqrebuli saeklesio reforma Tavisi
SinaarsiT mravlis momcveli iyo. erT-erT sakiTxad ruse-
Tis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirze ixileboda kavka-
siaSi saeklesio cxovrebis mowyobis proeqti. qarTvelma
mRvdelmTavrebma episkoposma kirionma (erSi giorgi saZa-
gliSvili), episkoposma leonidma (erSi longinoz oqropi-
riZem) ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbiris meore
ganyofilebis sxdomaze warmoadgines saqarTvelos egzar-
qosebis moRvaweobis yovlis momcveli da dasabuTebuli
kritika. cxadia saqarTvelos egzarqosebi damoukideblad
ar moqmedebdnen. isini ruseTis eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis
politikas axorcielebdnen saqarTveloSi. amitom iyo, rom
rusma samRvdeloebam da rusma mecnierebma (saeklesio is-
toriisa da saeklesio samarTlis cnobilma specialisteb-
ma) Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqves qarTveli episkoposebis ga-
mosvlebi. gansakuTrebuli risxva daatyda Tavs episkopos
131
leonids, romelmac saqarTvelos egzarqosebis moRvaweoba
da zogadad ruseTis saeklesio politika saqarTveloSi
Sav ferebSi warmoadgina. episkoposi leonidi Tavdasxmis
obieqti gaxda ramdenime sxdomaze. rusebma esec ar ikmares
da cnobil mecnierebs daavales kontrargumentebis moZie-
ba episkopos leonidisa da episkopos kirionis mosazrebis
winaaRmdeg. cnobilma mkvlevarma, profesorma v. f. trelin-
ma ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirs warudgina
vrceli moxseneba ,,Бедство русских переселенцев в Грузинском Экзархате”. moxsenebis mizani iyo, gaeqarwylebina is mZime
STabeWdileba, rac episkopos leonidisa da episkopos kiri-
onis gamosvlebis Sedegad Seiqmna.
profesori v. trelini cnobili mkvlevari iyo, Tumca
am SemTxvevaSi igi mogvevlina saqarTvelos saegzarqosos
istoriis gamyalbeblad da saqarTveloSi ruseTis saekle-
sio politikis ususur damcvelad.
profesor v. f. trelinis moxsenebis saTauri _ ,,rusi
gadmosaxlebulebis gasaWiri saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi“
_ ukve mianiSnebda avtoris mizanze. moxsenebis avtori da-
sawyisSive cdilobda, mwvaved da mZimed warmoedgina rusi
mosaxleobis cxovreba amirkavkasiaSi. moxsenebis bolos v.
trelinma warmoadgina statistikuri monacemebi, romlebic
saqarTvelos saegzarqosos da egzarqosebis datvirTul
saqmianobas exeboda. monacemebi aRebulia nawilobriv 1904
wlis saegzarqosos wliuri angariSebidan (1905 wlis an-
gariSi faqtiurad ar arsebobs), nawili ki wminda sinodis
sameurneo sammarTvelos monacemebidan da nawilic cen-
traluri statistikuri sammarTvelos gamocemidan, romel-
ic troinickis redaqtorobiT gamoica. profesor v. f. tre-
linis informaciiT 1897 wels sruliad ruseTis imperiis
mosaxleoba aRiwera. rogorc cnobilia, aRwera 1897 wlis
28 ianvrisaTvis dasrulda da, aqedan gamomdinare, aq daculi
monacemebi ukve 10 wliT iyo moZvelebuli da aucileblad
132
saWiroebda zogierTi saxis damatebas.1 rusma mecnierma
zemoT aRniSnuli faqti gaiTvaliswina da statistikuri
monacemebic Sesabamisad warmoadgina. Cven ar SevexebiT
v. f. trelinis moxsenebis Sinaarss, aramed warmovadgenT
im monacemebs, romliTac ruseTis saeklesio krebis win-
are TaTbiris meore ganyofilebis sxdoma sargeblobda
saqarTvelos saegzarqososTan mimarTebaSi. aqve sagange-
bod unda aRiniSnos, rom profesori v. f. trelini eyrd-
noba ruseTis imperiaSi mosaxelobis aRweris dros dam-
kvidrebul wess. ruseTis oficialur dokumentebSi, maT
Soris, mosaxleobis aRweris drosac cneba ,,qarTveli~
gaigivebuli iyo ,,qarTlelTan” da ,,kaxelTan”, ,,qarTv-
elSi” ar iguslixmeboda imereli, megreli, svani, guruli,
aWareli. ase rom, statistikur monacemebSi ,,qarTvelis”
gverdiT da, mis Tanasworad ixsenieboda ,,imereli”, ,,me-
greli”, ,,svani”, ,,guruli”, ,,aWareli”. cxadia, es iyo ruse-
Tis koloniuri politikis erT-erTi mzakvruli da Sors
gamiznuli gegmis nawili.
saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sem-saqarTvelos saegzarqosos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sem-
degi eparqiebi:degi eparqiebi:
1. qarTlis eparqia (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos), romelic
moicavs – Tbilisis, baqos, elizavetpolisa da erevnis gu-
berniebs, aseve yarsis olqs.
2. imereTis da guria–samegrelos eparqiebi, orive gaer-
Tianebulia quTaisis guberniaSi, soxumis mxaris gamokle-
biT.
3. soxumis eparqia – moicavs Savi zRvis gubernias, sox-
umis mxares.
1 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки п одлежащих раз¬смот¬рению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об уст¬роении цер¬ковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 316.
133
swored am eparqiebze da guberniebzea gaTvlili qve-
moT moyvanili cnobebi:
I. saqarTvelos saegzarqososSi amJamad I. saqarTvelos saegzarqososSi amJamad
marTlmadidebeli qristianebis saerTo ricxviT marTlmadidebeli qristianebis saerTo ricxviT
1 950 000 adamiania 1 950 000 adamiania
(ori ve sqesis warmomadgenlebi)(ori ve sqesis warmomadgenlebi)
erovnuli niSnis mixedviT maT Soris arian:erovnuli niSnis mixedviT maT Soris arian:
qarTul enaze mosaubre: qarTvelebi – 800 000;
imerlebi – 318 000;
megrelebi – 280 000;
svanebi – 17 000;
sul: 1 415 000.2
b) araqarTvelebib) araqarTvelebi: rusebi – 300 000; berZnebi – 92 000;
osebi – 82 000; afxazebi – 55 000; aisorebi – 4 000; marTl-
madidebeli somxebi – 2 000;
sul: araqarTvelebi _ 535 000.
eparqiebSi marTlmadidebeli qristianebis ricxvi ase-eparqiebSi marTlmadidebeli qristianebis ricxvi ase-
Tia:Tia:
a) qarTlis eparqiaSi sul) qarTlis eparqiaSi sul – 864 000.
maT Soris: qarTvelebi – 478 000;
imerlebi – 5 000.
sul: 483 000
(orive sqesis macxovrebeli).
b) Tbilisis guberniaSib) Tbilisis guberniaSi: 478 000
mazrebSi marTlmadidebel qristianTa ricxvi aseTiamazrebSi marTlmadidebel qristianTa ricxvi aseTia:
2 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих раз¬смот¬рению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об уст¬роении цер¬ковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 316.
134
Telavis mazraSi – 60 000 aTasi marTlmadidebeli qris-
tiani; siRnaRis mazraSi – 95 000 aTasi qristiani; goris
mazraSi – 127 000 aTasi; duSeTis mazraSi – 56 000 aTasi
qristiani; Tbilisis mazraSi – 42 000 aTasi qristiani, Ti-
aneTis mazraSi – 35 000 aTasi marTlmadidebeli qristiani.
marTlmadidebeli qristianebis ricxvi Zalzed mcirea
axalcixis mazraSi – 10 000 aTasi qristiani; ufro mcire
raodenobiTaa borCalos mazraSi, sul 6000-mde marTlma-
didebeli qristiani, zaqaTalis mxareSi – 4000 aTasi, baqos
guberniaSi – 2000; elizavetpolis guberniaSi – 1500, erevnis
guberniaSi _ 950, yarsis mxareSe _ 550.3
2.2. rusi marTlmadideblebi -rusi marTlmadideblebi - 280 000 macxovrebeli.
a) Tbilisis guberniaSi – 79 000 aTasi.
mcire raodenobiT arian goris mazraSi – 4000, siRnaRis
mazraSi – 4000, axalcixis mazraSi – 3. 500, duSeTis mazraSi
– 700, Telavis mazraSi – 500, borCalos mazraSi – 6. 000 da
TianeTis mazraSi – 300.
baqros guberniaSi – 98 000 aTasi qristiani; elizavet-
polis guberniaSi – 15 000 aTasi marTlmadidebeli qris-
tiani; erevnis guberniaSi – 13 000, yarsis olqSi – 23 000.
3. osebi – 77 000 macxovrebeli.3. osebi – 77 000 macxovrebeli.
osebis umravlesoba cxovrobs a) Tbilisis guberniaSi,
ZiriTadad goris mazraSi – 57. 500.
qalaq TbilisSi – 900; Tbilisis mazraSi – 800; borCa-
los mazraSi – 600; TianeTis mazraSi – 200.
4. berZnebi – 70 000 macxovrebeli.4. berZnebi – 70 000 macxovrebeli.
maT Soris:
a) Tbilisis guberniaSi – 30 000; borCalos mazraSi –
27 000; Tbilisis mazraSi – 2000; goris mazraSi – 1000.
3 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 317
135
b) yarsis olqSi – 38 000; g) erevnis guberniaSi – 1.400;
d) elizavetpolis guberniaSi – 600.
aisorebi – 4000 macxovrebeli aisorebi – 4000 macxovrebeli
a) erevnis guberniaSi – 2650; b) Tbilisis guberniaSi –
1000; yarsis olqSi – 350.
6. marTlmadidebeli somxebi – 2000 macxovrebeli.6. marTlmadidebeli somxebi – 2000 macxovrebeli.4
a) erevnis guberniaSi – 1300; b) Tbilisis guberniaSi – 700.
TviTon qalaq TbilisSiTviTon qalaq TbilisSi
a) rusi qristianebis ricxvi – 50 000-mdea; qarTvelebi
ki – 43 000–mde.
b) rusuli samrevloebis ircxvi – 13-mdea, qarTuli
samerevloebisa ki – 15.
axla rac Seexeba sxva qarTulenovan eparqiebSi marTl-
madidebeli qristianebis Semadgenlobas:
a) imereTis eparqiaSi sul – 567 000 kerZod:) imereTis eparqiaSi sul – 567 000 kerZod: qarTvele-
bi – 219 000, imerlebi 313 000, svanebi – 17 000. sul – 549 000
macxovrebeli (umetesoba quTaisis guberniaSi).
b) rusebi – 10 000, osebi – 5 000, berZnebi – 3 000 (yvela b) rusebi – 10 000, osebi – 5 000, berZnebi – 3 000 (yvela
quTaisis guberniaSi).quTaisis guberniaSi).
g) guria–samegrelo eparqiaSi sul 371 000 macxovre-g) guria–samegrelo eparqiaSi sul 371 000 macxovre-
bliablia, maT Soris: megrelebi – 257 000; qarTvelebi – 100 000;
sul – 357 000 (quTaisis guberniis macxovrebeli);
2. rusebi – 7 000; 3. berZnebi – 7 000.
d) soxumis eparqiaSi sul 148 000 macxovrebelia, d) soxumis eparqiaSi sul 148 000 macxovrebelia, maT So-
ris: 1. rusebi – 55 000 (SavizRvispireTis guberniis soxumis
mxare); 2. afaxazebi – 55 000 (soxumis mxare); 3. megrelebi –
23 000 (soxumis mxare); 4. qarTvelebi – 3000 (SavizRvispire-
Tis gubernia); 5. berZnebi – 12 000 (SavizRvispireTis guber-
niis soxumis mxare).
4 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 317.
136
II. marTlmadidebeli samrvloebis ricxvi II. marTlmadidebeli samrvloebis ricxvi
saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi
1906 wlis monacemebiT1906 wlis monacemebiT
samrevloebis saerTo raodeneboba – 1613.
eparqiebis mixedviT: a) qarTul eparqiaSi – 618 samrev-
loa.
maT Soris: a) qarTuli samrevloebi – 392;
b) araqarTuli samrevloebi – 226.
maTi adgilmdebareoba aseTia:
qarTuli samrevloebi yvela Tbilisis guberniaSia:
goris mazraSi – 124, siRnaRis mazraSi – 64, Telavis maz-
raSi – 56, Tbilisis mazraSi – 49 (aqedan 15 TviTon qalaq
TbilisSia), duSeTis mazraSi – 47, TianeTis mazraSi – 30;
axalcixis mazraSi – 11; borCalos mazraSi – 5, zaqaTalis
mxareSi – 6, sul – 392.5
araqarTuli samrevloebi mdebareoben:araqarTuli samrevloebi mdebareoben:
rusuli samrevloebi sulrusuli samrevloebi sul – 92, maT Soris: baqos guber-
niaSi – 32, elizavetpolis guberniaSi – 16, yarsis olqSi
– 10, erevnis guberniaSi – 8, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 26, sul sul
– 92– 92.
Tbilisis guberniaSi arsebuli 26 samrevelo ase Tbilisis guberniaSi arsebuli 26 samrevelo ase
nawildeba:nawildeba: 13 samrevlo Tbilsis mazraSi, 6 samrevlo goris
mazaraSi, 2 samrevlo siRnaRis mazraSi, 1 duSeTis mazraSi,
4 samrevlo goris mazraSi.
berZnuli samrevloebi sul – 78, maT Soris:berZnuli samrevloebi sul – 78, maT Soris: yarsis
mxareSi – 48, erevnis guberniaSi – 3, elizavetpolis guber-
niaSi – 2, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 25, sul – 78sul – 78.
5 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 317
137
osuri samrevloebi sul – 28, maT Soris:osuri samrevloebi sul – 28, maT Soris: Tbilisis
guberniaSia yvela ganTavsebuli: goris mazraSi – 25 sam-
revlo, duSeTis mazraSi – 3 samrevlo.
aisoruli,aisoruli, maT Soris: Tbilisis guberniaSi – 1, yarsis
olqSi – 1, erevnis guberniaSi – 6, sul – 8.
marTlmadidebluri somxuri samrevloebimarTlmadidebluri somxuri samrevloebi sul _ 9,sul _ 9, maT
Soris: erevnis guberniaSi – 5, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 4.
udinebisudinebis (sadac TaTrulad saubroben) elizavetpolis
guberniaSi 2 samrevloa.
Sereuli samrevloebiaSereuli samrevloebia (qarTuli, rusuli, osuri, ber-
Znuli) maT Soris: Tbilisis guberniaSi – 8 samrevlo, Tbi-
lisis mazraSi – 4 samrevlo, borCalos mazraSi – 2, axal-
cixis mazraSi – 2, yarsis olqSi – 1, sul – 9 samrevlo.
imereTis eparqiaSi – 507 samrevlo, guria–samegrelos
eparqiaSi – 383 samrevlo.
soxumis eparqiaSi – 104 samrevlo.
zusti cnobebi am eparqiaTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos saeg-
zarqosos angariSebSi arsad moiZebneba.6
III. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi taZrebis III. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi taZrebis
raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT
aseTi iyo:aseTi iyo:
1. saerTo ricxvi – 2 544 erTeuli, aqedan: samrevlo
(saStato) –1562, miwerili da sxva – 851, 22 (sxvadasxva).
2. eparqiebis mixedviT taZrebis raodenoba aseTia:
a) qarTlSi – 1103 taZaria (samrevlo 582, miwerili 490
da sxvadasxva);
4 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.
138
b) imereTis eparqiaSi – 823 taZaria (samrevlo 506, mi-
werili 269 da sxvadasxva)
g) guria-samegrelos eparqiaSi – 483 taZaria (samrevlo
376, miwerili 79 da sxvadasxva);
d) soxumis eparqiaSi – 130 taZaria (samrevlo 98, mi-
werili 13 da sxvadasxva).
IV. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi monastrebis IV. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi monastrebis
raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT raodenoba 1905 wlis monacemebis mixedviT
aseTi iyo:aseTi iyo:
1. saerTo ricxvisaerTo ricxvi – 3434, maT Soris: 27 mamaTa monasteria,
7 dedaTa.
2. eparqiebis mixedviTeparqiebis mixedviT: a) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
(qarTul) eparqiaSi 16 monasteria, aqedan 13 mamaTa, xolo 3
dedaTa monasteri. safaris, kobenisa da axtalis monastre-
bi rusebis mier iqna aRdgenili. rusebma aRadgines wmida
ninosa da mamkodis monastrebic.
b) imereTis eparqiaSi 7 monasteria, aqedan 6 mamaTa da
1 dedaTa.
g) guria–samegrelos eparqiaSi 7 monasteria, 5 mamaTa
da 2 dedaTa.
d) soxumis eparqiaSi 4 monasteria, 3 mamaTa da 1 dedaTa.
am eparqiebSi mdebare yvela monasteri rusulia.am eparqiebSi mdebare yvela monasteri rusulia.7
7 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.
139
V. samrevlo-saeklesio skolebi saqarTvelos V. samrevlo-saeklesio skolebi saqarTvelos
saegzarqosoSi da maTSi moswavleTa raodenoba saegzarqosoSi da maTSi moswavleTa raodenoba
1905 wlis monacmebiT Semdegi iyo:1905 wlis monacmebiT Semdegi iyo:
1. skolebis saerTo raodenoba – 852 iyo, moswavleebis
– 33 653 (aqedan mamakaci _ 23 523, qali _ 10 130).
2. eparqiebis mixedviT:
a) qarTlis eparqiaSi: 352 skola iyo, moswavle _ 13. 585
(aqedan kaci 8 600, qali 4 985).
b) imereTis eparqiaSi: 181 skola, moswavle - 6 485 (kaci
5 212, qali 1 273).
g) guria–samegrelos eparqiaSi: 207 skola, moswavle _
9 433 (kaci 6 498, qali 2 935).
d) soxumis eparqiaSi: 112 skola, moswavle _ 4150 (kaci
3 213, qali 937).8
VI. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoze yovelwliurad VI. saqarTvelos saegzarqosoze yovelwliurad
gacemuli Tanxis raodenoba (rublSi) aseTia:gacemuli Tanxis raodenoba (rublSi) aseTia:
1. qarTul eparqiaze – 75 126 aTasi rubli; imereTis
eparqiaze – 30 000 rubli; guria–samegrelos eparqiaze – 20
000 rubli.
2. xazinaSi aRebuli saeklesio miwebis (mamulebis) san-
acvlod – 125. 126 aTasi rubli.
3. sasuliero pirebis jamagirebisaTvis – 660 000 aTasi
rubli.
sasuliero-saswavlo dawesebulebisaTvis – 39 733 rub-
li; saeklesio–samrevlo skolebis saqmeebisaTvis – 200
000-mde rubli, qarTuli eparqiebis saWiroebisaTvis (75 136
4 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.
140
aTasi rublis damatebiT) 24 874 maneTi, sasuliero pirTa
pensiisaTvis – 150 000–mde rubli, sul 1. 200. 000. rubli.9
VII. aramarTlmadidebelTa ricxvi VII. aramarTlmadidebelTa ricxvi
saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi aseTia:saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi aseTia:
1. rusebi – Zveli rwmenis (staroverebi) da seqtantebi
– 100 00 kacia, yvelani cxovroben qarTlis eparqiaSi.
2. qarTveli mahmadianebi – 75 000 kacia, aqedan: Tbilisis
guberniaSi 10 000 kacia, quTaisis guberniaSi 65 000.
3. afxazi mahmadianebi – 12 000 kacia, yvelani cxovroben
soxumis eparqiaSi.10
am monacemebiT daamTavra rusma mecnierma v. f. tre-
linma ruseTis saeklesio krebis winaSe gamosvla. mainc ra
surda am cifrebis CvenebiT rus mecniers? v. f. trelini
irwmuneboda, rom es cifrebi sando dokumentebze dayrd-
nobiT hqonda moZiebuli. misi moxsenebis mTavari mizani
ki rusi egzarqosebis moRvaweobis gamrTleba iyo, riTac
kidev erTxel yalbdeboda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos is-
toria. v. f. trelini aseve Seexo im saqmeebis raodenobasac,
romlebic rusi egzarqosebis dros iyo Sesuli saqarTve-
los saegzarqosoSi gansaxilvelad da gadasaWrelad. aqve
moviyvanT im cifrebs, romlic rusma mecnierma warmoadgina
1906 wels ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirze:
9 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.10 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 318.
141
qarTlisa da imereTis sinodaluri kantoris qarTlisa da imereTis sinodaluri kantoris
saqmis warmoeba 1902-1904 wlebSi:saqmis warmoeba 1902-1904 wlebSi:
SeniSvna: saqmeebis ricxvi yovelwliurad SeniSvna: saqmeebis ricxvi yovelwliurad 30 000-iT me-
tia, xolo oqmebis ricxvi 3 500-jer meti.
wlebiwlebi saqmeebis ricxvisaqmeebis ricxvi Ooqmebis Ooqmebis
raodenobaraodenoba
saJurnalo saJurnalo
statiebis statiebis
raodenobaraodenobaSemosuliSemosuli gasuligasuli
19021902 11.19111.191 18. 31918. 319 3. 5653. 565 158158
19031903 13. 31613. 316 3. 5333. 533 3. 5333. 533 245245
19041904 13. 14513. 145 3. 7763. 776 3. 7763. 776 254254
142
saganmkarguleblo
sameurneo
sagamoZiebo
sasuliero pirTa samarcxvino
saqmianoba
ganqorwinebebi
wlebi wlebi
Ggasuli wlebis Ggasuli wlebis
gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
xelaxla Semo- xelaxla Semo-
suli suli
gadawyvetili gadawyvetili
darCenili ga- darCenili ga-
dauwyveteli dauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
Ggasuli wlebis Ggasuli wlebis
gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
xelaxla Semo- xelaxla Semo-
suli suli
gadawyvetili gadawyvetili
Kkvlav darCeni- Kkvlav darCeni-
li gadauwyvet- li gadauwyvet-
eli saqmeebi eli saqmeebi
Ggasuli wlebis Ggasuli wlebis
gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
xelaxla Semo- xelaxla Semo-
suli suli
gadawyvetili gadawyvetili
kvlav darCenili kvlav darCenili
gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
Ggasuli wlebis Ggasuli wlebis
gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
xelaxla Semo- xelaxla Semo-
suli suli
gadawyvetili gadawyvetili
Kkvlav darCeni- Kkvlav darCeni-
li gadauwyvet- li gadauwyvet-
eli saqmeebi eli saqmeebi
damnaSaveTa damnaSaveTa
ricxvi ricxvi
Ggasuli wlebis Ggasuli wlebis
gadauwyveteli gadauwyveteli
saqmeebi saqmeebi
xelaxla Semo- xelaxla Semo-
suli suli
gadawyvetili gadawyvetili
Kkvlav darCeni- Kkvlav darCeni-
li gadauwyvet- li gadauwyvet-
eli saqmeebi eli saqmeebi
ganqorwineba ganqorwineba
1902
1231
2509
2245
1555
316
8913
826
720
3886
584
720
5652
110
986
544
1136
311
864
417
35
1903
1555
2054
2529
1080
267
143
156
254
2056
1275
996
2335
544
9392
545
1541
716
214
743
259
1904
1080
2615
2442
1253
254
2116
111
423
3569
610
3120
0054
515
314
255
610
432
199
107
504
35
saqmeebis ricxvi
saqmeebis ricxvi
143
am monacemebis demonstrirebiT rus mecniers kidev
erTxel surda, warmoadgina saqarTvelos egzarqosebis
mravalmxirivi saqmianoba. v. f. trelinis cnobiT dokumen-
tebis ricxvi imdenad didi iyo, egzarqosebi verc aswrebd-
nen saqmeebis gadawyvetas, amitomac yovel wels dausrule-
buli saqmeebis raodenoba 3000–ze meti iyo.
v. f. trelini, rodesac rusi egzarqosebis guliTad moR-
vaweobas afasebda saqarTveloSi, arafers ambobda im mov-
lenebze, rac mis mier ase naqebar egzarqosebis saqmianobas
mihyva, kerZod: saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqme-
bis Semdeg ruseTis saimperatoro kari Seudga rusuli
kolonialuri politikis gatarebas saqarTveloSi. maT ar
ikmares saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis
(TviTmwyemsobis) gauqmeba. am movlenas Tan mohyva saqarTve-
los eklesiis darbeva da gaZarcva. 1811-1906 wlebSi ruseT-
ma saqarTveloSi daxura 800 eklesia da 15 monasteri, 29
eparqiis nacvlad mxolod 5 eparqia datova. egzarqosobis
dros saqarTveloSi gaiZarcva uamravi eklesia-monasteri,
gaitanes xatebi, xelnaweri wignebi, jvrebi, barZimebi da sxva
saeklesio nivTebi. garda naZarcvisa, rusebma saqarTvelos
eklesias oficialurad CamoarTves 220 milion maneTze
meti Rirebulebis uZravi da moZravi qoneba, yovelive es ki
saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili egzarqosebis iniciativiTa Tu
daxmarebiT xdeboda. ruseTis eklesia gaxda saqarTvelos
eklesiis uZavi da moZravi qonebis samarTalmemkvidre.
Tavisi moxsenebis dasasruls profesorma v. f. tre-
linma aRniSna: ,,samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom aq pirdapir
iTqvas – rusi egzarqosebi xedavdnen ra am ubedurebas,
yvelanair xerxs mimarTavdnen maT aRmosafxvrelad, anda
cdilobdnen ukidures SemTxvevaSi SeemsubuqebinaT mainc
TanamemamuleTa xvedri; magram gana azri aqvs am mavne qme-
debebis aRmofxvras, roca saqme exeba am ,,uzarmazar“ Jam-
gasul administraciul manqanas, romelsac ,,saqarTvelos
144
saegzarqoso“ ewodeba...~11 am SemTxvevaSic rusi mkvlevari
sicruis damtkicebas cdilobs: 1) v. f. trelini ratom-
Rac ar ambobs konkretulad, ras cdilobdnen rusi eg-
zarqosebi da ra Sedegebs miaRwies an ratom ver miaRwies;
@2) konkretulad romelma rusma egzarqosma aRiara, rom
saqarTvelos saegzarqoso Jamgasuli administraciuli
manqana iyo. aseTi gancxadebisaTvis episkoposi leonidi ki-
naRam Caqoles ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaTbirze;
3) rusi egzarqosebis mTeli reformatoruli azri imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom saqarTvelos saegzarqoso gardaeqm-
naT ruseTis eklesiis samitropolito olqad anu iseT
saeklesio administraciul erTeulad, rogorc unda Seqm-
nili ruseTis centralur guberniebSi. ra Svebas moutanda
saqarTvelos saegzarqosos gardaqmna saqarTvelos samit-
ropolito olqad qarTvel mrevls, amaze arc rusi egzar-
qosebi da arc profesori v. trelini arafers amboben.
profesor v. g. trelinis moxseneba kidev mraval profesor v. g. trelinis moxseneba kidev mraval
sicrues Seicavs. marTalia, am moxsenebam qarTveli sicrues Seicavs. marTalia, am moxsenebam qarTveli
episkoposebis leonidisa da kirionis argumentebi ver episkoposebis leonidisa da kirionis argumentebi ver
gaabaTila, magram ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaT-gaabaTila, magram ruseTis saeklesio krebis winare TaT-
birma misi nebis aRmasrulebeli v. f. trelini Seaqo da birma misi nebis aRmasrulebeli v. f. trelini Seaqo da
namuSevaric mouwona.namuSevaric mouwona.
11 Журналы и заседании II-го отдела Высочайше учрежденнаго Присутствия при Святейшем Синоде для разработки подлежащих рассмотрению на Поместном церковном Соборе вопросов. Об устроении церковных дел на Кавказе. Журнал №2. Заседание 12 декабря 1906 года. – Приложение к журналу „Церковныя Ведомости“, №10 за 1907, стр. 315.
145
levan jiqialevan jiqia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli
universiteti, istoriis doqtori
baTumeli moswavleebis antisabWoTa baTumeli moswavleebis antisabWoTa
saqmianobis istoriidansaqmianobis istoriidan(1955 w.)(1955 w.)
sabWoTa reJimis arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavlo-
baSi (1921-1991 ww.) saqarTveloSi antisabWoTa erovnul-
ganmanTavisuflebeli muxti mudmivad arsebobda. es mux-
ti gansakuTrebiT mZlavrad axalgazrdebSi igrZnoboda.
marTalia, sabWoTa xelisufleba yovelnairad uxSobda
axalgazrdebs simarTl is gagebis SesaZleblobas, magram
`gaparviTi~ xasiaTis mcire informaciac ki sakmarisi iyo
axalgazrdebSi antisabWoTa ganwyobilebis gaZlierebi-
saTvis.
1955 wlis 12 ivnisis Rames qalaq baTumSi rigiTma mil-
icielma SeniSna, rom axalgazrdebi quCaSi proklamaciebs
akravdnen. milicielis danaxvisTanave axalgazrdebi SemTx-
vevis adgilidan gaiqcnen, ra drosac dauvardaT prokla-
maciis sami egzemplari. aRmoCnda, rom axalgazrdebma imave
Rames qalaq baTumSi oTx adgilas moaswres proklamacieb-
is gakvra. egzemplarebis Sinaarsi nacionaluri xasiaTis
aRmoCnda. proklamaciis Sinaarsma aWaris sabWoTa xelisu-
fleba SeaSfoTa. momxdarze Zieba daiwyo. oTxi Tvis Tavze
Zieba kvalze gavida da, Sesabamisad, proklamaciis avtorebi
gamoavlina da daapatimra, isini aRmoCndnen:
1. gia simonis Ze soseliagia simonis Ze soselia, dabadebuli 1940 wels, qalaq
baTumis saSualo skolis mecxre klasis moswavle, amave
skolis komunisturi kavSiris mdivani, saqarTvelos axal-
gazrdobis leninuri komunisturi kavSiris wevri;
146
2. iuri mixeilis Ze gigineiSviliiuri mixeilis Ze gigineiSvili, dabadebuli 1938
wels, saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis leninuri komunistu-
ri kavSiris wevri, qalaq baTumis sazRvao saswavleblis
moswavle;
3. badri Salvas Ze axvledianibadri Salvas Ze axvlediani, dabadebuli 1938 wels,
meaTe klasis moswavle, moswavleTa axalgazrduli len-
inuri kavSiris wevri;
4. givi Salvas Ze axvledianigivi Salvas Ze axvlediani, dabadebuli 1940 wels,
qalaq quTaisis mkvidri, mecxre klasis moswavle, saqarTve-
los axalgazrdobis leninuri komunisturi kavSiris
wevri.
moswavleebma `danaSauli~ aRiares da gamoZiebas Cven-
ebebi misces. aRmoCnda, rom moswavleebma naxes kinofilmi
`krazana~,`krazana~, romelmac maTSi antisabWoTa ganwyobileba kidev
ufro gaaZliera da axalgazrdebma gadawyvites sabWoTa
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZola daewyoT. am
mizniT, maT Camoayalibes aralegaluri jgufi `axalgaz-`axalgaz-
rda saqarTvelo~,rda saqarTvelo~, TiToeulma metsaxeli SearCia da Seqmnes
saidumlo Sifri erTmaneTTan mimowerisTvis. axalgaz-
rdebma nacionaluri Sinaarsis 10 proklamacia daamzades,
romelTagan sami damzadebis procesSi tuSiT gaufuWdaT.
danarCeni proklamaciebis gakvra ki 1955 wlis 12 ivnisis
Rames gadawyvites qalaq baTumis quCebSi.
sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoeba, rom
gansasjelebi arasrulwlovnebi iyvnen da isini sasjelis-
agan gaaTavisufla.
saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis
Tavmjdomarem aleqsi inaurma momxdaris Sesaxeb grifiT
`sruliad saidumlod~sruliad saidumlod~ detaluri informacia miawoda
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) centraluri komite-
tis pirvel mdivans vasil mJavanaZes, am ukanasknelma ki 1955
wlis 5 noembers – sakavSiro komunisturi partiis(b) cen-
traluri komitetis xelmZRvanelobas.
147
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) centraluri saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) centraluri
komitetis miTiTebiT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b) komitetis miTiTebiT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis(b)
aWaris saolqo komitetma da saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis aWaris saolqo komitetma da saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis
leninuri komunisturi kavSiris centralurma komitetma leninuri komunisturi kavSiris centralurma komitetma
daiwyes rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba qalaq baTumis saSu-daiwyes rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba qalaq baTumis saSu-
alo skolebSi politikur-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gasa-alo skolebSi politikur-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis gasa-
Zliereblad.Zliereblad.1
1 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 14,
aRwera 30, saqme 384, furceli 1-2.
148
levan jiqialevan jiqia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis akademiuri sabWos mdivani,
istoriis doqtori
morwmuneTa marTlmadidebluri morwmuneTa marTlmadidebluri
sazogadoebebis Seqmna sazogadoebebis Seqmna
zugdidis raionSizugdidis raionSi
1924 wlis ajanyebis masStaburobam da masSi glexeb-
isa da muSebis aqtiurad monawileobam sabWoTa saqarTve-
los `muSur-glexuri~ xelisufleba sagonebelSi Caagdo.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis iniciativiT, 1924 wlis ajanyebis
mizezebis Seswavla daiwyo. mosaxleobaSi Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis Sedegad gairkva, rom 1924 wlis ajanyebis
gamomwvevi erT-erTi mizezi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier
eklesia-monastrebis dangreva-gadakeTeba da religiuri
RvTismsaxurebis akrZalva iyo. amitomac, 1924 wlis 21 noem-
bers saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebuli gax-
da mieRo dadgenileba, romliTac mosaxleobas morwmuneTa
marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebebis daarsebis nebarTva
eZleoda.
1925 wlis 5 Tebervals q. zugdidis `wmida samebis~`wmida samebis~
marTlmadideblur sazogadoebasa da zugdidis mazris aR-
masrulebeli komitetis rwmunebul kirile miqaias Soris
Semdegi saxis xelSekruleba daido:
`1. mTeli Cveni `wmida samebis~ religiuri sazogadoe-
ba movaleT gadacemul saxalxo qonebas da isargeblos am
qonebiT martooden misi daniSnulebis Sesaferisad. Cab-
arebuli qonebis simrTelisa da SenaxvisaTvis. agreTve am
xelSekrulebiT nakisri yvela sxva movaleobis Sesrulebas;
2. sazogadoeba movaleT racxs Tavs taZrebiTa da
149
iq Senaxul RvTis msaxurebis sagnebiT isargeblos da
asargeblos yvela erTmorwmune martooden religiuri
moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad;
3. sazogadoeba movaled racxs Tavs miiRos yove-
li RonisZieba imisaTvis, rom misTvis Cabarebuli qone-
ba ar moxmardes iseT mizans, romelic ar Seefereba ama
xelSekrulebis 1-l da 2 muxls;
kerZo sazogadoeba movalea akrZalos mis gamgebloba-
Si gadasul RvTis msaxurebis sadgomSi:
a/ sabWoTa xelisuflebis samtrod mimarTuli politi-
kuri krebebis gamarTva.
b/ sabWoTa xelisuflebis an misi calke warmomadgenel-
is winaaRmdeg mimarTuli wignebis, broSiurebis, furclebis
da epistoleebis darigeba da gayidva.
xcd/ mcxovrebTa sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg
amxedrebis mizniT zaris rekiT gangaSis atexa da xalxis
mogroveba.
4. sazogadoeba movalea Tavisi saxsriT gaswios `wmida
samebis~ taZris da am taZarSi daculi sagnebis SenaxvisaT-
vis saWiro mimdinare xarjebi, saxeldobr: remonti, gaTboba,
dazRveva, dacva, gastumreba valebisa, gadasaxadebisa, adg-
ilobrivi Senawirebisa da sxva.
5. sazogadoeba movalea iqonion RvTis msaxurebis
qonebis sainventaro aRweriloba, sadac Setanili unda
iqnes religiuri kultis yoveli axlad Sesuli /Sewir-
ulebiT sxva taZrebidan gadacemiT an sxva gziT/ sagani,
romelic calke moqalaqeebis kerZo qonebas ar Seadgens.
6. sazogadoeba movalea, roca RvTis msaxureba ara
swarmoebs, SeuSvas taZarSi aRmasrulebeli komitetis war-
momadgenelni qonebis dro-gamoSvebiT Sesamowmeblad da
dasaTvaliereblad.
7. miRebuli qonebis dakargvis, an gafuWebisaTvis sa-
zogadoeba pasuxs agebs im zaralis farglebSi, romelic
qonebas mouva.
150
8. sazogadoeba movalea, ukeTu saWiro miRebuli qoneb-
is ukanve Cabareba, Caabaros igi im saxiT, ra saxiTac man
miiRo sasargeblod da Sesanaxad.
9. ukeTu sazogadoeba moisurvebs xelSekrulebis mos-
pobas, igi movalea amis Sesaxeb werilobiT acnobos aRmas-
rulebel komitets, amasTan am gancxadebis Setanidan erTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi es xelSekruleba ZalaSi rCeba da sa-
zogadoeba pasuxs agebs misi asrulebisaTvis, sazogadoeba
movalea agreTve am xnis ganmavlobaSi Caabaros mis mier
miRebuli qoneba.
10. sazogadoebis yovel wevrs, romelsac xelSekrule-
baze xeli uweria SeuZlian gavides xelSekrulebis monawi-
leTa ricxvidan, amisaTvis man werilobiTi gancxadeba unda
Seitanos aRmasrulebel komitetSi, magram es ver ixsnis
gasul pirs pasuxismgeblobisagan mTeli im zaralisTvis,
romelic saxalxo qonebas mouvida im xnis ganmavlobaSi,
rodesac gasuli wevri monawileobas iRebda am qonebis
sargeblobaSi da gamgeblobaSi im dromde, vidre igi sa-
Tanado gancxadebas Seitanda.
11. ukeTu sazogadoeba am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare
movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad ar miiRebs yvela SesaZlebel
RonisZiebas, xelSekruleba ese saTanado aRmasrulebel
komitetis mier SeiZleba mospobil iqnas, xolo im SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac xelSekruleba aSkarad iqneba darRveuli,
damnaSaveni pasuxs ageben sisxlis samarTlis wesiT~.
xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen marTlmadidebluri
(religiuri) sazogadoeba `wmida samebis~ damfuZneblebi:
andri Cagunava, erasto dgebuaZe, ivane naWyebia, elizbar andri Cagunava, erasto dgebuaZe, ivane naWyebia, elizbar
kuxalaSvili, petre wulaia, andri xurcilava, korsanteli kuxalaSvili, petre wulaia, andri xurcilava, korsanteli
yolandaria. yolandaria. xelSekrulebis ZaliT `wmida samebis~ marTl-
madideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca q. zugdidSi mdebare
`wmida samebis saxelobis~ xis eklesia da am eklesiis qone-
ba: 7 Sandali 21 maneTad Sefasebuli, patara karada _ 15 man.,
151
19 didi da patara xati _ 285 man., 10 wigni _ 41 man., grZeli
jaWvi _ 10 man., sacecxluri _ 2 man., mduRarebis WurWeli
_ 1 man., jvari _ 1 man., 2 patara Sandali _ 1 man., magida _ 5
man., patara magida _ 3 man., patara kolofi _ 50 kap., sanTlis
fanari _ 1 man., mRvdlis Sesamoseli 33 cali _ 200 man., zari
_ 140 man. sul 726 maneTis da 50 kapikis Rirebulebis.1
1925 wlis 4 Tebervals gaformda xelSekruleba ko-
rcxelis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `qristes `qristes
sjulsa~sjulsa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis
rwmunebul kirile miqaias Soris (xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi
erTmaneTisgan praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeboda _ l. jl. j.).
xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan
xels awerdnen: tutuli beraZe, dimi lagvilava, begi xviCia, tutuli beraZe, dimi lagvilava, begi xviCia,
bardRu rafava, pepu rafava, anton Tordia, ilia Tolo-bardRu rafava, pepu rafava, anton Tordia, ilia Tolo-
raia, C. Tordiaraia, C. Tordia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT `qristes sjulis~
marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca korcxelis TemSi
mdebare eklesiis qvis Senoba, barZim-feSxumi Tavisi kovziT
20 maneTad Sefasebuli, karada _ 5 man., sanTlis Sesanaxi
karada _ 3 man., ubralo sasanTle _ 1 man., 3 zari _ 100 man.2
1925 wlis 21 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba caiSis
Temis `mariam RvTismSoblis~`mariam RvTismSoblis~ marTlmadideblur sazoga-
doebasa da zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis
warmomadgenels Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadide-
bluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: jamu Samugia, jamu Samugia,
isaia xobuliani, sandro Samugiaisaia xobuliani, sandro Samugia da sxv. xelSekrulebis
Tanaxmad, caiSis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas
gadaeca caiSis TemSi mdebare `mariam RvTismSoblis sax-
elobis~ qvis eklesia da misi qoneba: vercxlis patara
sanawile 2 maneTad Sefasebuli, ubralo sacecxluri _
1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 15-17.
2 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis
arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 22-23.
152
10 man., barZim-feSxumi _ 60 man., vercxlis kovzi _ 10 man.,
vercxlis varskvlavi _ 10 man., jvarsaweri beWedi _ 5 man.,
patara gansazavebeli _ 10 man., patara ubralo jaWvi _ 1
man. da 50 kapik., samduRaro tabuti _ 5 man., ubralo laxvari
_ 1 man., 1 qarTuli da 1 rusuli saeklesio beWedi _ 5 man.,
17 didi da patara xati _ 100 man., brinjaos jvari _ 15 man.,
2 ubralo trapezis sasanTle _ 10 man., 2 ubralo Camosak-
idebeli xomli _ 10 man., xatis win dasadgami 6 Sandali _
100 man., ubralo saiazme _ 15 man., 1 maRali da 1 dabali em-
bazi _ 60 man., 2 zari _ 300 man., puris sakurTxebeli _ 3 man.,
ubralo saaRdgomo fanari _ 50 kapik., 2 ubralo bairaRi _
5 man., SvidTaviani trapezis sasanTle _ 30 man., 1 didi da 1
patara fraJis langari _ 5 man., 2 gvirgvini _ 2 man., saxareba
qarTul enaze _ 5 man., spilenZis Tungi _ 15 man., spilenZis
tafa _ 15 man., fanari _ 3 man., 4 analoRia _ 10 man., 44 wigni _
30 man., 4 trapezis farda _ 5 man., 13 samklavi _ 13 man., olari
_ 1 man., nabedreniki _ 1 man., 8 sartyeli _ 16 man., 2 gingela
_ 4 man., 5 dafarna _ 10 man., xatis dasadgami magida _ 1 man.,
didi boqlomi.3
1925 wlis 6 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba q. zug-
didis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `macxovris karsa~`macxovris karsa~
da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel kirile
miqaias Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sazoga-
doebis mxridan xels awerdnen: vasil eqonia, kaza yufunia, vasil eqonia, kaza yufunia,
kosta miTagvaria, artem kucia, raJden mesxiakosta miTagvaria, artem kucia, raJden mesxia. xelSekruleb-
is ZaliT, am sazogadoebas gadaeca `macxovris saxelobis~
qvis eklesia da misi qoneba: 12 saeklesio wigni 50 maneTad
Sefasebuli, barZim-feSxumi da misi samklaurebi _ 100 man.,
sasanTle `liustra~ _ 60 man., 15 xati _ 50 man., 9 sasanTle
kankeli _ 18 man., moxatuli kankeli _ 300 man., 4 zari _ 300
man., sasanTle _ 2 man., 2 droSa _ 25 man., mRvdlis Sesamoseli
3 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 28-30.
153
_ 30 man., 13 dafarna _ 26 man., trapezis gadasafarebeli _
10 man., samkedlos gadasafarebeli _ 1 man., jvari _ 1 man., 3
Sandali _ 3 man., farda _ 4 man., 2 gvirgvini _ 2 man., karada
_ 5 man., 4 analoRia _ 4 man., embazi _ 5 man., saiazme _ 5 man.,
sanTlis Casawyobi _ 2 man., kidobani _ 3 man., noxi _ 2 man.4
1925 wlis 12 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba joReji-
anis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `marTlmadide-`marTlmadide-
belsa~belsa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmaskoms Soris, romelsac
sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: estate WeJia, svimon estate WeJia, svimon
qobalia, Tedo facacia, egnate fulariaqobalia, Tedo facacia, egnate fularia. xelSekrulebis
Tanaxmad, joRejianis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoe-
bas gadaeca am TemSi mdebare xis Senobis eklesia da misi
qoneba: 4 venoki 20 maneTad Sefasebuli, zari _ 240 man., 2
sasanTle _ 8 man., analoRia _ 3 man., sanTlis Sesanaxi kara-
da _ 5 man., 4 farani _ 12 man., sacecxluri _ 2 man., mduRar-
ebis WurWeli _ 1 man., 2 langari _ 2 man., 20 xati _ 200 man.,
siwmindis kolofi _ 20 man., barZim-feSxumi da varskvlavi
_ 25 man., 3 Sandali _ 9 man., kovzi _ 2 man., langari _ 1 man.,
embazi _ 8 man., zeTis lampari _ 2 man., 2 didi Sandali _
20 man., dafarna _ 3 man., saxareba _ 20 man., kidobani _ 8 man.,
raSka _ 2 man., 2 gvirgvini _ 20 man., Jamnis wigni _ 3 man., dav-
iTnis wigni _ 1 man., kondaki _ 3 man., qadagebis wigni _ 3 man.,
samociqulo wigni _ 5 man., 5 wigni _ 20 man., farCa _ 2 man.5
1925 wlis 20 Tebervals daido xelSekruleba riyis
Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `wmida giorgi~-sa`wmida giorgi~-sa
da zugdidis mazris aRmaskoms Soris. xelSekrulebas
marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerd-
nen: zosime CxeiZe, nestor lipartia, samson vekua, giorgi zosime CxeiZe, nestor lipartia, samson vekua, giorgi
4 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 36.
5 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis
arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 42.
154
lipartia, iulon odiSaria, ivane jojua, avqsenti vekua, lipartia, iulon odiSaria, ivane jojua, avqsenti vekua,
iason gabunia, andria WiWinaZeiason gabunia, andria WiWinaZe. `wmida giorgis~ marTl-
madideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca riyis TemSi mdebare
`wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesiis xis Senoba yavriT
gadaxuruli 500 maneTad Sefasebuli da am eklesiis
qoneba: vercxlis moWedili xati 30 maneTad Sefasebuli,
RvTismSoblis 10 xati _ 20 man., macxovris 8 xati _ 8
man., wmida nikolozis 3 xati _ 4 man., wmida daviTis da
konstantines 1 xati _ 5 man., wmida panteleimonis 1 xati
_ 6 man., wmida giorgis 3 xati _ 9 man., naTlisRebis xati
_ 4 man., mowameTa xati _ 3 man., aiazmis WurWeli _ 2 man.,
kankelis 3 Sandali _ 9 man., barZimi _ 5 man., feSxumi _ 6
man., 1 varskvlavi _ 5 man., 1 kovzi _ 1 man., 1 laxvari _ 50
kapik., sacecxluri _ 1 man., trapezis 2 Sandali _ 6 man., 2
saxareba 1 qarTuli da 1 rusuli _ 10 man., jvari _ 2 man.,
gardamoxsna _ 5 man., trapezis gadasafarebeli _ 2 man.,
mRvdlis Sesamoseli _ 5 man., TeTri materiis dafarna _ 2
man., erTi wyvili gvirgvini _ 10 man., kankelis 3 Sandali
_ 8 man., kankelis 22 mxatvroba _ 15 man., 7 wigni _ 21 man.,
wignis magida _ 50 kap., sanTlis magida _ 50 kap., sanTlis
yuTi _ 50 kap., aiazma _ 5 man., rkinis jvari _ 2 man., didi
fari _ 60 man., patara fari _ 5 man., kidev erTi fari _ 20
man., sul _ 798 man.6
1925 wlis 3 marts daido xelSekruleba tyaia-be-
JaSRalis Temis `marTlmadidebel qristianeTa~`marTlmadidebel qristianeTa~ sazog-
adoebasa da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul
aleqsandre nikolozis Ze qirias Soris. xelSekrule-
bas marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels
awerdnen: iose miqava, grigol Serozia, daviT quxilava, iose miqava, grigol Serozia, daviT quxilava,
farna miqava, maqsime Cqvanava, vladimer quxilava, estate farna miqava, maqsime Cqvanava, vladimer quxilava, estate
6 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis
arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 48-49.
155
mormorgoSiagoSia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, marTlmadideblur
sazogadoebas gadaeca tyaia-beJaSRalis TemSi mdebare
`wmida giorgis saxelobis~ cinkiT gadaxuruli aguris
Senoba 1500 maneTad Sefasebuli da misi qoneba: RvTism-
Soblis 3 xati ubralo emalebiT 3 maneTad Sefasebuli,
ieso qristes 3 xati _ 1 man., 2 jvari _ 1 man., 2 didi
fraJis sasanTle _ 6 man., 2 patara TiTberis Sandali
_ 1 man., 9 wigni (saxareba, samociqulo, daviTni) _ 25 man.,
mRvdlis 8 Sesamoseli da trapezis gadasafarebeli
_ 25 man., fraJis Camosakidi sasanTle _ 10 man., 2 zari
(romelic inaxeba liis raiaRmaskomSi) _ 75 man., patara
zari _ 5 man.7
1925 wlis 5 marts daido xelSekruleba jumis Temis
marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `mTavarangelozsa~`mTavarangelozsa~ da
zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis rwmunebul
aleqsandre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadide-
bluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: luka qa-luka qa-
daria, erasto jabua, kapiton mosia, stefane jiqia, kosta daria, erasto jabua, kapiton mosia, stefane jiqia, kosta
daraselia, aleqsandre foniadaraselia, aleqsandre fonia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, am
sazogadoebas gadaeca jumis TemSi mdebare `mTavaran-
gelozis saxelobis~ eklesia da misi qoneba: 1 wyvili
gvirgvini 2 maneTad Sefasebuli, samociqulo _ 2 man., 2
Jamni _ 3 man., 2 zadiki _ 3 man., paraklitoni _ 3 man., marx-
vani _ 3 man., kurTxevani _ 1 man., daviTni _ 1 man., 2 kondaki
_ 2 man., locvani _ 1 man., Salis fidoni stixari _ 3 man., 2
olari, 2 sartyeli, 2 wyvili samklavi da 1 Zveli stixari
_ 10 man., 1 patara qeCa _ 1 man., 6 farani _ 1 man., 5 didi
farani _ 10 man., eklesiis qonebis aRmniSvneli wignaki _
20 kap., 2 xis patara sasanTle _ 1 man., 2 kruJaki _ 1 man., 13
gvirgvini _ 26 man., farda _ 15 man., TiTberis 2 Sandali _ 1
7 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis
arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli, 55.
156
man., boqlomi Tavisi klitiT _ 2 man., grigol episkopozis
qadagebani _ 1 man.8
1925 wlis 14 maiss daido xelSekruleba ledgebies
Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `mTavarangelozsa~`mTavarangelozsa~
da zugdidis mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis rwmunebul
aleqsandre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen
sazogadoebis damfuZneblebi: gvadia qobalia, ZvaZva sarTa-gvadia qobalia, ZvaZva sarTa-
nia, Sarvani fifia, omar bulia, esava qoCua, gaioz farcva-nia, Sarvani fifia, omar bulia, esava qoCua, gaioz farcva-
nia, meliton berdexeliania, meliton berdexelia. am marTlmadideblur sazogadoe-
bas gadaeca ledgebies TemSi mdebare `mTavarangelozis
saxelobis~ eklesiis Senoba 300 maneTad Sefasebuli da
eklesiis kuTvnili qoneba: samreklo 10 maneTad Sefase-
buli, 3 zari _ 30 man., wignis karada _ 50 kap., boqlomi _ 50
kap., mRvdlis 2 filoni (daxeuli) _ 60 kap., trapezis odiki
_ 40 kap., noxi (daxeuli) _ 40 kap., bairaRis joxi _ 5 kap., em-
bazi _ 3 man., 3 didi sasanTle _ 3 man., Camosakidi sasanTle _
1 man., 3 Camosakidi sasanTle _ 50 kap., sacecxluri _ 20 kap.,
aiazma _ 50 kap., sanTlis kolofi _ 20 kap., wignis 2 magida
_ 25 kap., 6 venoki _ 1 man., 4 samklave _ 50 kap., 2 bairaRi _
10 kap., olari (daxeuli) _ 10 kap., 8 kolofis safeni _ 25
kap., zanduki _ 1 man., 3 trapezis safeni _ 1 man., mRvdlis
sartyeli _ 10 kap., pedreniki _ 20 kap., jvris kolofi _ 20
kap., zeTis 6 sasanTle _ 1 man., salocavi 9 wigni _ 5 man.,
didi dasadgami sasanTle _ 3 man., zeTis sakurTxavi _ 1 man.,
siwmidis kolofi _ 2 man., 2 barZim-feSxumi _ 1 man., 2 xelis
jvari _ 2 man., saxareba _ 2 man., 2 sasanTle _ 2 man., 2 fra-
Jis gvirgvini _ 1 man., Tanaarsi _ 1 man., 31 xati _ 31 man. da
30 kap., 34 saeklesio suraTi _ 34 man. da 10 kap., sul _ 416
man. da 5 kap.9
8 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis
arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 62-63.
9 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdidis
arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 67-68.
157
1925 wlis 5 marts daido xelSekruleba WiTawyaris
Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `mTavarangelozsa~`mTavarangelozsa~
da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel aleqsan-
dre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sa-
zogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: saCino gegeWkori, bego saCino gegeWkori, bego
jiqia, zosime Cargazia, ioseb qvarcxia, sandro didiSvili, jiqia, zosime Cargazia, ioseb qvarcxia, sandro didiSvili,
mixeil vekutia, gogia darCiamixeil vekutia, gogia darCia. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, `mTa-
varangelozis~ marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca
WiTawyaris TemSi mdebare `mTavarangelozis saxelobis~
eklesia yavriT gadaxuruli 4000 maneTad Sefasebuli da
misi inventari: 9 xati 45 maneTad Sefasebuli, 2 gvirgvini _
8 man., fraJis jvari _ 4 man., barZimi _ 23 man., 2 langari _ 1
man., 2 dafarna _ 3 man., samklavi _ 1 man., gansazavebeli _ 1
man., sacecxluri _ 5 man., 2 wyvili sazeTe _ 2 man., feSxumi _
2 man., fraJis didi sasanTle _ 10 man., Camosakidi sasanTle
_ 10 man., 2 patara Sandali _ 2 man., Jiloni _ 10 man., wyvili
bairaRi _ 30 man., trapezis gadasafarebeli _ 4 man., 5 olari
_ 10 man., 3 sartyeli _ 3 man., varskvlavi _ 50 kap., trapezis
gadasafarebeli _ 5 man., gardamoxsna _ 2 man., didi dafarna
_ 5 man., saaiazmo _ 1 man., samkiTxvelo _ 3 man., embazi _ 10 man.,
zanduki _ 1 man., patara magida _ 3 man., zari _ 80 man., wignis
zadiki _ 5 man., daviTni _ 1 man. da 50 kap.10
1925 wlis 1 aprils daido xelSekruleba kaxaTis Temis
marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `samebasa~`samebasa~ da zugdid-
is mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel kirile miqaias So-
ris, romelsac sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: isak isak
kakulia, kosta kakulia, Cagu guguCia, kirile Sedania, solo-kakulia, kosta kakulia, Cagu guguCia, kirile Sedania, solo-
mon Sedania, ivaka narmania, mixa Caxaiamon Sedania, ivaka narmania, mixa Caxaia. am marTlmadideblur
sazogadoebas gadaeca kaxaTis TemSi mdebare `samebis sax-
elobis~ eklesia da misi kuTvnili qoneba: saxareba 10 man-
eTad Sefasebuli, wignebi _ 3 man., daviTni _ 1 man., kondaki _
10 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furc, 82-84.
158
1 man., sadResaswaulo _ 5 man., marxvani _ 3 man., paraklitoni
_ 3 man., kolofiani 4 xati _ 12 man., 5 xati _ 2 man. da 50 kap.,
saaiazmo _ 5 man., 2 fraJis sasanTle _ 10 man., xis sasanTle _
1 man., langari _ 20 kap., gvirgvini _ 40 kap., patara sanawile
_ 50 kap., sacecxluri _ 1 man. da 50 kap., spilenZis embazi _
5 man. xis skami _ 3 man., karada _ 5 man., darRveuli eklesiis
Senobis xis masala Tavisi saZirkvlebiT da ficrebiT, fan-
jrebiT, yavriT, lursmniT, karebiT da sxva (garda darRvevis
dros damtvreuli uvargisi masalisa, romelic awyvia kaxa-
Tis Svidwledis skolis ezoSi).11
1925 wlis 15 aprils daido xelSekruleba kokis Temis
`RvTismSoblis~`RvTismSoblis~ marTlmadideblur sazogadoebasa da zug-
didis mazris aRmaskomis warmomadgenel kirile miqaias
Soris. xelSekrulebas sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerd-
nen: paxvala guZas Ze gulaia, petre quTus Ze absanZe, ambako paxvala guZas Ze gulaia, petre quTus Ze absanZe, ambako
markozis Ze Toria, WunWu beselia, iona xuxua, varlam gele-markozis Ze Toria, WunWu beselia, iona xuxua, varlam gele-
navanava. sazogadoebas gadaeca kokis TemSi mdebare `RvTism-
Soblis saxelobis~ cinkiT gadaxuruli eklesia 3000 man-
eTad Sefasebuli.12
1925 wlis 10 marts daido xelSekruleba didi neZis
Temis dixaguZubis `wmida giorgis~`wmida giorgis~ marTlmadideblur
sazogadoebasa da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis war-
momadgenel aleqsandre qirias Soris. xelSekrulebas
marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen:
Cai WuWus Ze maqacaria, basa uCas Ze wurwumia, pexu izoria, Cai WuWus Ze maqacaria, basa uCas Ze wurwumia, pexu izoria,
mixa kukava, gudu maqacaria, badu akobia, xuxu xarCilavamixa kukava, gudu maqacaria, badu akobia, xuxu xarCilava.
xelSekrulebis ZaliT, `wmida giorgis~ marTlmadideblur
sazogadoebas gadaeca sof. didi neZis dixaguZubaSi mde-
bare `wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia da am eklesiis
11 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 96-98.
12 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 102-103.
159
kuTvnili qoneba: ujriani karada 10 maneTad Sefasebuli,
barZimi Tavisi kovziT _ 7 man., feSxumi _ 2 man., gansazave-
beli da langari _ 2 man., zeTi da mironis kolofi SuSebiT
_ 1 man. da 50 kap., saaiazme _ 1 man., laxvari _ 50 kap., Sandali
_ 20 kap., sanTlebi _ 10 kap., didi zari _ 50 man., saSualo
zomis gatexili zari _ 30 man., sanaTlavi taSti _ 50 kap.,
bairaRis joxi _ 50 kap., samreklos jvari _ 1 man., rkinis
sasanTle _ 50 kap., sul _ 106 man. da 80 kap.13
1925 wlis 14 aprils daido xelSekruleba joRe-
jianis Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `oireme-oireme-
sa~sa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul kirile
miqaias Soris. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, sazogadoebas ga-
daeca joRejianis TemSi mdebare `macxovris amaRlebis
saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas sazogadoebis mxri-
dan xels awerdnen: maqsime gvitia, samson gulia, iose maqsime gvitia, samson gulia, iose
nadaraia, biqtor abxazava, samson kvaracxelianadaraia, biqtor abxazava, samson kvaracxelia. `oiremes~
marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca: eklesiis Se-
noba 1530 maneTad Sefasebuli, feSxumi _ 75 man., jvari _ 3
man., laxvari, varskvlavi, gansazavebeli _ 2 man., 2 Sandali
_ 2 man., macxovris xati _ 1 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 50
man., macxovris xati _ 1 man., macxovris xati _ 1 man. da 50
kap., RvTismSoblis xati _ 1 man., wmida nikolozis xati _
10 Sauri, wmida samebis xati _ 10 Sauri, macxovris patara
xati _ 10 Sauri, macxovris amaRlebis xati _ 10 Sauri,
RvTismSoblis xati _ 30 kap., wmida svimonis xati da xis
jvari _ 30 kap., erTi xeli uvargisi Sesamoseli _ 50 man.,
1 Jamni _ 2 man.14
1925 wlis 6 aprils daido xelSekruleba darCelis
Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `axal sofelsa~`axal sofelsa~ da
13 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 109.
14 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 114-115.
160
zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul kirile miqaias So-
ris, romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca darCelis TemSi mde-
bare `wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas
marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen
sazogadoebis damfuZneblebi: doroTe jiqia, tarasxan siWi-doroTe jiqia, tarasxan siWi-
nava, estate kakava, Caismen siWinava, nariq absanZe, yaraman nava, estate kakava, Caismen siWinava, nariq absanZe, yaraman
absanZe da gura korkeliaabsanZe da gura korkelia. `axal soflis~ marTlmadide-
blur sazogadoebas gadaeca eklesiis Senoba 2 ganyofile-
biani, yavriT gadaxuruli, fanjrebi Camtvreuli 600 maneTad
Sefasebuli da am eklesiis kuTvnili qoneba: didi zari 90
maneTad Sefasebuli, patara zari _ 25 man., aiazma _ 20 man.,
diakonis magida _ 3 man., xis magida _ 3 man.15
1925 wlis 17 aprils daido xelSekruleba kokis Temis
marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `varskvlavsa~`varskvlavsa~ da zug-
didis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul kirile miqaias Soris,
romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca kokis Temis sof. manu-
Caris kaxaTSi mdebare `RvTismSoblis saxelobis~ eklesia.
xelSekrulebas marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebis mxridan
xels awerdnen: Zuku qeburia, raJden kvaracxelia, grigol Zuku qeburia, raJden kvaracxelia, grigol
caguria, xutu Selia, dimitri Cemonavacaguria, xutu Selia, dimitri Cemonava.16
1925 wlis 13 noembers daido xelSekruleba kaxaTis
Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba ̀ saloguo kaxaTsa~`saloguo kaxaTsa~
da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul akaki qavTa-
raZes Soris. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen: konstantine konstantine
kuprava, mixeil logua, iason logua, luka markozia kuprava, mixeil logua, iason logua, luka markozia da
sxv. `saloguo kaxaTis~ sazogadoebas gadaeca kaxaTis
TemSi mdebare `macxovris saxelobis~ eklesiis Senoba
300 maneTad Sefasebuli, 2 gvirgvini _ 3 man., jvari, barZim-
feSxumi da kovzi _ 10 man., 2 zari _ 150 man., 2 suraTi _ 5
15 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 138-139.
16 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 194.
161
man., paraklitoni _ 3 man., Jamni _ 3 man., saxareba _ 10 man.17
1925 wlis 29 maiss daido xelSekruleba abasTumnis Temis
`wmida nikolozis~`wmida nikolozis~ marTlmadideblur sazogadoebasa da
zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebul aleqsandre qirias
Soris, riTac sazogadoebas gadaeca sof. abasTumanSi mdebare
`wmida nikolozis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas xels
awerdnen: vasil beriSvili, kosta basilaia, giorgi beriSvili, vasil beriSvili, kosta basilaia, giorgi beriSvili,
daTa lataria, murza lataria, eqvTime sarCimelia, tataSi far-daTa lataria, murza lataria, eqvTime sarCimelia, tataSi far-
jikia, gudu WiTanava, anton qiria, mixeil mircxulava, taguia jikia, gudu WiTanava, anton qiria, mixeil mircxulava, taguia
jaxia, ivane qaquTia, zaqaria Cakaberiajaxia, ivane qaquTia, zaqaria Cakaberia. `wmida nikolozis~
marTlmadideblur sazogadoebas gadaeca 2 ganyofilebiani
cinkiT gadaxuruli eklesiis Senoba 2000 maneTad Sefasebu-
li, 2 zari (didi da patara) 120 maneTad Sefasebuli, ujriani
karada _ 5 man., spilenZis bavSvis CasanaTli _ 10 man., skami _
50 kap., sul _ 2135 man. da 50 kap.18
1925 wlis 27 maiss daido xelSekruleba ledgebies
Temis `meore alaverdis karis~meore alaverdis karis~ marTlmadideblur sazoga-
doebasa da zugdidis mazris rwmunebul besarion SogiraZ-
es Soris. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebas gadaeca
sof. ledgebieSi mdebare `meore alaverdis wmida giorgis
saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen: ivaka ivaka
WurRulia, iordane WurRulia, beJa WurRulia, levan Wur-WurRulia, iordane WurRulia, beJa WurRulia, levan Wur-
Rulia, iona WurRuliaRulia, iona WurRulia. oqmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebas ga-
daeca eklesiis Senoba 600 maneTad Sefasebuli, samreklo
20 maneTad Sefasebuli, 3 zari _ 100 man., xis kidobani _ 40
kap., sacecxluri _ 40 kap., 5 Camosakidi sasanTle _ 2 man.,
Sandali _ 20 kap., venoki _ 40 kap., boqlomi _ 50 kap., jvari _
1 man., sasenako _ 10 man., xis yuTi _ 1 man., 2 didi Camosakidi
sasanTle jaWviT _ 8 man., mRvdlis tansacmeli _ 2 man., 4 xis
17 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 177-178.
18 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 198-199.
162
magida _ 5 man., 3 dafarna _ 1 man., 6 xati _ 8 man., 2 gvirgvini
_ 1 man. da sxva.19
1925 wlis 11 ivniss daido xelSekruleba nikosiis Temis
marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `jvaram Wyonsa~`jvaram Wyonsa~ da zug-
didis mazris rwmunebul aleqsandre qirias Soris, romli-
Tac sazogadoebas gadaeca nikosiis TemSi mdebare `wmida
giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas marTlma-
didebluri sazogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: paxvala paxvala
Ciqovani, maci jiWonaia, yara Wkadua, qaqala Wkadua, aleqsi Ciqovani, maci jiWonaia, yara Wkadua, qaqala Wkadua, aleqsi
Cagunava, nestor bulia, da elizbar gulordavaCagunava, nestor bulia, da elizbar gulordava. `jvaram
Wyonis~ sazogadoebas gadaeca: varskvlavi 2 maneTad Se-
fasebuli, TiTberis kovzi _ 1 man., fraJis Sandali _ 2 man., 3
saini _ 1 man., TiTberis tafa _ 1 man. da 30 kap., cinkis aiazma
_ 2 man., wmida nikolozis xati _ 5 man., wmida giorgis xati
_ 5 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 10 man., RvTismSoblis xati _
2 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 2 man., RvTismSoblis xati _ 2
man., macxovris patara xati _ 40 kap., RvTismSoblis patara
xati _ 50 kap., macxovris xati _ 1 man., RvTismSoblis xati _
20 kap., 2 patara Sandali _ 8 man., Sandali _ 10 man., feSxumi
_ 2 man., 2 larnaki _ 1 man., venoki _ 2 man. da sxva.20
1925 wlis 31 ivliss daido xelSekruleba sof. Wkadu-
aSis `axaldabis mTavarangelozis~`axaldabis mTavarangelozis~ marTlmadideblur sa-
zogadoebasa da zugdidis mazris rwmunebul akaki qavTa-
raZes Soris, romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca WkaduaSis
TemSi mdebare `axaldabis mTavarangelozis saxelobis~
eklesia. xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen: yaraman mania, beso yaraman mania, beso
anTia, kvaji gabisonia, Zaku WoWuaanTia, kvaji gabisonia, Zaku WoWua da sxv.21
19 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 225-226.
20 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 231-232.
21 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 274.
163
1925 wlis 18 seqtembers daido xelSekruleba kokis
Temis marTlmadideblur sazogadoeba `wmida giorgis `wmida giorgis
karsa~karsa~ da zugdidis mazris aRmaskomis rwmunebuls So-
ris, romliTac sazogadoebas gadaeca kokis TemSi mdebare
`wmida giorgis saxelobis~ eklesia. xelSekrulebas sa-
zogadoebis mxridan xels awerdnen: bagrat narmania, egnate bagrat narmania, egnate
danelia danelia da sxv.22
amdenad, saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebu-amdenad, saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebu-
li gaxda mosaxleobis nebas dahyoloda da, morwmuneTa li gaxda mosaxleobis nebas dahyoloda da, morwmuneTa
marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebluri sazogadoebebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad,
zugdidis raionis TemebSi mdebare daxuruli eklesia-zugdidis raionis TemebSi mdebare daxuruli eklesia-
monastrebi gaeRo da eklesia-monastrebidan datacebuli monastrebi gaeRo da eklesia-monastrebidan datacebuli
qoneba daebrunebina. gaxsnil eklesia-monastrebSi kvlav qoneba daebrunebina. gaxsnil eklesia-monastrebSi kvlav
aRdga marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxureba.aRdga marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxureba.
22 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis teritoriuli organo zugdi-
dis arqivi, fondi 2, aRwera 1, saqme 60, furceli 289.
164
gela qistaurigela qistauri _ istoriis doqtori
sisxli rogosisxli rogorc warmarTuli reliqti rc warmarTuli reliqti
V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul
mwerlobasa da xalxuri yofis mwerlobasa da xalxuri yofis
rwmena-warrwmena-warmodgenebSimodgenebSi
qarTul martirologiur TxzulebebSi warmodgenil-
ia konkretuli qristiani adamianis Tu garkveul jgu-
fis adamianTa amqveyniuri, mowamebrivi cxovreba, romleb-
mac qristianuli mrwamsis gamo da misi madliT moiTmines
amqveyniuri yovelgvari gasaWiri, uari Tqves sarwmunoebis
Secvlaze aTasgvari dapirebis sanacvlod moZaladeTa
mxridan, ris gamoc ewamnen da miiRes dauWknobeli gvirgvi-
ni. am qmedebiT maT amqveyniur cxovrebaSi daimdables Tavi,
ris Sedegadac uflisgan amaRldnen maradiul cxovrebaSi
da SeuerTdnen wmida mowameebs.
V-X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi
asaxulia saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvla-damkvidre-
bis da misi rolis Sesaxeb qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi.
saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocx-
adebis adreul etapze daupirispirda adgilobrivi qar-
Tuli warmarTuli religia, xolo Semdgom saukuneebSi ki
qristianoba warmogvidga gareSe mtris mier Semotanili,
saqarTvelosTvis mouRebeli, sxvadasxva religiuri mimdin-
areobis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri mebrZolis rolSi.
es xifaTi Tavidanve iqna SemCneuli CvenSi, amitom gaC-
aRda mwvave, daundobeli, xan cxadi, xan SeniRbuli ideuri
brZola. patara, magram Seudrekeli qveyana Tavis wiaRSi
165
poulobda imden Zalas, rom saWiro winaaRmdegoba gaewia
mter _ moyvareTa zraxvebisaTvis.1
rogorc ,,wamebebis~, ise ,,cxovrebebis~ ciklis Txzule-
bebi gamoirCevian erTgvari TaviseburebebiT, romlebsac
axasiaTebT garkveuli siuJeturi xazi.2
hagiografiul ZeglebSi, miuxedavad Janrobrivi mizan-
dasaxulobisa, sinamdvile aisaxa Zalze farTod da mrav-
alferovnad. zogjer avtorTa mier daxatulia cxovrebis
iseTi mxareebi, romlebic ar gamomdinareobs qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobidan.3
aseTi midgomis Tanaxmad, hagiografiul nimuSebSi ar-
sebul pasaJebSi davinaxavT ara mxolod im droisTvis da
TematikisTvis damaxasiaTebel siaxles, aramed iseT siZve-
lesac, romelsac warmarTobis niSnebi atyvia.4
amjerad SevecdebiT, ganvixiloT martirologiur Ze-
glebSi arsebuli ritualebidan erT-erTi, konkretulad
ki sisxlis mniSvneloba ritualSi, romelSic gadmonaSTis
saxiT asaxvas poveben qarTvelTa uZvelesi religiuri rw-
mena-warmodgenebis detalebi, anu sxva saazrovno sistemis
naSTebi.
hagiografiul Txzulebebs sisxlis Sesaxeb saintere-
so cnobebi daucavT im pasaJebiT, sadac saubaria qris-
tianuli mrwamsis mqone adamianis amqveyniuri mowameobrivi
sicocxlis dasasrulze.
1 k. kekeliZek. kekeliZe. kulturuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis anarek-
li Zvel qarTul literaturaSi. Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 3.2 r.r. baramiZebaramiZe. kompoziciis sakiTxi qarTul hagiografiul Txzule-
bebSi._ saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. t. XV. #9,
1954, gv. 639.
3 r. baramiZer. baramiZe. socialuri motivebi Zvel qarTul originalur mw-
erlobaSi (V _ X ss.)._ Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. kre-
buli I. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 96.
4 r. siraZe.r. siraZe. qarTuli agiografia. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 86.
166
gobronis ,,martvilobaSi~ warmodgenilia cnoba, sadac
vkiTxulobT: ,,maSin warupyres qedi misi da sces maxÂliTa
orgzis oden, da wyles mcired. da gamoiZro Ãeli netarman
man krulebisa misgan da sisxli igi TÂsi gamoiwera juaris
saxed Sublsa TÂssa... da esrÀT uSuenoda igi sisxlisa
mis gamoweriTa Sublsa missa, viTarca igi, raJams ufali
Cueni cxovrebisasa mas vnebasa aRasrulebd~.5 am cnobidan
gamomdinare, sikvdilisTvis gamzadebulma gobronma Tavi-
sive sisxliT Sublze gamoisaxa jvari. wmida gobronis
mier Sesrulebuli rituali, Cveni azriT, swored sxva saaz-
rovno sistemis gadmonaSTia.
qarTvelTa winaqristianuli xanis zne-CveulebebSi im
drois adamianTa azrovnebasa da ritualur qmedebaSi sisx-
ls rom gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava, yovelive amas mow-
mobs miTo-religiuri saxis cnobebi da sxva werilobiTi
Tu arqeologiuri saxis masalebi.
uZvelesi qarTuli miTologiuri poema ,,amirani~_s
erTi monakveTis mixedviT, rodesac amirani da misi Zmebi
gardacvlili camcumis saflavze daklaven saklavs da
sisxlad dawritaven, raTa gaciebul cxedars (Cveni azriT,
ufro gardacvlilis suls) Zala Semateboda. am cnobis
mixedviT, sisxli gvevlineba saiqio cxovrebaSi myof ada-
mianTaTvis Zalis mimcemad.6
qarTul eposSic mniSvnelovania sisxlis daniSnule-
ba. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTisTvis gamodgeba RvTisSvil
,,iaÃsaris” mier devebTan brZolis amsaxveli suraTi.
kerZod, rodesac iaxsari gamoudgeba gaqceul devs, es
ukanaskneli, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, Cadis abudelauris
5 wamebaÁ wmidisa mowamisa gobronisi, romeli ganiyvanes yvelis
cixiT._ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi.
wigni I (V-X ss). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqto-
robiT. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 82.
6 amirani. miTologiuri poema. Semdgeneli S. nucubiZe. Tbilisi,
1945, gv. 35.
167
tbaSi, sadac Tan iaxsaric Cahyveba da moklavs. mokluli
devis sisxli tbas gadaefareba, ris gamoc iaxsari veRar
amova, manam es sisxli ar moscildeba tbis zedapirs. amis
gamo iaxsaris erTguli ymebi abudelauris tbasTan dak-
laven oTxrqa-oTxyura cxvars, romlis sisxlsac CaRvri-
an tbaSi, ris Sedegadac tbis zedapirs mocildeba devis
sisxli da iaxsarsac miecema tbidan amosvlis saSuale-
ba.7 am cnobis mixedviT, sisxliT Seqmnil winaaRmdegobas
kvlav sisxliT Zleven.
zogi uZvelesi qarTuli xalxuri Tqmulebis mixedviT,
magiuria ara mxolod cxovelis, aramed adamianis sisxlic,
romelsac sazogadoeba mniSvnelovani sakiTxis mosagvare-
blad iyenebs.
am saxis cnoba daucavs TianeTis daarsebis legendas.
dRevandeli TianeTis adgili wyliT yofila dafaruli,
ris gamoc mis garSemo mcxovrebi mosaxleoba miwis sim-
ciriT Sewuxebuli yofila. erTxel erT mRvdels deveb-
is laparakisTvis yuri moukravs. romlis mixedviTac, iqve
mcxovreb da-Zma TinaTins da iorams Tu xalxi daxocavda
da maT sisxls tbaSi gaurevda, maSin am wyals gza miec-
emoda da adgilic ganTavisufldeboda. mosaxleobac ase
moqceula da adgilic ganTavisuflebula wylisgan.8
adamianis msxverplad Sewirvis cnoba daucavs ,,mo-
qceva qarTlisaÁ~-s: ,,da SeWamnes Svilni maTni msxuerp-
lad kerpTaTÂs saZagelTa, da ubraloÁ igi eri queyanisaÁ
mis. da romelni SvilTa maTTa viTarca Tivasa Tibdes,
mamani Cuenni, raÁTa saTno eyvnes kerpTa da ufroÁs xolo
orTa maT mTaTa, armazisa da zadenisa, romelTa qvanica
7 T. oCiauriT. oCiauri. miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi. Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 148.
8 mRvdeli i. koSoriZei. koSoriZe. werilebi TioneTis mazridam. _ Jurnali
`mwyemsi~, 1885, #14, gv. 8.
168
maTni daulTvan (!) sisxliTa CCÂlTaÁTa, da Rirsca arian
mTani igi aspolvad cecxliTa.~9
,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s am cnobiT, marTalia, uSualod
sisxlis Sesaxeb bevri araferia naTqvami, magram sisxlis
adgils am warmarTul ritualSi, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelova-
ni yuradReba eqneboda daTmobili. amas gvafiqrebinebs Sem-
degi saxis cnobebi: ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s erT monakveT-
Sic aRniSnulia, rom: ,,xolo amas queyanasa qarTlisasa
iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zeden,
romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pi-
rmSoÁsasa, armaz da zaden, da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa
maTTa msxuerplad... xolo iyvnes kerpni sxuanica samefoni:
gaci da ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa
dawuvad da mtueri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~.10 am cno-
bis mixedviT, samefo gvaris warmomadgeneli msxverplad
dawvis formiT Seiwireboda.
g. yifianis mier kolxeTisa da iberiis warmarTuli taZ-
rebis Seswavlis Sedegad, zog warmarTul taZarSi mignebu-
lia safexurebiani samsxverplo sakurTxeveli, romelsac
datanebuli hqonia Rarebi, iqidan miedineboda samsxverplo
cxovelis sisxli da aqve xdeboda msxverplis dawvac.11
g. yifianis kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, Cven gamovTqvavT va-
rauds, rom radganac zogi warmarTuli taZris samsxver-
ploze specialurad iyo gakeTebuli Rarebi sisxlisTvis,
xolo Semdeg ki msxverpls wvavdnen, albaT, ,,moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ~-s TxzulebaSi arsebul warmarTul RvTae-
9,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~._ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli liter-
aturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-Xss). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelo-
biTa da redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 158.
10 ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~._ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli liter-
aturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-Xss). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelo-
biTa da redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 125-126.
11 g. yifianig. yifiani. kolxeTisa da iberiis taZrebi da qarTuli qristian-
uli xuroTmoZRvrebis warmoSobis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 20.
169
baTa _ gacis da gais pativsacemad Sewirul adamian-
Ta dawvasTan da damwvari sxeulis ferflis ritualur
daniSnulebasTan erTad, mniSvnelovani adgili sisxlsac
eqneboda daTmobili.
winaqristianul droSi sisxlis sakulto mniS-
vnelobaze metyvelebs Cven dromde moRweuli warmar-
Tuli niSnis mqone xalxuri yofis ritualebi, sadac
sisxlis mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs mi-
kuTvnebuli. magaliTad, roca svaneTSi gvalva iyo da
avdars saWiroebdnen, amis gamo loculobdnen, magram,
rodesac locva_vedreba ver sWrida, svanebi eklesias
uwminduri (saxedris, joris, cxenis) cxovelis sisxliT
bilwavdnen, ris Sedegadac wvima modiodao.12
garda svaneTisa, amindis Sesacvlelad sisxliani msx-
verplis Sewirvis ritualebi dadasturebulia saqarTve-
los sxvadasxva mxareSic.13
sisxlis adgili gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans saxalxo
xatobebSi arsebul ganwmedis ritualebSi, romelic xevis-
berebis mier sruldeba.
fSavSi arsebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, xatSi daklu-
li saqonlis sisxli TiTqos xats siamovnebda. xatobaSi
saqonlis sisxliT apkurebdnen saxato avejeulobas. aq ar-
sebuli xevisberi sisxls moicxebda xelebsa da Sublze,
riTac mimarTavda xel-mxaris ganaTvlas.14
RvTisSvil iaxsaris xatis saberoSi sisxlis gamoyen-
ebiT mimarTavdnen iq arsebuli Svidi qvis skamis ganaTv-
12 a. daviTiania. daviTiani. RmerTebi svanTa rwmeniT. rveuli #2, gv. 53. _ iv.
javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi.
ali daviTianis piradi saarqivo fondi.
13 n. vaCnaZen. vaCnaZe. saazrovno sistema da qarTuli sazogadoebis zneo-
brivi ideali V-Xss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 62.
14 vaJa fSavelavaJa fSavela. laSaris jvaris dReoba anu laSaroba. Txzule-
bani. t. IX. Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 238.
170
las, romelic ase sruldeboda: saklavis sisxls Caayen-
ebdnen sasisxliaSi da moasxurebdnen skamebs. mTielTa
miTologiis mixedviT, TviTon RvTiSvilebic mimarTavdnen
sisxliT ganaTvlis rituals.15
liqokis xeobaSi (xevsureTi) roca ymawvils jvars
(xatSi) aabarebdnen, daklavdnen saklavs da misi sisxliT
am ymawvils xelebze, gulze da Sublze ukeTebdnen jvars.16
xevsurTa xatobebSi xevisberisgan dakluli saklavis
sisxlisgan TviT cxovelis mepatronec mimarTavda gan-
wmedis rituals, igi sisxliT daibanda xelebs, Semdeg ki
xucesi Sublze scxebda sisxls jvaris saxed. darCenil
sisxls xucesi SeaRvrida xatis kedlebs.17
Tu xatoba ramdenime dRe grZeldeboda, saklavis me-
patrones piri ar unda daebana, ,,rom sisxli ar gascloda
Sublidan da jvari ar Sereuliyo. am jvariT mas ufleba
hqonda, yovel diliT misuliyo jvarSi, daelia da eWama.
Tu Sublze sisxlis jvari ar eqneboda, ise jvarSi misvla
akrZaluli iyo~.18
jvarSi saklavis dakvlis dros xevisbers Sublze
sisxlisgan gamosaxuli jvari mas ufro awmidavebda da
xalxic ufro meti pativiT uyurebda.19
sisxlis, rogorc ganmwmed saSualebas mosaxleoba mima-
15 i. qeSikaSvilii. qeSikaSvili. RmerTebi. miTebi. ritualebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv.
121-122.
16 g. qobuloelig. qobuloeli. 1943 wels Cawerili masalebi ukanafxoSi. rveuli
#1, gv. 24. _ iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-
tutis arqivi. giorgi qobuloelis piradi saarqivo fondi.
17 r. erisTavir. erisTavi. narkvevi _ cxovrebisaTvis naTesavTa xevsurTasa._
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, rafiel erisTavis piradi saarqivo
fondi #1074.
18 i. qeSikaSvilii. qeSikaSvili. RmerTebi. miTebi. ritualebi. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 129.
19 d. ciskaraulid. ciskarauli. xevsurTa zne-Cveulebani. sarwmunoeba. _ iv. ja-
vaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi,
dimitri ciskaraulis piradi saarqivo fondi.
171
rTavda maSin, rodesac ojaxi dakrZalavda micvalebuls.
ojaxi, sadac micvalebulis cxedari esvena, uwmindurad
iTvleboda. xalxis rwmeniT, amgvarad gauwmindurebul sax-
lSi angelozebi aRar dgebodnen, amitom saxlis sanaTlav-
is dakvla savaldebulod miaCndaT. saxlis sanaTlavs _
xbos an batkans _ micvalebulis damarxvidan meore _ me-
same dRes SigniT, saxlSi, klavda xatis xucesi, iqve jami an
bakani idga, romelSic sisxls agrovebdnen. Semdeg Wvavis
Calis koniT sisxls mTels saxlSi moapkurebdnen, saxlis
axlomaxlo gzebzedac asxurebdnen, saxlis patrons daam-
wyalobebdnen, usurvebdnen, rom cudi aRaraferi SemTxvevo-
da. amis Semdeg saxls uwmindureba moSordeboda.20
xevsureTSi sisxliT ojaxis, saxlis ganwmedis ritu-
als mimarTavdnen, rodesac ojaxSi naboslari anu axlad
namSobiarevi qali (uwmindurad iTvleboda ganwmedamde)
dabrundeboda. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo ojaxis ganwmeda,
raTa uwminduroba moSoreboda. am ritualsac xatis xuc-
esi asrulebda. igi midioda uwmindur ojaxSi, daklavda
winaswar gamzadebul cxvars an xbos, sisxls jamSi moag-
rovebda da asxurebda saxlis kedlebs da boZebs. am ritu-
aliT saxli gainaTleboda da kvlav wmindad iTvleboda.21
T. gvimraZis mier kaxeTSi, yvarlis raionis sofel ax-
alsofelSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT,
sisxli mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda yanis momkis drosac,
am procesis (yanis momkis) dawyebamde muSebi SeWamdnen
gamomcxvar kverebs, ris Semdegac iqve mindorSi cxvars dak-
lavdnen, romlis sisxlsac yanaSi moasxamdnen.22
20 d. giorgaZed. giorgaZe. dakrZalvisa da glovis wesebi saqarTveloSi (TuS-
fSav-xevsureTis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT). Tbilisi, 1987,
gv. 23.
21 n. urbnelin. urbneli. eTnografiuli werilebi. _ gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1886, #269,
gv. 1.
22 T. gvimraZeT. gvimraZe. sameurneo-religiuri dResaswaulebi kaxeTSi.
Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 36.
172
xevsureTSi adamianis sisxls saintereso datvirTva gaaC-
nda kacis Tavze ficis dadebis dros. es wesi ki sruldeboda
maSin, rodesac adamians brals sdebdnen kacis mkvlelobaSi,
is ki Tavis gamarTlebas cdilobda. Tavis marTlebis da
simarTlis garkvevis gamo braldebuli garkveuli raodeno-
bis adamianTa TandaswrebiT midioda gardacvlilis safla-
vze, sadac amoTxridnen ormos, braldebuli Cadgamda ormoSi
fexs da ekliT yuridan sisxls gamoidenda, romelic daewveT-
eboda micvalebulis saflavs.23
al. robaqiZe ar gamoricxavs, monadirisgan pirvelad
mokluli nadiris sisxlis Sublze wacxebaSi Candes
monadiris ziarebis uZvelesi wes-Cveulebis gadmonaSTi.24
wmida msxverplis sisxliT wminda jvris gamowera
didxans cocxlobda mwignobrul tradiciaSi. X saukunis
pirveli meoTxedis ZeglSi (`martÂlobaÁ gobronisi~) max-
vilis orgzis cemiT msubuqad daWrilma wmida gobronma
,,...gamoiZro Ãeli... krulebisa misgan da sisxli igi TÂsi
gamoiwera juaris saxed Sublsa TÂssa...~ aq, ra Tqma unda,
wmidani gaigivebulia wmida msxuerplTan, xolo wmida sisx-
liT jvris gamosaxva im Soreuli xanebis ritualia, sul
ukanasknel dromde rom SemorCa qarTul sinamdviles.25
sisxlis motivis warmarTuli plasti Tavs iCens
,,martÂlobaÁ daviTisi da tiriWanisi~-s erT pasaJSi, sa-
dac Tavis Zmisgan Svilebdaxocili deda dis Svilebis
mkvlel, borotebis gamo dabrmavebul Zmas Tvalebze scx-
ebs ukve wmidanad Seracxil daviTis sisxliT Sesvarul
miwas, ris Sedegadac Tevdoss aRudgeba TvalSi mxed-
veloba: ,,da moiRo miwaÁ igi, romeli Sesuarul iyo sisx-
23 r. xaraZer. xaraZe. xevsuruli rjuli. _ analebi I. 1947, gv. 188-189.
24 al. robaqiZeal. robaqiZe. raWaSi mivlinebis angariSi. _ enimkis moambe. t. XI.
Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 9.
25 n. vaCnaZen. vaCnaZe. saazrovno sistema da qarTuli sazogadoebis zneo-
brivi ideali V _ X ss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 61.
173
liTa miT daviTisiTa, da hscxo TualTa misTa da myis
aRixilna Tualni misni~.26
am pasaJis mixedviT, moxda uwminduri adamianis ganwmen-
da, codvaTagan gaTavisufleba, xilvadakarguli kacisTvis
xilvis unaris dabruneba swored sisxliT ,,Sesuaruli~
miwiT. am qmedebiT sisxlma ganwmida uwminduri (warmarTi)
Tevdosi, raSic Cveni winaprebis uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgen-
ebis anarekli Cans.27
sisxlis warmarTuli niSniT arsebobas, rogorc hagi-
ografiul mwerlobaSi, aseve dRevandel xalxur qris-
tianobaSi, mkvlevar naTela vaCnaZis kvlevis mixedviT,
ganapirobebs Semdegi garemoeba: ,,adamianis, viTarca msx-
verplis, sisxliT ganwmenda an ganaTvla aris ZvelTaZveli
rituali, romelic qristianulma eklesiam akrZala, magram
ver aRmofxvra, mxolod saxe ucvala adamianis msxverplad
Sewirva aikrZala da mTeli am ritualidan darCa msxver-
plad Sewiruli cxovelis sisxlis cxeba Sublze an sx-
vagan, jvris an sxva niSnis gakeTeba. ai, naTeli magaliTi
imisa, rogor konstruirdeba Zveli axalSi, rogor Caeqsove-
ba Zveli rituali axal rwmenas da ganagrZobs arsebobas
cocxal sinamdvileSi~.28
26 wmidaTa yrmaTa orTa ZmaTa daviTisi da tiriWanisi sakiTxavi._
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi.
27 n. vaCnaZen. vaCnaZe. saazrovno sistema da qarTuli sazogadoebis zneo-
brivi ideali V-X ss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 62.28 n. vaCnaZen. vaCnaZe. saazrovno sistema da qarTuli sazogadoebis zneo-
brivi ideali V-X ss. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 61-62.
174
daviT malazoniadaviT malazonia _ ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori
Tamar fxalaZeTamar fxalaZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universiteti,
istoriis doqtori
interkulturuli ganaTleba, interkulturuli ganaTleba,
urTierTobebi da kvlevebi saqarTveloSi. urTierTobebi da kvlevebi saqarTveloSi.
situaciuri analizisituaciuri analizi
saqarTvelo mravalerovani saxelmwifoa. aq qarTve-
lebis gverdiT saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen afx-
azebi, osebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, azerbaijanlebi, berZnebi,
qurTebi, rusebi da sxva erovnebis xalxi.
saqarTvelosTvis ucxo iyo religiuri da erovnuli
konfliqtebi, gansxvavebuli kulturisadmi antagonisturi
damokidebuleba. cnobilia isic, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, ad-
gili ar hqonia antisemitizs. niSandoblivia frangi mog-
zauris Jan Sardenis (XVII-XVIII ss.) sityvebi: „saqarTvelo-
Si ufleba gaqvs icxovro Seni sarwmunoebiT da adaTebiT,
imsjelo masze da daicva Tavi“. muslimebis mimarT qarTu-
li saxelmwifos Semwynarebluri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb
XII saukunis arabi istorikosi al fariki werda: „me vnaxe
pativiscema muslimebisa, rac maT baRdadSic ar eqnebodaT“.
Cveni qveynis istoria gansxvavebuli religiis, kul-
turis, enis, yofisa da tradiciebis mqone xalxTa mSvido-
biani Tanaarsebobis araerT gasaTvaliswinebel magaliTs
iZleva. yovelive es mxolod maT mSvidobian Tanacxovre-
175
baSi rodi vlindeboda, aramed araqarTveli mosaxleobis
mxridan sakuTari wvlilis Setanasac gulisxmobda qar-
Tuli kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis
procesSi.
saqarTveloSi erTaSorisi urTierTobebis tradicia
radikalurad icvleba XIX saukunidan. ruseTis imperia
dapyrobili xalxebis, maT Soris qarTvelebis, asimilaciis/
rusifikaciis gzas daadga. rusifikaciis ganxorcielebis
mizniT xelisufleba meTodurad spobda erovnuli kul-
turis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs da, meore mxriv, mima-
rTavda erTa Soris konfliqtebis gaRvivebis nacad poli-
tikas. imperiis mesveurebi dainteresebulni rodi iyvnen
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnosebs Soris tolerantuli da-
mokidebulebis gaRrmavebiT. piriqiT, xalxTa Soris siZul-
vilis CamogdebiT, dapyrobili erebis daqsaqsviTa da maT
Soris konfliqtebis gamowveviT cdilobdnen, Seesustebi-
naT erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis fronti.
sabWoTa memkvidreobam kidev seriozul problemad
aqcia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur da reli-
giur jgufebebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da samo-
qalaqo integracia. maT Soris interkulturuli urTier-
Tobebis gaRrmavebas abrkolebs erTmaneTis kulturuli
memkvidreobisa da erovnuli tradiciebis arcodna. yove-
live es xels uwyobs saqarTvelos mravalerovan mosax-
leobaSi eTnikuri, religiuri da kulturuli stereoti-
pebis damkvidrebas, urTierT gaucxoebas, Caketilobas.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wleb-
Si (1990-iani wlebi) ruseTis mier inspirirebulma eTnokon-
fliqtebma arasaxarbielo gavlena iqonia erTaSoris urTi-
erTobebze. saqarTvelo datova araqarTveli mosaxleobis
nawilma. erovnuli umciresobebis mdgomareobis gauarese-
ba erTgvarad aisaxa ganaTlebis sistemazec _ ixureboda
araqarTulenovani skolebi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba
176
cdilobda mdgomareobis gamosworebas. muSaoba daiwyo sax-
elmwifo enis swavlebis programebze, rac araqarTulenova-
ni mosaxleobis samoqalaqo integraciis erTgvari safuZve-
li unda gamxdariyo. Tumca interkulturuli ganaTlebisa
da urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gaweul fragmen-
tul muSaobas seriozuli Sedegi ar mohyolia. aRniSnulis
mniSvnelobas aZlierebs is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi dRe-
isaTvis 234 araqarTulenovani skola (sajaro skolebis
saerTo raodenobis 11%) da 404 araqarTulenovani seqtori
funqcionirebs. saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 72 aTasi eTni-
kurad araqarTveli moswavlea. rac Seexeba araqarTuleno-
vani skolebis pedagogTa raodenobas, isini saqarTveloSi
momuSave sajaro skolis maswavlebelTa saerTo raodeno-
bis (sul 68779 pedagogi) 9,5%-s (6541 pedagogs) Seadgens.1
2005 wlidan interkulturuli ganaTlebis politi-
ka ufro Tanmimdevruli gaxda. samoqalaqo integraciis
xelSewyobis mizniT Seiqmna Sesabamisi programebi, gaiz-
arda maTi ganxorielebisaTvis gamiznuli xarjebic, ma-
gram gatarebulma RonisZiebebma verc amjerad gamoiRo
mdgradi Sedegebi.
bolo aTwleulebSi globalizaciisa da teqnologi-
uri ganviTarebis procesma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SesZina kulturaTaSoris komunikaciasTan dakavSrebuli
problemebis gamovlenas da maTi aRmofxvris efeqturi
strategiebis SemuSaveba-danergvas. arsebuli viTare-
bis gaumjobeseba ki aucileblad moiTxovs interkul-
turuli ganaTlebis sakiTxebze aqcentirebas. momaval
Taobebs sWirdebaT garkveuli codnis, unarebisa da da-
mokidebulebebis gamomuSaveba imisaTvis, rom globaluri
samyaros warmatebuli wevrebi gaxdnen sakuTar qveyana-
Sic da sxvaganac. es maT efeqturi interaqciis saSuale-
1 S. tabataZe, n. nacvliSviliS. tabataZe, n. nacvliSvili. interkulturuli ganaTleba. Tbili-
si, 2008. gv. 25-31.
177
bas miscemT im jgufebSi muSaobisas, romlis wevrebi sx-
vadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian. am praqtikul
moTxovnilebebs xeli Seuwyo sazogadoebrivi Semecnebis
cvlilebamac _ msoflio kulturebis mravalferovnebis
absolutur faseulobad aRiarebam, tradiciuli kul-
turebis umravlesobis arsebobis mowyvladobam da maTi
gaqrobis safrTxem ganapiroba msoflio xalxebis in-
teresi erTmaneTis kulturis mimarT. imis aRiareba, rom
sxvadasxva kulturis individebs gansxvavebuli nor-
mebi, gamocdileba da molodinebi aqvT, mniSvnelovania
globaluri sazogadoebis SeqmnisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia problemis aqtualobis kidev erTi, qar-
Tuli realobisTvis metad mniSvnelovani mxare. kerZod,
saqarTvelo, rogorc postsabWoTa saxelmwifo, totali-
tarizmidan demokratiaze gardamaval etapze imyofeba.
qveyana Ria, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnas cdilobs.
adamianis Tavisufali ganviTarebis Tanamedrove kon-
cefcia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis axali principebi da
Rirebulebebi, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis prioritetebi
wina planze tolerantuli garemos Seqmnis uzrunvely-
ofis moTxovnas ayenebs. amitom mniSvnelovania erovnuli
umciresobebis adgilisa da rolis gansazRvra qveynis
politikur, socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. samo-
qalaqo integraciis Semaferxebel erT-erT faqtors
saqarTvelos kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis codnis, pa-
tiviscemisa da komunikaciis deficiti warmoadgens.
saqarTvelosTvis interkulturuli ganaTlebisa da
samoqalaqo integraciis TvalsazrisiT ramdenime problema
iCens Tavs. maTgan erT-erTia araqarTveli axalgazrdebis
soliduri nawilis mier umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba qvey-
nis sazRvrebs gareT (ZiriTadad somxeTsa da azerbaija-
nSi). ukanasknel wlebSi ikveTeba sapirispiro tendenciac,
Tumca aRniSnuli problema jer kidev seriozulad dgas
178
qveynis winaSe. 2008 wels umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad
erovnul gamocdebze daregistrirda azerbaijanulenovani
250 abiturienti da somxurenovani 113 abiturienti.2 2011 wl-
isTvis azerbaijanulenovan abiturientTa raodenoba 335-
mde (34%-iT), xolo somxurenovan abiturientTa raodenoba
253-mde (124%-iT) gaizarda.
dRemde arsebiT problemad rCeba sxvadasxva eT-
no-kulturuli identobis mqone moqalaqeTa, aseve
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb devnilTa (afxazeTidan da
samxreT oseTidan), ltolvilTa (CrdlioT kavkasiidan,
CeCneTidan) da repatriantTa (e. w. „Turqi mesxebi“) ukon-
fliqto Tanacxovreba, ekonomikuri da socialuri inte-
gracia, mobiloba da sxva. amasTan, adgili aqvs dapirisp-
irebas eTnikur da religiur niadagze. aseTi faqtebi
periodulad fiqsirdeba saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvel-
isa da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. in-
terkulturul ganaTlebis arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba,
Sesabamis urTierTobaTa deficiti mniSvnelovnad abrko-
lebs samoqalaqo integraciis da, zogadad, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis formirebis process. araqarTveli mosax-
leobisaTvis ki, yovelive es (gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifo
enis ucodinroba) obieqtur bariers qmnis samoqalaqo
aqtivobaTa srulfasovnad ganxorcielebisTvis; xels
uSlis maTSi moqalaqeobrivi identobis gansazRvras.
interkulturuli ganaTlebis kvlevis sferoSi ukve
miRweuli Sedegebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebis paralelurad
aTenis deklaracia (2003 w.) evropis sabWos winaSe aqtu-
alur moTxovnad ayenebs interkulturuli ganaTlebis
sferoSi kvlevebis ganaxlebas. kerZod, deklaraciaSi naTq-
vamia: „a) xelaxla daiwyos interkulturuli ganaTlebis
2 erovnuli umciresobis samoqalaqo integraciis Sefaseba. Tbili-
si, 2010. gv. 57-72.
179
sferoSi konceptualuri kvleva;... g) gaataros RonisZie-
bebi swavlebis meTodebisa da saswavlo saSualebebis
sferoSi;... v) daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs ganaTlebis
politikaSi interkulturuli elementis SetanaSi; i) Sei-
muSavos xarisxis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi demokrati-
uli da interkulturuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT;...
r) daexmaros wevr saxelmwifoebs imis gacnobierebaSi, rom
kulturul, eTnikur Tu religiur mravalferovnebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvareba mxolod skolebi-
sTvis ki ar aris saWirboroto sakiTxi, aramed mTlianad
sazogadoebisTvis“.
aTenis deklaraciiT mecnieruli kvlevis sagnad aRi-
arebuli bevri problema saqarTvelosTvisac aqtualuria.
maT gadaWraze didwiladaa damokidebuli samoqalaqo in-
tegraciis da sazogadoebis mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis/gan-
viTarebis perspeqtiva.
interkulturuli ganaTleba warmoadgens Taname-
drove samecniero kvlevis erT-erT aqtualur mima-
rTulebas, romlis ZiriTadi mizani is aris, rom Seiqmnas
ganaTlebis miRebis Tanabari SesaZlebleblobebi sxva-
dasxva eTnikuri, socialuri da kulturuli jgufebisaT-
vis. misi mizania, daexmaros moswavleebs, miiRon ganaTleba,
gamocdileba, rac aucilebelia maTi efeqtiani funqcion-
irebisaTvis demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. amasTanave,
moswavles SeeZlos urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba adami-
anTa sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebTan da amiT xeli Seu-
wyos iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic
mimarTuli iqneba mTlianad qveynis keTildReobisaken.
cnobili mkvlevari benksi gamoyofs interkulturuli
ganaTlebis xuT ganzomilebas. esenia: integraciis Sinaarsi,
codnis konstruirebis procesi, winaswari cruwarmodgen-
ebis Semcireba, samarTliani (miukerZoebeli) pedagogika da
180
skolis kulturisa da socialuri struqturis uflebamo-
sileba (simtkice).3
integraciis Sinaarsi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad farTod
iyenebs maswavlebeli saTando magaliTebs da sakvanZo sak-
iTxebs sxvadasxva kulturebisa da jgufebis cxovrebidan
(istoriidan), raTa moaxdinos ZiriTadi koncefciebis il-
ustrireba, generalizacia da TavianT sagnebsa Tu disci-
plinebSi problemebis warmoCena.
swavlebis konstruirebis procesi gviCvenebs, rogor
exmareba maswavlebeli moswavleebs gaigon, gamoikvlion da
gansazRvron, Tu ra gavlenas axdens SexedulebaTa formebi
codnis Seqmnaze, agebaze (konstruirebaze). cru winaswar-
ganwyobis SemcirebiT maswavleblebi aviTareben dadebi-
Ti damokidebulebebs sxvadasxva rasis, eTnikuri, religi-
uri da kulturuli jgufis mimarT. mowinave kvleviTma
gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom bavSvi skolaSi midis ukve ar-
sebuli bevri uaryofiTi da damaxinjebuli (mcdari) war-
modgeniT sxvadasxva identobebis mimarT da, agreTve is, rom
gansxvavebul jgufebze informaciis Semcveli saswavlo
masalis efeqturad gamoyeneba exmareba moswavles, maTdami
ganaviTaros ufro dadebiTi damokidebuleba (benksi).4
codnis konstruirebis procesTan bunebrivad aris
dakavSirebuli ukve arsebuli codnisa da warmodgenebis
(Sexedulebebis) transformacia. transformaciuli midgo-
ma exmareba moswavleebs, gaigon codnis agebis principi da,
agreTve, rogor asaxavs codna gamocdilebas, Rirebulebebs
da maTi Semqmnelebis Sexedulebebs. am midgomisas swavlebis
struqtura, Sinaarsi da kurikulumis perspeqtivebi ise aris
Secvlili, rom sagnebi, calkeuli sakiTxebi da problemebi
3 Banks, J. A. Multicultural Education: Historical Development, Dimensions, and Practice. Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education. 1995, pp. 3-24.4 Banks, J. A. Multicultural Education: Characteristics and Goals. Multicul-tural Education: Issues and Perspectives. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997, pp. 3-31.
181
iswavleba sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufis xed-
vidan da gamocdilebidan. am SemTxvevaSi kurikulumis cen-
traluri nawili aRar aris fokusirebuli ZiriTad, domi-
nantur jgufze, aramed aqcentirebulia im movlenebze da
problemebze, romelTa Sefaseba xdeba sxvadasxva kuTxiT.
amasTan erTad, moswavleebi unda Cawvdnen ZiriTad erovnul
memkvidreobebsa da tradiciebs. maswavleblebi unda daex-
maron moswavleebs, gaigon, rom mravalferovan sazogadoe-
baSi yvela moqalaqe iziarebs bevr kulturul tradicias,
Rirebulebebs da politikur ideebs, rac stabilurs xdis da
aviTarebs sazogadoebas. interkulturuli ganaTleba miznad
isaxavs, Seqmnas sazogadoeba, romelic cnobs da pativs scems
sxva xalxis kulturas, gaerTianebuls erTiani demokratiu-
li Rirebulebebis CarCoSi, romelsac yvela iziarebs.
miukerZoebeli pedagogika gvaqvs maSin, rodesac maswav-
lebeli sxvadasxva eTnikuri, kulturuli da socialuri
jgufebis moswavleTa akademiuri miRwevebis gaumjobesebis
mizniT cvlis swavlebis meTodebs, sul ufro metad iyen-
ebs swavlebis kooperatiul da ara konkurentul strat-
egiebs. kooperatiuli swavlebis aqtivobebi aseve exmareba
moswavleebs, ganaviTaron ufro dadebiTi damokidebule-
bebi mravalferovnebis mimarT. Tumca am dadebiTi Sede-
gebis misaRebad kooperatiuli swavlebis aqtivobebs unda
hqondes ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. kerZod,
moswavleebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri
jgufebidan unda grZnobdnen, rom maT aqvT Tanabari sta-
tusi jgufSi da sagakveTilo aqtivobebSi, maswavleblebi
da administracia unda afasebdes da mxars uWerdes eTni-
kur urTierTobebs. magaliTad, sxvadasxva eTnikuri war-
momavlobis moswavleebma unda imuSaon integrirebulad
(gundurad), raTa miaRwion saerTo mizans (benneti).5
5 Bennett, M. Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercul-tural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience. 1993, pp. 21-71.
182
uflebamosili (mtkice) saskolo kultura da social-
uri struqtura iqmneba maSin, rodesac sxvadasxva reli-
giuri, rasobrivi an eTnikuri wamomavlobis moswavleebs
saSualeba aqvT, ganicadon Tanabaruflebianoba da Tana-
bari statusi. am ganzomilebis danegva saWiroebs saskolo
garemos kompleqsur reformirebas, aq Sedis urTierToba,
Sexedulebebi da maswavlebelTa da administraciis moq-
medeba, kurikulumi da swavlebis Sinaarsi, Sefasebis pro-
cedurebi, pedagogiuri urTierTobis stili da swavlebis
strategiebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom interkulturuli ganaTlebis
xuTive ganzomileba erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli, Ti-
Toeuls sWirdeba gansazRvruli yuradReba da fokusire-
ba. imisaTvis, rom efeqturad dainergos interkulturuli
ganaTleba, maswavleblebi da skolis administracia unda
flobdnen da praqtikaSi iyenebdnen zemoT CamoTvlili
interkulturuli ganaTlebis xuTive ganzomilebidan Ti-
Toeuls.
interkulturuli ganaTlebis mniSvelovani mizania,
daexmaros moswavleebs miiRon ganaTleba da ganuviTaros
saWiro kompetenciebi, raTa maT SeZlon Sesabamisi gadawy-
vetilebebis miReba da piradi, socialuri da moqalaqe-
obrivi qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. am miznebis realizeba
saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, ganaviTaron pirovnuli da
moqalaqeobrivi aqtiuroba, CamouyalibdeT rwmena, rom maTi
qmedebebi ukeTesobisaken Secvlian im garemos, romelSic
cxovroben da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania - warmatebiT
gamoiyenon is codna da unarebi, romlebic skolaSi miiRes.
saswavlo qmedebebi da proeqtebi mimarTuli unda iyos
moswavleebis SemecnebiTi da moraluri ganviTarebisken.
aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos maTi praqtikuloba
da ganxorcielebadoba. dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleebis
CarTuloba SeiZleba gamoixatos eTnikur xumrobebze si-
183
cilis SewyvetiT. saSualo klasebSi eTnikuri, rasobrivi
da kulturuli jgufebis Sesaxeb wignebis kiTxviT. maRal
klasebSi moswavleebi SeiZleba daumegobrdnen sxva rasis,
religiis da eTnikuri jgufis wevrebs, raTa monawileoba
miiRon erTian saswavlo aqtivobebSi da kvleviT proeqteb-
Si.6 saboloo jamSi, rodesac moswavleebi mravalferova-
ni jgufis gadmosaxedidan swavloben erebis da samyaros
Sesaxeb, isini ukeT erTvebian pirovnul, socialur da mo-
qalaqeobriv aqtivobebSi.
interkulturuli ganaTleba umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria imisaTvis, rom Seamciros rasobrivi, eTni-
kuri, religiuri da socialuri dayofa, daexmaros yvela
moswavles, miiRos codna, gaaumjobesos qcevebi, unarebi,
rasac isini saWiroeben raTa gaxdnen demokratiuli sa-
zogadoebis aqtiuri moqalaqeebi da monawileoba miiRon
qveynis socialur cvlilebebSi. amasTanave, aucilebelia,
rom maswavleblebma Seiswavlon Tu rogor unda aRiaron,
daicvan da CarTon moswavleTa piradi unarebi swavleb-
is maTeul meTodikaSi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaum-
jobesdeba skolis miRwevebi.7
Cven zemoT ganvixileT ZiriTadi debulebebi, romlebic
gvacnoben interkulturuli ganaTlebis miznebsa da amo-
canebs. isini Tvisebrivad ukavSirdebian saqarTvelos
winaSe mdgar problems. amave dros, maTi identificirebisa
da gadaWrisaTvis saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes qar-
Tuli specifika, rac, Cveni azriT, SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
a) interkulturuli urTierTobebis dabali xarisxi,
6 C. Birzea. Intercultural Education - a Priority of Education Policies from the document Learning Democracy. Education Policies within the Council of Eu-rope; Cumming-McCann A.(2003). Multicultural education. Connecting Theo-ry to Practice. Focus on Basics, NCSALL, pp. 31-35.7 G. Gay. A Synthesis of Scholarship in Multicultural Education. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, NCREL, 1994, pp. 45-53.
184
gansxvevuli identobis mqone jgufTa Caketiloba, araqarTve-
li mosaxleobis soliduri nawilis mier saxelmwifo enis
arcodna;
b) interkulturuli ganaTlebis tradiciis ar arse-
boba. Sesabamisad, jer kidev araefeqturia saswavlo gare-
mo, damuSavebuli ar aris saTanado pedagogiuri midgomebi,
saxelmZRvaneloebSi mwiri masalaa saqarTvelos eTnikuri,
religiuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb da
rac warmodgenilia, isic umTavresad fragmentuli da
deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa; sawyis etapzea maswavlebelTa
gadamzadebis procesic;
g) eTnikurad araqarTveli moswavleebi ZiriTadad swav-
loben maTTvis mSobliurenovan skolebSi, rac abrkolebs
maT integracias sxva warmomavlobis TanatolebTan. Cven
winaaRmdegi rodi varT araqarTulenovani skolebis ar-
sebobis, piriqiT, es faqti migvaCnia qarTuli saxelmwifos
tolerantulobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan gamoxatulebad.
aramed, vfiqrobT, amgvari eTnikuri (enobrivi) Caketilo-
bis sapirispirod araformaluri ganaTlebis doneze unda
daisaxos moswavleTa interkulturuli urTierTobebis
gaRrmavebis efeqturi strategiebi;
d) mSoblebsa da, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi sakmaod
dabalia interkulturuli ganaTleba da kompetenciebi,
rac negatiur zemoqmedebas axdens mravalferovnebisadmi
moswavleTa warmodgenebze.
mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelo aRiarebs evropis sab-
Wos mier miRebul deklaraciebsa da dokumentebs, romlebic
gansazRvraven interkulturuli ganaTlebis politikas.
maTgan gamovyofT ganaTlebis ministrTa mudmivmoqmedi
komisiis 21-e sesiis saboloo deklaracias (aTeni, 2003 w.),
aseve mniSvnelovania saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTaurTa
mesame samitze miRebuli samoqmedo gegma (varSava, 2005 w.)
da evropis sabWos saparlameto asambleis rekomendacia
185
religiisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (2005 w.) da sxv.
Sesabamisad, Seiqmna da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier
damtkicebulia saqarTveloSi interkulturuli ganaTleb-
is politikis gansazRvreli iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa:
„Semwynareblobisa da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli
koncefcia da samoqmedo gegma“ (2009 w.) da ganaTlebis da
mecnierebis saministros mier SemuSavebuli „multiling-
vuri ganaTlebis strategia da samoqmedo gegma“ (2009 w.).
am gegmis farglebSi SemuSavebuli „multilingvuri ga-
naTlebis programis“ egidiT 40 araqarTulenovan skola-
Si ganxorcielda bilingvuri ganaTlebis programis pi-
lotireba.
interkulturuli ganaTlebisa da urTierTobebis
sakiTxs yuradReba eTmoba ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministros mier SemuSavebul calkeul dokumentebsa da
saswavlo gegmebSi. saqarTvelos kanonis _ „zogadi ga-
naTlebis Sesaxeb“ _ mixedviT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs,
romelTaTvis qarTuli ena ar aris mSobliuri, ufleba
aqvT, miiRon sruli zogadi ganaTleba maT mSobliur enaze.
amave kanonis me-13 muxlis me-2 punqtSi aRniSnulia: „dauS-
vebelia sajaro skolaSi saswavlo procesis religiuri
indoqtrinaciis, prozelitizmis an iZulebiTi asimilaci-
is miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba“. imave muxlis me-6 punqtSi ki
aRniSnulia: „skola valdebulia, daicvas da xeli Seu-
wyos moswavleebs, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris Sem-
wynareblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis damkvidrebas, ga-
nurCevlad maTi socialuri, eTnikuri, religiuri, enobrivi
da msoflmxedvelobrivi kuTvnilebisa“ da a.S. sazogadoe-
brivi mecnierebebis, ucxo enisa da mSobliuri enis sas-
wavlo gegmebi iTvaliswinebs moswavlis interkulturuli
kompetenciebis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli saswavlo gegme-
bis erT-erT ZiriTad miznad dasaxulia toleranti, ada-
mianis Rirsebebis da uflebebis mqone moqalaqis Camoya-
186
libeba. saganmanaTleblo dokumentebSi gawerili es da
sxva moTxovnebi adekvaturia saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis,
magram ZiriTad problemad kvlavac rCeba miRebuli gad-
awyvetilebebis deklaraciuli xasiaTi _ praqtikaSi misi
ganuxorcielebloba.
Aamave dros, qarTul realobaSi arsebuli problemebis
gadawyvetas arTulebs is garemoeba, rom interkulturuli
ganaTlebisa da urTierTobebis arsebuli done (probleme-
bis gamovlena da maTi gadaWris SesaZleblobebis dasaxva)
saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar gamxdara fundamenturi kv-
levis sagani. interkulturuli urTierTobebis sakiTxiT,
ZiriTadad, arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi in-
teresdebian. swored maT mier ganxorcielda ramdenime
saintereso kvleva, sadac gaSuqebulia zogierTi regionis
problematika da mocemulia garkveuli rekomendaciebi
gamovlenil uaryofiT mxareTa aRmosafxvrelad.8
bolo wlebSi gamoica ramdenime saintereso litera-
tura (saxelmZRvanelo, gzamkvlevi, satreinigo masala), rom-
lebic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs pedagogebsa da far-
To sazogadoebas, gaerkves interkulturuli ganaTlebis
arssa da problematikaSi. maTgan gamovyofT ramdenimes: mas-
wavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centris
mier 2008 wels gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo _ „interkul-
turuli ganaTleba“ (avtorebi: S. tabataZe, n. nacvliSvili);
fond „Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos“ mier gamoica meTo-
duri gzamkvlevi „kulturaTaSorisi swavleba“ (2007 w.);
aseve saintereso saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens „kultur-
aTa dialogi da samoqalaqo cnobiereba“ (S. tabataZe, 2007);
8eTnikur-konfesiuri jgufebi da samoqalaqo integraciis prob-
lemebi saqarTveloSi. azerbaijanlebi, javaxeTis somxebi da
muslimani mesxebi. Tbilisi, 2002; eTnikuri mravalferovneba da
samoqalaqo integracia saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2003; kulturaTa
dialogi da samoqalaqo cnobiereba. Tbilisi, 2010; erovnuli um-
ciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis Sefaseba. Tbilisi, 2010.
187
„tolerantoba mravalerovan saqarTveloSi“ (n. sarjvelaZe,
n. SuSania... 2009) da sxv.
rogorc aRvniSneT, interkulturul ganaTlebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis gamovlenasa da miTi gadaWris
gzebis mecnieruli kvleva saqarTveloSi saTanado siRrmi-
Ta da kompleqsurobiT jer ar warmoebula. rogorc wesi,
xdeboda problemis calkeul segmentze (mag., enobrivze an
eTnikurze) aqcentireba da gamovlenili procesebis sit-
uaciuri analizi. Cveni azriT, samomavlo kvlevebis mizani
unda iyos sakiTxis kompleqsuri (eTnikur, religiur, kul-
turul, socialur, saganmanaTleblo politikis, istoriul
da sxv. WrilSi) Seswavla da ara sazogadoebis mravalfer-
ovnebis warmodgena erTi konkretuli aspeqtiT.
ufro konkretulad, saWiroa gamokvleuli da SemuSave-
buli iqnes saqarTvelos mTeli sazogadoebis mraval-
ferovnebis yvela ganzomilebisa (erovnuli, enobrivi, so-
cialuri, religiuri, kulturuli) da maTi kombinaciebis
gavlena ganaTlebaze; sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo pro-
cesis gavlena mravalferovani sazogadoebis ganviTare-
baze (ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri, kulturuli
maCveneblebi, integraciis xarisxi); maswavleblebisa da
ojaxis kulturaTSorisi kompetenciebis gavlena/mimarTe-
ba interkulturuli ganaTlebis xarisxsa da moswavleTa
miRwevebze; sazogadoebis interkulturul ganaTlebasa da
urTierTobebs Soris logikuri mimarTebebi; interkul-
turuli wignierebis Tanamedrove strategiebi da moxdeba
maTi aprobacia.
Cvens mier dasaxuli mimarTulebebiT kvlevebis warmoe-
ba saSualebas mogvcems, movaxdinoT interkulturuli ur-
TierTobebis problemur mxareTa identificireba da prob-
lemaTa analizis safuZvelze gamovkveToT maTi arsebobis
winapirobebi; SeviswavloT interkulturuli ganaTlebis
deficitis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi (didaqtikuri, kul-
188
turuli, socialuri) da davadginoT am faqtorebis gavlenis
koeficientebi moswavleTa interkulturuli ganaTlebisa
da kulturuli mravalferovnebis aRqmis xarisxze; ganvsaz-
RvroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens interkulturuli ganaTleb-
isa da sazogadoebis kulturuli mravalferovnebis aRqmis
arsebuli done gansxvavebuli identobis mqone jgufebis
samoqalaqo aqtiurobasa da integraciis procesze.
amdenad, msoflioSi arsebuli gamocdilebisa da adg-
ilobrivi viTarebis mecnieruli Seswavlis safuZvelze
aucilebelia, SemuSavdes zogadsaganmanaTleblo sko-
lebSi interkulturuli ganaTlebis efeqturi modelebi/
strategiebi da moxdes maTi aprobacia, rac xels Seuw-
yobs saqarTvelos mravaleferovan mosaxleobaSi poz-
itiuri damokidebulebebis gaRrmavebas da sakomunikacio
unar–Cevebis dauflebas. es ki, saerTo jamSi, ganapirobebs
saxelmwifoebrivad iseTi aqtualuri problemis gadaWras,
rogoricaa multikulturul garemoSi moqalaqeobrivi
identobis Camoyalibeba, integracia da samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis mSenebloba.
189
daviT malazoniadaviT malazonia _ ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori
socialur-ekonomikuri motivebi socialur-ekonomikuri motivebi
TergdaleulTa mxatvrul TergdaleulTa mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSiSemoqmedebaSi
XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTul mxatvrul lit-
eraturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia socialur prob-
lemebs.
Tergdaleulebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sa-
zogadoebriv urTierTobaTa samarTlianobas. Aam moTxov-
nas ganapirobebda rogorc zneobrivi, humanuri pozicia
didi mwerlebisa, ise sazogadoebis erTianobis mniSvnelo-
bis Segneba erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebis saqmeSi.
farTod gavrcelebuli ekonomikuri Cagvrisa da uu-
flebobis gmoba, samarTlian urTierTobaTa qadageba,
mSromelTa adamianuri Rirsebis dacva TergdaleulTa so-
cialur kredod iqca, xolo mSromelTa keTildReobis, ada-
mianis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas erovnuli
sakiTxis gadaWrisaTvis kardinaluri mniSvneloba mieniWa.
amave miznebis ganxorcielebas ukavSirebdnen isini qveynis
ganviTarebis ukeTes perspeqtivas.
Tergdaleulebi fardas xdian Cagruli Sromis sim-
Zimes, udidesi mxatvruli ZaliT gadmogvcemen yma-glex-
is gauxarel yofas. guTnisdeda, qveynis marCenali, did
gansxvavebas ver xedavs Tavis Tavsa da muSa saqonels
Soris. gansxvaveba mxolod is aris, rom glexi metyve-
lia. magram es upiratesobac tragediad qcevia cocxal
adamians _ mas ar SeuZlia, gailaSqros ukanonobis, us-
190
amarTlobis, Cagvris winaaRmdeg, mas simarTle ver uTq-
vams, rasac Sromis zedmet simZimeze kidev ufro mwvaved
ganicdis uuflebo mSromeli.1
sayuradReboa, rom aq xsenebul mSromelebs maTi uu-
fleboba da pirutyvis donemde dayvanili cxovreba im-
TaviTve gansazRvrulad da maradiulad ki ar miaCniaT, ara-
med mtruli Zalisxmevis mZime Sedegad:
`mec Senebr miwas davyureb TvaliT,
radganac zeca wamarTves ZaliT...~.
imis Segneba, rom zeca (e. i. sinaTle da adamianuri ar-
seboba) warTmeulia, is aucilebeli naperwkalia, romlisga-
nac aqtiuri socialuri protesti unda gaRvivdes.
am fonze, ra Tqma unda, scdeba vaJas guTnisdeda, romel-
ic Tavis ubadruk, gauxarel yofas bunebis (mTis) mZime
pirobebs abralebs _ TiTqos masac zurgi uqcevia muSaki-
saTvis, _ siuxves, dovlaTs, baraqas amadlis mas. mTis mkvid-
ric `risxavs~ bunebas _ sakuTari tanjvis mizezs Sec-
domiT masSi xedavs da ara socialur pirobebSi.
is, rom usamarTlo saxelmwifoSi mSromeli kaci ganwir-
ulia, rom araadamianurad mZime Sroma da mainc sulisSemx-
uTveli siRatakea misi cxovrebis Tanamgzavri da Rirseba-
sac, fexqveS uTelavs uzneo sazogadoeba... TergdaleulTa
araerT nawarmoebSia asaxuli.2
muSas TiTqos ar boWavs batonymur urTierTobaTa ar-
taxebi, magram mis xvedrs ver amsubuqebs pirovnuli Tavisu-
fleba. socialuri ukuRmarToba da ekonomikuri siduxWire
mis arsebobas uazros xdis da, `guTnisdedis~ msgavsad,
masac ukargavs adaminur saxes, yvelasagan moZulebul ar-
sebad aqcevs.
1 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 44.
2 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 62-63;
akaki wereTeliakaki wereTeli. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 162-164.
191
cxovrebis mZime pirobebze, ukuRmarTobasa da autanel
siduxWireze Civis lelT-Runiac (ilia, `mgzavris werile-
bi~). noyieri miwebis simcire da maTi usamarTlo ganawileba
did materialur siviwroves ganacdevinebda mTiel xalxs.
xelisuflebac usamarTlod eqceoda maT. sofel gerge-
Tis mkvidrT Zvelad wminda samebis taZris dacva hqondaT
dakisrebuli da amisTvis saqarTvelos samefo karma be-
garisagan Tavisufleba uwyaloba maT. `rusobaCi~ Cavard-
nis Semdeg sofels mZime tvirTad daawva gadasaxadebi. am
konkretuli magaliTebis CvenebiT ilia akritikebs rusuli
mmarTvelobis mtaceblur ekonomikur politikas, romelic
aras dagidevda adgilobrivi tradiciebiT gansazRvrul
urTierTobebs, adgilobrivi sazogadoebis fsiqologias,
mizanmimarTulad Slida da anadgurebda mas.3
mSromeli mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebs kidev ufro
amZimebda ruseTis sinamdvileSi Camoyalibebuli wesrigis
meqanikuri gadmotana gansxvavebuli tradiciebis qveyanaSi.
mowinave sazogadoeba ver egueboda qveynis savalalo
mdgomareobas da cdilobda, praqtikuli moqmedebiT YTu
Teoriuli ZiebiT miegno im gzisTvis, romelic Tanamemamu-
leT mcired Svebas mainc moutanda.
mwvaved ganicdida qarTveli mosaxleoba xelisu-
flebis mxridan Seviwroebas. samoxeleo-Cinovnikuri
aparati axal mZarcvelur organizaciad Camoyalibda.4
moxeleTa meqrTameoba, didkacuri ambiciebi, metismetad
Trgunavda isedac dabeCavebul mSromelebs.5 amitomac
zraxvida xalxi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aseT qom-
agebs (akaki, `glexis locva~).
3 vaJa-fSavelavaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. xuT tomad. t. 5.
Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 78-80.4 vaJa-fSavela. vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. xuT tomad. t. 5. pub-
licisturi da eTnografiuli werilebi. Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 85.
5 akaki wereTeliakaki wereTeli. rCeuli nawerebi. xuT tomad. t. 3. Tbilisi, 1989,
gv. 261.
192
mZime begara isedac xelmokle mosaxleobas xels aRe-
binebda meurneobis intensiur dargebze da oriode gro-
Sis saSovnelad ucxo mxareSi wasvlas aiZulebda, sad-
ac, ZiriTadad, `muSis~ bedis Tanaziari xdeboda. xalxis
yofis ubadrukoba, samwuxaro bedisweriT, maTsave zneobriv
midrekilebebs ukavSirdeba _ `sZinavs fiqrs kacisas tkbi-
lis ZiliT, sadac myudroebaa, sadac azri mZlavradac ar
WaWanebs da Tundac igi, rogorc gazafxulzec mercxali,
Sefrindes sadme, ueWvelad kaklis fuRuro unda mosZeb-
nos binad, kacis tvinis magivrad da iq moikalaTos, sadac
cxovroben ninika-petrikeebi, berieebi, muSakni miwisa, xel-
Tox-niCab-baranebi, mkerdoflianni, guliT marTalni, azriT
gamqralni, swavlas monatrulni mza-mzareulad da codnis
mosaxveWad xel-gainZrevelni...~ (vaJa, `soflis suraTebi~).
yofiTi problemebiT gamwarebuli xalxisaTvis mSvido-
basac ki daukargavs fasi. realobis sirTule Zveli, omi-
anobiT mSfoTvare cxovrebis nostalgias iwvevs maTSi.6
arada kargad grZnoben (ilias megzuri) am usamarTlo-
bis, gausaZlisi cxovrebis mizezs. TavisuflebawarTmeuli
qveyana sakuTar problemebs ver moagvarebda. situacias is
garemoebac amwvavebda, rom xalxi TandaTan gadagvarebis
gzaze damdgariyo. zneobadaqveiTebul mosaxleobas ki na-
klebad Seswevda winaaRmdegobis unari. amitomac miaCndaT
moxeveebs somexi mevaxSe ufro saSiS mtrad, vinem Zvelad
iaraRiT mosuli momxvduri (ilia, `mgzavris werilebi~).
socialur urTierTobaTa umTavres damamZimebel faqto-
rad Tergdaleulebi batonymobas Tvlidnen. didebul mx-
atvrul nawarmoebebSi maT damajereblad gviCvenes, rom es
dromoWmuli sistema aferxebda ekonomikis ganviTarebas,
araadamianurad zRudavda da Cagravda glexs, uzneobisa
da gamrudebuli cnobierebis mizezi iyo Tavadaznaurobis
udidesi nawilisaTvis.
6 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 195-217.
193
STambeWdavad xatavdnen isini batonymobis araadamia-
nur bunebas, roca kacSi adamianur grZnobas ver xedaven,
roca igi sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba da misi bedisa Tu ubedo-
bis mWedeli batonia.7
batonymobis uRliT damZimebuli, welSi gatexili
glexobis mdgomareoba metad ubadrukia, maTi drtvinva,
samarTliani godeba yru kedels awydeba _ bedisagan da-
Cagruls mosarCle aravin hyavs (akaki, `muSuri~, `glexis
aRsareba~). sasowarkveTilT, TiTqos aRarc ukeTesi moma-
vlis damkvidreba eimedebaT... safuZvliania maTi eWvi, rom
xelisufleba, batonymobis gauqmebiT monobis axal uRels
amzadebs ukve Tavgasul CinovnikTa xelSi.8 (g. wereTeli,
`mgzavris werilebi~2). da es SiSi sulac ar iyo usafuZ-
vlo. saglexo reformis proeqti memamulesa da glexs So-
ris mraval sadaos tovebda, rac znewamxdar moxeleTa an-
gari moqmedebis asparezs zrdida (akaki, `mamlis yivilze~).
arada grZnoben glexebi, rom sakuTari Tavis patronT win
veraferi daudgebaT, mxne garjiT keTildReobas moimkian
_ `netai RmerTi im Cem batons momaSorebdes, Tvara kaci
rogor mejobineba qveyanaze!...~ _ ase SemogvCivis sakuTar
beds leCxumeli glexi (g. wereTeli, `mgzavris werilebi~).
TergdaleulTaTvis bedis morCili adamiani (iseTi ro-
goric glexi giguaa (iakobi, `monadire~)) arasodes qceula
qebis obieqtad. TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas isini adamianis
umTavres movaleobad Tvlidnen da, amdenad, Zalismier gzasac
ar gamoricxavdnen am miznis miRwevisaTvis. ilias didebuli
nawarmoebebi `kako yaCaRi~ da `glaxis naambobi~, garda imisa,
rom naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian batonymobis xasiaTze, yma-
glexis mZime xvedrze da autanel Cagvraze, _ pirovnebis am-
boxsac asaxaven socialuri uuflebobis winaaRmdeg.
7 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 130-147.
8 giorgi wereTeli. giorgi wereTeli. mgzavris werilebi. qarTuli proza. wigni X.
Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 453.
194
batonymobis mimarT mZafri protesti a. wereTlis poezia-
Sic aSkarad Cans, im gansxvavebiT ki, rom igi usamarTlobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis aseT konkretul magaliTebs ar gvix-
atavs. akaki, TanamebrZolebis msgavsad, socialuri Cagvris
damZimebas erovnul uuflebobas ukavSirebda. mxolod
politikuri Tavisuflebis pirobebSi Tvlida SesaZleblad
damTrgunveli socialuri viTarebis gamosworebas. vfiqrobT,
amiT aixsneba mis SemoqmedebaSi socialur usamarTlobasTan
mebrZol individTa nakleboba (iliasTan batonymobasTan da-
pirispirebas swored rom individualuri xasiaTi aqvs).
TergdaleulTa mizania, daarwmunon sazogadoeba, rom
ufleba _ ganagos sxvaTa bedi, TviT misi mflobelisTvisac
tragikuli xdeba, radgan sxvaze suliT-xorcianad batono-
ba adamians saxes ucvlis da jalaTad aqcevs.9 unda gvax-
sovdes, rom daTikos, ieremia warbas, tariel mklavaZis10
da msgavsTa zraxvebis aRsrulebas Sesabamisi socialuri
garemo pirobebi uwyobda xels. am gadagvarebul gvamTa
nacvlad axali dro gansxvavebuli cnobierebis, energiuli
moqmedebis adamianebs moiTxovda (baxva fulavas (`pirveli
nabiji~), Tavad levans (`kacia adamiani~?!)...).
sayuradReboa, rom Tergdaleulebi batonymur urTi-
erTobaTa xasiaTs istoriul WrilSiac ganixilavdnen.
CvenSi socialur urTierTobaTa tradiciul fonad isi-
ni wodebaTa valdebulebebis gansazRvrulobas Tvlid-
nen (Tavadaznaurobas qveynis dacva, glexobas meurneobis
gaZRola evaleboda). miaCndaT, rom movaleobaTa aseTi
ganawileba xalxis erTianobis safuZvels qmnida da so-
cialuri Cagvris simZimesac ramdenadme anelebda (akaki,
`moxucis grZnoba~). mogvianebiT ki, miuTiTebdnen isini, ru-
9 ilia WavWavaZeilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. erTtomeuli. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 362;
giorgi wereTeli. giorgi wereTeli. pirveli nabiji. Tbilisi, 1991.
10 egnate ninoSvili. egnate ninoSvili. Cveni qveynis raindi. qarTuli proza. t. XV.
Tbilisi, 1988. gv. 413-472.
195
sulma mmarTvelobam wodebrivi dapirispirebis gaRrmave-
biT, samarTlis tradiciuli (humanuri) normebis ugulvebe-
lyofiT, mouqneli da uxeSi administraciiT mebatonisa da
yma-glexis urTierTobas simZafre Semata.11
sagulisxmoa akakis mtkiceba, rom xSirad glexis ymur
movaleobas mebatonisaTvis zRaprebis Txroba warmoadgen-
da (`Cemi Tavgadasavali~). amis Sesaxeb erT metad saintere-
so cnobas gvawvdis mixeil Ciqovani ̀ feodalur karze mud-
miv mTqmelTa kadris Seqmna saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli
movlena iyo. 1939 wels duSeTis raionSi Cvens mier Catare-
bulma samecniero-folklorulma eqspediciam sofel baza-
leTSi gamoarkvia, rom adgilobrivi feodalebi swored
amave wess mimarTavdnen yma-glexobis dabegvraSi~.
batonymoba gadaulaxav ufskruls qmnida sazogadoeb-
is SigniT da mis arsebobas zneobriv safuZvels aclida.
qveynis erTianoba mosaxleobas Soris urTierTpativisce-
mas, siyvaruls da saerTo miznebis piradulze win wamow-
evas unda dafuZneboda. batonymoba ki amis safuZvels ar
iZleoda. mis pirobebSi, garegnuli moCvenebiTobis miuxeda-
vad, kargi mebatonis arseboba SeuZlebelia (ilia, `glaxis
naambobi~). batonymobas uaRresad uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs
adamianis formirebaze, mis moqmedebasa da azrovnebaze. ba-
tonymoba ara marto imiT iyo cudi, rom glexs sxvis sa-
kuTrebad aqcevda da cxovrebis damoukideblad warmarTvis
saSualebas arTmevda (akaki, `muSuri~), aramed imiTac, rom is
TviT Tavadebsac luarsabad qcevas uqadda. aki bevr mema-
mules luarsabis karmidamoc mosanatri hqonda. wodebriv
upiratesobas gamodevnebulni, mokle Tvalsawieris mqoneni,
saRad azrovnebisa da moqmedebis uunaroni, winaparTagan
naanderZev mamulebs giraos furclebze cvlidnen da, sab-
olood, umiwawyloni rCebodnen.
11 akaki wereTeli. akaki wereTeli. Cemi Tavgadasavali. qarTuli proza. t. IX.
Tbilisi, 1985. gv. 7-122.
196
rogorc vxedavT, Tergdaleulebis damokidebuleba
batonymobisadmi aSkarad uaryofiTia, isini ebrZvian mas,
rogorc sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa garkveul wes-
rigs, romelic socialuri usamarTlobiTa da ekonomikuri
CagvriT abrkolebda sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebas,
rac mxolod Tavisufali muSaxelis arsebobiT ganxor-
cieldeboda. amasTan, glexobis ymuri mdgomareobidan
gamoxsna ramdenadme mainc Searbilebda socialur da-
pirispirebas da SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mTeli eris kon-
solidacia erovnuli problemis gadaWris mizniT. amdenad,
batonymobis gauqmebis aucileblobas amarTlebda, rogorc
sakiTxisadmi pragmatuli, ise humanuri damokidebuleba.
samocianelebs mtkiced swamdaT, rom Sromis SemboWve-
li borkili ukve dasamsxvrevad iyo ganwiruli. `Sromis
axsnis~ idea sul ufro farTod ikidebda fexs da male
mTeli kacobriobis Seupovari brZolis impulsi gaxdebo-
da (ilia, `aCrdili~).
Sromis ganTavisuflebas aucileblad unda gamoewvia
qveynad samarTlianobis damkvidreba da sayovelTao keTi-
ldReoba (akaki, `tyve~). es optimizmi qarTuli sityvis di-
dostatTa araerT nawarmoebs msWvalavs:
`mwams, rom anaTebs RvTis sadgurs
sanTlebi mSromelT oflisa~ (vaJa).
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ganaxlebas TviT dro
ayenebda dRis wesrigSi. am ganaxlebisaTvis brZola isto-
riuli logikiT iyo nakarnaxevi da Zalamicemuli. tyvedqm-
nili Sroma aucileblad ganTavisufldeboda da es gaxde-
boda rogorc axali cxovrebis dawyebis safuZveli, ise
sakuTriv Cveni qveynis momavali keTildReobis sawindari,
_ saerTo bednierebis miRwevis gzaze.
Tergdaleulebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom mxolod Tavisu-
fal SromaSi hpovebda adamiani Svebas, misi wyalobiT Sei-
Zendnen namdvil Sinaarss RvTaebrivi sityvebi: Zmoba, er-
197
Toba, Tavisufleba, qveynad ki kacTmoyvareoba da saTnoeba
gabatondeboda. ai, is didi mniSvneloba, rasac isini ani-
Webdnen `Sromis axsnas~.
Tergdaleulebi kargad xedavdnen sakuTriv Sromis
udides rols. miaCndaT, rom qarTveli eri Cvens dromde,
samSoblosaTvis gmirul TavdadebasTan erTad, Sromis-
moyvareobamac moiyvana. mebrZolisa da mSromelis Tvise-
bebis qarTvel kacSi Tavmoyras Tvlidnen isini Cveni ar-
sebobis qvakuTxedad. momavalSi racionaluri, gonivruli
Sroma kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas SeiZenda, rac mx-
olod Tavisufali (`axsnili~) Sromis pirobebSi ganxor-
cieldeboda.
Tergdaleulebi aRniSnavdnen, rom Sroma ar unda yo-
filiyo martooden uufleboTa, sazogadoebis dabali fen-
ebis warmomadgenelTa xvedri. swored es uaRresad pro-
gresuli azria gatarebuli qveteqstis doneze, namdvili
mxatvruli nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SefarviT, is-
toriul-saymawvilo moTxrobaSi `ambad gagonili~ (ilia).
aq mkiTxveli ixibleba qarTvelTa saTayvanebeli me-
fis, ubadlo sardlisa da meomris erekles, ubraloebiT.
amasTan, mas uyalibdeba azri, rom Sroma ar SeiZleba uRir-
si saqme iyos, Tuki mas TviT mefes asrulebineben.
Sromis siyvarulis Canergva qarTveli sazogadoebi-
sTvis, misi gamocxadeba adamianuri Rirsebis, znekeTilo-
bis safuZvlad akakis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT ni-
Sandobliv mxaresac Seadgens. uryevia poetis rwmena, rom
mwarmoebluri Sroma yovlisSemZlea, igi TviT fizikurad
dauZlurebulsac ki kurnavs, sasicocxlo ZaliT aRavsebs
davrdomilT. Sromis macocxlebeli Zala TviT saxelovan
mefes _ vaxtang gorgasalsac moarCens da qveynis gaZRo-
lis xalissa da unars daubrunebs (akaki, `gorgasliani~).
mozard Taobas misabaZ magaliTad eqceva mSromeli ka-
cis Tavmoyvareobac _ xandazmuli, xelmokle, magram amayi
198
glexi rodi kadrulobs sxvisgan mowyalebis miRebas,
mxolod sakuTari marjvenaa misi Semwe _ gaWirvebisgan
gamomxsneli (iakobi, `patiosani da upatiosno~).
adamianuri gulTbilobiT aRbeWdili es moTxrobebi
Taviseburad asaxaven kidec samocianelTa miswrafebas har-
moniuli, araantagonisturi, znemaRali sazogadoebisadmi.
Tergdaleulebi, rogorc eris WeSmariti winamZRolni,
ar malavdnen Cvens uaryofiT mxareebsac. piriqiT, maTi
saaSkaraoze gamotaniT, maTi gamomzeurebiT surT, saku-
Tar naklovanebebs miaxvedron xalxi. sakuTari Tavis
bolomde Seucnoblad ki saeWvo Canda erovnuli Tavisu-
flebisa da socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis
brZolis warmateba.
rogorc uzneobas kicxavdnen isini sayovelTao ube-
durebis Jams gancxromiT cxovrebas. sakuTari intersebis
zogaderovnulze maRla damyenebeli verasodes gaswevda
WeSmarit eriskacobas, arasodes ar aRudgeboda win arse-
bul borotebas, _ misi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba xom
swored am Zalmomreobis Sedegi iyo (ilia, `aCrdili~; vaJa,
`bagrat zaxariCis sikvdili~, `biografia uriadnikisa~). iq,
sadac Rirseba, Sromismoyvareoba, patiosneba arad fasobs,
adamiani mxolod TvalTmaqcobiT da daundoblobiT aR-
wevs warmatebas. mankieri Tvisebebi Crdilavs adamianis
Rirsebas, aseTi sazogadoeba zneobrivad davrdomilia da
sicocxlis unars moklebuli (iakobi, `melia da misi sax-
loba~; akaki `axali gza~).
wvrili aznaurebis, Zmebis, beJanisa da maTes Tavga-
dasavalic saukeTeso nimuSia angarebis, avzraxvaTa mo-
ZalebiT sazogadoebis garyvnilebis, misi zne-wamxdrobis
(ilia, `mdivanbegoba~). bedis saZieblad qalaqSi wamo-
sul ZmaTagan iRbalma ufross, beJans gauRima da sxvisi
daxmarebiT samsaxuri iSova. swored aq ikveTeba zed-
miwevniT zustad gadagvarebuli adamianis fsiqika, misi
199
moqmedeba. sxvisi wyalobiT fexze damdgarma Zmas ara Tu
xeli gaumarTa, aramed saxlidan gaagdo, rogorc zedmeti
tvirTi. mraval gaWirvebagamovlilma, xalxisagan abuCad
agdebulma da Seuracxyofima beJanma icis, rom momavlis
damkvidreba mxolod pirferobiT, laqiaobiTa da dasmena-
dabezRebiT SeuZlia. cxadia, beJani am tipis adamianad
cxovrebam aqcia. arajansaR sazogadoebaSi Znelia saku-
Tari RirsebiT warmatebis miRweva da Tu ara mdabali
zraxvebi, isic umcrosi Zmis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo-
da. adamianis es maxinji metamorfozi, qalaqSi Camosuli
axalgazrdis uzneo karieristad qceva, ZiriTadad, garemo
pirobebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
socialuri garemos ukuRmarToba mZime daRs asvams ker-
Zo piris miswrafebebs, midrekilebebs, amrudebs mis zneobas
_ es mZafri fsiqologiuri garemo auxeSebs adamianis suls,
axSobs gulmowyalebas, sxvaTa daxmarebis survils klavs
masSi da TanamoZmeTadmi SurismaZieblad aqcevs (g. wer-
eTeli, `pirveli nabiji~).
swored gaborotebul, daundobel sazogadoebasTan ur-
TierTobam amoativtiva mcirewlovan ZmebSi Tavis gadarCenis
veluri instiqti (ilia, `saxrCobelazed~). Sedegic logikuri
aRmoCnda: erTi Zma misive damRupveli xalxis Tvalwin maT
gasarTobad da saseirod saxrCobelaze aiyvanes... xolo me-
ore sazogadoebaze SurismaZiemblad iqca.
umaqnisobiT, mxolod sakuTar Tavze da gamorCeniT miR-
weul keTildReobaze fiqriT moralurad degradirebuli
sazogadoebis mimarT gamoTqmul Rrma protestSi cxadad
warmoCindeba TergdaleulTa poziciac. isinic mTavar dam-
naSaved sakuTriv xalxs da maT mierve cxovrebisa Tu Tavis
gatanis wesad damkvidrebul Zalmomreobas Tvlian. swored
am usamarTlobam, gamefebuli uzneobiT Zalamicemulma so-
cialurma ukuRmarTobam Seasrula yvelaze dramatuli
roli momxdar tragediebSi.
200
mwerlobis mizani erTia, Wirisa da ubedurebis ara mal-
va, aramed saaSkaraoze gamotana da xalxisaTvis simarTlis
Tqma. arsebul umsgavsiobebze miTiTebiT, mkacri gakicxviT
_ maT gamosworebaze zrunva.
mwerlis, poetis da, saerTod, eriskacis maRal daniS-
nulebaze saubaria leqsebSi ̀ poeti~, ̀ Cemo kalamo~ (ilia),
`mgosani~ (vaJa) da sxva. maTSi naTlad aris gadmoce-
muli eris winamZRolis sapatio da didi misia, romel-
sac Tergdaleulebi kargad grZnobdnen. amis dasturia
maTi mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis yoveli aspeqti. swored
am diadi misiis gaTaviseba aZlevda maT eris saZraxisi
Tvisebebis saaSkaraoze gamotanis Zalas (ilia, `bednieri
eri~). im zneobrivi Rirebulebebisadmi sakuTari damok-
idebulebis Camoyalibebis uflebas, romelTa mixedviT
moqmedeba adamianis cxovrebis wesad unda qceuliyo gaba-
tonebul mankierebaTa sanacvlod (ilia, `damakvirdi~).
mwerlis sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis aseTsave gaazre-
bas gvTavazobdnen, n. nikolaZe, s. mesxi da g. wereTeli.12
Semoqmedis upirveles movaleobad maTac erovnuli da
socialuri problematikis yvelaze aqtualur sakiTx-
ebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba miaCndaT, amisTvis ki mw-
erals mWidro kavSiri unda hqondes cxovrebasTan da
xalxis TviTSegnebis zrdas, masSi zneobrivi principebis
gacocxlebas unda emsaxurebodes.
qarTvel samocianelTa samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvla
burJuaziuli reformebis gatarebis xanas daemTxva. baton-
ymobis gadavardnam, fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis dan-
ergvam safuZvlianad Secvala saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri
da socialuri garemo, samrewvelo da savaWro kapitalizmis
ganviTareba-gafarToeba manamde ucnob, Zireulad axal Sesa-
Zleblobebs warmoaCenda Cveni sazogadoebis winaSe. ara
wodebrivi memkvidreobiT miniWebuli mdgomareobiT, aramed
12 Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~, 1963, #5.
201
piradi gamWriaxobiT, unarianobiT, codniT, mizanswrafviT
unda daemkvidrebina adamians ukeTesi momavali.
axal ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvla winaaRmdegob-
riv, rTulsa da xangrZliv process warmoadgenda (g. wer-
eTeli `pirveli nabiji~, `mamida asmaTi~). axal pirobebSi
Tavad-aznaurobisaTvis saarsebo aucileblobad iqca
cxovrebis wesis Secvla, fexis awyoba drois moTxovnebi-
saTvis. cxovrebis Zvel stilze moqmedeba maT arsebobas
ekonomikur safuZvels aclida. erTaderT saimedo gzad
meurneobis ganaxleba, misi racionalizacia rCeboda. mx-
olod unarian meurnedqceul mebatones SeeZlo Tavis
gadarCena.
am tipis adamiania Tavadi levani (ilia, `kacia ada-
miani?!~). is urmebis qiraze gagzavniT Semosavlis myar
wyaros iCens. es nabiji bevrSi gaugebrobasTan erTad,
gaRizianebasac iwvevda. sinamdvileSi aq sakamaTo arafe-
ria. levani Tavdaznaurobis im nawilis warmomadgenel-
ia, romelic droze uRebs alRos cxovrebis Secvlil
pirobebs: TandaTanobiT cvlis meurneobis feodalur xa-
siaTs, urmebis qiraze gagzavniT uars ambobs dromoWmul
feodalur karCaketilobaze da sinamdvilis saTanado
gaazrebiT sakuTar momavalsac uzrunvelyofs.
batonymobis gauqmebiT adamians saSualeba mieca, Ta-
visi unaris mixedviT aewyo cxovreba. ekonomikuri stimu-
laciis, glexis dainteresebis qvakuTxeds gaweuli Sromis
sanacvlod miRebuli mogeba qmnida. am procesma gadamwy-
veti roli iTamaSa soflis meurneobis dawinaurebaSi _
karCaketili, TviTkmari warmoebidan sasaqonlo urTier-
Tobebze gadasvlaSi (ilia, `oTaraanT qvrivi~ _ uaRresad
progresulia Sromisadmi da, kerZod, qalis Sromisadmi i.
WavWavaZis damokidebuleba; akaki, `allaverdi~, `qarTlis
salami~, `nacarqeqia~).
rogorc vxedavT, cnobil qarTvel mweralTa mxatvru-
202
li Semoqmedebis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi srul
SesabamisobaSia maT ideur-politikur SexedulebebTan. es
nawarmoebebi, amxeldnen ra mZarcvelur ekonomikur poli-
tikasa da socialur antagonizms xels uwyobdnen sapirisp-
iro, naTeli miswrafebebis danergvas mosaxleobaSi.
203
dekanozidekanozi miqael bukiamiqael bukia _ _ Tbilisis wmida ninos
saxelobis eklesiis
winamZRvari, saqarTvelos
sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetis
doqtoranti
wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre
(oqropiriZe)(oqropiriZe)
`egreT brwyinevdin naTeli Tqueni
winaSe kacTa, raÁTa ixilnen saqmeni
Tquenni keTilni da adidebden
mamasa Tquensa zecaTasa~.1
wminda mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre iyo swored is br-
wyinvale naTeli, romlis naTebac ers aCvenebda mamulis
Cveulebisamebr svlis gzas _ gzas, romelic yovelTvis iyo
da iqneba eris gadarCenis utyuari garanti. wminda aleqsan-
dre swored rom saWiro dros moevlina qarTvel ers. ro-
gorc wminda ilia marTali brZanebda: `nametnaobaSi nu
CamomarTmevT da guliT wmidiT vityvi, rom sCans, RmerTs
kidev ar davviwyebivarT, radganac TqvenisTana saTnoebian
kacs mouvlens xolme Cvens qveyanas... eris Semnaxveli da
ganmadidebeli, qviTkiri adamianis cxovrebisa, marto saT-
noebaa da marto saTnoebiani kaci qmnis am wuTisofels
taZrad, sadac RmerTs adideben, da samoTxed, sadac bed-
niereba adamianisa hsadgurobs~.2 kaci, romelic qmnida `am
1 maTemaTe, 5,16.2 gazeTi `cnobis furceli~, 1989, 20 maisi.
204
wuTisofels taZrad~, _ ase uwoda wmida ilia marTalma
aleqsandre episkoposs. wyaloba RvTisa, sxva ra unda ewo-
dos RvTis amgvar gangebas, romelmac qarTvel ers 1824
wels3 goris raionSi, sofel disevSi, mRvdlis, daviTis
ojaxSi mouvlina aleqsandre (eriskacobaSi aleqsi)
oqropiriZe. sasuliero ganaTleba miiRo jer goris sa-
suliero saswavlebelSi, Semdeg ki Tbilisis sasuliero
seminariaSi. mSoblebi da misi aRmzrdeli pedagogebi
aleqsize did imedebs amyarebdnen da gaamarTla kidec.
`netareba im dedas, im qarTvel mandilosans, im RvTisnier
adamians, romelmac pawia aleqsis awova Tvisni ZuZuni
da tkbil rZesTan erTad Caunerga mas gulSi uRrmesi
siyvaruli RvTisa da moyvasisadmi~.4
1845 wels wmindani Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis
damTavrebis Semdeg Seudga moRvaweobiT saqmianobas. igi
Tbilisis feriscvalebis monasterSi berad aRikveca da
saxelad aleqsandre uwodes, imave wlis 18 agvistos ki
mTavardiakvnad akurTxes. axalgazrda aleqsandre swavlis
gasagrZeleblad mTavari diakvanis xarisxiT gaemgzavra
yazanis sasuliero akademiaSi. aq igi, 1846-1850 wlebSi, Rrmad
da safuZvlianad daeufla sasuliero da saero mecniere-
bebs: RvTismetyvelebas, saeklesio da samoqalaqo istorias,
sityvierebas, filosofias, fizika-maTematikas, ucxo enebs:
berZnuls, laTinurs, germanuls, Turqulsa da arabuls. ro-
gorc yazanis sasuliero akademiis istoriis aRmweri, pro-
fesori znamenski igonebs ̀ erT weliwads q. yazanSi qolera
mZvinvarebda, ber-diakoni studenti aleqsandre oqropiriZe
pirveli Caewera avadmyofebis momvlelTa dasSi~... `uSiS-
rad da Tavganwirulad emsaxureboda am saSineli seniT
SepyrobilT, ganurCevlad maTi Camomavlobisa da sarwmu-
3 v. gurgeniZis cnobiT aleqsandre daibada 1822 wels.
4 z. QWiWinaZez. QWiWinaZe. sityvebi da werilebi yovlad samRvdelo aleqsan-
dreze. Tbilisi, 1907, gv. 68.
205
noebisa~, _ ambobda SemdegSi arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia.
`misi Tavganwiruloba moZmeTaTvis, mouridebloba misi am
saSineli da metadre maSin Tavzardamcemi senisa ancvi-
frebda yvelas~.5
yazanSi swavlis drosve, 1849 wlis 6 oqtombers, igi
xeldasxmul iqna mRvdelmonazvnad. erTi wlis Semdeg war-
CinebiT daamTavra akademiis sruli kursi da samSobloSi
RvTismetyvelebis kandidatis xarisxiT dabrunda. pirvel
xanebSi igi Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi aswavlida
saRmrTo werils, laTinurs, zneobriv RvTismetyvelebasa
da arqeologias. 1851 wlis 21 seqtembers, uwmidesi sino-
dis gadawyvetilebiT, mRvdelmonazoni aleqsandre dainiS-
na afxazeTis sasuliero saswavleblis zedamxedvelad da
masve miendo afxazeTis mRvdelmsaxurTa Soris mRvdelmon-
azonTa xelmZRvaneloba, SeTavsebiT quTaisis sasuleiro
saswavleblis inspeqtoris movaleobasac asrulebda.
wminda mRvdelmTavari xedavda, rom Tavis qveyanaSi ̀ sam-
kali friad~ iyo, muSakni ki mcired da cdilobda Tavisi
cxovrebiT magaliTi yofiliyo WeSmariti momkelisa. misi
sityva da saqme SenivTebuli iyo erTmaneTs, ar Semcdara
qarTveli xalxi, roca mas `aRmaSenebeli~ uwoda.
afxazeTSi CasvlisTanave man didi gulmodgineba
gamoiCina afxazTaTvis ilorSi daarsebuli saswavleblis
warmatebuli muSaobis xelSesawyobad. misi moRvaweoba
sruliad damsaxurebulad daafasa rogorc adgilobrivma
mosaxleobam, aseve mTelma saqarTvelom da mas afxazeTis
meore mociquli uwoda. episkoposis gardacvalebis Semdeg
arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia ityvis: `ar zogavda sakuTar
saSualebas skolaTa daarsebisTvis, _ Tavisi xarjiT zrdi-
da afxazTa Svilebs da amzadebda maT mRvdlobis xarisxSi
samoRvaweod, _ medgrad icavda samRvdeloebis da samwysos
interesebs, uxvad eweoda qvriv-obolTa, masa da samwysos
5 `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2002, #45, gv. 7.
206
Soris arsebobda mamaSviluri kavSiri dafuZnebuli WeS-
marit qristianul siyvarulze. mas ar uyvarda mdidruli
cxovreba, scxovrobda TiTqmis agreTve sadaT, rogorc erTi
ukanaskneli Raribi misi samwysoTagani. es sada cxovreba,
es xalxTan siaxlove xdida mas namdvil Zvel mSobliur
eklesiis mwyemsT-mTavarTa msgavsad~.6 1853 wlis 7 Teber-
vals afxazeTSi gaweuli RvawlisTvis uwmidesma sinodma
aleqsandres Tavisi madloba gamoucxada.7
samxedro garemoebaTa gamo afxazTa sasuliero sas-
wavlebeli gauqmda da 1854 wlidan wmida aleqsandre
kvlav quTaisSia, sasuliero saswavleblis zedamxedve-
lad da ufros ganyofilebaTa maswavleblad, 1855 wlis
3 martamde. Semdeg dainiSna gelaTis pirvelxarisxovan
monastris winamZRvrad da mieniWa afxazeTis saeklesio
kaTedris iRumenoba.
1856 wels, uwmidesi sinodis brZanebiT, aleqsandre
xeldasxmul iqna afxazeTis arqimandritad da gagza-
vnil iqna isev afxazeTSi. 1862 wels xeldasxmul iqna
mRvdelmTavrad TbilisSi, sionis sakaTedero taZarSi, eg-
zarqosis, evsevis mier sxva mRvdelmTavrebis Tanamwir-
velobiT da mas Cabarda afxazeTis kaTedra. metad mZime
iyo is jvari, romelic WeSmarit mwyemss ufalma arguna,
magram man uflisave SewevniT muxlCauxrelad itvirTa
igi da Seudga gzas golgoTisaken.
saqarTvelo da, miTumetes, misi ZirZveli kuTxe afxazeTi,
sadac wminda mRvdelmTavarma Tavisi moRvaweoba daiwyo, mx-
olod warsuli didebis aCrdilsRa warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelo _ ruseTis imperiis erT-erT ganapira mxa-
re _ mefis ruseTis rusifikatoruli reJimis wyalobiT,
erT dros SaravandediT mosili qveyana, gaZvaltyavebul,
gaZarcvul da gaRatakebul provincias warmoadgenda.
6 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSr. gv. 11.
7 gazeTi `iveria~, 1897, #89.
207
1869 wels aleqsandre gadmoyvanil iqna TbilisSi go-
ris episkoposad da saqarTvelos egzarqosis pirvel qor-
episkoposad, 1869-1882 da 1886-1898 wlebSi yovlad samRvdelo
aleqsandre 25 weli goris episkoposi iyo. mRvdelmTavars
xSirad uwevda saqarTvelos egzarxosis magivrobis gaw-
eva, roca es ukanasknelni droebiT ruseTs miemgzavrebod-
nen. 1882-1885 wlebSi marTavda guriis, xolo 1903 wlamde _
guria-samegrelos eparqias. 1903 wels yovlad samRvdelo
aleqsandre erovnuli saqmisTvis Tavdadebis `braldebiT~
ganTavisuflebul iqna eparqiis marTva-gamgeobisagan da
mxco vanma, uyuradRebod mitovebulma, Sio mRvimis monaster-
Si daivana, rogorc gandegilma.
uyuro wminda mRvdelmTavris mier gavlil gzas sulis
SeuZvrelad metad mZimea. mZimea Cveni gadasaxedidan, magram
ufro mZime iyo im drois mkvidrTaTvis, qarTveloba gad-
agvarebis gzaze idga, erovnuloba waSlis zRvramde iyo
misuli Tavisi yvela niSniT. dekanozi nikita TalakvaZis
TqmiT: `yvelgan da yvelaferSi CamoerTva Cvens ers ini-
ciativa, Sewyda misi SemoqmedebiTi niWis Tavisufali var-
jiSoba. Cvenma erma istoriulad miiZina~. amave azrs agrZe-
lebs dekanozi k. kekeliZe: `sarwmunoebrivi SemoqmedebiTi
grZnoba da niWi, romliTac cxovel iyo da Zlier igi Zve-
lad, SesamCnevad Sesustda. ricxvi im ganaTlebul samRvde-
lo pirTa, romelnic saTaveSi udgnen Zvelad qarTul ga-
naTlebas da qmnidnen qarTul kulturas, Semcirda, TiTqos
moispo. monasteri aRaravis izidavda, ris gamoc is dacari-
elda da SesaniSnav eklesiebTan erTad nangrevebad iqca~.8
miuxedavad am simZimeebisa, qarTvelTa Soris im periodSi
mravlad aRmoCndnen eris TviTcnobierebaSi momyvani xalxi,
romelTa Sorisac brwyinavda yovlad samRvdelo aleqsan-
dre. is ar zogavda sakuTar sicocxlesac ki, oRond ro-
gorme aRmoefxvra erSi gamefebuli sicrue, mliqvneloba,
8 `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2002, #45, gv. 8.
208
Ralati, ciliswameba, qrTami, zemdgomi pirebisadmi monuri
morCileba. igi ibrZoda droTa da JamTa viTarebisagan gan-
sacdelSi Cavardnili qveynisaTvis.
man rogorc mRvdelmTavarma, mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba
gaSala eris sulieri gamofxizlebisa da ganaTlebisTvis.
sxva Tu araferi, marto ilias moZRvrobac ki eyofoda wmin-
da aleqsandres eris winaSe amagad. wminda mRvdelmTavari
mSobliuri qveynis dacema-dakninebis mTavar mizezad miiC-
nevda erovnuli swavla-ganaTlebis dacemas. am faqts ki
imiTi xsnida, rom qarTveli axali Taoba qveynis saswavle-
belSi swavla-aRzrdas ucxo, gaugebar, ara mSobliur enaze
iRebda. am mdgomareobiT aRSfoTebuli mRvdelmTavari
xSirad ityoda xolme: `netavi rodis eRirsebaT qarTve-
lebs qarTuli skolao~9... swored mSobliur enaze miRe-
buli ganaTleba miaCnda mas qveynis aRdgenis erTaderT
gzad. misi survili iyo, istoriuli warsulis fonze, Cvens
eklesia-monastrebSi kvlav danTebuliyo swavla-aRzrdis
iseTi lampari, romelic enTo gelaTis, iyalTos, fazisis
da sxva akademiebSi.
`Tavis umTavres saqmed mis irgvliv myofTa qristian-
ul sarwmunoebaze moqceva-ganmtkicebasa da maTTvis sas-
wavlebelTa daarsebas miiCnevda~.10
rodesac sakiTxi daisva gaxsniliyo qalTaTvis spe-
cialuri sasuliero saswavlebeli, man pirvelma didi
roli iTamaSa am keTilSobilur saqmeSi _ misi finansuri
daxmarebiTa da mecadineobiT TbilisSi daarsda epar-
qialuri saswavlebeli, romelmac Cvens ers aRuzarda ram-
denime aTasi ganaTlebuli qali.
1889 wels 24 seqtembers aleqsandre episkoposma
akurTxa goris sasuliero saswavleblis eklesia, rac go-
9 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSr. gv. 57.
10 `moambe~ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos prescentris yovelTviuri
biuleteni. meore gamoSveba. 1995, noemberi, gv. 3.
209
ris mosaxleobis didi survili yofila. saswavleblis
kurTxevasTan erTad wminda aleqsandres ukurTxebia wmin-
da giorgi mTawmindelis saxelobis eklesia.
kurTxevis bolos episkoposma aleqsandrem warmoTqva
sityva: `mihmarTa maswavlebelTa da moswavleT, rom erTgu-
lad da erTsulad mohkidon saqmes xeli; am axals saxlSi
sarwmunoeba da mecniereba erTad moTavsebulni da xeli-
xel Cakidebulni unda iyvneno~.11 qvelmoqmed mRvdelmTavars
es dRe imiTac aRuniSnavs, rom dauwesebia yovelwliuri
stipendia warCinebulTaTvis. xalxi didi aRfrTovanebiT
Sexvedria am qvelmoqmedebas.
rogorc ganmanaTlebeli da pedagogi, igi marad qad-
agebda xalxTa Soris siyvaruls, Zmobas da erTobas. igi
iyo namdvili moZRvari ara marto sityviT, aramed saqmiTac,
Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobiTac.
wm. ilia marTlis gazeTis 1898 wlis #103 moTavsebul
werilSi, samegrelos eparqiaSi gadayvanasTan dakavSire-
biT, igi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc didi mamuliSvili, saTno
adamiani, samSoblos uerTgulesi moZRvari, xalxis gulSi
sinaTlisa da siyvarulis mTesveli. ar SeiZleba aqve ar
aRiniSnos didebuli istorikosisa da sazogado moRvawis,
zaqaria WiWinaZis, sityvebi, romelic mas foTSi warmouTq-
vams. igi aleqsandre episkoposis daxasiaTebisas dasZens:
`im dros, rodesac, qarTvel warCinebulTa umravlesoba
Tavis yvavilovan xanas mxolod Cvens daRupvis moqmedebaSi
atarebs, rodesac maT erTi groSis gametebac ki eZnele-
baT Cvenis daqveiTebulis tomis saqmeTa sasargeblod. ai
swored am dros, Tqveni meufeba sdgas wminda mamulisS-
vilobiT aRvsili, qarTveli SeuZlo, eris siyvaruliT da
daxmarebiT miubaZavi magaliTiT yvelasi, uSurveli yvela-
fris da yvelgan oRond-ki amiT Cveni tomis ZeTa gankace-
bas, ganviTarebas da rame Seematos... Tqvengan dawyebulma
11 gazeTi `iveria~, 1889, #204.
210
keTilma saqmeebma, Tavgamodebulma WeSmaritma samsaxurma,
maRalma zneobam da eris siyvarulma yvela qarTvelis
gulSi Tqveni saxeli brwyinvaled danerges. es danargi
qarTvelis gulSi mtkiced Caiqsova; qarTveli eris winaSe
Tqveni samsaxuri ganaTlebis sasargeblod cxad iqmna, ami-
tom qarTvelebma saerTod Tqven `qarTvelTa mama~ giwodes.
am saukuneSi, qarTvelT eris winaSe arc erTs qarTvelT
mTvdel-mTavars ar daumsaxurebia aseTi saxelwodeba, Tqven
pirveli brZandebiT...12
rogorc 1891 wlis 27 aprilis gazeT `iveriis~ statia-
Si `qvelmoqmedebis saimedo niSnebi~ vkiTxulobT, im dros
saqarTvelo qvelmoqmedebis did naklebobas ganicdida:
`Cveni qveyana raRac ganusazRvrels uqmobas mieca, xel-
mxar mosxletilad ijda saxlSi da sma-Wamis da garTobis
mets ki aRaras dasdevda...~13 amgvari yofis Semxedvare wmin-
da mRvdelmTavari dReniadag iwvoda samSoblosTvis gu-
lanTebuli, misi qvelmoqmedeba ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo
mwignobrobisa da skolebis gavrceleba-warmatebisaTvis.
da yovelive amis SeuZlebeli TviTon ise Raribad
cxovrobda, rom ugunurni siZunwesac ki miawerdnen. ro-
gorc 1907 wels alaverdeli episkoposi daviTi aRniSnav-
da: `bevrni ugunurni Sen ubralo cxovrebas awerdnen Sens
viTomda siZunwesa _ sawylebi ra rig scdebodnen! gana
Zunwi ewoda im kacs, romelmac Tavisi SeZleba moaxmara
qvriv-oblebsa, monastrebsa da mwignobrobas?~14
`saqmeni diadni~ mravali da auracxeli iyo wminda
mRvdelmTavris cxovrebaSi, magram ar SeiZleba maT Soris
ar aRiniSnos erTi epizodi, Tu ramdenad mzrunveli guli
hqonda wmida mamas da ramdenad endobodnen mas TviT mah-
madian afxazTa Soris. 1866 wels afxazTa umravlesoba
12 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 51.
13 gazeTi `iveria~, 1891, #88.
14 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 8.
211
iZulebuli gaxda, gadasaxlebuliyo osmaleTSi... ai am
xanebSi mwyemsmTavarTan Semodis erTi mahmadiani afxa-
zi, saxelad urusi, Tvisis Tormeti wlis SviliT. rode-
sac yovlad samRvdelom siyvaruliT, alersiani kiloTi
hkiTxa uruss mosvlis mizezi, ukanaknelma moaxsena Sem-
degi: `SenTan movedi, keTilo mwyemso da mamao! me samuda-
mod veTxovebi samSoblos, mivdivar osmaleTSi sacxovre-
blad da Cemi vaJi unda davtovo SenTan. meti ar gamaCnia
ra. ar vici, ra momelis ucxo mxareSi, magram mainc vtoveb
Cems sayvarel samSoblos, ar minda Cemi ubedureba gavu-
ziaro Cems erTaderT Svils da SenTan moviyvane, mow-
yaleo mamao, vici miiReb, aRzrdi qristianulad da iqne-
ba bednieri~. Tvalcremliani mama gamoeTxova sayvarel
Svils, romelic mRvdelmTavris meoxebiTa da safariT
aRizarda da mRvdlobis xarisxSi didi sargebloba mou-
tana qristianobas afxazeTSi. am faqts ganmarteba ar
sWiria~, _ dasZens wmida mRvdelmTavari ambrosi, _ amnair
ganwyobilebas samwysosTan didi nayofi mohqonda, iwyes
afxazTa qristianobis miReba, romelic kidec damTavrda
80-ian wlebSi afxazeTis netarxsenebuli meore mociqu-
lis dros.15 wminda mRvdelmTavris moRvaweobis Semdgom
afxazeTi kvlav sibnelem moicva, JamTa siavis gamo.
tanjva-tkivilTan wilnayari iyo wmida mRvdelmTavris
cxovreba. mas Tavisi Tavi samsxverploze mihyavda sam-
SoblosTvis Sesawirad. is iyo pirovneba, romelsac yve-
laferi piraduli ganze hqonda gadadebuli _ `Sioda da
ar Wamda, swyuroda da ar svamda, cioda da ar Tbeboda~...16
wmida mRvdelmTavari Tavis mamobriv mzrunvelobas
ar aklebda ruseTSi saswavleblad myof axalgazrdobas
da ugzavnida maT Tavisi gamocemuli wignebis TiTo eg-
zemplars. aseve regularulad ugzavnida kievSi wignebs
15 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 12-13.
16 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 16.
212
Tavis Zmiswuls, kievis sasuleiro akademiis maSindel
students, longinoz oqropiriZes (SemdgomSi kaTolikos-
patriarq leonides).
wmida mRvdelmTavars sTxovdnen rekomendaciebs
ucxoeTSi swavlis miRebis msurveli axalgazrdebi.
auracxelia wmida aleqsandres mier gaweuli qvel-
moqmedeba. rogorc gazeTi `mwyemsi~ iuwyeboda: `yovlad-
samRvdelo aleqsandre wevri iyo mraval saqvelmoqmedo
sazogadoebaTa da dawesebulebaTa, romelnic ki ruseTis
saxelwmifoSi arsebobdnen. ruseT-osmaleTis, yirimis omis
dros sevastopolis gmirTa da maT daoblebul saxlobaTa
sasargeblod yovladsamRvdelo aleqsandre swiravda yo-
vel wlobiT 200 maneTs. manve ganaaxla q. soxumis axlos,
Zveli eklesia. 25 maiss 1867 wels tfilisis sasuleiro
seminarias Seswira 2000 maneTi.... am TanxiT izrdeba semi-
nariaSi erTi stependianti, romelsac TviT yovladsamRde-
lo irCevs. yazanis sasuliero akademiis Raribi studen-
tebis sasargeblod 300 maneTi Seswira; tfilisis dedaTa
saeparqio saswavlebels ki 3000 maneTi, masSi stipendiebis
dasaarseblad. mcxeTis didebuls Tormetis mociqulis
sakrebulos taZars Seswira gansaaxleblad 1500 maneTi...
man 2000 maneTi qarTuli galobis notebze gadasaRebad gad-
asdo... yovlad samRvdelo aleqsandrem ganaaxla didebuli
monastrebi wmida Siosi da ioane zedaznelisa, _ pirvels 21
000 da meores 11 700 maneTi Seswira~...17 es CamonaTvali, ra
Tqma unda, srulad ver asaxavs am RvTiskacis mowyalebas.
am keTili saqmeebis mciredad aRmnusxveli gazeTi `iveria~
1897 wlis #180-Si iuwyeboda: `dRegrZeli iyos dReni yov-
lad samRvdelo aleqsandresi, rom misis magaliTiT aRfr-
Tovanebuls yvela qarTvels aseTi Rrma nayofieri kvali
daemCnios Tavis Semdeg~.18
17 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 50.
18 gazeTi `iveria~, 1897, #180.
213
1898 wels TeklaTis dedaTa monasterTan daarsebu-
la saqalebo skola, romelic wmida mRvdelmTavars uku-
rTxebia da `Tvisis uxvis kalTisagan axlad daarsebuli
skolisTvis aTi Tumani Seuwiria~.19
1898 wels aleqsandre episkoposs gadauwyvetia, q. foT-
Si daearsebina saeparqio dedaTa saswavlebeli, rasac adg-
ilobrivi mkvidrni da qalaqis sabWo didi sixaruliT Sex-
vdnen, radganac naTeli iyo, rom `mxcovani mwyemsmTavris
sityvasa da saqmes Soris sruli Tanxmoba iyo~...20
wmida mRvdelmTavars didad axarebda mwignobrobisa
da ganaTlebis aRmavlobis gzaze win gadadgmuli yoveli
nabiji.
1899 wlis 14 ianvars, ninooba dRes, aleqsandre
episkoposma akurTxa foTis samkiTxvelo da 100 maneTi
Seswira. ozurgeTSi sakuTari TanxebiT daarsa orklasiani
eparqialuri saswavlebeli 1885 wels, 100 maneTi Seswira
ozurgeTis qalTa saswavleblis fonds.
mRvdeli polievqtos karbelaSvili ixsenebs, rom Tvi-
Ton iyo mowme, rogor yoveldRiurad zogavda Tavis qone-
briv SeZlebas da naSrom-naRvaws: `yovel cismare dRe pur-
sa da wyalze aRamebda, rom Tavisi mSobeli eris saqmisTvis
miexmarebina es dazogili wvlili~.21
wmida aleqsandres mier gaRebuli safasiT, misive ini-
ciativiTa da rekomendaciiT, daibeWda mravali sasuli-
ero da saero wigni, maT Soris: `qadagebani da moZRvrebani
Tqmulni ambrosi nekresel episkoposis mier~ 1881 wels.
1884 wels gamoica giorgi avalianis `xma codvilisa Rmr-
Tisadmi~ (poema); 1885 wels `qarTuli Rramatika~, Sedgenili
anton I-is mier; 1892 wels `mzametyveleba, qmnili antoni
I saqarTvelos kaTolikosisagan~; 1896 wels T. Jordanias
19 gazeTi `iveria~, 1898, #223.
20 gazeTi `iveria~, 1898, #249.
21 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 54.
214
`istoriuli sabuTebi Sio-mRvimis monastrisa da Zegli va-
hanis qvabTa~; 1900 wels ipolit-ivanovis: `qarTuli galo-
ba (qarTl-kaxuri kiloTi)~ da polievqtos karbelaSvilis
`ierarqia saqarTvelos eklesiisa~; 1903 wels Tedo Jorda-
nias `qarTl-kaxeTis monastrebisa da eklesiebis istori-
uli sabuTebi~. `yovlad samRvdelom didi samsaxuri gau-
wia qarTuli `dabadebis~ Sesworebisa da misi dabeWdvis
saqmes~.22 wmida mRvdelmTavris locva-kurTxeviT gamoica
sulxan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikoni~, rafiel er-
isTavis winasityvaobiTa da redaqtorobiT.
1882 wels episkoposi aleqsandre ozurgeTidan zaqar-
ia WiWinaZes imasac werda, rom mas gadauwyvetia petriwis
leqsikonis gamocema, magram ar vici, vin iqneba iseTi kaci,
romelsac mivandobT am saqmeso... ̀ kaci unda iyos swavluli
da patrioti~. aseve apirebda platon ioselianis Txzule-
baTa gamocemas. zaqaria WiWinaZisadmi gamogzavnil wer-
ilSive aleqsandre episkoposi werda: `me didad moxaruli
var, rom Tqven did Rirsebas aZlevT im saqmeTa, romelTac
me Sedgomili var; e. i. qarTul Zvel da axali mwerlo-
bis aRdgenasa, egreTve, galobisa da sxvaTa. erTi sityviT,
me Sevudeqi qarTuli enisa da literaturis aRdgenas, da
Tqvenc Zlier kargad mimxvdarxarT da agiwoniaT, rom me
Cvenis samSoblo qarTuls enis aRdgomis, dafuZnebis da
ganviTarebis sarbielzed gamovsulvar. asparezi ese, Cemi
azriT da TqveniTac, friad mSvenier da sasargeblo ars~.23
rogorc vxedavT, did mamuliSvils kargad esmoda, Tu
risTvis zrunavda, ra mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosTvis
mis mier dabeWdil wignebs, aRdgenil eklesia-monastrebs,
skolebsa da seminariebSi qarTuli enis danergvas, qar-
Tuli sagaloblebis aRdgenas da Caweras, istoriuli sab-
uTebis Sekrebasa da maT publikacias.
22 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 50.
23 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 10
215
wmida aleqsandres xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze
saqarTveloSi ar dawyebula arc erTi erovnuli saqme misi
Tanadgomisa da monawileobis gareSe. aleqsandre episkopo-
si iTvleboda `qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~,
`wiTeli jvris, daWril da avadmyof meomarTa~, `usinaTlo-
Ta samzrunvelos~, `ruseTSi wyalSi darComilTagan gadam-
rCeneli sazogadoebis~, `pirutyvTa mfarveli sazogadoeb-
is~, `Rarib moswavleTa damxmarebeli sazogadoebis~, `wmida
andrias da yovladwmida RvTismSoblis Zmobis~, `filarmo-
niuli sazogadoebis~, `ZeglTa ganmaaxlebeli komitetis~,
`mcxeTis taZris ganmaaxlebeli komitetis~, `qarTl-kaxeTis
samRvdeloebis siZveleTa dacvis~, `saqarTvelos saisto-
rio da saeTnografi sazogadoebis aqtiur wevrad~.24
wmida mRvdelmTavari mosarCleobas uwevda `RvTaebriv
saunjes~ qarTul enas, romelic XIX saukunis 80-iani wle-
bamde saqarTvelos sasuliero uwyebis saswavleblebSi yo-
vel pativs iyo moklebuli.
qarTvelTa gadarCenis erT-erT niSansvetad episkopos
aleqsandres swored ena miaCnia. is metad gulmokluli
iyo imis gamo, rom qarTveli axali Taoba mSobliur enas,
mSobliur literaturas, samSoblos istoriis codnas ara-
frad agdebda da gatacebuli iyo ara mSobliur enaze
swavla-ganaTlebis miRebiT. mas guls uklavda is faqti,
rom saqarTvelis sasuliero saswavleblebSi qarTuli ena,
rogorc savaldebulo sagani, ar iswavleboda. es ki swored
im barbarosuli politikis Sedegi iyo, romelsac ruseTis
imperialisturi xelisufleba ianovskisa da vostorgovis
msgavsi mtrebis xeliT akeTebda.
TviT rusuli ganaTlebis mqone mRvdelmTavari ufro
metad grZnobda qarTuli enis Seswavlis aucileblobas.
1861 wlis 29 ivliss afxazeTis arqimandriti aleqsandre
24 v. gurgeniZe.v. gurgeniZe. wmida mariamis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. wigni II. Tbi-
lisi, 1997, gv. 82.
216
mimarTavs qarTvelebs, daicvan mSobliuri enis siwmide,
sTxovs maT `ganaRviZon, ganaaxlon, ganamSvenon da ganamtki-
con qarTuli ena~.25
qarTuli enis dacvis mizniT, wmida aleqsandrem araer-
Ti moxseneba warudgina peterburgidan Camosul sinodis
revizorebs da nawilobriv Sedegsac miaRwia _ qarTuli
ena da qarTuli galoba qarTvel mowafeTaTvis savalde-
bulo sagnebad iqca.
metad mniSvnelovania didi mRvdelmTavris roli same-
grelos samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis uflebebis
dacvis saqmeSi. safrTxe marTlacda didi iyo _ dekanozi
vostorgovi da misi damqaSebi cdilobdnen samegrelos
saqarTvelosagan CamoSorebas. isini cdilobdnen megrele-
bi daerwmunebinaT imaSi, rom isini TiTqos qarTvelebi ar
iyvnen. magram didia RvTis gangeba, wmida mRvdelmTavarma
SeZlo emxilebina da daegmo ̀ vostorgovelebis~ ganzraxva.
episkopos aleqsandres da sxvaTa aqtiuri CareviT, amxiles
rusi saero da sasuliero xelmZRvanelebi, pirvel rigSi,
egzarxosi, zemoxsenebuli ideis siyalbeSi.
amis Semdeg didi xani aRar darCenila episkoposi gu-
ria-samegrelos eparqiaSi. egzarqosisa da sinodis gankar-
gulebiT, `sakuTari Txovnis“ safuZvelze, sinamdvileSi
ki sakuTari qveynis siyvarulisa da misi siwmidis dacvis
braldebiT, igi eparqiidan gaanTavisufles, Tumca ki ofi-
cialur sababad moxucebuloba iyo gamoyenebuli.
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sa-
zogadoebam 1896 wlis 12 maiss saerTo krebaze, iakob goge-
baSvilisa da daviT kariWaSvilis moxsenebaTa safuZvelze,
aleqsandre episkoposi, iliasTan da akakisTan erTad, airCia
sazogadoebis pirvel sapatio wevrad ̀ niSnad pativiscemisa
im didi RvawlisaTvis, romelic mas miuZRvis saqarTvelos
25 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis piradi
fondi, #93.
217
winaSe rogorc imiTi, rom beWdavs warCinebulTa sasuli-
ero mweralTa TxzulebaTa, aaxlebs SesaniSnav dangreul
taZarTa da scdilobs aRadginos Zveli qarTuli galoba
da amisaTvis yovel gvars RonisZiebasa hRonobs, ise imiTi,
rom xels uwyobs saqarTvelos xalxis gonebrivs ganvi-
Tarebas da Tavisis xarjiT hzrdis bevrs obols sxvadasx-
va saswavleblebSi~.26
Tavisi piradi cxovrebiT wmida mRvdelmTavari war-
moadgenda iSviaT magaliTs Rrmad morwmune adamianisas.
misi xasiaTis ZiriTad Tvisebasa da samkauls Seadgenda
sarwmunoebis didi mniSvnelobis Segneba, rogorc wmida
ilia marTali ambobda Tavis moZRvarze: `Tqven gwamT, rom
adamianis mxsneli, misi xelmZRvaneli da gamwmedeli misi
sjuli da sawrmunoebaa, da am gzaze RvawlmosilobisaT-
vis ara dagizogiaT-ra... Tqvenis cxovrebis wmidaTawmidad
ori didi sagania: erTi RmerTi da meore Tqveni samSoblo
qveyana: RmerTs RvTisas aZlevdiT da qveyanas _ qveynisas,
da orsave emsaxurebodiT erTmaneTis dauflisaT, gulmx-
urvalebiT da siyvaruliT~...27
didi mRvdelmTavari, romelsac qarTvelma erma `aR-
maSenebeli~ uwoda, marTlac Seudarebeli iyo eklesia-
monastrebis aRdgenasa da aSenebaSi. mas Rrmad hqonda
gaazrebuli, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo eris gadarCenis,
misi `Cveulebisamebr svlis~ ganmapirobeli. maszed br-
Zanebda dekanozi korneli kekeliZe: `Sen kargad gqonda
Segnebuli, rom Cven swavla-ganaTlebas Zvelad qmnida gan-
sakuTrebiT ori umTavresi faqtori: monastrebSi beroba
da soflad ki deda, es ojaxis kera, romelic wera-kiTxvis
nakverCxals gauqroblad icavda da gadascemda SvilTa da
Svilis SvilTa, amisTvis pirvel yovlisa Sen gansakuTre-
biT yuradReba miaqcie CvenSi berobis miZinebul sulis
26 v. gurgeniZev. gurgeniZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 82.
27 z. WiWinaZeWiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 16.
218
gacxovelebas da marTlac, Seni magaliTis mibaZviT ara
erTi da ori RvTismosavi, swavliTa da codniT aRWurvili
beri da monazoni SeeZina saqarTvelos, Sen darwmunebuli
iyavi, rom rogorc Tevzi ver momravldeba uwyloT, ise
beroba umonastroT, amisTvis gulmodgineT miyavi xeli
Zvel eklesias da monaster-lavraTa ganaxlebas da bevrgan,
sadac uwin yvav-buTa Cxavili ismoda, dRes atkbobs yurs
momxiblavi xma qarTul saeklesio galobisa~.28
SiomRvimisa da zedaznis monastrebis istoriis fur-
clebze aRibeWda wmida mRvdelmTavris Rvawli, rogorc am
monastrebis aRmdgenisa da gamamSveneblisa.
SiomRvime im dros ukacriel da udabur adgilad iyo
qceuli. wmida aleqsadrem Seqmna monastris aRgenis fon-
di, romelsac Tavadve Seswira 21000 maneTi. igi mimarTavda
`RvTismoyvare qristianebs~ gaeRoT Sewirulobebi, samagi-
erod aRuTqvamda maT, rom monastris saZmo ilocebda maTi
janmrTelobisa da gansvenebuli mSoblebis sulisaTvis.29
Sewirulobebi yvela mxridan igzavneboda TbilisSi,
aleqsandre episkoposis saxelze. mRvdelmTavari ramod-
enime fonds ganagebda. fondis moqmedeba ukanasknel ka-
pikamde gamWvirvale iyo, raTa aravis eWvi ar Sehparvoda
aleqsandre episkoposis patiosnebaSi. im periodis gazeTeb-
Si igi angariSs abarebda sazogadoebas da madlierebiT
savse werilebiT mimarTavda Semomwirvelebs. 1887 wlamde
SiomRvimis monasteri Tbilisis fericvalebis monasters
ekuTvnoda. am droidan ki sinodma damoukidebel monastrad
ganawesa. sinodis brZanebiT, mRvdelmTavari aleqsandre
dainiSna am monastris winamZRvrad. ivane ratiSvili gamo-
saTxovar sityvaSi werda: „yvelaze meti Rvawli migiZRvis
Sen im Zvelis-Zvel da saxelganTqmul savanes winaSe... Sen
28 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 16.
29 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis piradi
fondi #316.
219
aRadgine mkvdreTiT es monasteri da aRmoiyvane sikvdil-
isagan cxovreba, mianiWe sicocxle axalT: gamococxldnen
Zveli taZrebi, senakebi, gamococxlda udabno mooxrebuli
da moifina venaxebiTa, _ unayofo kldem gamosca nayofi ke-
Tili... esreT gamoCndi Sen mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce
saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelosTvis meore `Sio axlad~.30
garda sakuTriv monastrisa, wmida mRvdelmTavari zru-
navda rkinigzis baqanis gamarTvisaTvis, rom mlocvelebs
misvlaSi problema ar hqonodaT. 1888 wels es baqani gaima-
rTa. es didi saqme iyo da didi mowonebiTac Sexvda sazoga-
doeba Tu presa. gansakuTrebiT samadlo saqme iyo es axlo-
maxlo soflebis mcxovrebTaTvis. aleqsandre episkoposis
moTxovniT, dRis ganmavlobaSi gamvleli oTxive matarebe-
li rogorc samgzavro, aseve satvirTo monasterTan axlos
Cerdeboda. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1889 wels, mRvdelmTavris
mecadinoebiT mtkvarze gaimarTa borani, romelic TviTonve
akurTxa.31
aleqsandre oqropiriZem xeli mokida monasterSi
sameurneo saqmianobis aRdgenasac. sul ramdenime xanSi man
gaudaburebuli monasteri walkotad aqcia.
wm. mRvdelmTavars mravali ciliswamebis atanac uwev-
da, magram didbunebovnad itanda yvelafers. man kargad uw-
yoda, rom yovel keTil saqmes Tan axlda borotic; boroti,
romlis gandevnac `oden locviTa da marxviT iyo Sesa-
Zlebeli~ da swored amgvari iyo misis cxovrebac. yovlad
samRvdelo aleqsandrem ganvlo cxovrebis mRelvare zRva,
ganicada am soflis mravali siborote, orguloba, Ralati,
ciliswameba, dasmena, Zmis gacema.
rasakvirvelia, am tkivilTa mimyenebelni iyvnen isini,
visac eklesiisa da samRvdeloebis dacema surdaT xalx-
is TvalSi. am borotmoqmedTa mtarvali xeli iqamdec
30 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 31.
31 gazeTi `iveria~, 1889, #46.
220
miwvda, rom maT gaZarcves monasteri da mokles maqsime
`keleniki~, mRvdelmTavris sayvareli mowafe da momvle-
li. miuxedavad imisa, rom man gaigo Tu romeli sofli-
dan iyvnen borotmoqmedni, mainc xalxis sibralulma da
siyvarulma dasZlia da swored misTvis, rom egzekucia
ar CaeyenebinaT soflebisaTvis, sadac damnaSavesTan er-
Tad udanaSauloc daisjeboda, gaCumda da gulSi Caikla
es varamic~...32 amiT man anaxa sazogadoebas, Tu rogor
unda giyvardes mteri Seni.
didi mRvdelmTavris wyalobiT gamococxlda agreTve
savane didebuli ioane zedaznelisa. 11700 maneTi Seswira
zedaznis fonds, romlis monagebi monastris gankargule-
baSi iyo. aleqsandre episkoposs aRTqma hqonia dadebuli,
ioane zedaznelis xsenebis dRes: `kvlav vaRiareb, rom uku-
eTu RmerTma sicocxle momca es monasteri aRvadgino da
SewirviTa uzrunvelyo~....33 aRasrula kidec es aRTqma.
1890 wels aleqsandre oqropiriZem TxovniT mimarTa
egzarqos paladis (1887-1892) jvris monastris ukeT dacvis
mizniT, misi zedaznis monastrisTis gadacemis Sesaxeb.34 es
Txovna dakmayofilda. gadawyvetilebis miRebis samadlod
wirva aRavlina mRvdelmTavarma jvris monasterSi, romlis
dasasruls mrevls siamovnebiT ganucxada es ambavi.
`aRmSenebelma~ daiwyo kidev erTi didi da mZime saqme
jvris monastris restavrirebisa. im wmidaTa locviT, romel-
nic iyvnen meoxni winaSe uflisa, aleqsandre episkoposma
kvlavac SeZlo monastris aRdgena. is iyo didi qtitori
ara mxolod Tavisi droisa, aramed warsulisac da momav-
lisac.
32 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi
#41.33 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi
#104.34 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi
#135.
221
1500 maneTi Seswira wmida aleqsandrem sveticxov-
lis aRdgenis fonds. igi ganagebda ikorTis taZris aRm-
dgenel komitets. taZris aRdgenis nebarTva egzarqosisgan
gamouTxovia goris sakrebulo taZris mRvdels i. gam-
rekels. ikorTa erisTavebis sagvareulo samarxi iyo, ami-
tom aleqsandrem am saqmis warmatebiT dagvirgvinebisaTvis
ZiriTadad SeZlebuli erisTavebi moiSvelia.35
arc Tavis sofels aklebda yuradRebas aleqsandre
_ ganaaxla mSobliuri disevis eklesia. aseTi damokide-
bulebis Sedegi iyo misi Tanasoflelis al. TatunaSvilis
werili, romelic mis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT gamougza-
vna sparseTis sazRvridan. igi wers: `saqarTvelos istori-
is furclebze oqros asoebiT aRbeWdavs Tqveni meufebis
saxelsa da Rvawls. saukunod iqneba agreTve dauviwyari
Tqveni saxeli goris mazris patara sofel disevSi~.36
afxazeTis episkoposad yofnisas aleqsandre xelmZ-
Rvanelobda biWvinTis taZris SesakeTebel samuSaoebs.
taZars Seswira qarTuli xucuri wignebi, mTeli wlis
saxmari. man aRadgina da ganaaxla ori eklesia q. sox-
umTan axlos.
`sxva mraval Zvelis taZrisa da monastris ganaxleb-
is saqmesac yovladsamRvdelom uxvi nivTieri daxmareba
TvisTa saSualebaTagan aRmouCina, rogorc amereTsa, ise
imereTSi~.37
aleqsandre oqropiriZes, rogorc taZrebis `aRmSen-
ebels~, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareTac hqonda saxeli ga-
vardnili. mas Semweobas sTxovdnen sxva qveynebis marTlma-
didebeli qristianebic. 1898 wels ilia WavWavaZem Semdegi
sityviT mimarTa mas aleqsandres: `... Tqveni madliT cx-
ebuli marjvena yvelgan mogiwvdeniaT, saca ki Tqvenis qvey-
35 gazeTi `iveria~, 1890, #143.
31 gazeTi `iveria~, 1889, #46.
37 gazeTi `iveria~, 1902, #48.
222
nis, Tqvenis eris sakeTildReod saqme ram aCenila. ar aris
arc-erTi saero saqvelmoqmedo saqme qarTvelobisa, rom
Tqveni uxvi wvlili ar erios, Tqveni locva kurTxeva wina
ar uZRvodes, Tavs ar dastrialebdes~, _ mimarTavda didi
ilia Tavis sulier moZRvars~.38
kidev erTi didi da saSvilTaSvilo saqme, romel-
Sic marTlac `uxvi wvlili urevia~ aleqsandre oqropi-
riZisa, iyo qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRdgena. galo-
bisa, romelsac rusebi `mglebis ymuils eZaxdnen~. rusebi
yvela Rones xmarobdnen imisaTvis, rom uZvelesi qarTuli
sagaloblebis erovnuli TviTmyofadoba dakarguliyo. am
mxriv praqtikuli nabiji gadadga saqarTvelos egzarqosma
Teofilaqte rusanovma (1817-1821 ww.), romlis brZanebiT Tbi-
lisis eklesiebsa da sasuliero saswavleblebSi, rogorc
wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, `aman aRiRo galoba qarTuli da
nacvlad missa moayola galoba qarTulis eniT rusTa da
laTinda kilozeda~.39
rusma moxeleebma icodnen, rom uZvelesi qarTuli saga-
loblebi avtokefalia-warTmeul eklesiaSi erovnuli su-
lis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. es ki damabrkolebeli
saSualeba iqneboda asimilaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis.40
amis gamo, 1872 wlidan garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi,
seminariaSi qarTuli galoba aRar iswavleboda. qarTuli
galobis amgvar yofas vercerTi qarTveli da, miTumetes,
episkoposo aleqsandre ver Seegueboda.
1860 wels Seiqmna kidevac qarTuli saeklesio galobis
aRmdgeneli komiteti. 1879 wlidan am komitets saTaveSi
38 gazeTi `iveria~, 1898, #103.
39 e. bebulaSvilie. bebulaSvili. qarTuli saeklesio sagaloblebi egzarqoso-
bis periodSi._ qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia.
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 175.40 e. bebulaSvilie. bebulaSvili. qarTuli saeklesio sagaloblebi egzarqoso-
bis periodSi._ qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia.
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 174.
223
Caudga episkoposi aleqsandre da daiwyo metad aqtiuri
saqmianoba. komitetis wevrebi mis binaze ikribebodnen ga-
lobis sakiTxebis gansasjelad. Seiqmna fondi, romelsac
Tavadve xelmZRvanelobda da soliduri Tanxac Seswi-
ra. komitetis Tavmjdomareobamde didi xniT adre man
seminarias Seswira 1500 maneTi, romelic ase gaanawila:
500 maneTi _ Zveli qarTuli galobis aRdgena-gamocemis
saqmes, 300 maneTi _ samoswavlo biblioTekas, 200 maneTi
_ zneobrivi Sinaarsis wignebis rusulidan qarTulad
Targmnisa da dabeWdvis saqmes, 500 maneTi daawesa premi-
ad an jildod maTTvis, vinc warmatebiT da sworad ga-
daitanda notebze Zvel qarTul galobas.
pirvelad wmida mRvdelmTavari qarTl-kaxuri galobiT
iyo dainteresebuli. masve ekuTvnoda iniciativa TbilisSi
qarTuli saeklesio galobis saswavleblis daarsebisa. man
egzarqosisagan gamoiTxova nebarTva, rom erTi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi mrevlSi Semowiruloba CamoeTxovaT am saqmis
gasasruleblad. saqmiswarmoeba daevala SuamTis monastris
mRvdelmonazon ilarions. mRvdelmTavarma aleqsandrem
werilobiTi TxovniT mimarTa sruliad saqarTvelos: unda
akrefiliyo fulic da sxva sanovagec, vinc ras Seswiravda
(romelic Semdeg fulad iqceoda) da Tanxis miTiTebiTa da
xelmoweriT Cabareboda ilarions, raTa saSualeba yofil-
iyo Tanxis zusti kontrolisa. aleqsandres ganzraxuli
hqonda imereli da qarTleli `galobaTa mcodne ostateb-
is mowveva~. `vinc ama ostatTagani niWsa da patiosnebas da
erTgulebas gamoaCens swavlaSi da Segirdebis mizidvaSi,
imas eqneba pativi da yuradReba~, _ uTiTebda igi.41
metad gaWirda kompetenturi pirebis monaxva. m. maWa-
varianma gadaiRo notebze ioane oqropiris liturgiis ram-
denime nawili, magram daiwunes.
41 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi
#113.
224
aleqsandre episkoposi sazogadoebis moTminebasa da
Tanadgomas moiTxovda: `nurc eniT da nurc kalmiT cu-
dad nuravin axsenebs am galobas, cudxsenebiT galobis at-
mosfero ar gaiwmindeba... naTqvamia, Cqars ugviandebodeso.42
bolo ityvis yvelas da daagvirgvinebs saqmesa~.
wmida mRvdelmTavari sTxovda musikisa da notebis
karg mcodneebs, gamoxmaurebodnen komitets da ekisraT
saSviliSvilo saqme, xolo Tu qarTvelTa Soris am saqmis
moTave ar gamoCndeboda, maSin mRvdelmTavari iZulebuli
gaxdeboda, peterburgisTvis miemarTa.
galobis saqme TandaTan win midioda aleqsandre
oqropiriZis SeTanxmebiT Tbilisis samusiko skolis direq-
torTan _ ipolitov-ivanovTan. mas notebze unda gadaeRo
xuTasamde qarTuli sagalobeli, risTvisac wm. mRvdelmTa-
vari 2000 maneTs uxdida. ipolitov-ivanovi, marTalia didi
enTuziazmiT Seudga sagaloblebis notebze gadatanas, ma-
gram xelSekrulebis zogierTi muxli ver Seasrula. 500
sagaloblis nacvlad 76 sagaloblis Cawera moaxerxa. gaT-
valiswinebul vadaSic ver Caetia... 1896 wels ipolitov-
ivanovis qarTuli sagaloblebis krebuli sinodSi waradg-
ines. sinodaluri saswavleblis qoros direqtorma da
musikaTmcodneebma mas dadebiTi Sefaseba misces. komisiam
dabeWdvis nebarTvisaTvis krebuli isev sinodSi waradgina.
1899 wels aleqsandre oqropiriZis dafinansebiT aRniSnu-
li sagaloblebi gamoqveynda. krebuls Tan daerTo mokle
axsna-ganmarteba da miTiTebani.43
am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi monawileobdnen Zmebi karb-
elaSvilebi, didi amagi dasdo am saqmes filimon qoriZem.
gansakuTrebuli iyo Rvawli iRumen eqvTime kereseliZisa.
42 qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Tbili-
si, 2002, gv. 114.
43 qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia. Tbilisi, 2001, gv.
190.
225
maTTan mravali Semsrulebeli ikribeboda qarTuli ga-
lobisa, maTi mizani iyo qarTuli saeklesio galobis
gadarCena.
1893 wels ipolitov-ivanovi swerda erT Tavis nacnobs:
`auwyeT yovladusamRvdeloess aleqsandre episkoposs, rom
misi brZnulis meTaurobis wyalobiT qarTuli galoba da
simRera musikis istoriaSi SesamCnevs adgils daiWers~.44
1898 wlidan wm. aleqsandre guria-samegrelos eparqiaSi
agrZelebs moRvaweobas. man ozurgeTSi daarsa galobis ka-
bineti. Seiqmna guruli galobis aRdgenis fondi, romelsac
aleqsandre episkoposis saxeli ewoda. man Tavisi xarjiT
moiwvia ori mgalobeli: T. nakaSiZe da s. molariSvili da
daavala maT, rom ufasod eswavlebinaT xalxisTvis galoba.
aleqsandre episkoposi imedianad iyo ganwyobili
saqmis keTilad gasrulebsiadmi da dainteresebul pi-
rebs mimarTavda: `bolo ityvis yvelas da daagvirgvinebs
saqmesa. iqneba bolos sTqvan ZeTa Zvelis iberiisaTa:
gamobrwyinda naTeli qarTuli eklesiis galobisa hori-
zontsa zeda, gadaRebul iqna notsa zeda da dRes ix-
arebs eri qarTvelTa gawyobilad gadacemisaTvis wina-
parTa mSvenierTa galobaTa~.45
aseTi dro marTlac dadga da rom qarTvelma xalxma
Tavisi udidesi ganZi _ Zveli saeklesio galoba _ ar da-
karga, swored wmida mRvdelmTavrisa da misi didi mamuliS-
vilebis wyalobiT.
episkoposi aleqsandre cnobili iyo, rogorc siZvele-
Ta didi qomagi. mas mtkiced daucavs martvilis taZris
siZveleni, romelTa moskovSi gatana sdomebia grafinia
ugarovas, TiTqosda iq ukeT dasacavad. mRvdelmTavris
pasuxi Semdegi yofila: `1500-mde maneTi gadavde martvilis
44 gazeTi `iveria~, 1893,
45 qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. Tbili-
si, 2002, gv. 114.
226
samkaulTaTvis, mtkice Tavsafaris asagebad da dasacavad
da aqedan wminda nivTebis waReba SeuZleblad mimaCnia da
sarwmunoebis mxriv uxerxulado~.46
2000 maneTamdis Seswira aleqsandre oqropiriZem
qarTl-kaxeTis eparqiis siZveleTsacavs qarTuli xelnaw-
eris dasabeWdad.
wmida mRvdelmTavari qveynis gadarCenis erT-erT niSan-
svetad miiCnevda ber-monaznobas. es instituti saqarTvelo-
Si metismetad dakninebuli iyo. amgvar yofas Sesabamis
Sefasebas aZlevda dekanozi kalistrate cincaZe wmida
mRvdelmTavrisadmi warmoTqmul gamosaTxovar sityvaSi:
`dRes Tu monazonobis umravlesobas Seadgenen usaqmod
cxovrebis moyvareni, winaT ase rodi iyo. winaT monazono-
ba da sazogado asparezzed moRvaweoba sinonimebi iyvnen...
sanam ber-monazonoba Tavis daniSnulebas emsaxureboda da
movaleobas asrulebda _ saqarTveloc daqucmacda, dan-
awilda, daeca...~47
yovelive es gasigrZeganebuli hqonda wmida mRvdelmTa-
vars da Zal-Rones ar iSurebda CvenSi WeSmariti ber-mon-
azvnobis aRsadgenad, gansaaxleblad. pirvel yovlisa, is
TviTon iyo `cxoveli suraTi Zveli bermonazonobisa~.
aseT adamianebs magaliTis Zala aqvT da ar iyo SemTxvevi-
Ti, rom mis saxels daukavSirda kidev erTi didi moRvawe
saqarTvelos eklesiisa, kaTolikos-paqriarqi leonide (1918-
1921), wmidanis Zmiswuli. metad mzrunveli damokidebuleba
hqonda biZas ZmisSvilisadmi. aleqsandre rudunebiT iniS-
navda yovel wvrilmans, romelic longinozs ukavSirde-
boda. roca Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan longinozi
kavkasiis seminaraiSi gadavida, aleqsandrem werili mis-
wera arqimandrit tixons da mzrunvelobiT Caabara ZmisS-
46 gazeTi `iveria~, 1903, #38.
47 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 24-25.
227
vili, igi fiqrobda, rom longinozi imeds gaamarTlebda
da gaamarTla kidec. madlierebis grZnobiT mimarTavda
wmida ilia marTali mxcovan mRvdelmTavars: `rom Tqvenis
meoxebiT, Tqvenis RvawliT, Tqvenis mamobrivi siyvaruliT
gauzardeT Cvens qveyanas imisTana Svili, rogorc axlad
nakurTxi episkoposi leonidea... Cven SevxariT Cvens axals
episkopozs sasoebiT da imediTa, imitom rom Tqveni gaz-
rdilia, Tqveni sulieri Svilia da yoveli msgavsi msgavss
Sobso naTqvamia. Tqvens gazrdils didi da ekliani gza
udevs win, is siyvaruls qveynisas Tqvenebr win waimZRvarebs
da msaxureba misi msaxureba iqmneba qveynisa. es gza gzaa
sakuTari Tavis gawirvisa, wamebisa, nametavad CvenSi, sadac
umaduroba da kilva ise xSiria rogorc arsad. Cven imedi
gvaqvs, rom Tqvens magivrobas gagviwevs~.48
aleqsandre episkoposs, rogorc SesaniSnav adamian-
sa da moqalaqes, axasiaTebda zomaze metad Tavmdabloba,
gulkeTiloba da Semwynarebloba. misi Tavmdablobis da-
dasturebaa 1897 wlis 25 aprils `iveriaSi~ gamoqveyneb-
uli werili, roca sazogadoebam gadawyvita mxcovani
mamisTvis 35 wlis moRvaweobis iubile gadaexadaT, man
redaqcias TxovniT mimarTa: ̀ batono redaqtoro!~ nuravin
Sewuxdeba misalocad, radgan daTqmuli TariRi 9 maisi
wmida Sios xsenebis dRe yofila da gadawyvetili hqonda
wirvis Catareba.49 raRa Tqma unda qebisa da xotbis mosas-
menad igi wirvas ar gadadebda. 1897 wlis 9 maiss gazeTi
`iveria~ werda: `saiubileo dResaswauls ganSorda da
milocvasa da zeims vedreba da locva amjobina mrisxane
da yru udabnoSi!.. am ocdaTxuTmetis wlis ganmavlobaSi
da winadac misi meufeba mtkiced da savsebiT adga mcne-
basa uflisasa, - `movediT Cemda yovelni maSvralni da
48 v. gurgeniZe.v. gurgeniZe. wmida mariamis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. wigni II. Tbi-
lisi, 1997, gv. 70.
49 gazeTi `iveria~, 1897, #78.
228
tvirT-mZimeni, da me gangisvenebT Tqven~.50
didi mRvdelmTavris iubilesTan dakavSirebiT Tbili-
sis samRvdeloebam paraklisebi gadaixada da iubilars
`mSvenivrad Semkuli mitra~ miarTva.
Tavad iubilarma ki es iubile kidev erTi saqvelmo-
qmedo saqmiT daagvirgvina Tbilisis sasuliero saswavle-
belSi 2500 maneTi Seitana da daarsa stipendia `saukeTeso
da Rarib qarTvel moswavlis gamosazrdelad~.51
9 maiss gadaxdili wirvis mere wmida mRvdelmTavars,
sazogadoebis gulTbili SexvedriT gaxarebuls, daudia
aRTqma, Tu RmerTi xels momimarTavso: `1. daexmaros qar-
Tul galobas da mgalobelTa gundis daarsebas; 2. Sea-
grovos Zveli xelTnawerebi, romelTac raime mniSvnelo-
ba aqvT saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaswavlad, da daarsos
wignTsacavi an Sio mRvimis monasterSi an tfiliss... 3) ga-
naaxlos arCil luarsabis eklesia TianeTis mazraSi, Tum-
ca es saqme mis meufebas saTqmeladac ki metad eZneleba~.52
1998 wels Tbilisidan aleqsandre episkoposi qarTv-
elma sazogadoebam didi siyvaruliT guria-samegrelos
eparqiaSi gaamgzavra. am TariRTan dakavSirebiT madli-
erma samwysom Tanxa Sekriba da moskovidan gamoiwera
iSviaTi nakeTobis Zvirfasi kverTxi. oqroSi daferili
vercxlis kverTxi perangSi iyo Casmuli da tarze hqonda
warwera: `aRiRe kverTxi ese da waiyvane eri Seni gzasa
simarTlisasa. 15 maisi 1898 wlisa~. kverTxis budis Tavze
amoWrili iyo aso `a~, romelsac Tavze samRvdelmTavro
mitra hqonda gakeTebuli.53
aleqsandre episkoposis gamosaTxovar sityvaze bevri
50 gazeTi `iveria~, 1897, #89.
52 gazeTi `iveria~, 1897, #91.
51 gazeTi `veria~, 1897, #180.
53 gazeTi `iveria~, 1898, #103.
229
atirebula, mas uamravi xalxi exveoda, raTa mieRo say-
vareli mwyemsmTavrisagan locva-kurTxeva. mRvdelmTavars
gamosaTxovari sityviT mimarTa ilia WavWavaZem, romlis
nawyvetebic araerTxel movixmeT. igi mRvdelmTavars mima-
rTavda: `qveyanas emsaxurebodiT RvTisaTvis da RmerTs
adidebdiT qveynisaTvis, radganac RmerTi aris siyvaruli
da siyvaruli mxsnelia qveynisa~... wmida ilia marTlis br-
ZanebiT atirebul samwysos „imer ZmaTa“ siyvaruli uneleb-
da mwuxarebas da amxnevebda.
zemoT ramdenadme SevexeT aleqsandre episkopo-
sis Rvawls guria-samegrelos eparqiaSi. mas metad mZime
pirobebSi uwevda yofna. irgvliv sufevda „sibnele da zne-
dacemuloba. RvTismosav samwysos naTlis imedi Caesaxa.
guria-samegrelos mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebuli miegeba
aleqsandre episkoposis iq Casvlas. mTeli samegrelo gam-
osuli iyo mRvdelmTavarTan Sesaxvedrad. asakis miuxeda-
vad aleqsandre episkoposma TiTqmis mTeli eparqia moiara.
es misi cxovrebis Cveulebrivi momenti iyo da amas ise
mxned akeTebda, rom Turme yvelaze adre TviTon dgeboda
da Tavis mxleblebs TviTonve aRviZebda.
eparqiis samRvdeloeba mRvdelmTavrisadmi mimarTul
sityvebSi did imedsa da sixaruls gamoTqvamda. maT swam-
daT, rom aleqsandres aRmSenebeli marjvena aayvavebda gu-
ria-samegrelos gaukuRmarTebis gzaze Semdgar eparqias.
xalxi xedavda mRvdelmTavris mxneobas, SemarTebas da
Rvawls, magram, albaT cota vinmem Tu icoda, rom locvisas
daCoqili TviTon veRar dgeboda, exmarebodnen.
1900 wels mRvdelmTavarma akurTxa axlad aSen-
ebuli vanisa da jumaTis eklesiebi, 1901 wels foTis
taZari aleqsandre nevelis saxelze. 1898 wels akurTxa
qobuleTSi erTaderTi marTlmadidebluri eklesia wm.
nikolozis saxelze.
foTSi moRvaweobis dros wm. mRvdelmTavarma Tavis
230
saxlSi gadaitana da aamoqmeda sanTlis qarxana, romlis
monagebiT mas dagegmili hqonda samegrelos sasuliero
skolis, dedaTa saeparqio saswavleblis, samrevlo skoleb-
is mowyoba da mravali sxva saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba.
wmida mRvdelmTavris mzrunveli Tvali saqarTvelos
yovel kuTxe-kunWuls swvdeboda. misi mzrunveli xeli
swvdeboda mesxeTsac, axalcixe-axalqalaqis sablaRoCinos.
wmida mRvdelmTavarma mamobrivi siyvaruliT Caixuta
deda samSoblos 1878 wels SemoerTebuli aWara. Tbi-
lisSi Camosul aWaris delegacias mRvdelmTavarma mrav-
lismTqmeli sityvebiT mimarTa: „xmebi, romlebic dadis
aWaris ZaliT gaqristianebaze, mcdaria. amaSi Zalas ara-
vin dagatanT, xolo Tu survili geqnebaT, karebs aravin
dagiketavT. vadidoT RmerTi Tqven Tqvens rjulze, Cven-
Cvens rjulze. gisurvebT Sin mSvidobiT dabrunebas“ –
brZana mRvdelmTavarma.54
aleqsandre episkoposis aseTi taqtika gonivrulad
gaTvlili politikuri nabiji iyo. aWarlebis bedi bo-
lomde darCa misi zrunvis sagnad. 1899 wels mRvdelmTa-
vari baTums ewvia. baTumSi Catarebuli wirvis mere
mRvdelmTavarma sityviT mimarTa mosaxleobas: „RmerTma
mogvaswro am saqarTvelos kuTxis SemoerTeba, da swored
sircxvili iqneba, rom erTi patara eklesiac ver avaSe-
noT iq, sadac Cven winaparT uxvad uSenebiaT taZari-mon-
asterni“, – brZana man.55 500 maneTi Seswira taZris fonds
da iqve Caabara komitets.
wmida mRvdelmTavris mTeli cxovreba iyo mamulisaT-
vis Tavdadeba. swored am TavdadebisaTvis CamoaSora igi
imperiam eparqiis mwyemsmTavrobas. 1903 wlis 30 noembers
igi gamoeTxova guria-samegrelos eparqias. `axla ki aqvs
54 gazeTi `iveria~, 1899, #234.
55 gazeTi `iveria~, 1899, #234.
231
ufleba mwyemsmTavars, damSvidebiT gadaavlos Tvali Tavi-
si sicocxlis naRvaws, rom danarCeni dReni Tavisi sicocx-
lisa myudrod da simSvidiT ganataros monastris zRude-
Ta Soris... svindisi es mousyidveli msajuli, ar dauwyebs
qenjnas mis sulsa, ar daayvedrebs umoqmedobas. uqmad yof-
nas, cxovrebis gzis ganvlas kvalis aRubeWdavad~, – werda
im dRes presa.56
did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda wmida mRvdelmTavari
im mtrul aqtze, riTac erTmorwmune rusuli eklesiis mes-
veurTa `wyalobiT~ qarTul eklesias avtokefalia daekar-
ga. aleqsandre episkoposi yvela Rones xmarobda, rom
Cvens eklesias TviTmwyemsobis ufleba dabruneboda. „av-
tokefalia imisTvis ki ar mexmareba, - ambobda aleqsandre
episkoposi, - rom, rogorc yvela damsaxurebuls, kaToliko-
zoba me mergos, aramed imisaTvis, rom qarTvel sasuliero
wodebas cotaT Tu bevrad Tavisufleba mieces. maSin is
qarTvelebisaTvis mavne pirebi, romelnic exla arian sa-
suliero wodebaTa ricxvSi, saqarTvelos eklesiidan gan-
idevnebiano“57
wmida mRvdelmTavari „mosasveneblad“ Tavissave aRdge-
nil Sio-mRvimis monasterSi gagzavnes. cxovrobda garide-
buli yovelgvar amaoebas da adidebda ufals.
sicoxclis bolo Tveebi kidev erTma saSinelebam
mouSxama moxucs. es iyo 1907 wlis 30 agvistos wiwamuris
tragedia. gulmoklulma mamam mxolod erTxel datova
monasteri da ilias dakrZalvis dRes TbilSi Camovida.
rogorc misi drois Tanamedrove ivane ratiSvili ixsenebs:
`mxcovanebisagan mouZlurebuli, igi mainc daeswro Cveni
axaldroebis mowamis, didi ilias dasaflavebas, Seasrula
sarwmunoebrivi wesi, gamoesalma Tavisi guliTadi sityviT
da siyvaruliT emTxvia ilias gvamsa! es iyo ukanaskneli
56 gazeTi `iveria~, 1899, #234.
57 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 4.
232
naxva misi Cveni dedaqalaqisa da ukanaskneli naxva misi
Cveni dedalaqis mier... dasaflavebis meore dRes Sevida
dila adrianad Cvens wmida sionSi, iloca lmobierad, gamoe-
Txova Taviss sayvarel sionis RvTismSobels, wmida ninos
xatsa da jvarsa, gamoeTxova sionis dekanozsa da gamoe-
Sura Tavis sayvarel Siosadmi, Tavis ukanasknel saiqao
navsayudelisaken – gaiara orma Tvem da kidec aResrula
sasoebiT, uWirvelad, urcxvenelad – ganuteva wmida suli
Tavisi mSvidobiT, misi sayvareli mama Sios gverdiT~.58 83
wlis mRvdelmTavari gardaicvala 1907 wlis 9 noembers.
man dautova saaqao navsayudelic da Sevida saukuno samSvi-
dobo navsayudelsa...
wmida aleqsandre daikrZala SiomRvimis savaneSi, did
sakrebulo taZarSi. SemTxveviT araferi xdeba amqveynad, yve-
laferi RvTis neba an RvTis daSvebaa, aleqsandre episkopo-
sis CanawerSi daculia erTi uTariRo Canaweri: `sizmari
vnaxe, rom Cemi saxeli Sio mRvimesTan iyo qaRaldze daw-
erili~.59
16 noembers dakrZalvas daeswro mravali adamiani. qar-
Tuli inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi Tbili da
madlierebiT aRsavse sityvebiT emSvidobebodnen `qarTvel-
Ta mamas~, aleqsandre aRmSenebels, afxazeTis meore mo-
ciquls, axal Sios... gamogveTxova da dagvitova WeSmar-
iti saxe namdvili mRvdelmTavrisa, rogorc arqimandriti
ambrosi xelaia ambobda gamosaTxovar sityvaSi: `gansven-
ebulma yovlad samRvdelom gvaswavla Cven, ramdenad Sei-
Zleba am ukuRmarT droSic viyoT namdvili qristiani,
qristianul idealebis matarebelebi. rogorc yvelas erT
rigad unda aviwyebinebdes pirad interesebs da abedvineb-
des sicocxlis Sewirvas moyvasisaTvis – rogorc matare-
58 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 33.
59 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. aleqsandre oqropiriZis fondi
#119.
233
beli amnairi siyvarulisa, is Tvisis cxovrebiT gvimtkicebs,
rom es qristesagan mis mimdevarTaTvis daxatuli ideali
am qveynad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes...~60
am udidesi da auwoneli RvawlisaTvis, 1995 wels
saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida sinodma aleqsandre episkopo-
si wmindanad Seracxa da moixada misis xsovnis winaSe
naTeli vali. diax, zeciur mozeime eklesias kidev erTi
wmindani Seemata saqarTvelosaTvis da mTeli qristianobi-
saTvis mlocveli – kaci, romelmac pirnaTlad aRasrula
uflis sityvebi: `egreT brwyinavdin naTeli Tqueni winaSe
kacTa, raTa ixilnen saqmeni Tquenni keTilni da adidebden
mamasa Tquensa zecaTasa~.61
60 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv 10.
61 maTemaTe, 5, 16.
234
maka kvaracxeliamaka kvaracxelia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli universitetis
doqtoranti
qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenamdedamoukideblobis aRdgenamde
(1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis maisi)(1917 wlis marti - 1918 wlis maisi)
1917 wlis Tebarval-martis revoluciis dawyebam da-
sabami misca saxelmwifoebrivi marTva-gamgeobis sistemis
demokratiul sawyisebze gardaqmnas.
1917 wlis 25 aprils ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam
daadgina: 1) gauqmdes 1892 wlis saqalaqo debulebis 22-
58 muxlebi; 2) axali saqalaqo debulebis Sedgena-damt-
kicebamde ZalaSi Sevides saqalaqo saTaTbiros xmosanTa
arCevnebis droebiTi wesebi.
axali 1917 wlis 15 aprilis debuleba auqmebda qone-
briv cenzs, zogierT sxva SezRudvas, rac demokratiuli
Zalebis gamarjvebis realur Sansebs iZleoda. agreTve,
iZleoda saSualebas arCevnebi Catarebuliyo samarTli-
anad, demokratiulad, gamWvirvaled.
droebiTi wesebi 37 muxlisagan Sedgeboda. debuleb-
is Sesabamisad, xmosnebi irCeodnen 1919 wlis 1 ianvramde.
Tbilisis saTaTbiroSi asarCev xmosanTa ricxvi 120 kac-
iT ganisazRvra. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda
yvela moqalaqes ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da sar-
wmunoebisa, romelsac saarCevno siebis Sedgenis dawyebam-
de Seusruldeboda oci weli, cxovrobda an moRvaweobda
mocemul qalaqSi. arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas mok-
235
lebuli iyvnen: mTavrobis moxeleebi, miliciis mosamsax-
ureebi, berebi, sasamarTlosgan msjavrdebuli pirebi, un-
arSezRuduli pirebi, xolo xmosnad da mis kandidatad
SeiZleboda arCeuli yofiliyo yvela, garda im pirisa,
romelsac hqonda xmis micemis ufleba, iseTic, romelic
qalaqSi ar cxovrobda, ar hqonda bina, samsaxuri an sam-
uSao, magram akmayofilebda arCevnebSi monawileobisaT-
vis sxva saWiro pirobas.
debulebisa da misi TandarTuli dokumentebiT deta-
lurad iyo gawerili, Tu vin adgenda da ra wesiT unda
gamoqveynebuliyo saarCevno siebi, qalaqis Tavis valde-
bulebebi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis irgvliv, biuletineb-
is warmoebis wesi, xmis micemis wesebi, miliciis uflebamo-
sileba arCevnebis dRes, xmis daTvlis wesi, gasaCivrebis
wesebi, arCevnebis Catarebis dro da sxva sakiTxebi.
xmosanTa saerTo ricxvi, romelic arCeuli unda yo-
filiyo mTel saarCevno olqSi, nawildeboda proporciu-
lad siaTa Soris miRebuli xmebis Sesabamisad.1
arCevnebis droebiTi wesebi, ra Tqma unda saqarTvelosac
Seexo, didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia saqalaqo TviTm-
marTvelobaTa, socialur bazaTa da politikur struq-
turaSi, maT praqtikul saqmianobaSi. saqarTvelos yvela
TviTmmarTvel qalaqTa zedafena, marTalia, cdilobda
wamyvani pozicia SeenarCunebina, kvlav kontrolqveS hy-
oloda saarCevno komisiebi da amiT uzrunvelyo gamar-
jveba, magram demokratiam TiTqmis yvelgan undobloba
gamoucxada msxvil burJuazias da sabolood SeZlo
saqalaqo saTaTbiroebSi Tavisi warmomadgenlobis sagr-
Znoblad gazrda.
1917 wlis maisSi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma xelaxali
1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 1836 (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parlamenti),
anaweri 1, saqme N157, furceli 40-50.
236
cirkulari gamosca, romelSic igi arCevnebis dauyovnebliv
Catarebas moiTxovs ukve gamoqveynebuli kanonis Tanaxmad.
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis garSemo aqtiuri mo-
qmedeba daiwyo.
Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis aRmas-
rulebelma komitetma Tavis mxriv imsjela am saganze da
mouwoda xalxs, saarCevno kampanias Sesdgomoda da yvelgan
saarCevno biuroebi moewyo.2
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, Tbilisis saqalaqo
saTaTbiros pirveli arCevnebi 1917 wlis ivnisisaTvis
dainiSna. winasaarCevno agitaciaSi monawileobda TiTqmis
yvela politikuri partia da organizacia (bolSevikebi
xelisuflebis organod muSaTa sabWos Tvlidnen, Tbilisis
saqalaqo saTaTbiros arCevnebs maT boikoti gamoucxades).
sakmaod aqtiurobda qarTuli presa. gansakuTrebiT
aqtiuri iyo gazeTi `erToba”, romelic warmoadgenda so-
cial-demokratTa centralur organos. gazeTi `erToba”
intensiurad aSuqebda winasaarCevno procesebs, eweoda did
agitacias da poziciasac mkveTrad afiqsirebda.
gazeTis redaqcia did mniSvnelobas aniWebda adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis siZlieres, rameTu `ganaxlebul
pirobebSi igi saxelmwifos didi damxmare organo iqneba
da mraval funqciebs, romelsac am dromde centraluri
biurokratiuli organo umsgavsod asrulebda, TviTon
Seasrulebs. rameTu mis movaleobas Seadgens qalaqis sa-
zogadoebriv higienaze zrunva, sazogadoebrivi Senobeb-
is aSeneba, mimosvlis mowyoba, arxebisa da kanalizaciis
gayvana, muSaTa ekonomiur mdgomareobaze zrunva, swavla,
ganaTleba, RaribTa daxmareba da sxva mravali amgvari
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi.
Zvel Tfilisis TviTmmarTvelobas zeviT dasaxelebul
sazogadoebriv asparezze TiTqmis araferi gaukeTebia da
2 gazeTi `erToba~, 1917, 11 maisi,N#44.
237
Tu ram gaukeTebia ise umniSvnelo da uvargisi, rom moxsen-
ebac ki ar Rirs”, _ aRniSnavda werilis avtori. 3
qarTveli social-demokratebi da maTi organo gazeTi
„erToba“ mouwodebda moqalaqeebs maRali SegnebiT
mohkidebodnen Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobis istoriaSi
sayovelTao, Tanaswori da faruli kenWisyris safuZvelze,
pirveli saqalaqo arCevnebis Catarebas, rasac, maTi azriT,
udidesi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba hqon-
da. Tbilisis social-demokratiulma komitetma gamoaqvey-
na Tavisi municipaluri programa, romelic iTvaliswineb-
da TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba-kompetenciis sagrZnoblad
gafarToebas, yvela saqalaqo Tanamdebobis arCeviTi wesiT
dakavebas, saqalaqo miliciis municipalitetisaTvis daqvem-
debarebas, TviTmmarTvelobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativis
uflebiT aRWurvas.
social-demokratias mizanSewonilad miaCnda saqalaqo
TviTmmarTvelobis finansur-sabiujeto uflebis gafar-
Toeba. misi azriT, Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas miznad unda
daesaxa sajaro-podriaduli sistemis gauqmeba, sazogadoe-
brivi xasiaTis dawesebuleba-sawarmoTa municipalizacia;
iaffasiani binebis ageba, binis qiris regulireba, viwro qu-
Ca-Sesaxvevebis gafarToeba, ufaso swavlisa da mkurnalo-
bis daweseba, umuSevrobisagan muSaTa dazRvevis organiza-
cia, koleqtiur xelSekrulebaTa dadebis praqtikisa da 8
saaTiani samuSao dRis dakanoneba.
partiaTa mowodebebma, presis aqtiurobam, Tavisi roli
Seasrula da, marTlac Tbilisi da Tbiliselebi, rogorc
arasdros, didi enTuziazmiT Seudgnen winasaarCevno mzade-
bas. TbilisSi yvelgan saubno arCevnebi da agitacia mimdi-
nareobda.
paralelurad TbilisSi kvlav problemad rCeboda
krizisi, konkretulad ki sasursaTo sakiTxi. rac saerTo
3 gazeTi `erToba~, 1917, 11 maisi, #44.
238
pirobebiT: omiT, inflaciiT da sxva mizezebiT iyo gan-
pirobebuli.
am sakiTzec apelirebda gazeTi `erToba~: „erTi say-
uradRebo sakiTxTagani, romlis mogvarebas unda mihyos
axalma sabWom _ es qalaqis mcxovrebTa sasursaTo sagne-
biT uzrunvelyofaa“ da winasaarCevno propagandad iyen-
ebda am mtkivneul sakiTxs „saWiroa xalxisaTvis sursaTis
miwodebis saqmes ganagebdes xalxisave namdvili warmo-
madgeneli da ara mdidarTa erTi muWis mier arCeuli pirebi,
rogorc es dRemde iyo“. `qalaqis sabWos ufleba hqondes
adgilobriv saWiroebaTa farglebSi TviTon anawilebdes
qalaqSi Semotanil sasursaTo sagnebs. qalaqis sabWom
unda izrunos, raTa sursaTi qalaqSi Tanasworad iqnes ga-
nawilebuli. ar unda eZleodes erTs bevri, meores _ cota“.
Zveli qalaqis sabWoSi problemebs swored mrewvelebisa
da vaWrebis meTaurobas abralebs: „ecadeT, rom social-
demokratebis umravlesoba iqnas arCeuli qalaqis sabWoSi.
mxolod maSin SeeZlebaT maT mTeli saqalaqo meurneobis
xelSi aReba“.4
didi ekonomikuri krizisis miuxedavad, qalaqSi gran-
diozuli winasaarCevno mzadeba iyo. qalaqis suraTs kar-
gad gvixatavs gazeTi `erToba~ ivlisis nomerSi: `WaRara
Tfilisis quCebi da ezoebi araCveulebriv sanaxaobas war-
moadgenda. mTeli qalaqi araCveulebriv moZraobaSi iyo
mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi~.
qalaqSi mosuls TvalSi ecemoda misi ucnauri morTu-
loba: ̀ plakatebi~ da gancxadebebi. yvela partia, yvela jgu-
fi ferad-feradi didi gancxadebebiT amcnobda mcxovrebT,
rom 30 ivlisisaTvis daniSnulia saqalaqo arCevnebi, yvela
partia didi feradi plakatebiT amcnobda mcxovrebT Tavis
saarCevno nomers da mouwodebda misTvis mieca xma. aseTi
partiebi da jgufebi ki Tormetia. yvelani yovel dRe cv-
4 gazeTi „erToba“, 1917, 8 ivnisi,N#66.
239
lian, yovel dRe axali formis gancxadebebs da plakatebs
uSveben da aivso qalaqi feradi qaRaldebiT, yvela sax-
lis kedeli, boZi, tramvais yvela vagoni, yvela avtomobili,
etli da saerTod yvelaferi morTulia plakatebiT. qala-
qi emsgavseba feradi qaRaldebis mRelvare zRvas.
qalaqSi yvela faci-fucSia. saarCevno biuroebSi xalxi
buziviT ireva: vin saarCevno baraTs eZebs da miaqvs, vin
xmaurobs, protests acxadebs, rom siaSi gamorCenila, vin ama
Tu im biuletens kiTxulobs...
yvelgan, sazogado sakrebuloebSi, TeatrebSi, moednebze,
baRebSi da quCebSi krebebi da mitingebia, yvelgan partiaTa
Soris xelCarTuli brZolaa... furclebs aRar arigeben,
isvrian dasta-dastaT maRla xalxis Tavze, rac iSleba
haerSi da Semodgomis foTlebiviT farfateben...
winasaarCevno mzadeba qalaqSi did dResaswauls hgav-
da. yoveli partia yoveldRiurad axal rames igonebda
yuradRebis misapyrobad. originalobasac cdiloben~.
aqve werilis avtori ixsenebs 1911 wels: „maSin verc
ki movaswariT gamoqveyneba saxmosno siisa, provokatorebis
meSveobiT is umal gaiges da moxsnes amxanagebi: Cxenkeli,
gogua, sxvebi da gagzavnes rostovSi, dagvfantes iqeT-aqeT.
magondeba 1912 welic, meoTxe dumis arCevnebi! dReSi orjer
vicvlidiT saxes, tanisamoss... magram bolos mainc Cavar-
diT bevri“.5
1917 wlamde roca saqarTvelo ruseTis kolonia iyo
amgvar saarCevno pirobebze verc iocnebebdnen. arCevnebma
demokratiul pirobebSi Caiara. Yyvelas SeeZlo Tavisi az-
ris da poziciis Tavisuflad gamoxatva.
1917 wlis arCevnebSi social-demokratiam, marTalia,
adrindelze gacilebiT meti xma miiRo, saqalaqo saTaTbi-
roSi 30-mde xmosani gaiyvana, magram umravlesoba mainc bur-
Juazias darCa. Tbilisis axal saTaTbiroSi Camoyalibda
5 gazeTi `erToba~, 1917, 20 ivlisi, #110.
240
sami ZiriTadi fraqcia _ social-demokratiuli, daSnakebis
da eserebis. isini gabatondnen saqalaqo gamgeobaSic.
Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis reorganizacia
faqti gaxda. municipalitetis ufleba-kompetencia sagr-
Znoblad gafarTovda. mis uwyebaSi gadavida adgilobrivi
administracia, milicia, sasamarTlo, yvela adgilobrivi
masStabis sameurneo saqmeebi da maT Soris sasursaTo
saqmec, magram ekonomiur-finansuri krizisis pirobebSi
TviTmmarTvelobas uWirda am gazrdil movaleobaTa Ses-
ruleba.
4 agvistos Catarda Tfilisis axladarCeuli sab-
Wos kerZo TaTbiri. TaTbirs samocamde xmosani eswrebo-
da. TaTbiri qalaqis Tavma aleqsandre xatisovma gaxsna.
Tavmjdomared daasaxeles noe ramiSvili. kerZo TaTbiri
iTvaliswinebda wvrili praqtikuli sakiTxebis gadaWras.
marTalia, sxdoma daxuruli unda yofiliyo, magram presis
warmomadgenlebs mainc misces daswrebis ufleba.
sxdomaze ganixiles saqalaqo debulebis zogierTi
muxli, gadaWres ramdenime praqtikuli sakiTxi, daigegma
momavali pirveli sxdomis dRis wesrigi: 1) qalaqis Tavis
gancxadeba; 2) fraqciebis deklaracia; 3) prezidiumis arCe-
va; 4) sxvadasxva sakiTxi (saraiono sabWoebi, milicia, binis
sakiTxi, tramvai, sabWos mowyoba da sxva).6
Tbiliss, iseve rogorc ramodenime sxva qalaqs (quTai-
si, foTi, baTumi, axalcixe, gori), TviTmarTvis sakmao
gamocdileba gaaCnda da isini axal pirobebSic, SeiZleba
iTqvas, inerciiT agrZelebdnen praqtikul saqmianobas.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikuri sirTuleebis, gar-
damavali periodis miuxedavad, sanimuSo iyo Tbilisis
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis enTuziazmi, agreTve misi
muSaobis gamWvirvaloba da demokratiis xarisxi. yvela
6 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 120.
241
sakiTxi Suqdeboda piradi xasiaTis sakiTxebic ki (maT
Soris piradi Semadgenlobis xarjebi), rac Cveni realob-
isTvisac ki samagaloToa.
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe amocanad idga sas-
ursaTo krizisis mogvareba, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinare
ekonomikuri krizisis fonze sul ufrodaufro mwvavde-
boda. qalaqis sabWo yvela Rones xmarobda problemis
mosagvareblad: ebrZoda spekulacias, moawyo ufaso munic-
ipaluri sasadiloebi, cdilobda daeregulirebina sur-
saTze fasebi...
Tbilisis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ramdenime saval-
debulo dadgenileba gamosca aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv,
magaliTad: 1918 wlis 1 Tebervlidan puri gaicemoda mx-
olod sabinao komitetebze; agreTve mniSvnelovan proble-
mad rCeboda qalaqSi sabinao sakiTxi. imdenad problemas
warmoadgenda sacxovrebeli farTi, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
mosaxleoba gausaZlis pirobebSi cxovrobda, sadac mini-
maluri sayofacxovrebo pirobebic ki ar iyo. adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba aRniSnuli kuTxiTac cdilobda Ron-
isZiebebis gatarebas. Tbilisis qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba
am Temazec acxadebda ramdenime savaldebulo dadgenile-
bas. am dros adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba uflebamosi-
li iyo moexdina kerZo binebisa da Senobebis rekvizicia
(1917 wlis 16 noemberi);
am mizniT yvela samxedro da saqalaqo dawesebulebebs,
qalaqis sammarTvelos dadgenilebiT, 1918 wlis 5 ianvram-
de qalaqis sammarTvelos binebis ganyofilebisaTvis unda
weredgina cnoba dakavebuli oTaxebis raodenobis Sesaxeb.
Tbilisis qalaqis sammarTvelo auwyebda yvelas, rom
sasursaTo sakiTxma TbilisSi mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. ̀ Tfil-
isSi momavali moqalaqeebi ar unda iyvnen daimedebulni
sursaTisa da binis Sovnazed da amitom unda eridon am
gaWirvebas, romelic maT moeliT TbilisSi CamosvliT.
242
yvela moqalaqes, romelic ar aris iZulebuli raime
ukiduresi SemTxveviT TfilisSi Camovides, qalaqis TviTm-
marTveloba daJinebiT urCevs am ukanasknelT nu Camovlen
TfilisSi~.7
amas yvelafers emateboda qalaqSi damkvidrebuli ar-
astabilurobis SegrZneba da SiSi. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelo-
bis organoTa dadgenilebiT qalaqSi usafrTxoebis dacva
gadaeca Tfilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sab-
Wos aRmasrulebel komitets. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb mimarT-
vas Tbilisis mcxovrebTa mimarT xels awerdnen: qalaqis
Tavi n. eliava, qalaqis Tavis amxanagebi m. n. smirnovi da a.
a. kaliuJni, agreTve gamgeobis wevrebi...
gansakuTrebiT panikam moicva qalaqis mosaxleoba
TbilisSi amierkavkasiis frontidan jaris nawilebis
sazamTrod dabinavebis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebi-
sTanave.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba Tavisi gancxadebebiT
cdilobda ar gavrcelebuliyo simarTles moklebuli xme-
bi. mosaxleobas amcnobda, rom jari frontidan igzavne-
ba mxolod sazamTrod dasabinaveblad da ara sxva raime
mosazrebiT.
qalaqis sammarTvelo iRebda yovelgvar zomebs, rom mo-
suli jari moeTavsebina binebSi, rac SeiZleba mcxovrebTa
naklebi SeviwrovebiT, Tavis mxriv mosaxleobas mouwodebd-
nen, rom Camosul jars, rogorc mamulisTvis TavdadebulT,
Sexvedrodnen TanagrZnobiT da Sesaferisi maspinZloba
gaewiaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sabinao da sasursaTo
krizisis fonze, rodesac SezRuduli, xSirad deficituri,
iyo biujeti, jariskacTa Senaxva, maTi inventariT aRWurva
didi tvirTi iyo qalaqisaTvis.
Tbilisis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis iniciativiT,
7 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 120.
243
1917 wlis seqtemberSi, TbilisSi Catarda qalaqis TviT-
mmarTvelobebis yriloba, romelic miznad isaxavda Seqm-
nili viTarebis gamo erTiani samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas.
problebis mogvarebas, mdgomareobidan gamosavals
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi erTmaneTis gverdSi
dgomasa da urTierTgatanaSi xedavdnen. gansakuTrebul
mzrunvelobas iCendnen sazogadoebis Rarib nawilze.
`absolituri nakleboba pirvel saWiro sagnebis _ au-
cileblad Txoulobs mis samarTlianad ganawilebas
mcxovrebTa Soris, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi spekulaciis
mTavar msxverplad Raribi nawili gaxdeba, SeZlebuli
klasebi ki, mTel am pirvel saWiro nivTebs fulis saSu-
alebiT erTianad xelSi Caigdeben.
aqedan warmosdgeba sasursaTo sakiTxi, erTi mxriT,
Sovna am sursaTis, meore mxriT, misi ganawileba did
energias, Sromas da amasTanave SekavSirebas moiTxovs
qalaqebisagan~.8
qalaqis sabWoSi 1917 wlis 27 noembris sxdomaze gamge-
obis wevrma m. n. smirnovma gaakeTa vrceli da Sinaarsiani
moxseneba gamgeobis finansuri moqmedebis gegmis Sesaxeb.
moxsenebis mTavari Tezisebi SemdegSi gamoixateboda: `1.
dRevandel rTul pirobebSi garkveul da mtkice finansi-
ur gegmis Sedgena SeuZlebelia; axlandeli finansebi savs-
ebiT damokidebulia SemTxvevebze; 2. izrdeba deficitebi
da davalianeba; 3. Tfilisis finansiuri mdgomareoba ise-
Tivea, rogoric ruseTis sxva didi qalaqebis mdgomareoba;
4. finansiur arev-darevasTan SeiZleba sami gziT: xarjebis
SemcirebiT, Semosavlis gadidebiT da sesxiT; 5. Tfili-
sis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ukve Seamcira ramdenadac
SesaZlebeli iyo, xarjebi; 6. Semosavlis gadideba SeiZleba
1917 wlis 13 oqtombris kanonis ZaliT, romelic demokra-
tiulis TvalsazrisiT ar aris damakmayofilebeli, magram
8 gazeTi `erToba~, 1917, 19 seqtemberi, #149.
244
amiT moxerxdeba deficitis nawilis dafarva. momxsenebeli
iZleva saintereso cnobebs sxvadasxva qalaqebis da Tfil-
isis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~.
momxseneblis azriT, dRes finansebis gasworeba mx-
olod sesxiT Tu SeiZleboda, vinaidan yvela ubedurebebSi
nakleb ubedurebad sesxi unda CaTvliliyo.
sabWom moismina gamgeobis moxseneba da daamtkica:
dawesebuli iqnes gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi gasarTobe-
bze (Teatrebi, proJeqtorebi da sxva).9
zemoxsenebuli problemebis fonze qalaqis TviTm-
marTveloba cdilobda sxvadasxva wvrilmani, saWir-
boroto sakiTxebis gadaWras, iseTi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas, rogoricaa: qalaqSi ganaTebis swored ga-
nawileba; periferiuli ubnebis wyalmomarageba; Rvinis
aRmarTze Zveli saxlebis aReba (1918 wlis ianvari); kuki-
is sasaflaosaTvis miwis nakveTis gamoyofa; upatrono
ZaRlebis likvidacia; axali bazris mowyoba; artistuli
sazogadoebis sazafxulo klubis rekviziciis Sesaxeb
ltolvilTaTvis (1918 wlis 2 aprilis sxdoma), adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis TanamSromelTaTvis xelfasze
danamatebis Sesaxeb; individualurad pirebze /an ojax-
ebze erTjeradi daxmarebebis gacema; municipaluri
sasadiloebis mowyoba; qalaqSi navTis gamaTboblebis
amuSaveba; TbilisSi ltolvilTaTvis saerTo sacxovreb-
lis mowyoba; sakveb produqtebze fasebis regulireba;
telefoniT sargeblobis gadasaxadi da ase Semdeg.
weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi qalaqis sabWom SeZlo
eTanamSromla da misi saqmianoba, sirTuleebis miuxedavad,
ar Seferxebuliyo. Tumca sxvadasxva garemoeba (saqarTve-
los calke saxelmwifod gamocxadeba, omi saqarTvelosa
da somxeTs Soris) sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sida dapirisp-
irebebi da winaaRmdegobebi gamoiwvia, rac pirvel rigSi
9 gazeTi `erToba~, 1917, 29 noemberi, #207.
245
aisaxa qalaqis sabWoSi. gansakuTrebiT umoqmedo aRmoCnda
saqalaqo saTaTbiro bolo sxdomebze, rodesac saTaTbi-
roSi Sidadapirispirebebis fonze arcerTi sakiTxi aRar
wydeboda. uzomod gawelili sxdomebi mxolod kamaTs, de-
batebs, urTierTbraldebebs eTmoboda da vercerTi gadawy-
vetilebis miReba ver xerxdeboda.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-
dgenamde ver moxerxda Seqmniliyo adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo baza. ruseTis mTav-
robam, marTalia, Seadgina axali saqalaqo debuleba, magram
mis amoqmedebamde mTel saxelmwifoSi moxda oqtombris
bolSevikuri gadatrialeba. ruseTi faqtobrivad daiSa-
la. romanovTa imperiis nangrevebze ramdenime erovnuli
saxelmwifo Camoyalibda. yvela Taviseburad cdilobda
marTva-gamgeobis sistemis reorganizacias. xelisuflebis
centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis ufleba _ kompe-
tenciis gamijvnas.
amierkavkasiis momentalurma respublikamac gaagrZela
sareformo saqmianoba, magram mainc ver Seiqmna adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo baza.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tbilisis adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTveloba inerciiT ganagrZobda Tavis saqmianobas.
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis TviTmmarTveloba yvelaze asa-
kovani iyo, igi aZlevda tons sxva qalaqebis muSaobas. Tbi-
lisis municipalitetis gamocdilebas sakmaod warmatebiT
iyenebdnen sxva qalaqebi da municipalitetebi.
1917 wlis ivnisis arCevnebis Semdeg qalaqis sabWoSi
demokratiul ZalTa momravlebis, didi gegmebisa da sur-
vilebis miuxedavad, qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ver SeZlo
qalaqSi mniSvnelovani reformebi gaetarebina, arsebiTi cv-
lilebebi moexdina mis cxorebaSi.
246
maka kvaracxeliamaka kvaracxelia _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis doqtoranti
Tbilisis adgilobrivi Tbilisis adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobisTviTmmarTvelobis
xmosanTa 1919 wlis arCevnebixmosanTa 1919 wlis arCevnebi
1917 wlis ivnisSi arCeul Tbilisis saqalaqo sa-
TaTbiros ufleba-mosilebis vada 1918 wlis 31 dekembers
uTavdeboda. oriode TviT adre daiwyo mzadeba axali
arCevnebisaTvis. am xnis ganmavlobaSi social-politi-
kur ZalTa ganlageba sagrZnoblad Seicvala. saqarTve-
los parlamentma miiRo kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb,
romlis mixedviT saarCevno xmis uflebas kargavda is
Tbiliseli, romelsac ar hqonda miRebuli saqarTvelos
moqalaqeoba. Tbiliseli rusebi, agreTve somxebi, boiko-
tiT Sexvdnen moqalaqeobis kanons, arCevnebis axal wess,
didi siZneleebi Seqmnes momavali saTaTbiros muSaobaSi
da axali arCevnebis CatarebaSic.
qalaqis sabWos 1918 wlis 4 noembris sxdomaze, romel-
sac aleqsandre lomTaTiZe Tavmjdomareobda, moismines
saarCevno komisiis moxseneba. mel. rusuas moxsenebiT
saarCevno komisias sul ori sxdoma hqonda Catarebuli.
pirvel sxdomaze komisiam airCia prezidiumi da moismi-
na moxseneba qalaqis mdivnis arCevnebis Sesaxeb. `komisiam
iqonia msjeloba Tu ra funqciebi daekisros: iyos aRmas-
rulebeli organo, Tu mxolod saarCevno mosamzadebeli
funqciebiT gansazRvros Tavisi moqmedeba~. komisia Tavis
moxsenebaSi ganixilavda qalaqis xmosanTa arCevnebis de-
247
bulebis muxlebs da winadadebiT gamodioda Secvliliyo
aRniSnuli debulebis proeqtSi rigi muxlebisa, romlebic
SesabamisobaSi movidoda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis
kanonproeqtTan: `damfuZnebel krebis arCevnebSi jars mx-
olod pasiuri saarCevno ufleba eZleva. aseTive cvlileba
unda SevitanoT qalaqis arCevnebisaTvis, agreTve komisiis
azriT Tbilisi unda daiyos 40 saarCevno ubnaT. qalaqis
sabWo unda irCeodes ori wlis vadiT. yvela es cvlile-
bani SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos parlamentma or kviraSi
ganixilos da amgvarad ar Seferxdes arCevnebi~.
saqarTvelos parlamentma da saqarTelos respublikis
mTavrobam 1919 wlis 17 dekembers miiRo debuleba ̀ qalaqTa
sabWoebis xmosanTa arCevnebisa, romelic SeimuSava Sinagan
saqmeTa saministrom da warmoadgenda ruseTis droebiTi
mTavrobis 1917 wlis 15 aprils gamocemuli debulebis
Targmans, garkveuli SesworebebiTa da damatebebiT, rac
Seesabameboda saqarTvelos pirobebs da parlamentis mier
miRebul `damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis~ debulebas (1918
wlis 22 noemberi), saidanac mTlianad gadmotanili iyo me-5
muxli.
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma 1918 wlis 11 dekembers
saqarTvelos parlaments mokle winasisyvaobiT warudgina
`qalaqTa sabWoebis xmosanTa arCevnebis~ debuleba dasamt-
kiceblad, sadac ganmartavs, rom qalaq Tbilisis xmosanTa
ricxvis 120-dan 90-mde Semcireba ganpirobebulia `ZalTa
ekonomiiT~.1
debuleba 37 muxlisgan Sedgeboda. qalaqis sabWos
xmosnebi irCeodnen ori wlis vadiT. arCevnebSi monawile-
obis ufleba hqonda saqarTvelos respublikis yvela mo-
qalaqes ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da sarwmunoebisa,
1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi #1836 (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parla-
menti), anaweri #1; saqme #157, furceli 3.
248
romelsac saarCevno siis Sedgenis dawyebamde Seusrulde-
boda 20 weli, cxovrobda an saqmianobda aRniSnul qalaqSi;
arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas moklebulni iyvnen: ber-
monazonni, unarSezRuduli pirebi; saarCevno ufleba ar
hqondaT sasamarTlos mier msjavrdebul pirebs...
xmosnad SeiZleboda arCeuli yofiliyo yvela, garda
im pirisa, romelsac xmis micemis ufleba hqonda, iseTic,
romelic qalaqSi ar cxovrobda da ar iyo dakavSire-
buli Tavisi saqmianobiT qalaqTan, magram akmayofilebda
arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis sxva saWiro pirobebs.
TiToeuli qalaqi warmoadgenda erT saarCevno olqs.
saarCevno siebs adgenda qalaqis gamgeoba; debulebiT
agreTve gansazRvruli iyo: saarCevno siebis gamoqveynebis
wesebi; siebis gasaCivrebis, Sesworebis da Semdgomi proce-
durebi: arCevnebis dro; xmosanTa kenWisyris wesi; qalaqis
saarCevno komisiis Seqmnis pirobebi; arCevnebis Catarebis
wesi da procedura; arCevnebze zedamxedvelobis sakiTxebi;
xmebis daTvlis wesi da procedura; xmosanTa siis Sedgena;
arCevnebis Sedegebis gasaCivrebis wesi da sxva sakiTxebi.
saarCevno wesebis sxva dawvrilebiTi mxare, romelic
ver iqneboda aRniSnuli debulebiT, ganimarteboda Sinagan
saqmeTa ministris calke dadgenilebiT.
debulebaSi mciredi Sesworebebi Sevida 1919 wlis 14
da 18 ianvars saqarTvelos parlamentis da saqarTvelos
respublikis mier miRebuli kanoniT `qalaqTa sabWoebis
xmosanTa saarCevno debulebis Secvlisa da damatebis
Sesaxeb~, Seicvala muxlebi amomrCevelTa siebis Sedgenis,
siebis Sesworebis wesis Sesaxeb.2
qalaqi weliwadnaxevris Semdeg kvlav aqtiurad Caeba
winasaarCevno procesSi. miTumetes es ormagi mzadeba iyo, ro-
gorc saqalaqo da aseve damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisaTvis.
2 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis
krebuli. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 1990.
249
perioduli organoebidan winasaarCevno procesSi isev
aqtiurad iyo CarTuli gazeTi `erToba~. gazeTi `erToba~,
marTalia, social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis organo
iyo, magram is erTaderTi gazeTi gaxldaT, romelic inten-
siurad exmianeboda qalaqis sabWos xmosanTa arCevnebs, gan-
sakuTrebiT 1919 wels, rodesac yvela perioduli organo
gadarTuli iyo damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze.
gazeTi `erToba~ kvlav did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
saarCevno siebis samarTlianad Sedgenas, saarCevno aRweras,
romlis Sesaxeb darRvevebsa da usamarTlo qcevebze perma-
nentulad iwereboda gazeTis furclebze, mianiSnebda qala-
qis TviTmmarTvelobas konkretul darRvevebze, calkeul
SemTxvevebsac ki aqveynebda da qalaqis adgilobriv TviTm-
marTvelobas mouwodebda xarvezebis gamosworebas.
didi yuradRebis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis aRwera
srulyofilad ver mimdinareobda. `qalaq Tfilisis
mcxovrebTa saarCevno aRwera ukve dasrulda, magram am aR-
weram ver gamoiRo Sesaferisi nayofi: didi nawili amom-
rCevlebisa auwereli darCa~, _ wers ukve 1919 wlis 5 ian-
vris nomerSi gazeTi `erToba~. `samwuxarod, centralur
saarCevno komitets kargad ver usargeblia warsuli
gamocdilebiT da am saarCevno aRweras didi defeqte-
bi da usistemoba aRmoaCnda; aRweris sworad Catarebi-
sTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs saarCevno aRweris siste-
mas da Sesafer da momzadebul aRmwerlebis gamonaxvas~.
mosaxleobis aRweras qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba awarmoe-
bda, romelsac ar hqonda partiuli muSaobis, poziciis
gamoxatvis ufleba. gazeTi ki amaxvilebda yuradRebas
aRmwerlebis mxridan konkretul darRvevebze. rogorc
erTi politikuri Sexedulebis amomrCevelTa aRweris
SemTxvevebze, aRmwerlebis moumzadeblobasa da ucodin-
robaze, agreTve upasuxismgeblobaze, rameTu maTi daude-
vrobiT qalaqis zogierTi quCis macxovreblebi saerTod
ar SeutaniaT siaSi. gazeTis redaqcia qalaqis TviTm-
250
marTvelobas avaldebulebda mieRo zomebi da dauyovne-
bliv gamoesworebina aRniSnuli xarvezebi.3
aRniSnuli Tema gaxda qalaqis saTaTbiroSi gansax-
ilveli sakiTxi 1919 wlis 15 ianvris sxdomaze: sxdomaze
moismines qalaqis Tavis moxseneba, romelmac, Tavis mxriv,
Seajama gamgeobis mier momzadebuli masala amomrCevel-
Ta aRweris Sesaxeb. misi daskvniT, aRweraSi daSvebuli
Secdomebis gamosasworeblad, romelsac ar gamoricxavs,
qalaqs mzad hyavs 14 wyeba aRmwerlebisa, romelTa meSveo-
biTac defeqtebi Sesworebuli iqneba.
amjerad saarCevno siaSi Setanili iyo 65 aTasi
amomrCeveli da agreTve 19 aTasamde sadavo xma, romel-
ic komisiis mier ganxilvis procesSi iyo. 1917 wlis
arCevnebSi ki monawileoba 117 aTasma amomrCevelma miiRo,
`magram Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT `zemgoris~ saerobo
kavSirs da sxvadasxva dawesebulebaTa mosamsaxureT da
jars, romlebic maSin iRebdnen monawileobas arCevnebSi,
axlandeli amomrCevlebis ricxvi swori iqneba. qalaqi
amaze met amomrCevlebs ver mogvcems~.
moxsenebis mere gaimarTa kamaTi, romelSic monawileobas
iRebdnen xmosnebi: arseniZe, WiabriSvili, gepSteini, xandano-
vi, goTua, iagjiani da sxva. kadetebi, eserebi da daSnakelebi
moiTxovdnen arCevnebis daniSnul droze moxdenas. sabWos
waredgina saTanado rezoluciebi, romelTagan arc erTi
ar iqna miRebuli xmis umetesobiT.4
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqalaqo arCevnebisaTvis general-
gubernatorma specialuri gancxadeba gaavrcela, romlis
safuZvelze arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT qalaqSi nebadar-
Tuli iyo yovelgvari RonisZieba: moqalaqeTa TaTbirebi,
Sekrebebi, aqciebi da sxva...
3 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 5 ianvari, #4; 10 ianvari, #6.
4 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 125.
251
gubernatori avalebda miliciis moxeleebs araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeeSalaT xeli aRniSnuli RonisZiebebisaT-
vis, ar Cabmuliyvnen masSi an ar mieRoT raime monawileoba.5
es mniSvnelovani iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sul
raRac ori TviT adre qalaqSi gamocxadebuli iyo samxe-
dro wesebi. qalaqSi ikrZaleboda yrilobebi, mitingebi, qu-
CaSi Sekreba, manifestacia, quCebSi sityvis warmoTqma da
sxva. leqciebis da referatebis kiTxvac ki mxolod gen-
eral gubernatoris nebarTviT iyo SesaZlebeli.
saqarTvelos parlamentma 1919 wlis 14 ianvars miiRo
kanonproeqti, romlis safuZvelze qalaqis TviTmmarTvelo-
bis arCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo ara ugvianes erTi Tvi-
sa im dRidan, rodesac qalaqis sabWoebs moqmedebas vada
daumTavrdeboda. ruseTis droebiTi kanonis ZaliT ki ro-
gorc avRniSneT es vada 1919 wlis 1 ianvars iwureboda, Se-
sabamisad arCevnebi unda Catarebuliyo araugvianes Teberv-
lis pirveli ricxvebisa.
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis winasaarCevno
kampanias daemTxva 1917 wels arCeuli qalaqis saTaTbi-
ros ramodenime sxdoma, romelzec gansakuTrebiT naTlad
gamoCnda, Sida dapirispirebebisa da gansxvavebuli miznebis
gamo, xmosanTa uunaroba da ususuroba. `qalaqis sabWos Se-
madgeneli elementebi ise auZlureben erTmaneTs, rom sabWo
erT adgilze gayinuli dgas, uZravi gamxdara da ubralo
saqmesac ki ver akeTebs~. social-demokratebi aRniSnul
mdgomareobas im xmosnebs abralebebdnen, romelTac erovnu-
li TviTSegneba ar amoZravebdaT, ̀ ver urigdeba saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas da cdilobs qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba
gamoiyenos am damoukideblobis Ziris gamosaTxrelad. igi
cdilobs qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba gadaaqcios politikur
iaraRad saqarTvelos respublikasTan sabrZolvelad, mis
dasasusteblad...~ aRniSnul sakiTxs Tavis winasaarCevno
5 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 7 ianvari, #5.
252
agitaciaSic xSirad iyenebdnen social-demokratebi. isini
mouwodebdnen mosaxleobas gamoecnoT partiebis gulwrfe-
li mowodebebi, rameTu `dRevandel pirobebSi demokratiis
mteria yoveli is partia, romelic ar cnobs saqarTvelos
respublikis damoukideblobas~.6
qalaqis sabWos bolo sxdomebi naTeli magaliTi iyo,
Tu ramdenad damRupveli iyo Sidadapirispirebebi, SuR-
li, mtroba. sabWos sxdomebze gatanili mTeli rigi sak-
iTxebidan, vercerTi sakiTxis gadawyveta ver xerxdeboda.
droSi usaSvelod gawelil sxdomebze mxolod debatebs
da kamaTs undebodnen...7
saqarTvelos parlamentis da saqarTvelos respub-
likis 1919 wlis 14 ianvris kanoniT miiRes wesi `adgilo-
briv TviTmmarTvelobaTa organoebSi enis xmarebis Sesaxeb~,
romlis Sesabamisad msjeloba, saqmis warmoeba da miwer-
mowera qalaq Tbilisis sabWoSi, iseve rogorc sxva qalaqis
da erobis TviTmmarTvelobaSi warmoebs saxelmwifo eniT.8
social-demokratiis winasaarCevno programa didad ar
Secvlila. es partia aRTqma-dapirebebs ar iSurebda da mo-
qalaqeebs mouwodebda xma miecaT maTi N1 siisaTvis. Tbili-
sis saqalaqo sabWos (axal saqalaqo debulebaSi saqalaqo
saTaTbiros nacvlad dafiqsirda saqalaqo sabWo) arCevneb-
Si xmosnobis kandidatTa Tavisi siebiT gamovidnen erovnu-
li demokratebi da socialist-federalistebi. gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ redaqcia werda, rom namdvili erovnuli
politikis gatareba mxolod erovnul-demokratebs Seu-
ZliaT da yvela patriotma xma maT kandidatebs unda mis-
ceTo. gazeTis redaqcia brals sdebda social-demokra-
tias yalbad gagebul internacionalizmSi. imis nacvlad,
6 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 16 ianvari, #11.
7 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centralri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 129, furceli 1-14.8 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis
krebuli. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 1990.
253
rom qalaqi somxebisagan gawmindon, maTi warmomadgenlebi
xmosnebis kandidatTa siaSi SeaqvT, somxuri burzJuaziis
poziciebis ganmtkicebaze zrunaveno.9
gazeTi `erToba~, Tavis mxriv, ase axasiaTebs saqalaqo
arCevnebSi monawile patiebs: `Cveni burJuazia imdenad usu-
suria, rom man jer kidev ver moawyo politikuri partia.
amis damamtkicebelia erovnul-demokratiul partiis pro-
grama da taqtika. am partiaSi sul ukanasknel dromde
Tavsdebodnen erTmaneTis gverdiT erTis mxriv vaWrebis
warmomadgenlebi da meores mxriv memamule TavadTa ide-
ologebi. da mxolod pirad kinklaobis niadagze aRmo-
cenda is ganxeTqileba, romelmac es partia orad gahyo:
erovnul-demokratiul (gvazava, kedia da sxva) da erovnul
partiad (veSapeli, gabaSvili). kedia-gvazavas partia feoda-
lurs uwodebs veSapel-gabaSvilis partias, xolo es uka-
naskneli pirvels spekuliantTa partiad Tvlis. es daxa-
siaTeba saukeTeso maCvenebelia am partiebis uniadagobisa
CvenSi~.
umniSvneloa gansxvaveba socialist-federalistTa da
socialist-revolucionerTa partiis Sinaarssa da wina-
saarCevno platformaSi. ̀ im dros roca Cven ruseTis demokra-
tiasTan erTad vaZlierebdiT saqarTvelos demokratias, eseni
`mamao CvenosaviT~ imeorebdnen avtonomias, ar surdaT gae-
goT, rom Seqmnili mdgomareobis mixedviT SesaZloa avto-
nomiaze Sors wasvla da sruli damoukideblobisaTvis mxa-
ris daWera. dRes ukve faqtia es damoukidebloba, rimelsac
Cven vicavT. am garemoebas TviTon federalistebic ki ver
uaryofen dRes. rac Seexeba maTs socializms, es gamoixateba
socializaciis umweo gamomzeurebaSi. cxadia, federalist
eserebs dRes xalxTan misasvleli piri ar aqvT~.10
social-demokratTagan gamoyofilma partiam, romelic
9 gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1919, 24 ianvari.
10 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 30 ianvari, #23.
254
ruseTis social-deokratTa muSaTa partiis saxeliT gamo-
dioda, Semdegi programa warmoadgina: 1. moqalaqeobis kan-
onis gadasinjva (romelic TviTmmarTvelobis kompetencias
ar ganekuTvneba), 2. milicia, sagangebo razmi da Sinagan
saqmeTa ministri `rom es organoebi maTi gunebisaT iyos
mowyobili, xels veravin SeuSlida saqarTvelosTvis Ziris
gamoTxraSi da misi demokratiis dasamarebaSi~ da 3. na-
cionalizacia, e. i. saxelmwifo enis SemoReba dawesebule-
bebSi. Tumca social-demokratebi kritikulad afasebdnen
maT winasaarCevno agitacias da yvela punqtSi amxeldnen
maT. ̀ sanam rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba iyo da dawesebule-
bebi rusul eniT awarmoebdnen saqmeebs, am jgufis wevrebs
erTxelac ar mogonebiaT, arc nacionalizacia, arc erovne-
baTa interesebi, arc moTxovnilebani demokratiisa. axla
ki, roca saxelmwifo enaT qarTuli ena gaxda, e.i. ena oTxi-
mexuTedi macxovreblebis _ es vaJbatobebi SeZrwundnen da
gaixsenes principi enaTa Tanasworobisa~.11
TbilisSi jer kidev garkveuli raodenobiT rCebodnen
ruseTis eserTa partiis adgilobrivi organizaciis wevre-
bi da somexi daSnakebi. magram maT boikoti gamoucxades
arCevnebs. amas hqonda socialur-politikuri sarCuli; mas
Semdeg, rac jarma qalaqi datova, bolo adgilze darCe-
nilma rusma moxeleebma saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba ar mi-
iRes, eserTa partiis adgilobrivma organizaciam saqalaqo
sabWoSi xmosnebis arCevis Sansi dakarga. TiTqmis aseT-
save mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda daSnakTa partia; igi boiko-
tis taqtikaze daayena im faqtma, rom somex-qarTvelTa omis
dros somexi mosaxleobis sagrZnobma nawilma Tbilisi da-
tova, adgilze darCenilTagan ki bevrma saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqeoba ar miiRo, ris gamoc saarCevno ufleba dakarga.
erTi sityviT, eserebica da daSnakebic Tavis uZlure-
bas boikotis taqtikiT faravdnen, cdilobdnen CaeSalaT
11 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 28 ianvari, #21.
255
arCevnebi, daTmobaze waeyvanaT mTavroba da qarTveli sa-
zogadoeba.
daSnakelebis perioduli organo `haraCi~ asab-
uTebs boikotis taqtikas qalaqis arCevnebSi: `amisTana
pirobebSi, roca qalaqSi ramdenime aTasi somexi daapa-
timres da mere Seadgines siebi, arCevnebSi monawileo-
bis miReba iqneboda aTi aTasobiT somexi amomrCevlebis
uflebis dakargva. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom Tfili-
sis somexi mSromeli xalxi aqtiur boikots gaukeTebs
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs da TviTmpyrobel social-
patriotebs gaawnavs im zneobriv silas, romlisken isini
aseTi gulmodginebiT iswrafodnen~.
gazeTi `erToba~ pasuxobs am mowodebas 1919 wlis
24 ianvris nomerSi. da ganmartavs, rom `daWerili iyvnen
erevneli somxeTis qveSevrdomni, CvenTan meomar saxelmwi-
fos moqalaqeni, magram maT xom arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba ara hqondaT da arc axla aqvT. cxadia maTi daW-
eriT aravis dahkargvia ufleba~.12
aRniSnul boikots exmianeba gazeTi ̀ erToba~ 1919 wlis
17 ianvris nomerSi da kidev erTxel mouwodebs mosax-
leobas monawileoba miiRon qalaqis xmosanTa arCevnebSi:
`vinc ar miiRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, is daSnakelTa
uneburi monawilea, is demagogiis xelis Semwyobia, is mo-
qalaqeobriv valis uarmyofelia~...13
Tfilisis sabWos xmosanTa amomrCevelTa siebi 19, 20, 21,
22 da 1919 wlis 23 ianvars qalaqSi 13 adgilas gamoqveynda
(pirveli vaJTa gimnazia, mesame vaJTa gimnazia, mantaSevis
qarvasla, puSkinis qalaqis saswavlebeli, imedis TavSesa-
fari, avlabris klubi, pirveli sakomercio saswavlebeli,
qalaqis saswavlebeli petre didis saxeliT, saxalxo sax-
li zubalaSvilebisa, naZaladevis Teatri, rkinisgzis sas-
12 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 24 ianvari, #18.
13 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 17 ianvari, #12.
256
wavlebeli, saburTalos komisariati). presis furclebidan
mosaxleobas intensiurad mouwodebdnen gadaemowmebi-
naT Tavi siebSi, gamorCenis SemTxvevaSi ki gamgeobis mier
dawesebuli wesiT SeetanaT Tavi siaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis
arCevnebisaTvis, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentis dadge-
nilebiT 1919 wlis 14-16 Tebervals Catardeboda, amomrCevel-
Ta axali siebi ar Sedgeboda. mosaxleobas afrTxilebdnen,
Tfilisis qalaqis gamgeobis specialuri mimarTviT, amis
Sesaxeb da amdenad ormagad pasuxismgeblobas akisrebd-
nen mosaxleobas, gadaemowmebina Tavi siebSi da gamorCenis
SemTxvevaSi zomebi mieRo.
1919 wlis 20 ianvars Catarda qalaqis tramvais mosamsax-
ureTa profesiuli kavSiris gamgeobis sxdoma, romelzec
gamgeobam gaarCia qalaqis mosamsaxureTa profesionaluri
kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier gamotanili pro-
testi qalaqis sabWos da damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis
gamo da daadgina: 1) Tavis mxriv protesti ganecxadebina
qalaqis mosamsaxureTa kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetis
amgvari antidemokratiuli gamosvlisa da demokratiuli
sabWosadmi aSkara mtruli damokidebulebisaTvis; 2) Seewy-
vita yovelgvari kavSiri qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis mosa-
msaxureTa kavSiris aRmasrulebel komitetTan, aranairi
angariSi ar gaewia am kavSirisaTvis, misi poziciis gamo; 3)
da Txovda qalaqis gamgeobas ar daekavSirebina iseTi sak-
iTxebi, romlebic tramvais mosamsaxureTa profesionalur
kavSirs Seexeboda, qalaqis mosamsaxureTa profesionaluri
kavSiris aRmasrulebeli komitetisaTvis.14
1919 wlis 30 ianvars qveyndeba saqalaqo arCevnebisaTvis
meore raionis nino-wmindis ubnis saerTo krebaze gamot-
anili rezolucia: `viRebT, ra mxedvelobaSi, rom saqarTve-
los social-demokratulma muSaTa partiam saqarTvelos
14 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 22 ianvari, #16.
257
demokratias swori xelmZRvaneloba gauwia, gadaarCina
saqarTvelo, rogorc gareSe, ise Sinauri mtrisagan, Seinar-
Cuna da ganamtkica revoluciis monapovari Tavisuflebani,
Seqmna uflebrivi weswyobileba da agvirgvinebs Cvens da-
moukideblobas, amitom sruli Cveni SegnebiT xmas mivcemT
saqarTvelos social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis sias,
rogorc qalaqis, ise damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi N1-s~.
amdenad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos arCevnebma, romelic
win uswrebda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebs, didi politi-
kuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. municipalur-sameurneo proble-
mebi meore rigSi gadavida. yvela Tbiliseli xvdeboda, rom
es iyo saqarTvelos social-politikur ZalTa ganlagebis,
maTi mzaobis, pirveli Semowmeba. „Tbilisis arCevnebi pirve-
li gamocdaa demokratiisa, pirveli garkvevaa ZalTa urTi-
erTobisa didi mravalmniSvnelovani politikuri aqtebis
Semdeg, romelTa istoriuli fasi da Rirebuleba jer kidev
Zneli gasaTvaliswinebelia“, _ werda „erTobis~ redaqcia.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos arCevnebi 1919 wlis 2 Teber-
vals Catarda. masSi xmis uflebis mqone TbiliselTa 51%-
ma miiRo monawileoba.
TbilisSi arCevnebSi xma misca sul 35 366 amomrCevelma.
aqedan social-demokratiulma siam N1 - miiRo 26 909 xma.
gaiyvana 69 xmosani; nacional-demokratebma N2 – 3806 (10
xmosani); socialist-revolucionerebma N3 – 141 (vercerTi
xmosani), ruseTis social-demokrat partiis jgufma N4 –
440 xma (1 xmosani); socialist-federalistebma N5 – 2924 xma
(7 xmosani); musulmanTa nacionalurma sabWom N6 – 6 xma
(arcerTi xmosani); federalistTa maSvralTa partiam N7 –
418 xma (1 xmosani); damoukidebelma erovnul-demokratebma
8 – 398 xma (1 xmosani); saxlis patronTa kavSirma N9 – 306
(1 xmosani).15
arCevnebma mtrul garemoSi Caiara. `saqarTvelos da-
15 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 5 Tebervali, N#28.
258
moukideblobis mowinaaRmdegeni or rames Setrfodnen,
erTi mxriT absentizmis molodini, meore mxriT social-
demokratiis dasusteba“, arCevnebis dRes TiTqos buneba
da Seqmnili mdgomareoba xels uwyobda maTi imedebis
gamarTlebas. `dilidan dawyebuli Tovl-Wyapi xels uSli-
da Caucmel, dauxurav mcxovrebT quCaSi gamosuliyo Tavis
movaleobis asasruleblad. aTasgvari saxadi, tifi, ispanka
da sxva sneulebani, romelic modebulia qalaqSi, da romel-
ic gacivebis niadagze erTi oraT gaZlierdeba, aiZulebda
bevrs Tavis oTaxs ar gaSoreboda~. iyo SemTxvevebic, rac
komisiis oqmebSia aRniSnuli, rom mTeli ojaxi, daavadmy-
ofebuli iTxovda miecaT maTTvis saSualeba arCevnebSi
monawileobisa, magram formis darRvevas komisia ver Tanxm-
deboda da uars eubneboda.
yovelive aRniSnulisa da zemoTxsenebuli partieb-
is boikotis miuxedavad, saarCevno yuTebTan gamocxadda
51 procenti amomrCevlebisa. `marTalia saerTo ricxvi
amomrCevelTa axla naklebia vidre damfuZnebeli krebis
arCevnebSi 1917 wels an qalaqis arCevnebSi imave wlis
zafxulSi, magram maSin Tfilisi savse iyo jariT da zur-
gis mosamsaxureTa didZali armiiT, romelnic yvelani
iRebdnen arCevnebSi monawileobas~.16
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom qalaq TbilisSi amomrCeve-
li aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda. didi SegnebiT da energiiT
ekideboda qalaqis saqmeebs. boikotis miuxedavad, Tbilisis
amomrCevlebis aqtivobas Tu SevadarebT evropis qalaqTa
mosaxleobis aqtivobas municipaluri arCevnebis dros (sa-
dac xSirad met absentizms aqvs adgili), davrwmundebiT,
rom Tbiliselebi didi politikuri xalisiT ekidebian
qalaqis saqmeebs, dainteresebuli arian dedaqalaqis bediT
da TviT umZimes pirobebSic ar toveben yuradRebis gareSe.
erTi ram aRsaniSnavia, rom daSnakelebis boikotis gamo,
16 gazeTi `erToba~, 1919, 22 ianvari, #16.
259
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaSi ar eyoleba warmomadgenloba
somxis sazogadoebis erT mniSvnelovan nawils, romelmac
am partiis mowodebebs daujera, magram arCevnebze didi
iyo aqtiuroba rogorc somexi mosaxleobis, agreTve sxva
erovnul umciresobaTa.
qalaqis sabWos 1919 wlis 10 Tbervlis sxdoma ukve qar-
Tul enaze warimarTa. qalaqis Tavma n. z. eliavam gaxsni-
lad gamoacxada axalarCeuli sabWos sxdoma da miuloca
xmosnebs is ndoba, romelic maT Tfilisis mosaxleobam
gamoucxada.
sxdomaze kidev erTxel gaixsenes arCevnebi, is obieq-
turi garemoebebi, ris fonzec Catarda arCevnebi. qalaqis
Tavma n. eliavam mouwoda xmosnebs ar daeSvaT Zveli sab-
Wos mier daSvebuli Secdomebi da efeqturad gaZRolodnen
qalaqis saqmeebs. xmosnebma qalaqis debulebis Tanaxmad Se-
muSavebuli fici dades. amave sabWos sxdomaze ganisazRvra
prezidiumis wevrTa jamagiri da Semadgenloba _ qalaqis
sabWos Tavmjdomare _ aleqsandre lomTaTiZe da mdivani v.
xaxanaSvili. qalaqis mouravis, misi amxanagis da wevrebis
arCevnebi Semdegi sxdomisaTvis gadaido.17
1919 wlis 17 Tebervals axlad arCeuli saqalaqo sa-
TaTbiros meore sxdomaze, xmosnebma qalaqis Tavad/moura-
vad airCies beniamin CxikviSvili, „mouravis amxanagad“ _
giorgi koniaSvili, gamgeobis wevrebad _ pavle masalkini,
ioseb beseliZe, konstantine panievi.
amave sxdomaze Catarda im komisiebis arCevnebi, romelTa
mowveva gadaudebeli iyo qalaqis meurneobis garkveuli
sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad (sabiujeto-safinanso, sarevizio,
sameurneo-sasursaTo, sarekomendacio).18
17 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 129, furceli 15-20.
18 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 129, furceli 21-30.
260
1919 wlis 2 Tebervlis arCevnebisaTvis mzadebam da TviT
arCevnebma, winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, warmatebulad Cai-
ara. im socialur fonze (SimSili, gaWirveba, avadmyofobebi)
da problemebSi (garkveuli jgufebis boikoti, politikuri
garemo, sabWos Sida dapirispirebebi) TbilisSi saqalaqo
arCevnebi warmatebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, mosaxleo-
bis aqtiurobis 51% maCvenebelia, rom qalaqis macxovre-
beli, gaWirvebis miuxedavad, qalaqis gulSematkivaria. igi
arasodes ar iyo dedaqalaqis mimarT gulgrili da es
tra dicia grZeldeba. aqve sagulisxmoa, rom daSnakelebis
boikotis miuxedavad es faqti ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ro-
gorc boikoti erovnuli kuTxiT, ramuTu saarCevno urnebT-
an aqtivoba iyo, rogorc Tbiliseli somxebis, agreTve sxva
erovnuli umciresobebis mxridan. es imas niSnavda, rom ar-ar-
Ceul sabWos sruli ufleba hqonda eRiarebina Tavi xalxis Ceul sabWos sruli ufleba hqonda eRiarebina Tavi xalxis
ndobiT aRWurvilad, xolo axalarCeuli sabWos pirvel ndobiT aRWurvilad, xolo axalarCeuli sabWos pirvel
sxdomaze, Tavis mxriv, n. eliavam aRniSna, rom `es sabWo ara-sxdomaze, Tavis mxriv, n. eliavam aRniSna, rom `es sabWo ara-
sodes ar awarmoebs antinacionalur politikas~.sodes ar awarmoebs antinacionalur politikas~.19
19 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,
fondi 192, anaweri 4, saqme 129, furceli 15-20.
261
besik gafrindaSvilibesik gafrindaSvili _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
wmida andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis doqtoranti
nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavrebinikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavrebi
1534-1822 wlebSi1534-1822 wlebSi
1534 wels imereTis mefis bagrat III-is (1510-1565) inicia-
tiviT, axladdaarsebul nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTe-
draze nikorwmindel episkoposad manoeli iqna dadgenili.
manoelis nikorwmindelad xeldasxmis TariRTan dakavSire-
biT samecniero wreebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa gamoTqmuli.
nawili mecnierebisa miiCnevs rom igi 1534 wels iqna dadge-
nili nikorwmindel episkoposad (T. Jordania, e. TayaiS-
vili, m. berZniSvili g. guguSvili da sxv.), nawili ki 1544
wels asaxelebs (s. kakabaZe, T. beraZe, m. murusiZe da sxv.).
aRniSnul azrTa sxvadasxvaobas bagrat III-is mier nikor-
wmindisaTvis gacemuli sigelis gansxvavebuli daTariRe-
bebi iwvevs, sadac nikorwmindis saepiskoposos daarsebazea
saubari (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).
manoeli nikorwmindeli mefe bagrat III-isadmi erTgule-
biT gamoirCeoda. mefe bagrati Tavis sigelSi mas „wminda
da RmerTSemosil“ pirovnebad ixseniebs: `mefeT mefeman
bagrat da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalT dedofalman
elene vigulismodgineT da xelvhyaviT aRSenebada daknineb-
ulisa monastrisa nikolwmidisa da Sevqmen saydrada da
saepiskopozoda da davadgine da wmida da RmerTSemosili
angelozTa mobaZavi mRdelT mTavar episkopozi wmida da
meufe manoel.......“1
1 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv. 6.
262
mefe bagrat III-is mier nikorwmindis taZris ganaxlebis
Sesaxeb saubrobs Tavad manoel nikorwmindelic: „q. RvTiv
gvirgvinosanman mefeman bagrat ganaaxla da kidiT aRa-
Sena eklesia wmidis mRvdelTmoZRvris nikolozis misda
sadRegrZeloT da gasamarjveblad...... igulismodgina TviT
mpyrobelman mefeman da uZlevelman xelmwifeman monas-
teri ese eklesiad da damadgina me ganmged da efiskoposad
uRirsi da codvili mRvdel mTavari manoel...“2
zemoT moyvanil dokumentebSi moxseniebuli manoel
nikorwmindeli, T. Jordanias varaudiT yofila.3 T. Jor-
danias gamocemaSi imereTis mefis bagrat III-is sigeli,
sadac SeiZleba igive manoel CxetiZe iyos, romelic 1529
wels xonelad dasves.4 arsebobs varaudi, rom manoeli
xonelobamde quTaTeli manoelis nikorwmindelad xel-
dasxmazea saubari, daTariRebulia 1534 wliT: „...daiwera
indiktionsa mefobisa Cvenisa meoTxesa (qoronikonsa) :s k
b: (1534) (Tvesa) agvistosa cxrasa“.5 aRniSnuli dokumen-
ti s. kakabaZis mierac iqna gamoqveynebuli sadac “qoron-
ikonsa :s k b:“ – s (1534) damatebuli aqvs aTis aRmniS-
vneli “i.” aseT SemTxvevaSi vRebulobT ara 1534, aramed
1544 wels. „....daiwera indiktionsa mefobisa Cvenisasa
meoTxesa qoronikonsa : s k i b:“ – (1544).6
bagrat III imereTis samefo taxtze 1510 wels avida,
aqedan gamomdinare, misi mefobis meoTxe indiktioni 1514
weli gamodis da SeusabamobaSi modis aRniSnuli sabuTis
1534 da 1544 wlebiT daTariRebasTan. T. Jordanias varau-
diT, dokumentSi aRniSnuli „mefobisa Cuenisa meoTxesa“-
2 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv. 4.
3 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv.
233.4 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa
da mwerlobisa. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 379. 5 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, 38.6 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 8.
263
s nacvlad, unda igulisxmebodes „ocdameoTxesa“.7 aseT
SemTxvevaSi manoelis nikorwmindel episkoposad xel-
dasxmis TariRi 1534 weli iqneba (1510 + 24 = 1534). Ees va-
raudi ufro misaRebi Cans. manoel CxetiZes nikorwmindeli
episkoposis pativi bagrat III–is gamefebidan ocdameoTxe
wels, anu 1534 wels unda mieRo.
manoel nikorwmindeli yofil xonel episkoposs ma-
noel CxetiZed miiCnies g. guguSvilma da m. murusiZemac.
ukanaskneli manoelis xonidan nikorwmindaSi gadayvanis
faqts 1534 wlis nacvlad 1544 wliT aTariRebs.8
manoel CxetiZe arc nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaT-
edraze darCenila didxans. rogorc irkveva, is nikorw-
mindidan awyurSi gadasula. am faqts mowmobs erT-erTi
minaweri: „CxetiZesa manoelsa mawyuerelsa dRegrZelobiT
codvani maTni Seundnes Rn (RmerTman)“.9 e. TayaiSvili va-
raudobda, rom es minaweri imereTis mefis giorgi II-is me-
fobis dros Sesrulda 1548-1585 wlebSi.10 didi mecnieri ey-
rdnoboda vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobas, romlis mixedviT
bagrat III 1548 wels gardaicvala da imave wels taxtze
misi Ze _ giorgi II avida. Tanamedrove samecniero wreebSi
bagrat III-is gardacvalebis TariRad 1565 welia miCneuli.
zemoT moyvanili minaweri ara giorgi II-is (1565-1584), aramed
misi mamis _ bagrat III-is mefobis periods unda ekuTvnodes.
safiqrebelia, rom manoel CxetiZis nikorwmindidan awyurSi
gadayvana bagrat III-is iniciativiT moxda.
1535 wels murjaxeTTan brZolaSi bagrat III-m daamarcxa
samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare jayeli da samcxe imereTs Se-
7 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 379.
8 m. murusiZe.m. murusiZe. nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi.
quTaisi, 2008, gv. 51.9 e. TayaiSvilie. TayaiSvili. mefeTa da kaTalikozTa sulTa matiane nikorw-
mindis xelnawerSi. parizi, 1939, gv. 5.10 e. TayaiSvilie. TayaiSvili. mefeTa da kaTalikozTa sulTa matiane nikor-
wmindis xelnawerSi. parizi, 1939, gv. 5.
264
mouerTa. bagratma samcxeze gavlena aTi weli SeinarCuna.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi is cdilobda samcxeSi Tavisi poz-
iciebis ganmtkicebas. dasaxuli miznebis gansaxorciele-
blad bagratisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo eklesiis mxardaW-
era. awyuris saepiskoposo upiratesi iyo samcxis eparqiaTa
Soris, amitom mawyverelis kaTedraze mefe bagratis ndobiT
aRWurvili piris yofna mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo samcx-
eSi imereTis mefis poziciebis ganmtkicebisTvis. swored
amas unda ukavSirdebodes mefe bagrat III-is mier manoel
CxetiZis nikorwmindidan awyurSi gadayvana, rac qarTlis
kaTalikosTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg unda momxdariyo, rad-
gan awyuris saepiskoposo mcxeTis (qarTlis) sakaTalikoso
taxts emorCileboda.
savaraudod manoel CxetiZis nikorwmindidan awyurSi
gadayvana 1538-1545 wlebs Soris moxda, radgan 1538 wlamde
awyuris saepiskoposo kaTedra ioakimes ekava,11 1545 wels
ki soxoistas brZolaSi bagrat III-m marcxi ganicada os-
malebTan, dakarga samcxe da aqedan gamomdinare, naklebad
savaraudoa, rom amis Semdeg bagrats moexerxebina, samcxis
yvelaze gavlenian saepiskoposo kaTedraze Tavisi erTgu-
li sasuliero piri daesva.
samwuxarod, manoel CxetiZis Sesaxeb sxva cnobebi ar
mogvepoveba. man nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze
daaxloebiT 1534 wlidan 1540-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi
imoRvawa.
manoelis Semdeg nikorwmindeli episkoposi ioakime gax-
da. man monawileoba miiRo bagrat III-is TaosnobiT gamar-
Tul dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio krebaSi, romelic
im xanad ersa da eklesiaSi gavrcelebuli mankierebebis
aRsakveTad iqna mowveuli.12 krebas miuRia dadgenileba,
11 n. gurgeniZen. gurgeniZe. mawyverel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi
(xelnaweris uflebiT).
12 qarTlis cxovreba. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT. t. IV.
265
romelic `samarTali kaTalikozisa~-s saxeliT aris cno-
bili. aRniSnuli kreba XVI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Catarda.
sxva cnobebi nikorwmindeli ioakimes Sesaxeb ar mogvepove-
ba. savaraudod man nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze
daaxloebiT 1540-iani wlebis meore naxevridan 1550 wlebis
CaTvliT imoRvawa.
1559 wlis 24 oqtombriT daTariRebul dokumentSi
nikorwmindel episkoposad daviT sayvareliZe ixsenieba.
igi nikorwmindis eklesias swiravs sofel xivSSi mcxovreb
glexs – lazare donaZes: „...Cven friad codvilman mRdelT–
mTavarebiskoposman nikorwmidelman daviT sayvareliZeman,
SemogwireT.... xviSs erTi glexi donaZe lazare, misis colS-
viliTa..... saZebriTa da uZebriTa, dRes amas iqiT risic
mqonebeli iyos, marTlis samarTlianis saqmiTa Semogvi-
wiravs yovlis kacis usadevoT.... aRiwera Tvesa okdombris
k d, (24) qoronikons qristes aqeT C f n T (1559)“.13 s. kakabaZem
miiCnia, rom aRniSnuli dokumenti xelis mixedviT ara XVI,
aramed XVII saukunes unda ekuTvnodes da is 1559 wlis
nacvlad 1659 wliT daaTariRa. masSi moxseniebuli nikor-
wmindeli daviT sayvareliZe ki gaaigiva mefe bagrat IV-is
mier 1669 wels ruseTis mefisadmi gagzavnil werilSi mox-
seniebul nikorwmindel daviTTan.14
s. kakabaZis varaudi gaiziara g. guguSvilma da m. mu-
rusiZem. am ukanasknelma miiCnia, rom daviT sayvareliZe
unda iyos rusi elCebis ievlevisa da toloCanovis aRw-
erilobaSi moxseniebuli daviT mitropoliti.15 ievlevi da
toloCanovi raWasa da imereTSi 1650-1652 wlebSi imyofe-
bodnen (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).
13 i. doliZei. doliZe. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. III. Tbilisi,
1970, gv. 263.14 s. kakabaZe.s. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni
I. tfilisi, 1921, gv. 63.15 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi.
quTaisi, 2008, gv. 54.
266
1559 wliT daTariRebul sabuTSi moxseniebuli nikor-
wmindeli daviT sayvareliZis XVI s-is 50-70-ian wlebSi
moRvawe nikorwmindel daviTTan gaigiveba kiTxvebs badebs
da dazustebas moiTxovs. wyaroTa simciris gamo Znelia
zusti daskvnis gakeTeba. aqedan gamomdinare, am sakiTxs
jer-jerobiT Riad davtovebT.
1560-iani wlebis dasawyisSi nikorwmindis saepiskoposo
kaTedra ambrosis uWiravs. igi mefe bagrat III-is Sewir-
ulebis wignSia dafiqsirebuli. aRniSnul sigelSi mox-
seniebuli ambrosi, nikorwmindeli ambrosi baqraZe unda
iyos, romelic agreTve moxseniebulia 1591 wels daTariRe-
bul levan imerTa mefis mier gacemul sigelSic.
imereTis mefis bagrat III-is Sewirulebis wignSi naTq-
vamia: „q. Cven RTisagan amaRlebulman patronman mefeT mefe-
man bagrat da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalT dedo-
falman elene vismineT aja da moxseneba Tqveni, movikiTxeT
wmindis nikolaozs Sewiruli sofelni da viTaca pirvel
papa mamaTa CvenTagan ganCinebuli da Sewiruli yofili-
yo, ise Cven dagimtkiceT da gangiaxleT Sen mRdelmTavar
efiskofozs ambroses rcxilaTi bujas aqeT srulad samni
gvarni mosaxleni gabisaZeni, CafiZeni, gamezardaSvilni..... aw
vinc es Cvengan dawerili scvalos Cvenis codvis gvarad da
muqafad ganikiTxos. amin“.16 sabuTs TariRi ar gaaCnia. igi
1560-iani wlebis dasawyisSi unda iyos Sedgenili.
ambrosis nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra, rogorc
Cans, bagrat III-is mefobis bolo xans ekava (1565 wlis axlo
xanebi). mefe bagrat III nikorwmindis saepiskoposoze zrun-
vas ganagrZobda. man, zemoT moyvanili sabuTis mixedviT, am-
brosi nikorwmindelis Txovna daakmayofila da nikorwmin-
dis samwysos Seswira argveTis mxaris sofeli rcxilaTi
sami mosaxle glexis ojaxiT.
16 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv. 10.
267
daaxloebiT 1565 wlidan nikorwmindeli episkoposi
melqisedek sayvareliZe gaxda. nikorwmindis taZris dasav-
leTi kedlis CrdiloeT nawilSi qvaze kuTxovani as-
omTavruliT weria: „wmindao nikoloz: meox eyav mefes
giorgis: misi mowyalebiT WeliSi avaSene: nikolozwmidel-
man sayvareliZeman melqizedek: amin“.17
moyvanil warweraSi moxseniebuli nikorwmindeli mel-
qisedek sayvareliZe pirveli genaTeli episkoposi melqi-
sedeki unda iyos, romelmac giorgi II-is gamefebis Semdeg
nikorwmindelis pativi miiRo. nikorwmindel melqisedek
sayvareliZes pirvel genaTel melqisedekTan aigivebs m. mu-
rusiZec da mis nikorwmindelad moRvaweobis periods 1565
– 1573 wlebs Soris varaudobs.18
1573 wliT daTariRebul sabuTSi imereTis mefe giorgi
II genaTeli sayvareliZis kar-midamos swiravs gelaTs. do-
kumentSi naTqvamia, rom: „gelaTs saxli, sayvareliZe genaTe-
li rom miicvala, is adgili da imas qveSiT galavnisa da
imas Sua bostani.... aw ese glexebi da mamuli yovlisa ka-
cisagan SeucileblaT Segviwiravs... (gelaTisaTvis – b. gb. g.).
daiwera indiktionsa mefobisa Cuenisa (qoronikonsa) oras
samocdaerTsa (1573), xeliTa karisa Cvenis divanmwignobri-
sa TavaqalaSvilis aRasiTa“.19 savaraudoa, rom sabuTis
Sedgenis dros melqisedek sayvareliZe axali gardacv-
lili iyo. miuxedevad imisa, rom mas gardacvalebis Jams
genaTelis pativi aRar eWira, mefe giorgi II mainc genaTe-
lad ixseniebs rogorc gelaTis pirvel episkoposs da mis
sacxovriss gelaTs swiravs.
irkveva, rom melqisedeks genaTlobidan pirdapir
17 g. boWoriZeg. boWoriZe. raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1994,
gv. 99.
18 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 53.
19 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 1.
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 31.
268
nikorwmindeloba ar miuRia. zemoT naxseneb dokumentSi _ „samarTali kaTalikozisa,“ romelic savaraudod XVI
s-is 50-ian wlebSia Sedgenili, nikorwmindel episkoposad
ioakime ixsenieba, xolo genaTelad yofili mawyvereli
antoni. cxadia, am dros melqisedeks aRar ekava gelaTis
saepiskoposo kaTedra, xolo nikorwmindeloba jer ar
hqonda miRebuli. wyaroTa simciris gamo, CvenTvis ucno-
bia, ra pativs atarebda melqisedek sayvareliZe genaTlo-
bidan nikorwmindelobamde.
melqisedek sayvareliZis Semdeg nikorwmindis
saepiskoposo kaTedraze ambrosi baqraZe brundeba. CvenTvis,
agreTve, ucnobia, Tu riT iyo ganpirobebuli ambrosis
nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedridan Camocileba giorgi
II-is mefobis dasawyisSi.
ambrosi baqraZe, rogorc TavSi aRvniSneT, ixsenieba
imereTis mefis levanis (1583-1590) Sewirulebis wignSi: „...
Cven RTiv gvirguinosanma mefeTmefeman patronman leon
ese wyalobis wigni da sigeli SegiwyaleT da giboZeT
Tqven nikolwmindelsa baqraZesa ambroses, mas Jamsa odes
Tqvenisa erTgulobisaTvis dagvijeniaT da vismineT aja
da moxseneba Tqveni da SegiwyaleT da giboZeT xonWori
srulobiT da WeliSi da namarnevs mWedliZeni, eseni xel-
SeualaT TqvenTvis gviboZebia...“20 sigelSi, agreTve, aRniS-
nulia rom mefe levani nikorwmindel ambrosis ubo-
Zebs kisoreTs mcxovreb lomTaZeebs, CxetiZe lomins da
estate gareyaniZis Svilebs TavianTi mamulebiT.21 mefe
levani sigelSi, ambrosi baqraZis mimarT aRniSnavs, rom:
„rac sxva wigni da sigeli an batonis mamis Cuenisagan
da an Cuengan gqondes, arc is mogiSaloT, arc dagamcroT
da arc gagiceT“-o.22 es sityvebi dasturia imisa, rom
20 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 35.
21 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 35.
22 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 35.
269
ambrosi baqraZe nikorwmindeli episkoposi yofila lev-
anis mamis gorgi II-is mefobis drosac.23
aRniSnuli sigeli 1591 wliT TariRdeba: „daiwera br-
Zaneba da sigeli ese Cueni indiktionsa mefobisa Cuenisasa
meoresa qoronikons s samocdacxrametsa _ 279 (1591)
Tvesa maissa i e (15).“24 es TariRi swori ar unda iyos,
radgan levani gamefda 1583 wels. Sesabamisad, misi mefobis
meore indiktioni ara 1591, aramed 1585 welia. garda amisa,
cnobilia, rom samegrelos mTavris, mamia dadianis mier
datyvevebuli mefe levani 1590 wels Sxefis cixeSi gar-
daicvala.25 aqedan gamomdinare, is 1591 wels sigels veRar
gascemda. ufro misaRebi iqneba, vifiqroT, rom zemoT moy-
vanili sigeli levanis mefobis meore „indiktions“ – 1585
wels daiwera. ambrosi baqraZis nikorwmindis saepiskoposo
kaTedraze moRvaweoba 1590 wlebis dasawyisamde unda gagr-
Zelebuliyo.
ambrosi baqraZis Semdeg nikorwmindelis pativi
nikolozma miiRo. igi moxseniebulia oTar iaSvilis
mier micemul sigelSi: „q. ese wigni mogec me oTarman
iaSvilman da meuRleman Cemman wereTlis qalman.... Tqven
nikolwmindelsa mRdelT moZRvarsa nikolozs... asreda
ama pirsa zedan rome mogvixda codvisa saqmeda didad
sakanono coli SevirTeT Cvenisa ganayofisa colyofili
da didisa SexvewiTa batonisa mefisa giorgisaTa Sevex-
weni gaRaribebulni sxvas gareT SevswireT saoxad suli-
sa Cvenisa da saxsrad SevswireT samisdReoT sxvavas
kvirikesSvili glexi 1 mis yovlisferiT.... (mowame) kac-
Tagan mefe mefeT xelmwife giorgi da Tanamecxedre maTi
23 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 52.
24 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 35.
25 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. rva tomad. t. IV, Tbilisi,
1973, gv. 141.
270
asuli dadianisa dedofalTa dedofali Tamar“.26 sigel-
Si naxsenebi mefe giorgi gaxlavT imereTis mefe gior-
gi III (1604-1639), romlis meuRle dadianis asuli Tamari
iyo. samwuxarod, sxva cnobebi nikoloz nikorwmindelis
Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba. mas nikorwmindis saepiskoposo
kaTedraze daaxloebiT XVI s-is bolodan XVII s-is 20-
iani wlebis CaTvliT unda emoRvawa.
XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi nikorwmindis saepiskopo-
so kaTedraze Cans svimon CxetiZe. imereTis mefe giorgi
III Tavis Sewirulebis wignSi nikorwmindel svimons uw-
yalobebs esfofoa mRrdelaZes. sigeli daTariRebulia
1637 wliT.27
svimon CxetiZe imereTis mefis saxTuxucesis – sexnia
CxeiZis Zma iyo. igi nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze
1630-ian wlebSi moRvaweobda. 1639 wlidan xoneli episkoposi
gaxda, 1650-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki quTaTelis pativi miiRo.
mcdaria b. lominaZis, T. qoriZisa da g. mWedliZis varaudi,
rom TiTqos svimon CxetiZe 1637 wels gaxda quTaTeli
episkoposi (b. lominaZe: 1954 133, T. qoriZe: 2000 153, g. mWedliZe,
m. kezevaZe: 2008 210). g. mWedliZe am faqts imiT xsnis, rom 1637
wliT daTariRebul sabuTSi, sadac imereTis mefe giorgi III
gelaTis monasters raWaSi, WeliSis saydarsa da mis saxaso
alagebs wiravs, ar aris moxseniebuli nikorwmindeli svimon
CxetiZe, albaT imitom, rom igi sabuTis gacemis dros nikorw-
mindeli aRar iyo.28 es varaudi nakleb damajerebelia, radgan
sxva sabuTSi, romelic, agreTve, 1637 wliT TariRdeba, mefe
giorgi III nikorwmindel svimon CxetiZes swiravs esfofoa
mRrdelaZes. (es sabuTi Cven zemoT moviyvaneT).
26 s. kakabaZe.s. kakabaZe. sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati. tfilisi, 1912, gv. 11.
27 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa
da mwerlobisa. wigni 2. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 452.
28 g. mWedliZe, m. kezevaZeg. mWedliZe, m. kezevaZe. quTais-gaenaTis eparqia. quTaisi, 2008,
gv. 210.
271
imereTis mefe bagrat IV 1660 wliT daTariRebul
sabuTSi nikorwmindel gedeon lorTqifaniZes mima-
rTavs: „batons mamaCems bajas glexi Se(e)wira wmindis
nikolozisaTvis da svimon nikorwmindels hqonda da
axla Tquenc SemogvexveweT da giboZeT bajas isiv glexi
daTua mgelaZe.“29 am cnobaze dayrdnobiT m. murusiZem
miiCnia, rom svimon CxetiZes bagrat IV-is mamis – aleqsan-
dre III-is (1637-1660) mefobis periodSic, anu 1637 wlis
Semdegac ekava nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra
(aleqsandre III 1637 wels gamefda).30 Tumca ismis kiTxva,
am SemTxvevaSi romel nikorwmindel svimonzea saubari,
svimon CxetiZeze Tu svimon jafariZeze? svimon jafariZ-
es nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra, savaraudod, 1650-
iani wlebis garkveul periodSi ekava (am sakiTxze qve-
moT SevCerdebiT).
mecnierTa nawili svimon CxetiZis quTaisis saepiskopo-
so kaTedraze gadasvlas XVII s-is Sua xanebidan, daaxloe-
biT 1651 wlidan varaudobs,31 rac damajereblad migvaCnia.
manamde ki rogorc aRvniSneT, 1640-iani wlebi svimon Cx-
etiZem xonis saepiskoposo kaTedraze gaatara.
svimon CxetiZis Semdeg nikorwmindel episkoposad
Cans daviTi. daviT mitropolits, rogorc nikorwmindis
saydris mflobels, ixsenieben rusi elCebi aleqsi iev-
levi da nikifore toloCanovi, romlebmac nikorwmindis
taZari 1651 wlis 16 ivniss moinaxules.32 mefe aleqsandre
29 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 1.
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 64.
30 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 54.
31 p. gabisonia.p. gabisonia. quTaisis saepiskoposos istoria (avtoreferati).
Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 15.
32 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. 1650- 1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo
aRweriloba. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada i.
cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 109.
272
III-sTan Sesaxvedrad mimavali rusi elCebi daviT mit-
ropolits quTaisamde gaucilebia.33 daviT nikorwmind-
eli mefe aleqsandresa da rusi elCebis Sexvedrebsac
daswrebia. ievlevis cnobiT, aleqsandre III-sTan Sexve-
dris dros mefesTan myof sasuliero pirTa Soris mit-
ropoliti daviTic iyo, romelic mitropolit zaqarias
(genaTeli) gverdiT ijda.34 toloCanovs nikorwmindeli
daviTi arqiepiskoposad hyavs moxseniebuli. igi mefe
aleqsandresa da rusi elCebis erT-erTi Sexvedris dros,
mefis gverdiT msxdom zaqaria mitropolitsa (genaTeli)
da simon arqiepiskoposs (xoneli) Soris mjdara.35 daviT
arqiepiskoposi mefe aleqsandresTan erTad imyofeboda,
1651 wlis 5 ivliss zaqaria genaTelis saxlSi gamarTul
sadilzec,36 agreTve igi daswrebia 22 ivliss skandis
cixeSi mefe aleqsandresa da rusi elCebis Sexvedras.
am Sexvedraze mefe Teimuraz I-ic imyofeboda SviliS-
vilebTan erTad.37
daviT nikorwmindelma xeli moawera 1651 wlis 9
oqtombers mefe aleqsandre III-is mier ruseTis xelm-
wifisadmi dadebul ficis wigns. am dokumentSi daviTi
33 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. 1650- 1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo
aRweriloba. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada i.
cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 109.
34 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. 1650- 1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi elCobis saangariSo
aRweriloba. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada i.
cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 113.
35 n. toloCanovin. toloCanovi. imereTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba.
1650 – 1652 ww. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada
i. cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 98.
36 n. toloCanovin. toloCanovi. imereTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba.
1650 – 1652 ww. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada
i. cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 107.
37 n. toloCanovin. toloCanovi. imereTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba.
1650 – 1652 ww. teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada
i. cincaZem. Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 119.
273
moxseniebulia rogorc „arqiepiskoposi daviT nikorwmin-
deli“.38
T. beraZe miiCnevs, rom ievlevisa da tolCanovis im-
ereTis samefoSi elCobis dros (1650-1652 ww.), nikorwmind-
eli episkoposi imereTis mefis molareTuxucesis lomkac
jafariZis Zma – arqiepiskoposi svimon jafariZe iyo,39 rac
sizustes moklebulia da amas Cven mier zemoT moyvanili
cnobebi cxadyofs.
svimon jafariZes, rogorc arqiepiskoposs, ixseniebs
aleqsi ievlevi, magram ar akonkretebs, Tu romeli eparqiis
mmarTvelia igi. faqtia, rom svimons rusi elCebis imere-
Tis samefoSi yofnis periodSi nikorwmindis saepiskopo-
so kaTedra ar ekava. ievlevis TqmiT, arqiepiskopos simon
jafariZis sacxovrisi mdinare krixulas iqeT, mTebSi, md.
rionis napiras yofila, sadac miqael mTavarangelozis sax-
elobis xis eklesia mdgara.40 rusi elCebi am eklesiaSi
wirvas daswrebian da Semdeg arqiepiskopos simon jafariZ-
esTan usadiliaT.41
aleqsi ievlevi da nikifore toloCanovi simon jafariZ-
es isev Sexvdnen, rodesac imereTidan ruseTSi raWis gav-
liT brundebodnen. maT Tan axldaT mefe aleqsandres mier
ruseTis xelmwifesTan mivlinebuli elCi, lomkac jafariZe.
ievlevi da toloCanovi 1651 wlis 17 oqtombers lomkac
jafariZis sofelSi mividnen. maT lomkacis Zma – arqie-
piskoposi simoni SemoegebaT mravali aznauris TanxlebiT.
stumrebma lomkacTan isadiles. rus elCebs Tan mihqondaT
mefe aleqsandres mier dadebuli ficis wigni, romelzedac
38 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 175.
39 T. beraZeT. beraZe. raWa. Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 93.
40 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 107.
41 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 108.
274
xeli arqiepiskoposma simon jafariZemac moawera.42
svimon jafariZe moxseniebulia ambrolauris eklesiis
xatis warweraSic. q. (wmidao), RmerTo da wmidao ambrolau-
risa RvTismSobelo, daicev orTave Sina cxovrebaTa mam-
kobi da Semomwirveli Tqveni mTavarepiskopozi jafariZe
svimon“.43 savaraudod, svimonma nikorwmindis saepiskoposo
kaTedraze daviT mitropoliti 1650 – ani wlebis meore
naxevarSi Secvala. CvenTvis ucnobia, riT iyo ganpirobe-
buli es Canacvleba, Tumca msgavsi SemTxvevebi im xanis
dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposo kaTedrebze xSiri
iyo. 1669 wels nikorwmindel episkoposad kvlav daviTia
moxseniebuli (am sakiTxze qvemoT SevCerdebiT).
svimon jafariZes nikorwmindelad didi xani ar umoR-
vawia. mefe bagrat IV-is mier 1660 wels gacemul sigelSi
nikorwmindel episkoposad gedeon lorTqifaniZe Cans.44
mogvianebiT gedeon lorTqifaniZem nikorwmindelobasTan
erTad genaTlobac SeiTavsa. 1664 wlis sabuTSi is gena-
Tel-nikorwmindelad ixsenieba (iqve), 1668 wlis dokumentSi
ki igi mxolod genaTelad aris dafiqsirebuli.45 Cans, 1668
wlisaTvis gedeon lorTqifaniZes nikorwmindelis pativi
aRar hqonda da is mxolod gelaTis saepiskoposo kaT-
edras ganagebda.
daaxloebiT 1666–1667 wlebSi gedeon lorTqifaniZis
Semdeg nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra kvlav daviTma
daikava. igi, rogorc „nikolooz wmindeli daviTi,“ mox-
seniebulia mefe bagrat IV-is mier ruseTis xelmwifisadmi
42 a. ievlevia. ievlevi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 171.
43 g. boWoriZeg. boWoriZe. raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1994,
gv. 139-140.
44 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 1.
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 64.
45 T. JordaniaT. Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa
da mwerlobisa. wigni 2. tfilisi, 1897, gv. 485.
275
gagzavnil werilSi, romelic 1669 wliT TariRdeba.46 wyro-
Ta simciris gamo ver dgindeba, Tu ramden xans gastana
daviTis nikorwmindelobam 1669 wlis Semdeg.
daviTis momdevno nikorwmindel episkoposad cno-
bili feodalis, merab wulukiZis Zma – svimon wulukiZe
Cans. merab wulukiZe samegrelos mTavris levan II dadi-
anis gazrdili yofila.47 igi XVII s-is meore naxevarSi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavlenian feodalad iqca. mas
auSenebia nikorwmindis maxloblad sofel agaraSi pat-
ara eklesia da misTvis mravali nivTi Seuwiravs. Sewir-
ul nivTebs Soris aris vercxlis feSxumi mxedruli
warweriT: „q: wmidao giorgi mxneo da mxedaro agarisao....
me damiWiravs wulukiZes merabs jinWrolsa da iwroTas
Sua gaRma Wrebalo da zogiSi maTs gardaRma okriba da
tyilburi da Zma nikorwmindelad damisvams da meore Zma
kide xofs soflaT damisvams nasaunjevs xorgas sasaxle
misi Semavlis kacianaTa da xoni kide sulaTa“.48 merab
wulukiZis mier Tavisi Zmis nikorwmindelad dasma XVII
s-is 70-iani wlebis bolos unda momxdariyo. SemorCe-
nilia am periodis sabuTi, romelic nikorwmindeli svi-
mon wulukiZis mier aris gacemuli. es ukanaskneli merab
wulukiZis Zma unda iyos: „...mTis mTavarmowameo wmindao
(giorgi).... Cven wulukiZeman nikolaozwmindelman svi-
mon..... SemogwireT knini da mcire ese Sesawiravi Savras
glexi dvali nasxida misis yovlisferiT, asre da ama
pirsa zeda rome laSxiSvilis yofiliyo, laSxiSvils
lomin erisTavisagan gamorTmeoda da erisTavisagan Cven
46 Броссе. Перепискагрузинскихцареисроссиискимигосударямиот 1659 г. по 1770 г. СГБ., 1861, стр. 82.47 e. TayaiSvili.e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi. Tbilisi, 1963,
gv. 41.
48 e. TayaiSvili.e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi. Tbilisi, 1963,
gv. 42.
276
gviyidia da Cven TqvenTvis Semogviwiravs“.49 sabuTs Tari-
Ri ar gaaCnia. s. kakabaZem is daaxloebiT 1680-1685 wlebiT
daaTariRa.
svimon wulukiZes, rogorc irkveva, nikorwmindis
saepiskoposo kaTedraze sakmao xans umoRvawia. igi nikorw-
mindelad Cans XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSic. svimon nikor-
wmindeli genaTel gedeon CxetiZesTan erTad amowmebs im-
ereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is mier papuna wereTlisaTvis
boZebul wyalobis sigels: „ars amisi gamrige da mowame
genaTeli gedevan, livkorwmindeli (nikorwmindeli b. g.)
svimon, saxliTuxucesi jafariZe lomkaci....mdivans levans
damiweria da mowameca var...“50 sabuTi uTariRoa. genaTeli
gedeon CxetiZe gelaTis saepiskoposo taxtze 1723-24 wle-
bidan Cans. zemoT moyvanili sabuTic am periodSi unda
daweriliyo. nikorwmindeli svimon wulukiZe am droisaT-
vis sakmaod xanSi Sesuli iqneboda.
sxva cnobebi svimon wulukiZis Sesaxeb ar mogvepove-
ba. igi nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedraze daaxloe-
biT XVII s-is 80-ian wlebidan XVIII s-is 20-ian wlebSi
moRvaweobda.
svimon wulukiZis Semdeg XVIII s-is pirveli naxevris ar-
sebul dokumentebSi, nikorwmindeli episkoposebi ar Canan.
savaraudoa, rom am periodSi nikorwmindis saepiskoposom,
msgavsad quTaisis da xonis saepiskoposoebisa, JamTa sia-
vis gamo, moqmedeba Sewyvita. misi aRdgena imereTis mefis
solomon I-is (1752-1784) iniciativiT unda momxdariyo, daax-
loebiT 1750-ian wlebSi. am periodSi nikorwmindel episko-
posad Cans germane wulukiZe.
germane wulukiZe raWa-leCxumis sardlis – merab
49 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 1.
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 81.
50 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi 2171.
277
II wulukiZisa da darejan abaSiZis vaJi iyo.51 irkveva,
rom germanes nikorwmindelobamde afxazeTis (dasavleT
saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso taxti ekava, magram, wyaro-
Ta simciris gamo, rTulia gansazRvra misi am Tanamde-
bobaze moRvaweobis wlebisa. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cno-
biT: qoronikonsa u l – 430 (1742) mokuda (kaTalikozi)
afxazTa grigol (lorTqifaniZe b. g.), dajda germane.52 b.
lominaZe vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobas saeWvod miiCnevs,
radgan afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTaliko-
sis besarion CxeiZis beWedze 1742 welia amotvifruli,
rac Cveulebrivad kaTalikosobis dasawyiss uCvenebs,53
aqedan gamomdinare, 1742 wlidan afxazeTis (dasavleT
saqarTvelos) kaTalikosi ara germane wulukiZe, aramed
besarion CxeiZe gaxda.54 b. lominaZe germane wulukiZis
kaTalikosobis periods zogadad XVIII s-is Sua wlebiT
sazRvravs. r. metrevelis avtorobiT gamocemul naS-
romSi _ „saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi“, _ 1742-1769
wlebSi afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTaliko-
sad besarion CxeiZea dafiqsirebuli,55 xolo germane wu-
lukiZis afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTaliko-
sad moRvaweoba, agreTve XVIII s-is Sua xanebiT aris
ganszRvruli.56 g. guguSvili wyaroebis miuTiTeblad
amtkicebs, rom germane wulukiZe afxazeTis (dasavleT
51 o. soseliao. soselia. narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarT-
velos istoriidan (saTavadoebi). wigni 2. Tbilisi, 1981 gv. 68.
52 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 913.
53 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII sauku-
neTa qronologiisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 134. 54 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. masalebi dasavleT saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII sauku-
neTa qronologiisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 134. 55 r. metrevelir. metreveli. saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi. Tbilisi, 2010,
gv. 143.
56 r. metrevelir. metreveli. saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi. Tbilisi, 2010,
gv. 144.
278
saqarTvelos) kaTalikosi 1742-1751 wlebs Soris iyo.57
germane wulukiZe nikorwmindelobamde rom afxazeTis
kaTalikosi iyo, es im xanis sigelebiT dasturdeba. svimon
nuqifiSvilis Sewirulebis wignSi germane wulukiZe mox-
seniebulia, rogorc „pirvel kaTalikosi german nikolao-
zwmideli“.58 aRniSnuli sigeli 1769 wliT TariRdeba.59
„pirvel kaTalikozi arqieri germane“, moxseniebulia beri
da giorgi wulukiZeebis Sewirulebis wignSic.60 nikorw-
mindis saydris samxreTis kedelze miSenebul ekvderSi
aris warwera: „gerasime kaTalikosi Seiwyale...“61 s. kaka-
baZis azriT, gerasime igive germane unda iyos.62 gadmocemis
Tanaxmad germanem mefe solomon I-is TxovniT, afxazeTis
(dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTolikosoba raWis erisTavis
Zes – besarions dauTmo, romlis Rrma ganaTleba maSindel
saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo,63 TviTon ki nikorwmindelis
kaTedra daikava. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia ramdenad Seesa-
bameba simarTles es gadmocema.
germane wulukiZe kaTalikosad aris moxseniebuli Ta-
visi dedis – darejan abaSiZis 1756 wlis Sewirulobis
wignSic,64 magram arsebobs varaudi, rom 1756 wels germane
57 g. guguSvilig. guguSvili. nikorwmindis eparqia._ Jurnali ̀ ornati~, Tbilisi,
2003, gv. 63.
58 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,
gv. 39-40.
59 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,
gv. 39-40.
61 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. wvrili Studiebi saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 25.
60 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. wvrili Studiebi saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 25.
62 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. wvrili Studiebi saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 25.
63 g. guguSvilig. guguSvili. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 63.
279
wulukiZe ara afxazeTis (dasavelT saqarTvelos) kaTa-
likosi, aramed ukve nikorwmindeli episkoposi iyo.65
rogorc aRvniSneT, XVIII s-is 50-ian wlebSi imereTis
mefis solomon I-is TaosnobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gauqmebuli saepiskoposoebis aRdgenis procesi daiwyo.
aRdgenil iqna quTaisisa da xonis saepiskoposo kaTe-
drebi. 1750-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi unda aRmdgariyo
nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedrac, romelsac germane
wulukiZe Caudga saTaveSi. Tavad nikorwmindeli germane
aqtiurad iyo CarTuli, JamTa siavis gamo, gauqmebuli
saepiskoposoebis aRdgenis procesSi. 1759 wlis krebas,
sadac quTaisis saepiskoposos aRdgenis sakiTxi ganix-
ileboda, sxva mRvdelmTavrebTan erTad germane nikorw-
mindelic eswreboda.66
nikorwmindeli germane moxseniebulia 1759 wels Sedge-
nil tyveTa gausyidvelobis gujarSic.67
germane wulukiZes axlo urTierToba hqonda raWis
erisTav rostom CxeiZesTan, romelic mefe solomon I-is
mowinaaRmdege gavleniani feodali iyo. 1769 wels mefe
solomon I-ma rostom CxeiZe da misi ojaxis wevrebi
daatyveva da raWis saerisTavo gaauqma. cota xnis Sem-
deg ki man nikorwmindis episkoposoba CamoarTva germane
wulukiZes da mis nacvlad nikorwmindelad silibistro
RoRoberiZe dasva.68
silibistro RoRoberiZe 1750-ian wlebSi imereTis
64 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 136.
65 b. lominaZeb. lominaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 136.
66 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. saeklesio reformebisaTvis solomon I-is dros.
tfilisi, 1914, gv. 4.
67 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi 2976.
68 daviT batoniSvilidaviT batoniSvili. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis
(1744-1840 ww.). tfilisi, 1905, gv. 19.
280
samefo karis winamZRvari yofila, mas arqimandritis
xarisxi hqonda. amave dros silibistro iyo mwerali
da dammowmebeli im mravali dokumentisa, romelic im-
ereTis samefo karze dgeboda. maT Soris aris quTai-
sis saepiskoposos aRdgenis sabuTi da ganCineba xonis
saepiskopososaTvis saxuco da samrevlo gamosaRebis
Sesaxeb. am dokumentebs axlavs silibistros xelmow-
erebi: „me arqimandrits, Cemi xelmwifis karis winamZR-
vars mRdel monazons RoRaberiZes silibistros dami-
weria da mowamec var amisi...“69
silibistro RoRoberiZe 1766 wels samegrelos mTa-
vars, kacia dadians „leCxumis sairmed saxeldebulis“
udabnos mamad daudgenia: „veZiebdi mamasa udabnosasa da
vpove sanaxebisa Cvenisa mxrisa adgilebiT imereli Ro-
RaberiZe arximandriti silivistro da vawvie rai manca
jer iCina mamoba udabnosa amis adgilobiT leCxumis
sairmed saxeldebulisa da Cvenca keTilad aRgviCnda
mamad dadgineba amisi da sigeli ese davsdeviT da gan-
vaweseT Sesawiravi udabnosa amis.“70 sigeli TariRdeba
qoronikoniT: C R a: rac 1701 wels aRniSnavs. es daTa-
riReba sizustes moklebulia, radgan sigelSi moxsenie-
buli pirebi XVIII s-is meore naxevris moRvaweni arian. s.
kakabaZem aRniSnuli sigeli 1766 wliT daaTariRa.71
silibistro RoRoberiZis nikorwmindis saepiskopo-
so kaTedraze dadgena 1771-1773 wlebs Soris unda
momxdariyo, radgan 1771 wels is jer kidev sairmis
udabnos mamad Cans,72 1773 wlis sabuTSi ki ukve nikor-
69 s. kakabaZe.s. kakabaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 5.
70 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 31.
71 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 32.
281
wmindel episkoposad ixsenieba. 73
nikorwmindeli silibistro erT-erT uTariRo sabuTSiც aris moxseniebuli. es gaxlavT ganCineba solomon I-sa,
qaixosro agiaSvilisa da niJaraZeTa mamulis saqmeze. ro-
gorc Cans agiaSvilisa da niJaraZeebis sasamarTlo davis
procesSi nikorwmindeli mTavarepiskoposi silibistro
RoRoberiZec iyo CarTuli.74
silibistro RoRoberiZem nikorwmindis saepiskoposo
kaTedraze moRvaweoba tragikulad daasrula. is glexi
nadiraZis msxverpli gaxda: „ese silibistro mokla muneb-
urman glexman nadiraZem mizezisa amisTvis: vinaTgan Jamsa
aRreulebasa raWisasa erTi glexis coli STavardnil iyo
tyved da lekTagan daexsna ama nadiraZes da SeerTo TviT
colad. ese miuRo (silibistro nikorwmindelma – b. gb. g.)
da misca (nadiraZis coli – b. gb. g.) Zvelsave qmarsa missa,
da amisa gamo hkra Tofi (nadiraZem – b. g.) axals nawiravs
(silibistros – b. gb. g.) eklesiis karzed da mokla igi. da
kvalad dasves germane“.75 wyaroSi ar fiqsirdeba, Tu romel
wels moxda aRniSnuli faqti.
silibistro RoRoberiZis mkvlelobis Semdeg nikorw-
mindis sepiskoposo kaTedraze germane wulukiZe dabrun-
da. germane wulukiZe nikorwmindel episkoposad Cans 1784
wliT daTariRebul beri da giorgi wulukiZeebis Sewiru-
lobis sigelSic. es ukanasknelni, germane wulukiZis Zmebi
iyvnen (aRniSnuli sigeli Cven zemoTac vaxseneT). beri da
giorgi wulukiZeebi nikorwmindis saydars swiraven Savras
72 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 31.
73 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni 2,
tfilisi, 1921, gv. 47.
74 i. doliZei. doliZe. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. V. Tbilisi, 1974, gv.
274.
75 daviT batoniSvilidaviT batoniSvili. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 19.
282
mcxovreb gvencaZeebs, romlebic imTaviTve nikorwmindisaT-
vis Sewirulni iyvnen. sigelis bolos aRniSnulia: „odes
Sinasa eklesiasa z~a (zeda) iyofeboda Zma Cveni p l (pir-
vel) kaTalikozi arqieri germane qoronikons q s (qristes)
aqeT C R oTxmoc d (oTxmocdaoTxsa – 1784 _ b. g.b. g.)
daiwera gujari ese“.76 erT-erTi wyaros cnobiT, germane
wulukiZes nikorwmindis saepiskoposo kaTedra 1792 welsac
eWira. WeliSis monastris ZmaTa 1842 wlis namsaxureobis
siaSi, mRvdelmonazon svimonis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom igi
ukurTxebia yovlad samRvdelo nikorwmindel germane arx-
iepiskoposs qoronikons: „C R J b“ – 1792 w.77
1793 wlidan nikorwmindel episkoposad Cans sofronios
wulukiZe.78 wulukiZeTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgeneli
sofroniosi, axlo naTesavi iyo germane wulukiZisa, rom-
lisganac sasuliero ganaTleba miiRo nikorwmindis taZar-
Si. 1778 wels efTvime genaTelma sofroniosi gelaTSi
berad aRkveca.79
sofroniosi, nikorwmindel episkoposad moRvaweobis
pirvelive wlebidan Seudga nikorwmindis saydrisaTvis
kuTvnili mamulebis dabrunebas, romelnic, JamTa viTarebis
gamo, dakarguli iyo. am saqmeSi mas daxmarebas uwevda im-
ereTis mefe solomon II (1790-1810).
sofroniosi exmareboda nikorwmindis samwysos wevrebs
fuliT, mamuliT an sxva raime saWiroebiT. erT-erT sigel-
Si igi aRniSnavs: „....raoden SesaZlo iyo, viRvawe... uwyis
76 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. wvrili Studiebi saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. tfilisi, 1914, gv. 25.
77 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi.
quTaisi, 2008, gv. 55.
78 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. wigni
2. tfilisi, 1921, gv. 102.
79 m. kezevaZem. kezevaZe. arqiepiskoposi sofroni Semwe stambisa._ gazeTi
`mwignobari~, 2000, #1, gv. 1.
283
ufalman wyalobisama... mamuliT Tu glexis SovniTa Tu
adgilis SematebiTa da sxviTa saeklesio saxmarebiTa“.80
nikorwmindeli sofronios wulukiZe aqtiurad iyo Car-
Tuli politikur procesebSic. is prorusuli politikis
mxardamWeri iyo.
1810 wels ruseTis xelisuflebis mier imereTis mefis
solomon II-s gandevnis Semdeg imereTis samefoSi rusuli
mmrTveloba damyarda. imereTis Tavad-aznaurobisa da sam-
Rvdeloebis erTi nawili am faqts dadebiTad Sexvda, maT
Soris iyo sofronios nikorwmindelic. mas ruseTis erT-
gulebisaTvis 1811 wels jildoc gadaeca, Tumca mogvi-
anebiT gairkva, rom aRniSnuli jildo ara nikorwmindeli
sofroniosis, aramed xinowmindeli episkoposis daviT wer-
eTlisaTvis yofila gankuTvnili, magram sofronioss, ga-
dacemuli jildo ukan aRar CamoarTves.81
sofroniosi did yuradRebas aqcevda sasuliero ga-
naTlebis saqmes. misi TaosnobiT mravali xelnaweri ga-
daiwera.82 1809 wels sofroniosis iniciativiT sofel wes-
Si daarsda stamba, sadac aTamde qarTuli wigni daibeWda.83
sofronios nikorwmindeli iRwvoda osi mosaxleobis
gaqristianebisaTvis. misi TaosnobiT nikorwmindis eparqi-
is maxloblad, kudaros xeobaSi mcxovrebi 912 osi gaqris-
tianebula.84
1817 wels saqarTvelos egzarqosaT movlinebulma Te-
ofiaqte rusanovma dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis re-
formireba daiwyo, ramac xalxis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. qar-
80 m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 56. m. murusiZem. murusiZe. dasax-
elebuli naSromi, gv. 56.
81 s. kakabaZes. kakabaZe. imereTis samefos gauqmeba. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 494.
82 e. TayaiSvilie. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi. Tbilisi, 1963,
gv. 103.
83 m. kezevaZem. kezevaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 2.
84 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi 5237.
284
Tuli eklesiis Tavisuflebis gadasarCenad eri da beri
gaerTianda, rasac mohyva 1819-1820 wlebis ajanyeba, romel-
sac ruseTis saxelisuflebo wreebma „saeklesio bunti“
uwodes. ajanyeba mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moedo.
ajanyebulebs mxarSi edgnen dosiTeos quTaTeli, efTvime
genaTeli da anton xoneli. maTgan gansxvavebiT sofronios
nikorwmindelma ruseTis mTavrobas uerTgula da amagic
daufasda. ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg is „umaRlesis br-
ZanebiT daidgina imereTis arxiepiskoposaT...“85
sofroniosis mimarT simpatiiT iyo ganwyobili
saqarTvelos egzarqosi Teofilaqte rusanovi. erT-erT
werilSi Teofilaqte acxadebs, rom is aris sofroniosis:
„WeSmaritiTa maRal pativiscemiTa da ZmebriviTa siyvaru-
liTa umorCilesi mosamsaxure da mlocveli...“86
sofronioss ndobas ucxadebda saqarTvelos momdevno
egzarqosi ionac. man sofronioss imereTis eparqiis re-
formireba daavala. reformis mixedviT saeklesio glexebs
naturaluri gadasaxadebis nacvlad fuladi gadasaxadebi
ekisrebodaT. yoveli sasuliero moxele saeklesio Semosav-
lebidan miiRebda maTvTvis dawesebul garkveul jamagirs.
saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantoraSi, romelic 1814
wels Seiqmna, sofronioss unda waredgina dawvrilebiTi
cnobebi imereTis eklesia-monastrebis qonebisa da Semosav-
lis Sesaxeb. amave dros mas saqarTvelo-imereTis sinoda-
lur kantoraSi unda gaegzavna erTi warmomadgeneli mudmiv
samuSaod.87 unda Semcirebuliyo sasuliero pirTa ricxvi.
dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis rusul yaidaze
gardaqmnis saqmeSi didi damsaxurebisaTvis arqiepiskoposi
85 qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 390.
86 quTaisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 21, saqme 15.
87 g. vaWriZe.g. vaWriZe. imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba. quTaisi, 1999, gv. 251.
285
sofroniosi 1839 wels wminda annas pirveli xarisxis or-
deniT daajildoves.88
imereTis eparqiis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebi sofro-
nios wulukiZem avadmyofobaSi gaatara. mZimed dasneule-
buls marjvena xeli „dauqmebia“.
1841 wlis 18 noembers ruseTis uwmindesma sinodma pi-
radi Txovnis safuZvelze, avadmyofobis gamo, arqiepiskopo-
si sofroni gaaTavisufla imereTis eparqiis mmarTvelo-
bisagan.89 amis Semdeg sofrons didxans aRar ucocxlia.
is 1842 wlis 1 ianvars gardaicvala da dakrZalul iqna
quTaisis sakaTedro taZarSi.
88 g. vaWriZe.g. vaWriZe. imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba. quTaisi, 1999, gv. 252.
89 m. kezevaZem. kezevaZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 2.
286
nikorwmindel episkoposTa nikorwmindel episkoposTa
qronologiuri rigiqronologiuri rigi
manoel CxetiZe _ 1534-1540-iani ww-is pirveli naxevari
ioakime _ 1540-iani ww-is meore naxevari-1550-iani ww.
daviT sayvareliZe _ 1559 (?)
ambrosi baqraZe _ 1560-iani ww-is dasawyisi
melqisedek sayvareliZe _ daaxloebiT 1565-1573
ambrosi baqraZe _ 1573-1590-iani ww.
nikolozi _ XVI s-is bolo-XVII s-is 20-iani ww.
svimon CxetiZe _ XVII s-is 30-iani ww-is dasawyisi-1639
daviTi _ 1639-1650-iani ww-is pirveli naxevari
svimon jafariZe _ 1650-iani ww-is meore naxevari
gedeon lorTqifaniZe _ 1660-1666-67 ww.daviTi _ 1666-67-1670-iani ww-is dasawyisi
svimon wulukiZe _ XVII s-is 70-iani ww.-is bolo-XVIII
s-is 20-iani ww.
germane wulukiZe _ XVIII s-is 50-iani ww.-1771 w.
silibistro RoRoberiZe _ 1771-72-1770-iani ww.-is bolo
(?)
germane wulukiZe _ 1780-iani ww.-1792 w.
sofronios wulukiZe _ 1793-1821 ww. (imereTis eparqia
– 1821-1842)
287
saba saluaSvilisaba saluaSvili _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli universitetis
doqtoranti
`rifsimianeTa~ wamebidan _ wm. ninos`rifsimianeTa~ wamebidan _ wm. ninos
saqarTveloSi SemosvlamdesaqarTveloSi Semosvlamde
Txrobis dawyebamde gvinda aRvniSnoT, „...rom wm. ni-
nos cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mravali gadmoce-
ma, Tqmuleba Tu legenda Semounaxavs somxur, berZnul,
arabul, siriul, koptur, rusul Tu sxva mravali qristian-
uli qveynis istorias. isini ZiriTadad qarTul wyaroebs
eyrdnobodnen da sworad asaxavdnen sinamdviles, Tumca
gadaxvevebic xSirad iyo. ama Tu im faqts sakuTari inter-
pretaciiT gadmoscemdnen, rac iwvevda zogierT faqtobriv
uzustobas, cnobis nawilobriv gazviadebas an Sekvecas.
wm. ninos cxovrebiT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebu-
lan rusi istorikos-Teologebi. es iqidan Cans, rom ru-
sul enaze arsebobs „wminda ninos cxovrebis~ mravali
redaqcia. maT Soris SedarebiT Zvelia „wminda ninos
cxovrebis~ 1512 wlis matianiseuli redaqcia, 1641 wlis
prolog svinaqsaris 27 oqtombris sakiTxavi da stefan
afinskis „azrTa savaneSi~ (1659) daculi cnoba. danarCeni
redaqciebi XIX s-is II naxevarsa da XX s-is dasawyiss
ganekuTvneba...~1
winamdebare kvlevis saboloo Sejerebamde unda aRvniS-
noT, rom „...Cven mier saZiebeli sakiTxis mTliani suraTis
1 v. ToraZe, n. ToraZev. ToraZe, n. ToraZe. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
istoria. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 48.
288
aRdgena, mxolod „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ yvela redaqcia-
Si daculi cnobebis urTierTSejerebisa da urTierTana-
lizis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. kerZod:
- upirveles yovlisa moxerxda: wm. ninosa da misi Tan-
mxlebi pirebis q. efesodan gamoqcevis wlis dadgena, esaa
- ax. w. 322 weli;
- mxolod: „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁseuli~ cnoba: „...war-
movemarTeniT TTuesa pirvelsa aTxuTmetsa...~2 gvauwyebs,
rom ltolvilebi, dadgenili wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes
gamoqceulan;
- mxolod: „qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da XIII s-is meta-
frasul redaqciebSi daculi cnobis „...da viTarca moi-
wivnes somxiTad, samefosa Trdatissa, daimalnes sawnexelTa
Sina...~3 Tanaxmad, moxerxda gangvesazRvra, rom ltolvilebi,
somxiTSi Casulan: dadgenili wlis xareba dRes - 25 mar-
tis kvira dRes;
- mxolod: arsen beriseul TxzulebaSi daculi in-
formaciis meSveobiT vgebulobT, rom Turme ltolvilebi,
somxiTSi misvlis (25 martis) Semdeg, iq garkveuli drois
manZilze imalebodnen „...viTarca moiwivnes maxlobelad
samoTxesa Trdat mefisasa da daadgrnes mun Jam ravdenme...~4
- dabolos, mxolod: „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixed-
viT vgebulobT, rom Trdat mefis mier, somxiTSi misul
ltolvilTa wameba, dadgenili wlis 30 marts, paraskev
dRes momxdara „...igini moiklnes mun TTuesa pirvelsa
2 m. saluaSvili, s. saluaSvilim. saluaSvili, s. saluaSvili. „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis
paraleluri teqstebi. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 60; ix. agreTve: Zveli qa-
rTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. i. abulaZis redaq-
ciiT. wigni 1. Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 115.
3 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa ne-
tarisa ninoÁsi. _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia.
tomi I. Semdgeneli sol. yubaneiSvili. Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 220.
4 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa kaTo-
likozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. dabeWdili mR.
p. karbelaSvilis redaqciiT da boloTqmiT. tfilisi, 1902, gv. 15.
289
oc da aTsa, dResa paraskevsa...5 maSasadame, zemoTqmuli
„Jam ravdenme~, Turme martis Tvis 25-dan 30-mde arsebul
droiT mijnas moicavs.
Tavad wamebulTa Taobaze ki arsen beriseuli redaqcia
ase gvauwyebs: „...wmidaÁ rifsime da misTanani igi iwamnes sax-
elisaTvis qristesisa Trdatis mier da gÂrgÂn Semkobilni
Rirs iqmnnes sasufevelisa...~6 xolo „qarTlis cxovreba~
ki azustebs, rom „...romelnime maT wmidaTaganni daimalnes
da ivltodes...~7
maSasadame, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, saZiebel dro-
Si momxdaris mTliani suraTi aseTia: ltolvilobis daw-
yebis welia ax. w. 322 weli; q. efesodan maTi gamoqceva
momxdara 322 wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes; ltolvilebi
somxiTSi misulan amave wlis 25 marts, kvira dRes; xolo
somxiTSi Casuli ltolvilebi, Trdat mefes imave wlis 30
martis paraskev dRes uwamebia“.8
zemoTqmulis Semdeg, vnaxoT, Cven xelT arsebul xsen-
ebul werilobiT wyaroebSi, Tu rogoraa aRwerili „rif-
simianelTa~ wamebidan moyolebuli, wm. ninos qarTlis
samefoSi Semosvliseuli etapebi da maTi saTanado gaana-
lizeba ra konkretuli daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas
iZleva.
5 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 60;
ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,
gv. 115.
6 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa kaTo-
likozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. gv. 15;
7 qarTlis cxovreba. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT.. t. 1. Tbilisi, 1955,
gv. 84.
8 s. saluaSvilis. saluaSvili. „qarTlis moqcevis~ TariRTan dakavSirebuli
saistorio Ziebebi. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 63-64.
290
a) droiTi niSani - „vardis yvaviloba“a) droiTi niSani - „vardis yvaviloba“
„wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmweri redaqciebidan mxolod
ori - „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” da „qarTlis cxovreba”
uTiTebs „rifsimianeTa~ wamebis Semdeg wm. ninos damalvis
axal adgils.
Tu davukvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom am or wyaros Soris
arsebuli, erTi SexedviT, urTierTgamomricxavi informa-
ciebi sinamdvileSi mTliani suraTis aRdgenis SesaZle-
blobas iZleva.
somxiTSi mosuli ltolvilebis Tavdapirveli da-
malvis adgilis Taobaze mxolod „qarTlis cxovreba~ da
XIII s-is metafrasuli redaqcia iZleva cnobebs:
- „...da movides ltolvilni areTa somxiTisaTa, adg-
ilsa mas, romelsa hqvian axalqalaqi, ualeres Senebulsa,
romel ars dvini, sayofeli somexTa mefisa. da Sevides mun Sevides mun
sawnexelTa venaxisaTasawnexelTa venaxisaTa, romeli Senebul ars CrdiloT -
kerZ da aRmosavaliT...~9
(somexi mematianis - agaTangelosis Tanaxmad ki „... moi-
wies qalaqsa araratisasa da iyvnes sadgurad maTda sawnex-
elni qalaqisani...~).10
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ somxiTSi misuli ltolvilebis
Tavdapirveli ganTavsebis adgilze arafers uTiTebs da
mxolod, rifsimianTa wamebis Semdeg, ninos damalvis adg-
ilmdebareobis miniSnebiT kmayofildeba:
„...rifsime dedofali da gaiane dedamZuZeÁ da ormeoc
da aTi suli warmovemarTeniT TTuesa pirvelsa aTxuTmet-
sa da gamovediT areTa somxiTisaTa, samoTxesa mas Trdat
9 qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1. gv. 82; ix. agreTve: .cxorebaÁ da moqa-
laqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoÁsi. gv.
220.
10 cxovrebaÁ wm. grigol parTelisaÁ, gamocemuli l. meliqseT-be-
gis mier._ qarTuli Zeglebi. tfilisis universitetis gamocemani.
I. saeklesio mwerloba. #2. tfilisi, 1920, gv. 21.
291
mefisasa. igini moiklnes mun TTuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa,
dResa paraskevsa. xolo me davSTi ekalTa Sina vardisaTa,
rameTu vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa...~11
amdenad, somxiTSi Casuli ltolvilebi somexTa mefis
samyofelSi misvlis Semdeg „Sevides mun sawnexelTa venax-„Sevides mun sawnexelTa venax-
isaTa~.isaTa~. rifsimianTa wamebis Semdeg ki wm. nino ukve sxva
adgilas imaleba.
am adgilis mimaniSnebel TxrobaSi, Cveni azriT, ori
droiTi monakveTia gaerTianebuli. esaa, am adgilas wm. ninos
misvlisa - „me davSTi ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~,„me davSTi ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~, da am adgili-
dan misi wamosvlis konkretuli droiTi miniSneba - „rameTu „rameTu
vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa~. vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa~. maSasadame, 30 martis wame-
bis dRis Semdeg, wm. ninos Tavi Seufarebia „ekalTa Sina
vardisaTa~ da iqidan wamosula mxolod am vardis ayvavebis
Semdeg - „rameTu vardi da nuSi yuavoda mas Jamsa~.
zemoTqmulis dasturad, jer „qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~
miniSneba gavixsenoT: „...iwama igi, dedamZuZe misi gaiane da
sxuani mravalni maTTanani.... xolo romelnime maT wmidaTa-
ganni daimalnes da ivltodes (aq miniSnebaa Tavdapirveli
damalvis adgilidan: „sawnaxelTa venaxisaTa~ - maT silv-
tolvaze - s.s.);
maSin ese wm. nino („sawnaxelTa venaxisaTa~-dan wamo-
suli - s.s.) daimala ekalTa Soris vardisaTa, romeli-
igi jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa...~12 amdenad, damalvis axal
adgilas, „ekalTa Soris vardisaTa” misvlisas, Turme vardi
„jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa~.
„ekalTa Soris vardisaTa~ damalvis adgilidan wm.
ninos wamosvlis droiTi miniSneba ukve mocemulia im
TxrobaSi, romelSic wm. ninos xilvaa gadmocemuli.
11 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 60;
ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi.
gv. 115.
12 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 84.
292
jer kidev uyvavebeli vardis eklebSi damaluli wm.
nino, xilvaSi xedavs „rifsimianeTa~ nawameb sulebs - „...
xedvida simravles angelosTasa wmidaTa mowameTa zeda
mosrulad, zecad didebiT aRmyvaneblad~.13
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da „qarTlis cxovreba“ iqve gvau-
wyeben xilvaSi momxdaris Taobazec. oRond erTi gansxvave-
biT: „qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ wm. ninos winaSe gamocxadebuli
diakvnis „saxelicaa” mocemuli: „...ixila wmidaman nino ste-
fanes msgavsi diakoni, Camomavali olariTa naTlisaTa...~14
orive zemoTdasaxelebuli wyaro gamocxadebuli
„stefanes msgavsi diakvnis~ mier naTqvams erTnairad gad-
mogvcems, romelSic, wm. ninos mier am axali damalvis adgi-
lidan wasvlis konkretuli droa miTiTebuli:
„...maSin xma esma zegardmo, romeli etyoda, viTarmed:
„esreTve iyos waryvaneba Seni odes ege ekali, romeli ars
garemos Sensa, yoveli iqmnes vardis furcel sulnel aR-
deg da vidode CrdiloT - kerZo...~15
maSasadame, 30 marts momxdari rifsimianelTa wamebis
Semdeg, wm. nino imaleba jer kidev uyvavebeli vardis buC-
qSi - „daimala ekalTa Soris vardisaTa, romeli - igi
jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa~16 da - xilvaSi miTiTebulis
Tanaxmad, igi am adgilidan mxolod vardis ayvavebis Sem-
deg midis - „...rameTu vardi da nuSi yuaoda mas Jamsa...~17
13 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa
kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan, gv. 15.
14 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. 84; ix. agreTve: „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“
redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; ix. agreTve: Zveli qar-
Tuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.
15 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 84-85; ix. agreTve: „moqcevaÁ qar-
TlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; ix. agreTve:
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.
16 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 84.
17 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; ix.
agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.
293
rogorc viciT, Zvel qarTulad maisis Tves „vardobi-
sa~ ewodeba. maSasadame, SegviZlia gamovTqvaT mosazreba,
rom qarTul wyaroebSi daculi cnoba, sworedac rom
droiT miniSnebas unda Seicavdes, kerZod: 30 marts rif-
simianeTa wamebis Semdeg damalvis axal adgilze gada-
suli wm. nino, meore Tavis ltolvilobas - vardis ay-
vavebis Semdeg, anu - „vardobis~ TveSi, e. i. maisSi iwyebs.
da amas igi xilvaSi mowvdili informaciis safuZvelze
akeTebs:
„...esreTve iyos waryvanebai Seni, odes ege ekali romeli
Sensa garemoÁs ars, yovelive iqmnes vard mewamul, sulnel
Sen mier, xolo Sen aRdeg da vidode aRmosavliT...~18
aRniSnuli monakveTis dasasruls, SegviZlia didi al-
baTobiT davaskvnaT, rom rifsimianelTa wamebis Semdeg, wm. rifsimianelTa wamebis Semdeg, wm.
nino mTeli ori Tve _ aprili da maisi _ imaleba da mxo-nino mTeli ori Tve _ aprili da maisi _ imaleba da mxo-
lod amis Semdeg midis e. w. meore ltolvilobaSi.lod amis Semdeg midis e. w. meore ltolvilobaSi.
b) „pirveli~ Tvidan - „meoTxe~ Tvemdeb) „pirveli~ Tvidan - „meoTxe~ Tvemde
qarTul wyaroebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, SegviZlia gam-
ovTqvaT varaudi wm. ninos ltolvilobiTi drois sam
periodad dayofis Sesaxeb, romelTagan pirvelze,pirvelze, wm. ninos
q. efesodan gamoqcevisa da somxiTSi „sawnexelTa venax-
isaTa~ da meoreze,meoreze, „sawnexelTa venaxisaTa~-dan wm. ninos
mier „ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~-Si damalvis Sesaxeb, zemoT
ukve detalurad visaubreT.
axla vnaxoT, ra informaciebia daculi qarTul wyar-
oebSi ltolvilobis pirobiT - mesame periodzepirobiT - mesame periodze. aRniS-
nul droiT monakveTs „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmweri
yvela redaqcia exeba. zemoTqmulis msgavsad, maT Soris
18 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61;
ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,
gv. 115.
294
am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic SeimCneva mcireodeni gansx-
vavebani. amitom, Semdgomi Cveni Txrobac swored maTi
ganxilviT ganvagrZoT.
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Trdat mefis mier
rifsimianelTa wamebis Semdeg „ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~
damaluli wm. nino, am adgils, saswaulebriv xilvaSi
mocemuli miTiTebis Tanaxmad, „...esredve iyos waryvanebai
Seni, odes ege ekali, romeli Sensa garemoÁs ars, yovelive
iqmnes vard mewamul, sulnel Sen mier. xolo Sen aRdeg
da vidode aRmosavliT...~19 anu vardis ayvavebis Semdeg
tovebs, am, ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodis adgil-
samyofels - „...maSin SeZrwunvebuli wamovel da movel
uleporeTa...~20
wm. ninos damalvis axali adgilis Taobaze aseTsave
cnobebs Seicavs XIII s-is metafrasuli da arsen beriseu-
li redaqciebi - „...xolo wmidaÁ nino ganeSora gangebiTa
RmrTisaÁTa, ganera xelTa maTgan da ivltoda, da mivida
uloporos...~21
arsen beriseul TxzulebaSi, am adgilis saxeli odnav
gansxvavebuladaa mocemuli - „...movida oloporoTa...~22
amdenad, samive ganxiluli redaqcia wm. ninos damalvis
axali adgilis saxels odnavi gansxvavebebiT moixseniebs -
19 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61;
ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,
gv. 115.
20 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61;
ix. agreTve: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,
gv. 115.
21 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa
netarisa ninoisi. gv. 200.
22 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa kaTo-
likozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan, gv. 15.
295
„uloporeTa~„uloporeTa~ (sinuri da Satberduli redaqcia), „ulepore-„ulepore-
Ta”Ta” (WeliSuri redaqcia), „oloporoTa~„oloporoTa~2323 da „uloporos~„uloporos~24
„qarTlis cxovreba~ zemoTqmulisagan gansxvavebul in-
formacias gvawvdis - „...da warmovida muniT wmida nino
da movida orbanTad orbanTad sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa...~25 „qarTlis
cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva xelnawerSi am adgilis saxeli od-
nav gansxvavebuladaa mocemuli - „...orbanTa, orbanad...~„...orbanTa, orbanad...~2626
aRniSnuli Txroba wm. ninos mier somxiTis sazRvar-
Tan gatarebuli drois dafiqsirebiT grZeldeba, romlis
Taobazec „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmweri yvela redaqcia
erTnair cnobebs gvawvdis. amasTanave, arsen beriseuli da
XIII s-is metafrasuli redaqcia mxolod oriode fraziT
Semoifargleba - „...mun daizamTra...~27
amaTgan gansxvavebiT, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da „qarT-
lis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs - „...da mun daizamTra WirTa Sina
mravalTa...~28
Cveni azriT, swored am „WirTa Sina mravalTa~„WirTa Sina mravalTa~ - seuli
informaciidan ikveTeba ltolvilobis, zemoTqmuli, e. w.
mesame etapis arsi. kerZod, am fraziT gveTiTeba im „mrav-
alTa~ Wirze, rasac savaraudod somxiTSi myofi, qristes
sjulis maRiarebeli, wm. nino ganicdida.
23 cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis arseni qarTlisa
kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. gv. 15.
24 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa
netarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 200.
27 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa ne-
tarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 200; cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis
arseni qarTlisa kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xel-
naweridgan. gv. 15.
28 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 84; „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis
paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit-
eraturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.
25 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 85.
26 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. gv. 85.
296
zemoTmiTiTebuli Txrobis gagrZelebaSi, wyaroebis
mixedviT, gvikonkretdeba wm. ninos saqarTveloSi Semosv-
lis dro. arsen beriseuli da XIII saukunis metafrasu-
li redaqciebi aRniSnulis Taobaze erTnair informacias
gvawvdian - „...da viTarca moiwia zafxuli, aRmovida mTaTa
javaxeTisaTa...“29
amasTan dakavSirebiT „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi~ vkiTxu-
lobT - „...moved uloporeTa, da davizamTre WirTa Sina
didTa. da TTuesa meoTxesa warved mTaTa zeda javaxeTisa-
Ta...~30 maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmuliT gveuwyeba, rom wm.
nino qarTlSi Semosula „zafxulSi~, „TTuesa meoTxesa~.
aq miTiTebuli „zafxulis~ ganmartebaSi, sulxan-saba
orbelianTan vkiTxulobT - „zafxuli, zafxuli ars Tve
sami: marialisa, Tibisa da qvelTobisa...~31 sulxan-sabas
mixedviT, iqve gveuwyeba, rom miTiTebul TveTa - „mariali-
sa~, „Tibisa~ da „qvelTobisas~ qarTul saxeldebebs, laT-
inurad - ivnisi, ivlisi da agvisto Seesabamebao.32
leonti mroveliseuli miTiTeba, erTgvarad ganmartavs
yovelive zemoTqmuls - „...da mun daizamTra WirTa Sina
mravalTa. da TTuesa meoTxesa, romel ars ivnisi,TTuesa meoTxesa, romel ars ivnisi, warmoemar-
Ta da moiwia mTaTa javaxeTisaTa...~33 maSasadame, gvikonk-
retdeba, rom saZiebeli „zafxulis~ Sesatyvisi - „TTuesa
meoTxesa~, yofila ivnisis Tve. „qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogi-
29 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa ne-
tarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 220; cxovreba wmida ninosi, Sedgenili didis
arseni qarTlisa kaTolikozis mier X saukuneSi XI-XII-s xel-
naweridgan, gv. 15.
30 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv. 61-
62; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.
31 sulxan-saba orbelianisulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 1. Tbilisi, 1991,
gv. 277.
32 sulxan-saba orbelianisulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, 1991,
gv. 650.
33 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 85.
297
erT xelnawerSi, am „meoTxe Tvis~ aTvlac aris mocemuli
- „...meoTxesa + martiTgan~„...meoTxesa + martiTgan~.34
Cveni azriT, sulac ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom wm.
nino, qarTlis samefoSi, maisis momdevno - ivnisis TveSi
Semodis. aq, wm. ninos „ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~ yofnis dros,
saswaulebrivi gamocxadebisas miTiTebuli anarekli unda
ikiTxebodes. SegviZlia gamovTqaT varaudi, rom iseve ro-
gorc „ekalTa Sina~ yofnis adgilidan, aqac, anu uloporos,
anda - orbanTad yofnis adgilidanac, wm. nino vardis ay-
vavebis droiTi mijnis Sesabamisi - „vardobis~, anu maisis
Tvis gasrulebis Semdeg modis.
yovelive zemoTqmuli SegviZlia SevajamoT da vTqvaT,
rom „wm. ninos cxovrebis~ aRmwer redaqciebze dakvirvebis
Sedegad gamoikveTa - wm. ninos ltolvilobis sami piro-gamoikveTa - wm. ninos ltolvilobis sami piro-
biTi etapi da masTan dakavSirebuli - konkretuli droiTi biTi etapi da masTan dakavSirebuli - konkretuli droiTi
mijnebi.mijnebi. kerZod:
- ltolvilobis pirobiTi pirveli periodipirveli periodi moicavs
q. efesodan somxiTSi mosvlisa da „sawnexelTa vazisa~
yofnis droiT monakveTs, romelic ltolvilebis - q. ef-
esodan wamosvlis, anu - 322 wlis 15 martidan iwyeba („TTue-
sa pirvelsa aTxuTmetsa~), somxiTSi maTi moslviT, imave
wlis 25 martidan, maTi - „sawnexelTa vazisa~ yofniT gr-
Zeldeba („daadgres mun Jam ravdenme~) da imave wlis 30
marts rifsimianelTa wamebiT mTavrdeba („igini moiklnes
mun TTuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa, dResa paraskevsa...~).
maSasadame, ltolvilobis pirobiTi pirveli periodi ltolvilobis pirobiTi pirveli periodi
322 wlis 15-30 martamde arsebul droiT monakveTs moicavs;322 wlis 15-30 martamde arsebul droiT monakveTs moicavs;
- „wm. ninos ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodi,meore periodi, rifsimi-
aneTa wamebidan aTvliT „ekalTa Soris vardisaTa~ adg-
ilze damalvis periods moicavs romelic iwyeba rodesac
vardi „...igi jereT ara yuaoda mas Jamsa...~ da mTavrdeba
34 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 85.
298
maSin, rodesac: „vardi da nuSi yuaoda mas Jamsa...~ es ki,
rogorc iTqva „vardobis~ Tveze, anu - maisze unda migvaniS-
nebdes.
maSasadame, ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodi 322 wlis ltolvilobis e. w. meore periodi 322 wlis
martis Tvidan, vidre amave wlis maisis miwurulamde arse-martis Tvidan, vidre amave wlis maisis miwurulamde arse-
bul droiT monakveTs moicavs;bul droiT monakveTs moicavs;
- dabolos, wm. ninos ltolvilobis e. w. mesame pe-mesame pe-
riodisriodis dawyeba-damTavreba gansazRvrulia wm. ninos mier
„ekalTa Sina vardisaTa~ yofnisas miRebuli gamocxadebiT
- „...esreTve iyos waryvanebai Seni, odes ege ekali, romeli
ars garemos Sensa, yoveli iqmnes vardis furcel sulnel
aRdeg da vidode...~35
ltolvilobis e. w. mesame periodi iwyeba „vardi da mesame periodi iwyeba „vardi da
nuSi yuaodes mas Jamsa~-dan, anu 322 wlis maisis Tvidan da nuSi yuaodes mas Jamsa~-dan, anu 322 wlis maisis Tvidan da
mTavrdeba erTi wlis Tavze („...da mun daizamTra...~mTavrdeba erTi wlis Tavze („...da mun daizamTra...~3636), anu 323 ), anu 323
wlis maisis TveSi wlis maisis TveSi („...vardi da nuSi yuaodes mas Jamsa...~37
maSasadame, wm. ninos ltolviloba dawyebula q. ef-wm. ninos ltolviloba dawyebula q. ef-
esodan gamoqcevis, anu 322 wlis 15 martidan da damTavre-esodan gamoqcevis, anu 322 wlis 15 martidan da damTavre-
bula 323 wlis maisis TveSi,bula 323 wlis maisis TveSi, romlis Semdegac wm. nino „...
Tuesa meoTxesa, romel ars ivnisi, warmoemarTa da moiwia
mTaTa javaxeTisaTa...~38
35 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 85.
38 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 85.
36 cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa
netarisa ninoÁsi, gv. 220.
37 „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi, gv.
61; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, gv. 115.
299
durmiSxan laSxidurmiSxan laSxi _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli universitetis
doqtoranti
cota ram mecenatobisa da cota ram mecenatobisa da
qvelmoqmedebis warsulidan qvelmoqmedebis warsulidan
saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi
`qvelmoqmedebas xangrZlivi istoriuli fesvebi aqvs.
Zveli romis didi moazrovneebi, ciceroni, pliniusi da sx-
vani miuTiTebdnen, rom unda davexmaroT maT visac uWirs.
Cvens welTaRricxvamde pirveli saukunis moRvawis gaioz
mecenatis mfarvelobiT da qvelmoqmedebiT mravali niWi-
eri adamiani dafrTianda~.1
qristianulma religiam qvelmoqmedeba RvTisadmi sam-
saxuris Semadgenel nawilad gamoacxada da organizebuli
xasiaTi misca. yovelive aman, cxadia, praqtikuli gamoxat-
uleba hpova. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, qristianulma ekle-
siam, romelic Tavisi humanuri ideebiT mkveTrad gamoirCeo-
da, aSkarad agresiuli xasiaTis sxva msoflio religiebis
fonze, saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTis araerTi aqcia ganaxorcie-
la, risTvisac farTod iyenebda Semowirulobebsa da sxva
gziT Segrovebul saxsrebs. ese igi, qvelmoqmedeba mowode-
buli iyo qristianuli religiiT da sruliad gamarTle-
buli iyo.
qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba Sinaarsobrivi Tvalsaz-
risiT erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba; sityva mecenati
1 d. gureSiZed. gureSiZe. qvelmoqmedeba. narkvevebis krebuli. quTaisi, 1995,
gv. 3.
300
niSnavs `mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mdidar mfarvels.
mdidari romaeli patriciis mecenatis saxelis mixedviT~.2
rac Seexeba sityva qvelmoqmeds, niSnavs Raribi adamianis
mfarvels, romelsac finansur daxmarebas uwevs esa Tu is
konkretuli adamiani.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba Ziri-
Tadad damaxasiaTebelia kapitalizmis ganviTarebis perio-
disaTvis. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TiToeul maTganis
Sinaarss, gansakuTrebiT ki qvelmoqmedebisas, realurad
davinaxavT, rom qvelmoqmedebis elementebi arsebobda
saqarTveloSi jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi.
ra gvaZlevs amis fiqris sababs? saqme imaSi mdgomare-
obs, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis arsebobda iseTi fena,
romelic saWiroebda daxmarebas. amas mowmobs qarTul sit-
yvierebaSi arsebuli iseTi terminebi, rogorebicaa: glaxaki,
uqoneli, upovari da sxva.
saqarTveloSi qvelmoqmedebas eweoda rogorc sax-
elmwifo anu xelisufleba, aseve kerZo pirebic. magali-
Tad bagrat kurapalatma daawesa saqarTveloSi `glax-
akT nawili~, romelic XIII saukunemde arsebobda. es iyo
saxelmwifo Semosavlidan 10%-is RaribebisTvis darigeba,
romelic organizebuli iyo saxelmwifosgan. qvelmoqme-
debas Tvalyurs adevnebdnen saxelmwifos mier daniS-
nuli zedamxedvelebi.
qvelmoqmedeba unda iyos warmoebuli nebayoflobiT
da ara ZaldatanebiT. zemoT aRniSnuli qvelmoqmedeba
imiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom saxelmwifo Tavisi Semosavlidan
gascemda daxmarebas, yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe. amas
adasturebs ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba imasTan dakavS-
irebiT, rom `qarTul sazogadoebaSi iseTi azri da rwmena
trialebda, rom mxolod im fulisa da qvelsaqmaris micema
2 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. 5. Tbilisi, 1958, gv. 215.
301
SeiZleba, romelic adamians Tavisi ofliT da sindisierad
naSovni da SeZenili hqonda~.3 aseT qvelmoqmedebas didi
zneobrivi daniSnuleba hqonda.
saxelmwifos garda, qvelmoqmedebas eweodnen eklesia-
monastrebic, romlebic Sewiruli TanxebiT daxmarebas uw-
evdnen glaxakebs.
XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi iwyeba kapitalizmis gan-
viTarebas, ramac safuZveli Cauyara garkveuli kapitalis
dagrovebas kapitalistis xelSi. swored amitomaa, rom XIX
saukune iTvleba qvelmoqmedebisa da mecenatobis ganvi-
Tarebis periodad, radganac qarTveli kapitalistebi iwye-
ben saqarTveloSi am saqmianobas.
XIX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi Camoy-
alibebas iwyebs sxvadasxva saxis saqvelmoqmedo sazoga-
doeba, romelic did daxmarebas uwevs mosaxleobis da-
Cagrul fenas. es organizaciebi agreTve miznad isaxaven
saqarTveloSi swavla-ganaTlebis gavrcelebasa da xalxTa
farTo fenebis masSi Cabmas. bunebrivia, es organizaciebi
damokidebulni iyvnen kerZo Sewirulobaze.
XIX saukuneSi bevri wvrili qvelmoqmedi iyo, magali-
Tad mixeil, daviT, grigol da giorgi sarajiSvilebma ala-
verdis eklesiis kankeli gaakeTebines, agreTve maT gaakeT-
ebines moskovSi da Camoatanines vercxliTa da oqroTi
Semkuli mSvenieri saxareba martyofis RvTaebis taZrisa.
amave taZars maT 1907 wels vercxlis trapezis jvari
Seswires.
XIX saukuneSi xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qarTve-
li sazogado moRvaweebi swiravdnen studentebisTvis Tanx-
ebs an anderZs tovebdnen, romliTac mTel TavianT qonebas
utovebdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebas, romelTac unda mo-
exmarebinaT swavla-ganaTlebis an sxvadasxva kulturuli
3 iv. javaxiSviliiv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. wigni II. nakveTi.
II. Tbilisi, .1929, gv. 33.
302
saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. swored aseT pirovnebas
warmoadgenda gabriel episkoposi.
1890 wels gabriel episkoposma datova anderZi, romel-
Sic aRniSnulia, rom `baxvis soflis skolas gadaeces
12 200 maneTi, saeparqio samzrunvelo sasuliero wodeb-
is RaribTaTvis imereTis eparqiaSi 2000 maneTi, quTai-
sis saqalaqo saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebas RaribTaTvis
1500 maneTi, quTaisis sasuliero seminariis Rarib moswav-
leebs 3000 maneTi, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis Rar-
ib moswavleebs 3000 maneTi, imereTis saeparqio skolas
5000 maneTi, gelaTis monasters 1000 maneTi glaxakTaTvis
dasarigeblad~.4
XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iwyeba
qarTveli studentebis dasaxmareblad fulis Segroveba,
romelSic ZiriTadad monawileobas iRebdnen qarTveli sa-
zogado moRvaweni. isini fuls agrovebdnen Semdegnairad:
`erTi romelime piri iTavebda am saqmes da Tavis nacnob
megobrebSi moagrovebda mcire, magram Raribi studentebi-
saTvis mainc mniSvnelovan Tanxas. piradi an romelime na-
Tesavis saSualebiT miawodebda am Tanxas visTvisac iyo
gankuTvnili~.5
1862 wels `ciskari~ werda: `proviantis maRaziis Ci-
novnikebma moagroves TavianTSi fuli, romelic Sesdga
cameti Tumani da erTi maneTi. es fuli gagzavnes peter-
burgis universitetSi Raribi studentebis Sesawevnelad~.6
70-ian wlebSi Seiqmna e.w. `Tbilisis keTilmoqmedi sa-
zogadoeba~, romelic Tavdapirvelad arsebobda mxolod
sawevro SesataniT, Tumca sawevroTi Segrovebuli Tanx-
4 meliton kelenjeriZemeliton kelenjeriZe. gabriel episkoposi imereTis. Tbilisi,
1913, gv. 227.
5 ir. tatiSvili, T. dekanosiZeir. tatiSvili, T. dekanosiZe. moskovis universiteti da qarTve-
li axalgazrdoba. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 154.
6 Jurnali `ciskari~, 1862, #2, gv. 212.
303
ebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda, amitom xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,
rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi mosaxleobaSi agrovebd-
nen fuls.
Tbilisis keTilmoqmedTa sazogadoeba atarebda kon-
certebs, speqtaklebs da Semosul Tanxas ugzavnida stu-
dentebisaTvis.
1885 wels saCxereSi dadgmul speqtaklSi Semovida 45
maneTi, romelic mTlianad gadaericxa Rarib studentebs.
,,Tbilisis keTilmoqmedi sazogadoebis~ arsebobas
hqonda udidesi mniSvneloba, radganac es sazogadoeba ara
Tu exmareboda studentebs, aramed icoda sazRvargareTis
universitetebSi myofi studentebis raodenoba da, agreTve,
maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, radganac studentebi xSir-
ad werdnen werilebs zogi stipendiis daniSvnis TxovniT,
zogic ki madlobis gadasaxdelad.
1901 wels kievSi qarTvelma studentebma Caatares
erovnuli saRamo, sadac 600 maneTi vali daedoT. amis
gamo isini Txovdnen qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebs daxmare-
bas, raTa maT daebeWdaT gancxadebebi da studentobas
daxmarebodnen valis gadaxdaSi. studentebis am moTxov-
nas didi mxardaWera mohyva qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa
Soris. rogorc irkveva, studentebs 100 maneTiT daxmareba
aRmouCina vinme jiSkarianma, romlis Sesaxebac `kvalSi~
samadlobeli werili daibeWda. studentebs valis gadax-
daSi daexmara mRvdeli qristefore jioevi, man 14 maneTi
gaugzavna maT. studentebis 21 maneTi gaugzavna ana an-
duyafarma.
1888 wels giorgi qarTveliSvilma daafinansa `vefx-
istyaosnis~ ilustracia, romelic Seasrula mixail ziCma.
ilustraciis garda giorgi qarTveliSvilma daafinansa
am `vefxistyaosnis~ ydis Zvirfasad moWedvac (cnobilia,
rodesac ziCi `vefxistyaosans~ ukeTebda ilustracias,
cocxali personaJebidan xatavda im scenebs, rodesac Tamar
304
mefes SoTa rusTaveli gadascems `vefxistyaosans~. SoTa
rusTavelis personaJs ganasaxierebs daviT sarajiSvili).
qvelmoqmedebas da mecenatobas udidesi mniSvneloba
hqonda, radganac XIX saukuneSi qarTveli xalxis mTavar
sazrunavs warmoadgenda carizmis koloniuri reJimis
likvidacia, perspeqtivaSi sruli erovnuli da politikuri
damoukideblobis perspeqtivis mopoveba, qarTveli xalxis
ganaTleba, erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRzrda da qarTuli
enisa da kulturis dacva. es gaxldaT mTavari kriteriumi
XIX saukunis saqarTvelosi. bunebrivia, am ideis ganxor-
cielebaSi Cabmulebi iyvnen ara marto sazogado moRvaweni,
aramed saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebic da is qvelmoqme-
debi, romlebic moRvaweobdnen XIX saukunis bolosa da XX
saukunis dasawyisSi.
filologiafilologia
306
tariel futkaraZe _ tariel futkaraZe _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli universi-
tetis profesori, filologiis
mecnierebaTa doqtori
ucxouriucxouri polisemantikuripolisemantikuri terminebi terminebi
dada rukebi qarTulrukebi qarTul politikurpolitikur
konteqstSikonteqstSi
Tanamedrove leqsikonebSi termin `regions~`regions~ ramdenime konkretuli mniSvnelobac aqvs; mag., oqsfordis leqsikonSi
vkiTxulobT1:
- adgili/areali, qveynis an msoflios gansazRvruli
nawili gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebiT, romlis sazRvre-
bi yovelTvis dadgenili ar aris: ekvatoruli regionebi;
Rvinis warmoebis mTavari regioni...2
- - qalaqis an qveynis administraciuli raioni: lotianis regioni (regioni Sotlandiis centralur nawilSi); saqso-
nia dayofili iyo oTx did regionad da sxv.3
- - (regionebi) britaneTi - qveynis nawilebi dedaqalaqis
1 http://oxforddictionaries.com/defi nition/english/region?q=region.2 an area, especially part of a country or the world having defi nable character-istics but not always fi xed boundaries: the equatorial regions; a major wine-producing region.3 an administrative district of a city or country: Lothian Region Saxony was divided into four large region.
307
gareT an xelisuflebis mTavari adgili: regionebSi inves-
ticiis danergva/wamowyeba;4
- - aqtivobebisa da azrovnebis areali: igi keravs/qargavs
folkloruli xelovnebis regionSi (sferoSi)5
- - sxeulis nawili, gansakuTebiT organoebis irgvliv an
axlos6...
`regioni~ momdinareobs laTinuri sityvisgan: regio
(regionis), romelic niSnavs: `qveyanas~, `mxares~, `olqs~.
cnobil leqsikonebSi zogadi mniSvnelobaa: `msxvili teri-
toriuli erTeuli (bunebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da
sxv.)~. regionis ramdenime mniSvnelobidan gamovarCevT Cveni
TemisTvis saintereso sam ZiriTad ganmartebas:
regioniregioni:
- - msoflios an qveynis romelime nawili konkretuli
administraciuli sazRvrebissazRvrebis gareSegareSe; Sdr.: kavkasiis re-
gioni; saqarTvelos SavizRvispira regioni;- - dedaqalaqis gareT arsebuli ekonomikur-industri-
uli, ekologiuri... sivrce konkretuli administraciuli
sazRvrebissazRvrebis gareSegareSe;
- - qveynis administraciuli erTeuli Tavisi konkretu-konkretu-
lili sazRvrebiTasazRvrebiTa da xelisuflebiT, zogjer prezidentiTac
ki (mag., lozanas hyavs Tavisi prezidenti (italia).
regionisregionis gansxvavebulgansxvavebul ganmartebebsganmartebebs SeesabSeesabamebaameba termintermin
`regionalizmis~`regionalizmis~ sxvadasxvasxvadasxva gagebacgagebac7:- - loialurobis gancda gamorCeuli regionis mimarT,
sadac erTgvarovani mosaxleobaa dasaxlebuli;
4 (the regions) British the parts of a country outside the capital or chief seat of government: the promotion of investment in the regions. 5 an area of activity or thought: his work takes needlework into the region of folk art.
7 ix., vebsteris leqsikoni /http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/regionalism/./.
6 a part of the body, especially around or near an organ: the lumbar region.
308
- - politikuri an socialuri sistemis ganviTareba, ro-
melic dafuZnebulia erT an ramdenime msgavs adgilze.
- - xazgasma regionul adgilmdebareobaze da maxasiaTe-
blebze xelovnebasa Tu literaturaSi.
- - geografiuli adgilis damaxasiaTebli Tviseba ( ro-
goricaa metyveleba).
romeliromeli semantikiTaasemantikiTaa gamoyenebuligamoyenebuli ganxiluliganxiluli terminebiterminebi qarTulqarTul sinamdvileSisinamdvileSi?
saqarTvelos mTavrobis (2011 w.) .) yofili pirveli vice-
premieris, regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis
yofili ministris, daviTdaviT tyeSelaSvilis,tyeSelaSvilis, xelmZRvanelobiTxelmZRvanelobiT
saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis komisiam /evrosab-
Wos eqspertebis monawileobiT/ 2009 wels moamzada sax-
elmwifo dokumenti, sadac vkiTxulobT:
`TviTmmarTvelobis doneze `regionis~ qveS igulisx-
meba municipalitetebi da TviTmmarTveli qalaqebi (sul 69,
aqedan 5 TviTmmarTveli qalaqi). mmarTvelobis doneze `re-
gionad~ ganixileba saxelmwifo rwmunebulis _ gubernato-
ris _ kompetenciebis gavrcelebis teritoriuli areali~.8
saqarTvelos imave mTavrobis sxva oficialur doku-
mentSi9 ki aseTi frazaa: ̀ qveynis mdgradi regionuli ganvi-
Tarebis saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebisas regio-regio-
nini ganimartebaganimarteba, rogorc funqciur-dagegmarebiTi erTeuli,
romelic warmoadgens administraciul-teritoriuli er-
Teulebis erTobliobas da, rogorc wesi, emTxveva saqa-
8 http://icsrpa.org.ge/images/DR_Geo.pdf.9 dadgenileba N 172 2010 wlis 25 ivnisi; q. Tbilisi saqarTvelos
regionuli ganviTarebis 2010–2017 ww. saxelmwifo strategiis
damtkicebisa da saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis samTav-
robo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
309
rTvelos saxelmwifo rwmunebulebis _ gubernatorebis _
samoqmedo teritorias. strategiis miznebidan gamomdinare,
regionad agreTve ganixileba q. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos av-
tonomiuri respublikebi da droebiTi administraciul-
teritoriuli erTeuli~.10
saqarTvelos amJamindeli (2013 w.) .) mTavrobis regio-nuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saministros
vebgverdzec msgavsi informaciaa: am SemTxvevaSic saqa-
rTvelos regionebis sazRvrebi zustad emTxveva rwmuneb-
ulebis sagamgeblo areals;1111 aqve saubaria kompetenciebis gamijvnazec:
`regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis samin-
istros erT-erTi pirveli amocanaa `centraluri [xelisu-
flebis], regionuliregionuli mmarTvelobisammarTvelobisa da adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis organoebis uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnisa da
gadanawilebis sakiTxebze winadadebebis SemuSaveba~.1212
axla aris mcdeloba, , organul kanonSic Sevides ter-mini `regioni~, , rogorc administraciuli sazRvrebis mqone avtonomiuri erTeuli. kerZod: : 2013 wlis 5 aprils saqarT-
velos sapatriarqos qarTul universitetSi gamarTul
samecniero konferenciaze `regionuli ganviTarebisa
da infrastruqturis saministros~ saxeliT ministris
moadgilem bb-nmanma TengizTengiz SergelaSvilmaSergelaSvilma ganacxada, , rom igegmeba, , kanoniT daregulirdes regionulregionul donezedoneze warmo-
madgenlobiTi sabWoebis amoqmedeba /TviTmmarTvelobis
komponentebis danergva/ da regionuli biujetis SemoRe-
ba... aqve aRvniSnav, rom saministrossaministros erTerT-erTierTi samsaxurisamsaxuri -
`̀vano xuxunaiSvilis saxelobis efeqtiani mmarTvelobis
10 http://www.lsg.gov.ge/fi les/_1909_814272_STATESTRATEGY2010-2017GEO.pdf.11 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/regions-map/directory/gmap.html.12 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/-/the-goals-and-the-objectives-of-the-ministry.html.
310
sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centri~ - - analogiur xedvas ufro adre ayalibebda: : saqarTvelo
`momzadebuli unda Sexvdes im dros, roca saqarTve-
lo realurad dadgeba regionuli mowyobis sakiTxis
gadawyvetis winaSe, romelic gulisxmobs ara marto cen-
traluri xelisuflebis gagrZelebas regionul doneze,
aramed, aseve, regionuliregionuli warmomadgenlobiTiwarmomadgenlobiTi organoebisorganoebis
Seqmnas~Seqmnas~.13 Semdgomma nabijmac ar daayovna: : 2013 wlis 31 oqtombers
saqarTvelos mTavrobam daamtkica14 `adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis kodeqsi~,1515 romelSic vkiTxulobT:`municipalitetTa`municipalitetTa regionuliregionuli gaerTianebis~gaerTianebis~ xelmZRvane-
lia centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli saxelmwifosaxelmwifo rwmunebulirwmunebuli-gubernatorigubernatori (muxli 175)...)...
axali `municipalitetTamunicipalitetTa regionulregionul gaerTianeba~gaerTianeba~ struqturiTa Tu funqciebiT ̀ regionul parlaments~ hgavs. kerZod, , regionuli gaerTianebis warmomadgenlobiT orga-nos qmnian mocemul regionSi Semavali municipalitetebismunicipalitetebis sakrebulossakrebulos arCeuliarCeuli deputatebideputatebi ( (muxli 169). ). am regionul `warmomadgenlobiT organos~ eyoleba xelfasiani arCeu-li Tavmjdomare da Tavmjdomaris moadgile ( (muxli 171). ). regionuli gaerTianeba warmoadgens sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs ( (muxli 166); mis uflebamosilebebs gane-kuTvneba: :
a) ) mocemuli teritoriis ganviTarebis strategiis damt-kiceba da ganxorcieleba;
b) ) proeqtebis, , programebis da maTi xarjTaRricxvis
13 http://www.lsg.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=301&info_id=1181. http://www.lsg.gov.ge/fi les/_2358_384382_ActionPlan.pdf .14 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/component/content/article/1161-the-government-of-georgia-approved-the-self-government-code.html.15 http://mrdi.gov.ge/ge/component/content/article/5-archive/1161-saqarth-velos-mthavrobam-thvithmmarthvelobis-kodeqsi-daamtkica.html.
311
momzadeba, , damtkiceba da aRsruleba Semdeg sferoebSi da sxva sameurneo xasiaTis funqciebi ( (muxli 168) ) da sxv....
regionuliregionuli sabWossabWos gadawyvetilebebisgadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebazeaRsrulebaze pa-pa-
suxismgebeliasuxismgebelia saxelmwifosaxelmwifo rwmunebulirwmunebuli-gubernatorigubernatori, ro-
melic regionuli sabWos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas axorcielebs saxelmwifo rwmunebulis-gubernatoris admin-istraciis saSualebiT ( (muxli 175)1616... ...
anu SemoTavazebul sakanomdeblo iniciativas parlamen-
ti Tuki daamtkicebs, , mocemul mxareSi centraluri xelisu-
flebis warmomadgeneli (rwmunebuli) regionuliregionuli warmo-warmo-
madgenlobiTimadgenlobiTi sabWossabWos aRmasrulebelaRmasrulebel xelisuflebadxelisuflebad iqcevaiqceva - mkveTrad Sesustdeba cenrtraluri xelisuflebis warmo-madgenlis funqciebi1717.
vfiqrob, , didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebis ambiciebis dapirispirebis velSi _ kavkasiiskavkasiis1818 centralurcentralur nawilSinawilSi _ ar-sebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis seriozuli riskebis Semcvelia `municipalitetTamunicipalitetTa regionuliregionuli gaerTianeba~gaerTianeba~. ker-ker-
ZodZod, mTavrobis mier momzadebuli kanonproeqtis mixedviT, am etapze TiTqosda mxolod ekonomikuri saqmianobiT Semo-
16 kanonproeqti momzadebulia respublikuri partiis warmomad-
genlis, `regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saminis-
tros~ ministris moadgilis Tengiz SergelaSvilis mier.
17 Sdr., `saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruq-
turis saministros~ vebgverdze gansxvavebul interpretacias
vkiTxulobT:
18 evraziis kavSiris Seqmnis mcdelobis procesSi ruseTi did
imedebs amyarebs guimris samxedro bazaze, romelTan saxmele-
To kavSiris aRsadgenad esaWiroeba samcxe-javaxeTis kontroli;
masve aqvs dauokebeli mizani, Seqmnas buferuli afxazur-megruli
saxelmwifo... Sdr.: islamistur- osmaluri imperiis aRdgenas es-
wrafvis TurqeTis politikuri elitis erTi nawili da am mizniT
cdilobs, gamoiyenos samxreT-dasavleTi Tu samxreTi saqarTve-
lo... osmaluri imperiis aRdgenas eswrafvis TurqeTis politi-
kuri elitis erTi nawili da am mizniT cdilobs, gamoiyenos
samxreT-dasavleTi Tu samxreTi saqarTvelo...
312
fargluli e. w. regionuliregionuli sabWosabWo arc Tu Soreul momavalSi, , Zlieri geopolitikuri mezoblebis `̀mecadineobiT~, , saqarT-
velos zogi ganapira mxaris mowyvetis ganmapirobeblad Sei-Zleba mogvevlinos. . amgvariamgvari daskvnisdaskvnis gamotanisgamotanis safuZvelssafuZvels qmnisqmnis ramdenimeramdenime garemoebagaremoeba:
1. . e. . w. . regionuliregionuli ( (samxareosamxareo) ) xelisuflebisxelisuflebis funqciebisfunqciebis zrdiszrdis dinamikadinamika:
postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos administraci-ul-teritoriuli dayofis Sesaxeb erT-erTi pirveli weri-li daibeWda 1993 wels, , romelSic vkiTxulobT:
`sasurvelia Tu amas safuZvlad daedeba saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnikuri dayofa: : qarTli, , kaxeTi, , imereTi da ase Semdgom. . isini unda iyvnen damoukidebeli, , maqsimaluri uflebebis mqone teritoriul-administraciuli erTeule-
bi, , romelTac unda gaaCndeT reanimirebuli, , eTnikur qargas morgebuli mmarTveloba~19......
1995 wels SevardnaZem Tavisi brZanebulebiT Seqmna pre-zidentis rwmunebulis Tanamdeboba da daniSna pirveli `rw-munebulebi~2020 am dros saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo bazaSi raime msgavsi Canaweri ar arsebobda; mxolod mogvianebiT, , 1997 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni `aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~2121 kerZod, , am kanonis V karis mixedviT, , `saxelmwifosaxelmwifo rwmrwmunebu-unebu-
19 vrclad ix. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, `regionalizmi
Seaferxebs erovnul konsolidacias~ http://gtu.g e/books/teologia/regkons.pdf; aqvea am tipis `regionalizmis~ adekvaturi kritikac.
20 erT-erTi pirveli iyo Teimuraz SaSiaSvili _ prezidentis rw-
munebuli imereTSi /b-n T. saSiaSvilTan davazuste misi guberna-
torad daniSvnis samarTlebrivi garemoebebi/.
21 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 weli – 17-18.
313
lili saqarTvelos prezidentis warmomadgenelia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul teritoriul erTeulebSi an calkeul davalebaTa Sesasruleblad~.
mixeil saakaSvilis prezidentobis dasawyisSive (2004 2004
wlis 11 Tebervaliwlis 11 Tebervali) ) gaizarda prezidentis rwmunebulis ufleba-movaleobani. kerZod, , `saqarTvelos mTavrobis `saqarTvelos mTavrobis
struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesisstruqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Ses- Ses-
axeb~axeb~ saqarTvelossaqarTvelos kanoniskanonis mixedviTmixedviT ( (Tavi VIIITavi VIII, , muxlimuxli 271 271), ), `saxelmwifo rwmunebuli _ gubernatori kanoniT dadge-nili wesiT axorcielebs saxelmwifosaxelmwifo zedamxedvelobaszedamxedvelobas ad-ad-
gilobrivigilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisTviTmmarTvelobis organoebisorganoebis saqmianobazesaqmianobaze; d) saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „i~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi saqarTvelos pre-zidents warudgens winadadebebs sakrebulossakrebulos saqmianobissaqmianobis Se-Se-
CerebisCerebis anan daTxovnisdaTxovnis TaobazeTaobaze, Tu misi moqmedebiT safrTxe Seeqmna qveynis suverenitets, teritoriul mTlianobas, sax-elmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa konstituciuri ufle-
bamosilebebis ganxorcielebas~......2222
SdrSdr.: mTavrobis mier 2013 wlis 31 oqtombers mowonebuli kanonproeqtis safuZvelze, , e. . w. . regionul mmarTvelobas dae-mateba TviTmmarTvelobiTiTviTmmarTvelobiTi komponentikomponenti - municipalitetebSimunicipalitetebSi arCeuliarCeuli deputatebiTdeputatebiT SeqmniliSeqmnili regionuliregionuli sabWosabWo... warmodge-nili sakanonmdeblo aqtiT regionuli mmarTveloba iZens re-re-
gionuligionuli TviTmmarTvelobisTviTmmarTvelobis funqciebsfunqciebs, riTac, , faqtobrivad, , sruldeba da sabolood kanondeba saqarTvelos mowyobis regionuliregionuli (federaciulifederaciuli) modelimodeli, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara e. . SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros.
22 საქართველოსსაქართველოს კანონი, საქართველოსკანონი, საქართველოს მთავრობისმთავრობის სტრუქტურისსტრუქტურის, უფლებამოსილებისაუფლებამოსილებისა დადა საქმიანობისსაქმიანობის წესისწესის შესახებ შესახებ http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=A..&sec_id=41; ix., agreTve: saqarTvelos pre-
zidentis brZanebuleba N 406; 2007 wlis 27 ivnisi (`saxelmwifo
rwmunebulis – gubernatoris debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~).
314
2. . istoriuliistoriuli konteqstiskonteqstis gauTvaliswineblobagauTvaliswinebloba
saqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriuli mowyo-
bis swori dagegmva SeuZlebelia Cveni qveynis istoriuli gamocdilebis analizis gareSe. . qarTul istoriografiaSi progresulprogresul politikurpolitikur moRvaweebadmoRvaweebad iTvlebianiTvlebian is pirovne-bebi, , romlebic TavianTi msofxedvelobiTa da praqtikuli saqmianobiT xels uwyobdnen erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi da eklesiuri cnobierebis ganviTarebas ( (daviT kurapalati, , bagrat IIIIII, , daviTdaviT aRmaSenebeliaRmaSenebeli, , giorgigiorgi IIIIII, , TamaTamar mefe, , gior-gi brwyinvale...)...); evropisaevropisa TuTu aziisaziis istoriaSicistoriaSic diddid moR-moR-
vaweebadvaweebad miiCnevianmiiCnevian qveynisqveynis gaerTianebazegaerTianebaze orientirebuliorientirebuli liderebiliderebi.2323
3. . evropulievropuli kanonmdeblobiskanonmdeblobis ignorirebaignorireba
2004 wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ratifici-
rebuli (26.10.2004 wlis N 515-II s dadgenileba) `evropuli
qartia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb (stras-
burgi, 15.X.1985)~ ar gvavaldebulebs, rom mcire teritoriis
mqone saqarTvelom ganaviTaros e.w. regionaluri TviTm-
marTveloba; demokratiuli suliskveTebis am dokumentis
Rirebulebebi savsebiT iqneba daculi, Tuki gaZlierdeba
soflis TviTmmarTveloba da SenarCundeba municipalite-
turi TviTmmarTveloba, da rac mTavaria: evropuli kanon-mdebloba oficialurad ar iTxovs e.w. regionuli mmarTv-
elobisa Tu TviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba-gaZlierebas;
23 germaniaSi _ oto fon bismarki, TurqeTSi - aTaTurqi, iranSi -
Sah-abasi, ruseTSi - petre... vrclad ix.: s. vardosaniZe, m. jibuti,
t. futkaraZe, `mcdar ideaze dafuZnebuli reforma – safrTxe
saqarTvelos awmyosa da momavlisaTvis~ http://sangu.edu.ge/?page_id=3004.
315
metic: adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb evropul qartiaSi saerTod ar aris naxsenebi terminebi: `regionuli TviTmmarTveloba~ da `regionuli mmarTveloba~.
e.w. . municipalitetTa regionuli gaerTianebisa Tu
`samxareo sakonsultacio sabWos~ dakanonebis konteqst-Si gansaxilveli e.w. . regionuliregionuli enisenis statusisstatusis miniWebisminiWebis mcdelobamcdeloba:
SemTxveviTi damTxveva ar unda iyos, , rom saqarTvelo-
Si Tu saqarTvelos gareT moqmedi politikuripolitikuri jgufebijgufebi,
romlebic saqarTveloSi regionalizmis damkvidrebas
eswrafvian, paralelurad cdiloben, rom saqarTveloSi
dakanondes 12-dan 20-mde regionaluri ena; kerZod, isini
iTxoven, moxdes `regionuli an umciresobis Sesaxeb evro-
puli qartiis~ ratificireba.
Cndeba legitimuri eWvi, rom saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi 12-20 eno-eno-
brivbriv-eTnikurieTnikuri anklavisanklavis aRiarebisaRiarebis propagandapropaganda miznadmiznad
isaxavsisaxavs saqarTvelossaqarTvelos `regionul~regionul~ __ konfederaciulkonfederaciul TuTu
federaciulfederaciul mowyobasmowyobas. saerTaSoriso velSi saamiso
`idologiuri baza~ kargadaa momzadebuli. kerZod, , ruse-Tis imperiis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sainformacio
omis 150-wlian procesSi Seqmnilia bevri ideologizebuli debuleba (ideologema), , antiqarTuli eTnolingvisturi kvalifikacia Tu ruka, , romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli saerTaSoriso qselsa Tu enciklopediebSi; samagaliTod
warmovadgenT ramdenimes:
msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri
enciklopediis mixedviT (2013 wlis mdgomareobiT), saqa-
rTveloSi aris Semdegi enebi (/eTnosebi): azerbaijan-
elebi - 308 000, asirielebi (aisorebi) - 3 000, afxazebi
- 101 000, bacbebi - 3 420, berZnebi - 38 000, lazebi - 2
000, megrelebi - 500 000, osebi - 100 000, rusebi - 372 000,
svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls)
- 15 000, somxebi - 448 000, urumebi - 97 746, qarTvelebi - 3
316
901 380, qarTveli ebraelebi - 20 000, qurTebi - 40 000.24
Sdr., ., araadekvaturia msoflios virtualuri istoriis vebgverdze warmodgenili saqarTvelos istoriuli ruke-bic, , romelTa mixedviT qarTuli saxelmwifo - - GEORGIAGEORGIA - - ar arsebobda me-13 saukunemde (http://www.euratlas.com/summary.htm; GEORGIAGEORGIA-s nacvlad rukebze Cans: : IveriaIveria, , colkhidacolkhida da AbkhaziaAbkhazia. . araqarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis miwodebulia informacia, , rom saxelmwifo saqarTvelo dapyrobiTi omebiT Seiqmna mxolod mcire droiT: XIIIXIII saukuneSi; Sdr.:.:
1. evropa III saukuneSi (http://www.euratlas.net/history/eu-rope/300/index.html); rac ar unda daujerebeli iyos, aq da-
moukidebeli saxelmwifoebia: lazika, kolxeTi da iberia:
24 http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE.
317
2. . evropa IV-V saukuneebSi (ix., mag.: http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/400/index.html); aq ukve mxolod lazika da ibe-
riaa damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi (arada, am dros arse-
bobs vaxtang gorgasalis erTiani saxelmwifo, romelic
saerTod ar Cans am vebportalis rukebze!):
3. . evropa 900 wels (http://www.euratlas.net/history/eu-rope/900/index.html); am rukaze damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmodgenilia didi afxazeTi; sainteresoa isic, rom ru-
kis SarSandel variantze afxazeTis samefos gverdiT iyo
Georgia da Tbilisis saxelmwifo; amJamindel variantze ki
aris iberia da Tbilisis saxelmwifo; Sdr., rukebis avtor-
Ta azriT, iberiis adgilas 1100 wlidan Cndeba saxelmwifo
saxelad Georgia; maTTvis ucnobia, rom qarTliqarTli da saqarT-saqarT-
velovelo erT qveyanas aRniSnavs):
318
319
4. . evropa 1000 wels (http://www.euratlas.net/history/eu-rope/1000/index.html); am rukaze damoukidebel saxelmwifoe-
bad warmodgenilia ukve iberia da kaxeTi:
evropis istoriis am gverdze saqarTvelos Sesaxeb ar-
sebuli sxva rukebic saeWvoa; ufro arsebiTi isaa, rom aq
erTmaneTs gauazreblad cvlis qarTvelTa saxelmwifos
aRmniSvneli sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi: qarTli, kolxeTi,
lazika, iberia, georgia, kaxeTi, afxazeTi... da saqme isea war-
modgenili, rom TiTqosda sxvadasxva dros saxelmwifoebTan
gvaqvs saqme da ara, ZiriTadad, erT saxelmwifosTan, romelic
qarTul wyaroebSi jer qarTladqarTlad, Semdeg ki - saqarTvelodsaqarTvelod
aRiniSneboda. evropis istoriis gverdis avtorebs qarTvel
kolegebTan erTad unda emuSavaT da saTanado komentarebiT
mainc unda daecvaT istoriuli realoba.
320
safiqrebelia, rom Sua saukuneebis rukebze, erTis
mxriv, afxazeTisaafxazeTisa da iberiisiberiis gverdigverd arseboba, meo-
re mxriv ki - qoronim iberia-s Secvla qoronim GeorgiaGeorgia-Ti SemTxveviTi ar aris: politizebul mecnierTa erTi nawili dRes cdilobs daajeros msoflio, rom istoriulad af-af-
xazeTixazeTi sxvaa, saqarTvelosaqarTvelo ki sxva; rom afxazeTiafxazeTi ar iyo
qarTulenovani saxelmwifo (amgvari paTosiTaa Seqmnili
es rukebic); rom saqarTvelosaqarTvelo, Turme ar aris iberiaiberia; rom
saqarTvelosaqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros Seiqmna... sinamd-
vileSi, qarTul wyaroebTan erTad sparsuli da berZnu-
li wyaroebic adasturebs, rom am periodSi damoukide-
blad arsebuli afxazeTi qarTulenovani saxelmwifo
iyo, metic, XI-XII saukunis sparsul wyaroebSi sruliad
saqarTvelo afxazeTadac ki ixsenieba.
zemoTzemoT warmodgeniliwarmodgenili lingvisturilingvisturi, eTnologiurieTnologiuri TuTu is-is-
toriografiulitoriografiuli gayalbebuligayalbebuli kvalifikaciebikvalifikaciebi TuTu rukebirukebi far-far-
TomasStabianTomasStabian sainformaciosainformacio omisomis konteqstSiakonteqstSia gasaazrebeligasaazrebeli.25
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli sainformacio
omis es mimarTuleba (`gaTiSe da ibatone~) saTaves iRebs
jer kidev mefis ruseTSi da piks aRwevs stalinis epo-
qaSi; mag., i. stalinis wignSi: `marqsizmi da nacionaluri
sakiTxi~ (Tb., 1951) vkiTxulobT:
`kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac prim-
itiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram mSob-
liur literaturas moklebulni arian... rara vuyoTvuyoT aseTaseT
xalxebsxalxebs: megrelebsmegrelebs, afxazebsafxazebs, aWarlebsaWarlebs, svanebssvanebs, lekebslekebs dada
sxvsxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, magram Tavi-
anTi literatura ki ara aqvT?~ (gv. 138-139)... `nacionaluri
sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod im mimar-
25 vfiqrob, Tanamedrove msoflioSi samxedro intervenciaze
gacilebiT metadaa saSiSi samecniero-sainformacio velSi
wagebuli omi.
321
TulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi (megrelebi,
svanebi, aWarlebi... xazgasma Cemia - t.f.) umaRlesi kultu-
ris saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT~ (gv. 142).
zemoTwarmodgenilizemoTwarmodgenili rukebisarukebisa TuTu kvalifikaciebiskvalifikaciebis avtorebisTvisavtorebisTvis TiTqosdaTiTqosda ucnobiaucnobia istoriuliistoriuli faqtifaqti:
mravali saukunis manZilze arsebuli qarTvelTa er-
Tiani saxelmwifo ramdenime saukunis win daiSala patarapatara
saqarTveloebadsaqarTveloebad da ara - sakuTari enisa da kulturis
samefo-samTavroebad. dezinformaciuli manqana ki adreul
Tu gviandel saqarTvelos daSlilad, qarTvelebs ki sx-
vadasxva eTnosebad danawevrebulad warmoadgens; damp-
yrobels ar surs, saqarTvelo iyos erTiani da Zlieri. amave diskursSia gasaazrebeli jorj hiuitis, aleqsandre
WaWias, nugzar nadaraias da zugdidSi, baTumSi, Tbilissa
Tu quTaisSi arsebuli sxvaTa mcirericxovani jgufebis
`moRvaweoba~, romlebic mxars uWeren megrul-lazurisa da
svanurisTvis regionuli enis statusis miniWebas; samagali-samagali-
TodTod moviyvanmoviyvan oTxoTx faqtsfaqts:
1. fragmentifragmenti JurnalistJurnalist ladolado qiriasqirias reportaJidanreportaJidan:
saxalxo moZraoba `samegrelos~ (Tavmjdomare ale-
qsandre WaWia) RonisZiebis formatSi `galelma poetma
nugzar Samugiam waikiTxa gazeT `galis~ redaqtoris,
erovnebiT afxazis, megruli enisa da kulturis Tayva-
nismcemlis, nugzar salayaias, mimarTvis werili damswre
sazogadoebisadmi, romelSic gamoTqmuli iyo mosazre-
ba, rom gazeT `galis~ pirveli nomris gamosvlis dRe, 5
ivnisi (1995 w), gamocxaddes galis raionSi megruli enis
dRed, rasac mohyva zurab kvaracxelias Semxvedri mo-
sazreba. `dRes Cven zugdidSi gvaqvs megruli sityvisa
da poeziis zeimi. unda davanaxoT yvelas, rom varsebobT
da viarsebebT momavalSic. megruli enis dRe unda iyos
erTi engurs gaRma-gamoRma. amitom Semomaqvs winadadeba,
322
rom megruli enis dRed gamocxaddes 29 maisi _ cnobili
megreli enaTmecnierisa da megruli enis mkvlevaris _
mamanti ZaZamias dabadebis dRe~, _ aRniSna zurab kvaracx-
eliam da mis am mosazrebas darbazi aRfrTovanebiT Sex-
vda ( (19. 12. 2012, 11:27:39)~.26
2. lazurilazuri deklaraciadeklaracia TurqeTisa da saqarTvelos
xalxs da msoflio sazogadoebas27: : axlaxan Turqulad, qarTulad da inglisurad gamo-
qveynda erTi viTomda `lazTa deklaracia~, romelic spec-
smssxurebis nawers ufro hgavs; warmovadgen erT fragments
//http://tinyurl.com/cf7glgo/:`lazebi qarTveli eris nawils arasodes warmoad-
gendnen da arc axla arian misi nawili. lazebi qa-
rTvelebi (qarTveluri) ar arian... lazuri dedaenis,
qarTuli enisa an sxva samxreT kavkasiis enebis istori-
ul da genetikur siaxloves ar uarvyofT. es siaxlove
indoevropul enaTa ojaxis tevtonuri jgufidan gamo-
suli germanuli da inglisuri enebis siaxlovisTvis
SeiZleba iyos Sedarebuli. zemoT moxsenebuli enebi
erTmaneTTan lazursa da qarTul enaze metad axlos
dganan, magram rogorc germanelebs ingliselebs an in-
gliselebs germanelebs ar uwodeben, aseve ar SeiZleba
ewodos am siaxlovis gamo lazebs qarTvelebi, lazurs
qarTuli!
...Tu saqarTvelos da saqarTveloSi arsebul orga-
nizaciebs survili aqvT lazebis keTilganwyobisa da saqa-
rTvelos mimarT simpaTiis gazrdis, maT xeli unda Seuwyon
megrelebisa da svanebis kulturul avtonomias, miscen maT
26 http://www.geworld.ge/View.php?ArtId=4516&Title=megruli+poeziis+saRamo+_+zugdidSi&lang=ge.27 Türkiye ve Gürcistan halklarına ve dünya kamuoyuna, To the Turkish and Georgian People and the General Public.
323
mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis saSualeba~... amgvari ideolo-
giiTaa Seqmnili Semdegi ruka:2828
28 http://tinyurl.com/ct98yrp.
324
3. megrulimegruli enisaenisa dada xalxisxalxis aRiarebisaRiarebis moTxovniTmoTxovniT erTierTi
mcirericxovanimcirericxovani jgufisjgufis weriliwerili evrosabWosevrosabWos regionuliregionuli anan
umciresobisumciresobis enebisenebis qartiisqartiis aRmasrulebelaRmasrulebel komitetskomitets /http://tinyurl.com/cs8kudx/:
`Hereby we, the members of Megrelian Language Group on face-book, would like to address you on the matters concerning inclusion of Megrelian language in the list of regional languages of Georgia merit-ing protection under the convention on European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
Megrelian language is the language spoken mostly by indig-enous people living in the western part of Georgia who are referred in Georgia as Megrelebi (Megrels). The Megrelian language does not have any institutional support neither in Georgia nor elsewhere in the world. When Georgia became a member of the Council of Europe it undertook obligation to ratify the Charter for Regional and Minority languages, but so far Georgia has not fulfi lled its obligations.
We are aware that recently the working group of the committee visited Georgia and discussed issues relating to the ratifi cation of the convention. Once the process is activated, we would like to you’re your attention to some fact which makes us, the members of Megrelian language community, utterly concerned.
The Georgian Orthodox Church, especially Patriarch of Geor-gia, who is often referred in Georgia as the Father of Nation, have activated campaign in relation to Megrelian language. The church takes the position that the qualification of Megrelian may pose threat to Gerogian unitiy and therefore, Megrel Language should be treated as a dialect of Georgian. Taking into account the huge influ-ence the church has on government, public officials, populace and even over the scientists, we are afraid that Government of Georgia will be treating Megrel Language as dialect not meriting protection under the Charter. To our utter disappointment many linguists, who previously in their writings considered Megrelian as a language (not a dialect) relating to Georgian, yielded themselves to the influ-
325
ence of church and have changed their positions (Mr. Futkaradze, Mr. Gvantseladze, Mrs. Gujejiani etc.). These scientists, often refer to political reasons (e.g. prevention of disintegration of Georgia) for the justification of lowering Megrelian to the status of dialect. By such a campaign, especially in light of existing territorial con-flicts in Georgia, this group is gaining influence which makes us extremely concerned about the prospect of Megrelian Language~...
am werilisgan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba `margaluri
ninas~ feisbuqis gverdze gamoqveynebuli werili, romelic,
gamoqveynebulia, viTomda, lazTa deklaraciis pasuxad.2929
4. . svaneTissvaneTis konferenciiskonferenciis samuSaosamuSao enebienebi:
Svania biblioTekaale momaval rol - biblioTekaa sem-
inar Svanisga; dekember 3-4, 2010 mestia, latli i beCvi.The Future Role of the Svaneti Libraries - Library seminar in Svaneti ;
December 3-4, 2010 Mesti a, Latali and Becho.legrgali ninar: luSnu i inglisur; Working languages:
Svan and English.sponsorar/Sponsors: finlandiagrand hotel uSba; mes-
tiaS sakrebulo; mestiis bib-ka. Grand Hotel Ushba; Mestia re-gion administration; Mestia library.3030
bunebriviabunebrivia, amisamis mosurnemosurne arar arisaris svanTasvanTa TuTu megrelTamegrelTa
absoluturiabsoluturi umravlesobaumravlesoba dada lazTalazTa didididi nawilinawili; amas
cxadyofs Cemi Tanaavtorebisa da kolegebis: aleqsi Jor-
danias, revaz Serozias, eka dadianis, Tamaz beraZis, bejan
xoravas, rozeta gujejianis, nomadi barTaias, zurab Torias,
dazmir jojuas, maka salias, lela avalianis, lela margia-
29 http://www.faceboo k.com/megrelianlanguage/posts/572802636086229.30 http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=166202273411106&id=252861043627.
326
nis, laSa gvasalias, erekle saRlianis, zurab Tandilavas,
iaSa Tandilavas, fiqri saraCis (TurqeTis moqalaqe lazis)
da mraval sxvaTa araerTi naSromi Tu naweri.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis imperiis mier marTul-
ma Tbilisurma SeiaraRebulma jgufebma gasuli saukunis
90-ian wlebSi araerTxel daarbies samegrelo da saqarT-
velos `vandead~ aqcies, iovane lazis, Wyondidlebisa Tu
gamsaxurdiebis mSobel kuTxeSi ver ganaviTares centri-
danuli tendenciebi.
dResacdResac samegrelosamegrelo-svaneTissvaneTis qarTvelobaqarTveloba myaradmyarad icavsicavs
saukunovansaukunovan kalapotskalapots - dReniadagdReniadag amyarebsamyarebs qarTvelTaqarTvelTa er-er-
TianobisTianobis fundamentsfundaments; mag., svaneTis konferenciis organi-
zatorebs ase upasuxa filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma
lela margianma /citata socialur qselSi gamoqveynebuli
masalidan/:
`Zalian samwuxaroa, rom Tanamedrove svaneTSi xdeba is, rasac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ver miaRwies rusebma da saqa-rTvelos sxva mtrebma svaneTSi _ qarTulis _ rogorc sax-elmwifo enis ugulebelyofa!!!!!!
Cvens teritoriebdakargul samSoblos esRa aklda - svanebma uarvyoT qarTuli da arakeTilmosurne ucxoelebis ganzraxva SevasruloT~!31
zemoTxsenebul svaneTis konferenciis finel damfi-
nansebelsa Tu organizators roca miuTiTes, rom svanebi
qarTvelebi arian da maTi dedaena da saliteraturo ena
aris qarTuli, man aqeT dagvamadla da Tqva, rom gvexmareba,
rom svanebis dedaena _ svanuri _ unda ganviTardes, vi-
naidan igi safrTxis qveS myofi umciresobis enaa. sabuTad
gamoaqveyna iuneskos kvalifikacia,32 sadac, , sabWourisabWouri dezin-dezin-
formaciebisformaciebis inerciiTinerciiT, marTlac weria, rom svanuri aris
31 ix. iqve: http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=166202273411106&id=252861043627.32 http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php.
327
umciresobis ena, romelic safrTxis qveSaa.vfiqrob, , aucilebelia, , Cvenma saxelmwifom dRes didi
samuSaoebi gaswios, , rom oficialur saerTaSoriso doku-mentebsa Tu avtoritetul enciklopediebSi mainc kvazimec-nieruli informaciebi Seicvalos an daabalansdes akade-
miuri informaciebiT.
amave konteqstSi aRvniSnav, rom bolo periodSi ruseT-
Si, TurqeTsa Tu saqarTveloSi isev gaaqtiurdnen jgufebi,
romlebic cdiloben saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobad
gamoacxadon mesxebicmesxebic dada aWarlebicaWarlebic; aseTi kvalifikacia
warmodgenilia zog evropul cnobil leqsikonSic ki (ix.,
mag., larusis 2005 wlis gamocema).
vfiqrob, , is, vinc lazTa, megrelTa, svanTa, aWarelTa Tu
mesxTa saSinao kiloebs umciresobebisumciresobebis enebadenebad3333 acxadebs,
agrZelebs k. . ianovskis, , i. . vostorgovisa da i. stalinis
mcdelobas, amam qarTvelebsqarTvelebs daukargosdaukargos mravalsaukunovanimravalsaukunovani
qarTuliqarTuli kulturiskulturis qmnadobaSiqmnadobaSi monawileobismonawileobis istoriaistoria
da ukulturo sazogadoebebad (umwignobroumwignobro enebisenebis mqonemqone
`mciremcire erebad~erebad~) gamoacxados; SdrSdr.: saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
33 termini: `umwerlobo ena~`umwerlobo ena~ Seuracxmyofelia sul mcire, 15-sauku-
novani samwignobro kulturis mqone qarTvelebis - iovane lazis,
Wyondidlebis, martvileli iovane minCxis Tu iovane afxazis (me-
grelis) dambadebeli kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa _ saSinao metyveleb-
isTvis. maTi istoriuli samwignobro dedaena qarTulia, kuTxuri
kilo ki _ lazur-megruli, Tu svanuri metyvelebis romelime
varianti: xofuri, viwur-arqauli, aTinuri... balszemouri, basqve-
mouri, lentexuri, laSxuri...
Sdr.: uklebliv yvela enaTmecnieris azriT, megrul-lazurica da
svanuric qarTuli samwignobro enis saxesxvaobebia da ara qarTu-
lisgan ise arsebiTad gansxvavebuli enebi, rogorc, mag., afxazuri
ena, rusuli ena, somxuri ena, inglisuri ena, osuri ena da sxv. Sesa-
bamisad, ̀ regionuli da umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qar-
tiis~ konteqstSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs lazur-megrul
Tu svanur idiomebs umwerlebo saxesxvaobebad ganvixilavT Tu
qarTuli enis dialeqtebad, vinaidan, `evropuli qartia~ar ganix-
ilavs saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebsa da dialeqtebs.
328
Ta didi umravlesobisTvis cnobilia, magram Cans, evropasa
Tu aziaSi bevrma eqspertma ar icis, rom istoriuli (Tu
Tanamedrove) qarTuliqarTuli samwignobrosamwignobro kulturiskulturis SemqmnelSemqmnel pirovnebaTapirovnebaTa udidesudides nawilsnawils warmoadgenenwarmoadgenen: lazebi, aWarle-
bi, megrelebi, svanebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, SavSeT-imerx-
evlebi da sxv. am e. . w. . eqspertTaTvis ucnobia isic, rom ar-qauli qarTuli samwignobro enis struqturis mqone enaa
amosavali yvela Tanamedrove qarTveluri kilosaTvis; yvela qarTveluri qvesistemis ZiriTadi lingvisturi maxa-siaTebeli saerToa; mag., micemiTimicemiTi brunvisbrunvis niSaniniSani yvelayvela
qarTvelurqarTvelur qvesistemaSiqvesistemaSi arisaris -ss, kerZod, , xuTive svanur
kiloSi mravlobiT ricxvSi gvaqvs -s, romelic zogjer
ikargeba: xan-ar-s - xarebs, befSu-ar-s _ bavSvebs...34
aqveaqve aRvniSnavTaRvniSnavT, romrom gardagarda terminologiuriterminologiuri diversiebi-diversiebi-
sasa, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis koncefciis avtorebma, , vfiqrob, , unda gaiTvaliswinon ramdenime sxva garemoebac:
34 Sdr., sxva qvesistemebi: megr.: wyar-s `wyals~, osur-s `qals~,
boSi-s `biWs~, bJa-s `mzes~, TuTa-s `mTvares~ (megr.); koCi-s `kacs~,
osure-s `qals~, bere-s `Svils~, kuCxe-s `fexs~ (Wan.); maara-s `kacs~,
zuraal-s `qals~, JeR-s `ZaRls~, xoCa-s `kargs~ (svan.)...
zogjer micemiTis -s morfema Semdegi alomorfebiT dasturdeba:
-s, -sa, -h, c, 0. isini fonetikuri cvlilebiT aris miRebuli: h<s:
rah<ras, Zmah<Zmas (samcx.-javax.) (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, 550); -c<s: me-
grulSi (i. yifSiZe, 1914, gv. 24; g. klimovi, 1962, gv. 69-70; a. lomTaZe,
1987, gv. 10); agreTve gurulsa da aWarulSi (s. JRenti, 1936; i. me-
greliZe, 1938; S. niJaraZe, 1957). mag.: megr.: uwu muSi cxen-c - uTxra
Tavis cxens” (xub. 218,33), paRur-c quCanTuanc `panRurs urtyams”
(xub. 185,36). gur.: wal-c<wald-s, var-c<vard-s, studen-c<student-s...
(i. megreliZe, 1938); gul-c<gul-s, wyal-c<wyal-s, sadil-c<sadil-
s (gr. imnaiSvili, 1966, gv. 250); aWar.: bRavil-c... (S. niJaraZe, 1957,
gv. 31). /0/: kax., qarTl., aWar., javax., kak., imer., laSx., lent., megr. di-
aleqtebSi: as nabijze kvercx-0 artyamda, irmeb-0 qamando iWerda
(qarTl.); pol-0 recxen, Cedian qorwil-0 (kak.); cxen-0 saZovari
misca, TaTreb-0 dauZaxa, xurjin-0 piri moxsna (javax.); matyuara
xalx-0 ver iponi iqa, veqsil-0 douwerden (z.imer.); mezoblef-0
duriges, kardlef-0 muakalief (z.aWar.); ima-0 moyvebian (raW.)...
329
1. `enobrivienobrivi politikis~politikis~ mimarTulebiTmimarTulebiT saqarTvelosaqarTvelo agebsagebs sainformaciosainformacio omsoms imitom rom, saqarTvelos Sesabamisi struq-turebis pasiurobis fonze, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri da politikuri istoriis Sesaxeb sruliad araadekvaturi in-formaciebia gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi, romelTa gav-leniT saqarTvelos megobari saxelmwifoebic ki wamgebian konsultaciebs gvawvdian...
Sesabamisad, aucilebelia saqarTvelos axalma mTavro-
bam am mimarTulebiT seriozuli gegmebi Seadginos da gan-axorcielos, xolo politikurma speqtrma ufro meti dro dauTmos warmodgenil problemebze fiqrs da ara - urTier-
TangariSsworebas Sidapolitikur velSi.
2. Tanamedrove msoflioSi rTulia saqarTvelos danaw-evrebis dakanoneba okupaciis gziT, Sesabamisad, momavalSicmomavalSic gagrZeldebagagrZeldeba mcdelobanimcdelobani, `mecnieruli~mecnieruli~ kvalifikaciebiTkvalifikaciebiT dada istoriuliistoriuli sinamdvilissinamdvilis gayalbebiTgayalbebiT - sainformaciosainformacio d i v e r s i e b i T - moeZebnosmoeZebnos safuZvelisafuZveli:
qarTvelTa nawilis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebas,
saqarTveloSive qarTvelTa axali ukanono avtonomiebi-
sa Tu e. w. TviTmmarTveli regionebis Seqmnas,
qarTvelTa didi nawilisTvis dedaenis - qarTuli enis
gaucxoebas,
`evropuli qartiis~ gamoyenebiT migrantebisaTvis avtoq-
Toni umciresobis uflebebis miniWebas...
Sesabamisad, Cveni qveynisTvis arsebiTia, sworad daigeg-mos qarTvelologiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis ganviTareba da Tavdacvis strategia intensiuri sainformacio agresiis pirobebSi.
3. normalur situaciaSi `enis qartia~ ar aris saxifaTo dokumenti. saqarTvelosTvissaqarTvelosTvis `enisenis qartia~qartia~ saSiSisaSiSi mxolodmxolod
330
imim SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi gaxdebagaxdeba, TukiTuki gareSegareSe ZalebiZalebi CvensCvens qveynasqveynas TavsTavs moaxvevenmoaxveven amam dokumentisdokumentis ZiriTadiZiriTadi principebisaprincipebisa dada kriteri-kriteri-
umebisumebis araadekvaturaraadekvatur kvalifikaciebskvalifikaciebs.`qartia prerogativas aniWebs qveynis xelisuflebas,
romelmac demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Ta-
vad unda gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdno-
biTac am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas
mieniWeba damoukidebeli enis statusi~. Sesabamisad, arse-
bobs realuri safuZveli, saqarTvelom safrTxeebis pre-
venciis gaTvaliswinebiT, moaweros xeli am dokuments da,
roca amis dro mova, daadasturos is inglissa Tu fineTSi
Camoyalibebuli logikuri principebis mixedviT.
4.. `regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropis qa-rtiis~ ratificirebasa da 1944 wels mesxeTidan gasaxleb-
ulTa STamomavlebis kompaqturad dasaxlebaze seriozuli msjeloba mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba daiwyos, roca das-ruldeba saqarTvelos deokupacia da saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, saqarTvelos konstituciiT gansazRvruli wesis mixedviT, aRdgeba saxelmwifo enis funqcionireba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, didi albaTobaa, Zlier da ara-
keTilmosurne mezobel saxelmwifoebTan sabolood wava-goT sainformacio omi. ris Semdegac gareSe Zalebi `evro-puli qartiebis~ subieqturi interpretirebiT qarTvel ers daanawevreben enobriv-eTnikurad, saqarTvelos ki de iurec daSlian e. w. TviTmmarTvel regionebad35.....
35 politikur dokumentebSi dausabuTebeli msjelobaa imazec, rom
istoriulad saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa da amitom auci-
lebelia e. w. ̀ regionuli demokratia~ (`meti damoukidebloba re-
gionebs~)... situacias arTulebs isic, rom saerTaSoriso sivrceSi
saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situacia Tu politikuri istoria
ZiriTadad isev sabWouri ideologemebiTaa warmodgenili...
331
statiaSistatiaSi warmodgeniliwarmodgenili msjelobamsjeloba asease SeiZlebaSeiZleba SevajamoTSevajamoT:
dRes saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriis mesamedze
sruliad ignorebulia saxelmwifo enis statusi; kerZod: 1. ruseTis mier okupirebul teritoriebze _ afxazeT-
sa da cxinvalis mxareSi _ oficialuradac uaryofilia
qarTuli ena da, faqtobrivadac, am mxareebis didi nawili-
dan gamodevnilia avtoqToni qarTulenovani mosaxleoba; 2. samxreT saqarTvelos ramdenime raionSi qarTuli
ena de iure inarCunebs saxelmwifo enis statuss, magram
faqtobrivad ver sruldeba konstituciuri moTxovna, ram-
denadac mosaxleoba ver flobs qarTul enas.
...aseTaseT situaciaSisituaciaSi qarTvelqarTvel TuTu ucxoelucxoel eqspertTaeqspertTa
ramdenimeramdenime jgufijgufi saqarTvelossaqarTvelos xelisuflebasxelisuflebas sTavazobssTavazobs,
ratificireba gaukeTos `evropul qartias regionuli an
umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb~ da ratificirebis dokuments
daurTos sia, sadac warmodgenili iqneba sul mcire, 12
regionuliregionuli enaena; mag., tomaS vixerkeviCisa da misi qarTveli
Tanaavtorebis mier saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis 2005
wels momzadebuli rekomendaciebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo-
Si regionuli an umciresobis enebis kvalifikacia unda
mieniWos 12 enas: somxurs, azerbaijanuls, rusuls, berZnuls,
ebrauls, qurTuls/iezidurs, ukrainuls, CeCnurs/qisturs,
asiriuls, avariuls da `umwerlobo enebs~: megrul-lazur-
sa da svanurs.36 warmodgenili CamonaTvali ar gamomdinareobs `regionu-
li an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiidan~; am SesaniSnavi evropuli dokumentis principebs mkacrad Tuki davicavT, , saqarTveloSi ver vipoviT vercerT enas, , romelic
36 http://www.scribd.com/doc/16212237/Recommendations-on-Language-Policy-to-Protect-Linguistic-Minorities-Shalva-Tabatadze-Kakha-Gabunia-Marika-OdzeliGeorgian-Version.
332
saxeldebul unda iqnes termin `regionuliregionuli eniT~.eniT~.37
paralelurad, bolo periodSi muSavdeba saxelisufle-saxelisufle-
bobo proeqtiproeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTveloSi regio-regio-
nulinuli TviTmmarTvelobebisTviTmmarTvelobebis damkvidrebas, regionuli biu-
jetebis SemoRebas da a. S. politikuri speqtris nawilis
mier saubaria gubernatorebis arCevazec; faqtobrivad, , saerTaSoriso velSi arsebuli terminebis ( (regioni, , region-alizmi...), ...), `regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiisa~ da `TvimmarTvelobis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis~ arsis gayalbebiT mzaddeba saqarTvelos dezintegraciis safuZvlebis Seqmna. .
aSkaraaaSkaraa: saerTaSorisosaerTaSoriso sivrceSisivrceSi saqarTvelosaqarTvelo agebsagebs sain-sain-
formacioformacio omsoms saqarTvelossaqarTvelos danawevrebisdanawevrebis mosurnemosurne ZalebTanZalebTan. aqve aRvniSnav, , rom samxedro intervenciaze ufro saSiSia e. . w. . `terminologiuri diversiebiTa~ da e.w. “mecnieruli ruke-
biT” wagebuli samecniero-sainformacio omi, , ramdenadac sainformacio velSi marcxi Seuqcevads gaxdis mravalsauku-
novani erTobis - - qarTveliqarTveli eriseris - enobrivenobriv-eTnikureTnikur dezinte-dezinte-
graciasagraciasa dada mravalsaukunovanimravalsaukunovani saqarTvelossaqarTvelos saxelmwifossaxelmwifos saboloosaboloo danawevrebasdanawevrebas /qarTveli erisTvis mZime Tanamdevi
movlenebiT/.3838
37 msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Sero-
zia, `evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb~ da
saqarTvelo~, quTaisi, 2010; `European Charter for Regional or Minority Lan-guages~ and Georgia~, Kutaisi, 2010; E.Dadiani, R. Serozia; http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-Revaz-Seroozia-2010.38 umZimesi Sedegi aseTi iqneba: qarTveli eris istoriuli miwa-
wyali gadaiqceva didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebis strategi-
uli bazebis ganlagebis velad, Cveni winaprebis mier sisxliTa
da didi RvawliT dRemde moRweuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ki
gaqreba msoflio rukidan.
333
manana tabiZe manana tabiZe _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis profesori, filologiis
mecnierebaTa doqtori
enobrivi politikis Teoria enobrivi politikis Teoria
da praqtikada praqtika
Tanamedrove saenaTmecniero kvlevebi xSirad eZRvneba
iseT Temebs, rogoricaa enis bunebisa da Taviseburebebis
axsna diskursuli da farTo eqstralingvisturi garemoe-
bebiT. dRes, rodesac msoflioSi gaxSirda e. w. enaTa kv-
doma (Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva,
enebi kvdebian Tu kilokavebi; iseve, rogorc imis garkveva,
rogor SeinarCunon dialeqtebi iseTma qveynebma, romle-
bic sayovelTao ganaTlebiTa da maRali enobrivi standar-
tizaciiT iwoneben Tavs, aseve mniSvnelovania imis garkve-
vac, saWiroa Tu ara amgvari kilouri mravalferovnebis
SenarCuneba da romeli argumentebia an erT an meore
mxares), am sikvdilianobis mizezTa gamoZiebac fatalur
mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan am mizezTagan zogierTi mainc
SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes regulacias da amdenad sworad
warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi sikvdilisagan enis gadamrCenla-
dac mogvevlinos. Tumca aqve erTi ram unda aRiniSnos: enis
bedis, funqcionirebis sivrcis, masze da misgan momdinare
gavlenebis, enobrivi identobis Sefasebis (filosofiuri,
politikuri, socialur-kulturuli) garemoebebi da safuZ-
vlebi xSirad icvleba, da am cvalebadobas enobrivi situa-
ciis regulirebis RonisZiebaTa krizisebi mosdevs. amis
erT-erT yvelaze metyvel magaliTs sabWoeTis cnobili
`diskusiebi~ warmoadgens, rodesac adre kultad qceuli
Tvalsazrisebi, sakmaod mokle xanSi sastiki gmobisa da
334
uaryofis obieqtad gamocxadda. n. mari (1893-1935), romelic
50-ian wlebamde sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis ualternativo
lideri iyo, gazeT `pravdis~ furclebze dawyebuli disku-
siis Sedegad antisabWoTa moazrovned gamocxadda.1 Tavad
stalini, romelic reJimis umZimes periodebSic ki n. maris
Teoriebis mimarT keTilganwyobili Canda, diskusiaSi sas-
tikad akritikebs mas.2 anu is, rac adre marizmis saxeliT
xorcieldeboda, 50-iani wlebidan Tavad marsa da mis
skolas ukanve miubrunda.3 politikuri klimatis Sesabamisi
ryevebi mTel humanitarul samecniero samyaros agdebda
kalapotidan. erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelsac stalini, da misi
gavleniT bevri sxva specialistic, 50-ian wlebSi maris na-
klad acxadebs, is iyo, rom mars ena zednaSenur kateoriad
miaCnda. Tumca n. maris axali enobrivi Teoria, romelic
ZalaSi Sevida 1928-1929 wlebSi, faravs sabWoTa enaTmec-
nierebas 1950-ian wlebamde, da Sesabamisad, Teoriul safuZ-
vels uqmnis praqtikul enobriv politikas, romelic am pe-
riodSi saxelmwifoebriv doneze xorcieldeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom marizmis qebisa da kritikis mimarTulebiT 1928-
29 wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde uamravi samecniero Tu
fsevdosamecniero naSromi Seqmnila CvenSic da ucxoeTSic,
jerjerobiT aravis Seuswavlia is praqtikuli Sedegebi,
romelic am Teoriisadmi sxvadasxvagvarma damokidebulebam
moitana enis politikis sferoSi (xom swored am damokide-
bulebaTa mixedviT igegmeboda saxelmwifo da Sida saz-
1 ix. ioseb stalinis interviu gazeTi `pravdisaTvis~; И. В. СТАЛИН. Относительно марксизма в языкознании: Марксизм и вопросы языкознания. Москва, 1950.2 Tumca, rogorc miuTiTeben, diskusiis dros stalinis simkacrem
mogvianebiT, poststalinur xanaSi, n. mari stalinizmis msxverp-
lad warmoaCina da iseT sakiTxebSic ki aRmouCina mas qomagebi,
romlebSic mari misi samecniero moRvaweobis yvela etapze mcdar
poziciaze idga. В. М. Алпатов, МАРР, МАРРИЗМ И СТАЛИНИЗМ, http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/alp93sp.htm3 ix. Г. ДАНИЛОВ : Мои ошибки._ `Революция и язык~, 1931, №1, gv. 9-10.
335
4 trubeckois moswonda sabWoTa kavSiris kulturuli modeli
da surda Cexoslovakia ssrk-Si Seeyvana (eZebda lingvistur das-
abuTebas am miznis misaRwevad); aSS-Si emigraciamde trubeckoi
moldavursa da ruminuls Soris sazRvars avlebda md. prutze,
1940-ian wlebSi ki iq ssrk sazRvari gaevlo. ase moaxerxa ru-
sulma enaTmecnierebam daemtkicebina, rom moldavuri ruminuli
ar iyo da misi anbani kirilicas safuZvelze unda Seqmniliyo.
5 msjelobis mocemuli stili da Tanmimdevruloba ekuTvnis loza-
nis universitetis profesors patrik serios, romelmac es leqcia
waikiTxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, 2009 wlis 17 marts.
6 am sistemis mixedviT aRmosavleTi evropac cdilobs dasavleTi
evropa gaxdes.
Rvrebis, administraciuli dayofis, ganaTlebis, kulturis,
samoqalaqo urTierTobebis, saxelmwifoTa enobrivi kon-
taqtebis, sakonstitucio-sakanonmdeblo midgomebis poli-
tika!); 1919 wels lingvisti-eqspertebi, maT Soris antuan
meie, monawileobdnen versalis xelSekrulebis momzadeba-
Si da gegmavdnen evropis rukas lingvisturi principiT.
enaTmecnierebive uZebnidnen safuZvels evropisa da aziis
sazRvars; swored am dros gaaqtiurda e. w. sami samyaros
Teoria, romlis ZiriTadi suliskveTeba aseTi iyo: aris
sami samyaro – evropa, azia da ruseTi, romelic maT Sua-
Si mdebareobso. v. i. lamanskis es Teza (gamoTqmuli 1892
wels) meoce saukuneSic muSaobda. swored meoce saukuneSi
daibada ideologia, rom ruseTi aris specifikuri lingvis-
turi mTlianoba erTi arealis `evraziis~ farglebSi (anu
ruseTi aris evrazia). es ideologia ukavSirdeba r. o. ia-
kobsonsa (1896-1982) da n. s. trubeckois (1890-1938),4 romelTa
`mecnierul obieqturobaSi~ sabWoTa enaTmecnierebas eWvi
ar Sehqonda.5 evropisa Tu aziisaTvis kuTvnilebis sakiTxs
principuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove msoflioSic,
rodesac Seiqmna RirebulebaTa mTeli sistema e. w. dasav-
luri kulturis, dasavluri demokratiis, dasavluri human-
izmisa da sxv. saxeliT...6
did gavlenas axdens enobriv politikaze, droTa gan-
336
mavlobaSi ki Tavad enaTa bedzec, enis arealuri kval-
ifikaciac, romelic asevea damokidebuli konkretul is-
toriul momentSi enis ama Tu im kontinenturi an ufro
viwro geografiuli sivrcisaTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxze,
enaTmecniereba aseT SemTxvevebSi konsultantia, mimkuTvne-
beli ki _ politika gaxlavT (zogjer politika damkveTia,
mecniereba –Semsrulebeli).
unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos enobrivi situacia jer
ar Seswavlila arealuri lingvistikis sociolingvistu-
ri profiliT, rac Zalze saSuri saqmea da sazRvrispira
regionebis enobrivi situaciis sruli SefasebiT ara mx-
olod amJmindeli viTarebis axsnis, aramed samomavlo per-
speqtivebis ganWvretis SesaZleblobasac Seicavs. ama Tu
im xalxis, enis, kulturis mikuTvneba farTo kontinenturi
sivrcisaTvis advili saqme araa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
evropac ki iyofa dasavleT da aRmosavleT arealebad, da
am dayofaSi mTavaria ara fizikuri, aramed politikuri,
ekonomikuri, kulturuli faqtorebi (Sdr. aSS, romelic
samxreTad da CrdiloeTad iyofa). prof. n. naTaZem Ta-
vis erT-erT satelevizio gamosvlaSi daaxloebiT amgvari
ram ganacxada: Cemi azriT, evropisaTvis saqarTvelos mi-
kuTvnebuloba saerTo kulturuli, up. yovlisa ki, saerTo
literaturuli procesebiT dasturdeba, ramdenadac iseTi
literaturul-kulturuli mimdinareobebi, rogoricaa am-
Jamad evropulad wodebuli renesansi, agreTve, romantiz-
mi da simbolizmi, saqarTveloSi bunebrivad da umaRlesi
xarisxiT ganviTarda, aziis arcerT qveyanaSi amgvari ram
ar momxdarao. vfiqrobT, sagulisxmo msjelobaa, Tumca, al-
baT, ufro gamowvlilviT Sesamowmebeli.7
7 amave rigisa unda iyos dava `vefxistyaosnis~ dasavluri Tu
aRmosavluri samyaros kuTvnilebad gamocxadebis Taobaze. Tu
`vefxistyaosani~ renesansuli nawarmoebia, maSin is evropulia.
Tumca es sakiTxi ver Semowmdeba dasavluri da aRmosavluri
Rirebulebebis Sesafaseblad saerTo sociokulturuli krite-
riumebis dadgenis gareSe.
337
8 aqve ganvmartavT: lingvisturi geografia aris enaTmecnierebis
dargi (nawili), romelic swavlobs enobriv movlenaTa gavrcele-
bulobas; lingvogeografia XIX saukunis bolos dialeqtolo-
gias gamoeyo calke dargad da mWidrod daukavSirda arealur
lingvistikas (Tumca ar udris mas). rukaze sxvadasxva enobrivi
movlenis TaviseburebaTa gadatanam aCvena, rom am TaviseburebaTa
gavrcelebuloba warmoadgens izoglosebis (rukaze gamoxatuli
xazebi, romlebic SemosazRvraven calkeuli enobrivi faqtis gavr-
celebis teritorias) rTul wnuls; amasTan, Cveulebriv, mocemuli
dialeqtis sxvadasxva movlenis izoglosebi, erTmaneTs ar emTx-
veva. izoglosebis erToblioba mocemuli enis gavrcelebis te-
ritoriaze, anu `enobrivi landSafti~, Cveulebriv lingvogeogra-
fiis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens (Словарь социолингвистических терминов. Москва, 2006).
arealuri lingvistikis cneba uSualodaa mibmuli
lingvisturi geografiis8 cnebasTan da sociolingvistiki-
saTvis ganimarteba, rogorc lingvisturi geografiis meTo-
debiT enobriv movlenaTa sivrceSi gavrcelebulobisa da
enaTaSorisi (dialeqtTaSorisi) urTierTqmedebis Semswav-
leli dargi; igi fasdaudebelia sociolingvistikisaTvis,
romelsac enobrivi sivrce ainteresebs, anu ainteresebs
enis teritoriuli variantebis gavrcelebuloba enobrivi
koleqtivebis kompaqturi/dispersiuli dasaxlebis adgile-
bisa da enis mtarebelTa migraciebis konteqstSi.
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi, romelic dRes gacilebiT
ufroa miswrafebuli pragmatuli, gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi-
saken, vidre odesme yofila, erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxad eni-
sa da dialeqtis definiciisa da, Sesabamisad, moxmarebaSi
arsebuli sametyvelo variantebis enebad Tu dialeqtebad
kvalifikaciis sakiTxi daCndeba.
ramdenadac am momentisaTvis monodisciplinur kv-
levebs TiTqmis srulad Caenacvla interdisciplinuri
kvlevebi, enaTmecnierebasac mouxda monaTesave dargebis
gansazRvra da morgeba. amis Sedegia iseTi axali samecniero
sferoebis gamoCena, rogoricaa: sociolingvistika, lingvo-
anTropologia, lingvokulturologia, fsiqolingvistika,
338
lingvopolitika, iurislingvistika da sxv. am axal dargeb-
Si ganxorcielda sinTezi sakuTriv lingvisturi codnisa
im codnasa da meTodologiebTan, romelsac adre mxolod
calkeuli dargebi iyenebdnen. es procesi ganapiroba im
socialur-politikurma `dakveTam~, romelsac Tanamedrove
msoflio aZlevs humanitarul mecnierebebs, kerZod, saer-
TaSoriso urTierTobebis daregulirebis, adamianis ufle-
bebis dacvis, sakonstitucio samarTlis mowesrigebis,
saxelmwifos SigniT saganmanaTleblo da sakomunikacio
politikis gansazRvris, msoflio globalizaciur kursTan
optimaluri Sesabamisobis daZebnisa da sxva mniSvnelovani
RonisZiebebis dagegmva-marTvisaTvis swori informaciisa
da rekomendaciebis miwodebis mimarTulebiT.
tradiciuli enaTmecnierebis gzaze am axali proce-
sebis gaCena-gaaqtiurebas, cxadia, zogierTi sakiTxis axle-
burad gaazreba da Sefaseba dasWirda. zogjer klasikur
enaTmecnierebaSi ukve mravalgzis aprobirebuli termi-
nebis mravaldargovan sivrceebSi gadatanas dubleturi
terminebis gaCena mohyva, zogjer ki am terminTa viwro
dargobrivi mniSvneloba dabrkolebad eqca saxelmwifoe-
brivi mowyobis sferoSi enobrivi politikis warmatebul
realizacias. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gramatikosTaTvis adre
savsebiT misaRebi `muSaterminebi~, rogoricaa: samwerlobo
enebi, umwerlobo enebi, koine, standartuli ena, dialeqtebi,
kiloebi, kilokavebi, metyveleba, kuTxuri metyveleba, ena-
Ta ojaxebi, dargobrivi enebi, monaTesave enebi, enobrivi
koleqtivi, enobrivi jgufi da sxv.; am terminebs daemata
Tanamedrove politikur dokumentebSi xSirad gamoyenebu-
li Sesityvebebi: saxelmwifo enebi, diasporis ena, enobrivi
umciresobebi, umciresobaTa enebi, regionuli ena, pirveli
ena, meore ena, ucxo ena da sxv.
aRmoCnda, rom tradiciuli enaTmecniereba Tavisi ter-
minologiiT srulad ver gamoxatavs enobrivi variantebis
339
9 Словарь Социолингвистических терминов._ Россииская академия наук, Институт языкознания, Российская академия лингвистических наук, Институт иностранных языков. Москва, 2006.
socialur-politikur bunebas, Tumca ki mas ar eTmoba enas-
Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi sxva disciplinebisaTvis; es
`sijiute~ SesaZlebelia sabediswero aRmoCndes im sax-
elmwifoTaTvis, romlis saenaTmecniero skolebi daagvi-
aneben Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi
garkvevas da Zveli cnebebis axal realobaSi meqanikurad
danergvas Seecdebian. kerZod, ar SeiZleba avtomaturad
gauigivdes `kuTxis metyveleba~ `regionul enas~, an Seu-
Zlebelia, erTi erisa da kulturis farglebSi, mudmivad
erTi da imave samwerlobo eniT nakvebi enobrivi variantebi
ganixilebodes saerTo laTinizebul safuZvelze ganStoe-
buli damoukidebeli samwerlobo da kulturuli gamoc-
dilebis mqone evropuli enebis tolfasad. es sakiTxebi
uTuod `mSvidi~ diskusiis farglebSi darCeboda, rom
ara maTi mwvave politikuri datvirTva: mravalricxovani
saerTaSoriso normebi, qartiebi da deklaraciebi avalde-
bulebs saxelmwifoebs, enobriv umciresobaTa uflebebis
dacvis uzrunvelsayofad SeimuSaon saxelmwifoTa SigniT
arsebuli enobrivi koleqtivebis zusti kvalifikacia da
Sesabamisi enobrivi kanonmdebloba.9
swored amgvarma problemebma gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi
arsebuli enobrivi situaciis Seswala-SefasebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. CvenSi qarTveluri eno-
brivi samyaros samecniero Seswavla uZvelesi droidan mim-
dinareobs; amaze miuTiTebs dokumenturad dadasturebuli
unificirebuli, maRalstandartuli samwerlobo qarTuli
ena ukve Cv. w. pirvel saukuneebSi, srulyofili da uni-
ficirebuli grafikuli sistema, maRalxarisxovani mwigno-
broba, mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebi, kvalificiuri gramati-
kuli kvlevebi saqarTveloSi Tu saqarTvelos farglebs
340
gareT (aTonelebi, petriwi...), standartizebuli sakancel-
ario ena, dargobrivi terminologiebi, leqsikografiuli
namuSevrebi da sxv.10
qarTuli samwignobro enis mimarT misi enobrivi varian-
tebis, dialeqturi saxesxvaobebis raime specialuri termi-
niT gamijvnis sakiTxebiT daintereseba ZiriTadad XIX sau-
kunis dasawyisidan iCens Tavs, rodesac saqarTvelos 1801
wlidan ruseTi Tavis saimperio guberniebis saxiT Suaze
yofs da misi eTnografiuli Tu enobrivi Taviseburebebis
mizanmimarTuli interpretirebiT saTaves udebs im kurss,
romelic sabolood saqarTvelos daSliTa da gaqrobiT
unda dasrulebuliyo.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo swored am momentSi
waawyda qarTvelur ena-kiloTa statusobrivi markirebis
uprecedento logikas, romelic rusi an ucxoeli viz-
itioris kerZo STabeWdilebebsa Tu gamiznul samoxe-
leo gegmebs ukavSirdeboda, da romliTac saqarTveloSi
qarTvelebad aRar miiCneodnen xevsurebi, Tu megrelebi,
imerlebi Tu svanebi, ramdenadac maTi sametyvelo Ta-
viseburebebi `ucxos~ `eucxova~. manamde ki saqarTvelo-
Si, Tundac samefo-samTavroebad daqucmacebulobis Jams,
10 М. Табидзе. О некоторых аспектах языкового законодательства в Грузии в ХIХ-ХХ веках. ХI коллоквиум Европейского общества Кавказоведов. 20-22 июня, 2002; МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова. Филологический факультет; Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук, Москва, 2002, Стр. 75. winamdebare statiis saerTo formatSi upriani iqneba erTi isto-
riis gaxsenebac: swored miTiTebuli moxsenebis TezisebSi mosk-
ovelma kolegebma (saredaqcio jgufma) avtoris nebarTvis gareSe
Caweres fraza ̀ ruseTTan saqarTvelos nebayoflobiTi SeerTebis
Semdeg...~, rasac mohyva mwvave mimowera avtorsa da redkolegias
Soris, romlis bolos redaqciam bodiSi moixada, xolo avtorma
konferenciis monawileTa umravlesobas (visi eleqtronuli fos-
tac miTiTebuli iyo konferenciis masalebSi) daugzavna mimow-
eris teqstebi da ganmartebiTi werili, saTauriT `enobrivi poli-
tikis erTi magaliTi”.
341
11 T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, Mm. aWyebiaT. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, Mm. aWyebia. stiqiuri plebiscitebi soci-
olingvistur sakiTxTa Sesaxeb XIX s-is II naxevarsa da XX s-is
I naxevarSi. kavkasiologiuri krebuli, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. uni-
versiteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, kavkasiologiis
instituti (eZRvneba prof. ian braunis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavs).
Tbilisi, 2007.
12 sulxan-saba orbelianisulxan-saba orbeliani. qarTuli leqsikoni. prof. ioseb yifSi-
Zisa da prof. akaki SaniZis redaqciiT. tfilisi, 1928.
arasodes dasmula qarTvelTaTvis garda qarTulisa
sxva romelime metyvelebis srulfasovan enad miCnevis
SesaZleblobis sakiTxi, anu arc erTi kuTxis (samefo-sam-
Tavros) mmarTvels ar mouxmia sametyvelo Tavisebure-
bebi kerZo identobis maCveneblad da uari ar uTqvams
qarTul saliteraturo enaze.11
TavisTavad termini `ena~ mravalgvarad ganimarteba
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli kuTxiT xdeba sametyvelo ver-
siis Sefaseba da markireba. amitomacaa, rom am terminis
msazRvrelebad sruliad gansxvavebuli Rirebulebisa
Tu tevadobis leqsika SeiZleba Segvxvdes: `Jestebis
ena~, `adamianTa ena~, `cxovelTa ena~, `bavSvis ena~, `dar-
gobrivi ena~, `qurdebis ena~, `politikis ena~ da a. S.;
sabasTan ena sruliad zogadadaa ganmartebuli: `ena _
saubris aso; n. enovani, irmis ena, mzeenaoba, naenavi, orena,
furis ena, ZaRlis-ena. `orena _ orpiri kaci~, `naenavi _
eniT naTqvami~.12
sakuTriv lingvistur definiciebSic ar aris miRebu-
li am terminis erTaderTi varianti (enebi, rogorc erTi
da imave enis funqciuri stilebi, enebi, rogorc erTi da
imave enis sxvadasxva genderuli sibrtyeebi, enebi, ro-
gorc soflisa Tu urbanuli metyvelebaTa variaciebi
da a. S. cxadia, vidre zustad ar ganisazRvreba ena, zus-
tad ver ganisazRvreba misi saxesxvaobac _ dialeqti.
aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom socialur-politikuri
viTarebis gavlena enobrivi mravalferovnebis sakvali-
342
fikacio kriteriumebze samecniero azrs wina saukuneeb-
Sic aRelvebda.13
• ena-dialeqtis gamijvnis Taobaze sxvadasxva dros da
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi araerTi diskusia gamarTula.14 am
mxriv arc Cvena varT gamonaklisi. bolo xanebSi es kama-
Ti gamwvavda, Tumca XIX-XX s.-is moRvaweTa nawerebis am
TvaliT gadakiTxva aSkarad aCens, rom am Temaze cxare
kamaTi ruseTis imperiis batonobis periodSi araerTx-
el gamarTula da TiTqmis yovelTvis am diskusiebs
politikuri qveteqsti axlda. amJamadac ena-dialeqtis
kvalifikaciis sakiTxi politikur biZgebs ukavSird-
eba. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da qartiebis
moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, am dokumentebTan misadagebis
mowadine saxelmwifoebs aucileblad esaWiroebaT me-
tyvelebis ama Tu im tipisaTvis `enis~ (`umciresobis
enis~, `umwerlobo enis~, `dagvianebuli enis~ da sxv.
(amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT)) an `dialeqtis~ statusis mini-
Weba. statusi ki romelime kompetenturma dargma (an
dargebma) unda gansazRvros. yovel SemTxvevaSi, poli-
tika, garegnulad mainc, Tavidan iridebs am tvirTs da
`TavganwirvisaTvis~ mzad myof disciplinebs akisrebs
pasuxismgeblobas. aseTi mzaoba saqarTveloSi enaTmec-
nierebam (saTanado institutebma) gamoxata. Tumca aR-
13 magaliTisaTvis, davasaxelebT Tundac franguli enis Tavisebu-
rebaTa sakmaod mikerZoebul analizs XX saukunis 20-iani wle-
bis ruseTSi: К. Н. Державин. Борьба классов и партий в языке Великой Французской Революции. `Язык и Литература~. 1927, т. II, в. I. gv. 1-62.14 m. tabiZe.m. tabiZe. enebi Tu dialeqtebi? krebuli II. baTumis SoTa
rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti. memed abaSiZis
saxelobis samecniero-kvleviTi centri. 2002, gv. 207-219; m. tabi-m. tabi-
ZeZe. enobrivi variantebis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis._ qarTveluri
memkvidreoba. 7. quTaisi, 2003, gv. 201-205; m. tabiZem. tabiZe. sad gadis sazR-
vari dialeqtsa da enas Soris?_ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis
sakiTxebi. 8. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 189-194.
343
15 swored am problemebma warmoSva axali diskusia, romelic ro-
gorc ar unda daamcros romelime mokamaTe mxarem, mainc mimdina-
reobs, da xSirad ara marto profesiuli eTikis darRvevamde mihy-
avs zogierTi oponenti, armed samsaxurebrivi devnis berketebis
amoqmedebiskenac ubiZgebs samecniero dawesebulebaTa adminis-
traciulad dawinaurebul warmomadgenlebs (diskusiis sxvadasx-
va aspeqti ganxilulia mraval naSromSi, maT Soris: T. gvancelaZeT. gvancelaZe.
enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi. kavkasiologiuri
seria. I. iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTaSoriso samecniero centri.
Tbilisi, 2006; t.PfutkaraZet.PfutkaraZe. QqarTvelebi. Tbilisi, 2005.
moCnda, rom istorikosebis, eTnografebis, sociologebi-
sa da politologebis CarTvis gareSe es sakiTxebi ver
gadawydeba. aRmoCnda isic, rom Tavad dargis SigniT
enaTmecniereba jer ar aris saboloo daskvnamde mis-
uli.15 amJamad qarTuli ena-dialeqtebis kvalifikaciis
Taobaze mimdinare polemikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebia:
• arsebobs Tu ara obieqturi kriteriumebi imis dasad-
genad, Tu sad mTavrdeba dialeqti da iwyeba ena?
• ra aris qarTuli samwerlobo ena yovelTa qarTvel-
TaTvis _ dedaena, saliteraturo koine, Tu saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis nawilisaTvis (qarTveli nawilisaTvis)
mSobliuri, xolo meore nawilisaTvis arasakuTari, ar-
amSobliuri, Tavs moxveuli da iZulebiTi ena, iseTi,
rogoric iyo rusuli sabWoTa periodSi?
• aris Tu ara msoflioSi yvelgan da yvela droSi arse-
buli nebismieri dialeqti gasagebi qveynis yoveli mo-
qalaqisaTvis? ra procentisTvis ar aris gasagebi esa
Tu is dialeqti? ra Tqma unda, dedamiwaze arsebuli
yoveli enobrivi saxesxvaoba arc Cven SegviZlia mov-
icvaT da arc Cvens oponentebs, magram rasac SeiZleba
gavwvdeT, is aSkaras xdis, rom enobrivi mravalferovne-
ba ganuzomelia da yvela saxesxvaobas Tavisi sakuTari,
mxolod misi warmoSobis, ganviTarebis, garemocvis, so-
cialur-kulturuli gamocdilebis, genetikuri Tavise-
344
burebebis, religiuri warmodgenebis, sayofacxovrebo
specifikisa da sxvaTa gavleniT aqvs miRebuli esa Tu
is saxe. amitom sxvisi magaliTebi mxolod imisTvis Tu
gamogvadgeba, rom vTqvaT: _ erTi da igive kriteriumi
da erTaderTi rekomendacia ar arsebobs.
• aris Tu ara, erTi mxriv, qarTulis mimarT frangulis,
da meore mxriv, qarTuli samwignobro enis mimarT misi
romelime sametyvelo variantis Sesabamisoba tolfa-
si? da Tu ara, termini `ena~ orive SemTxvevisaTvis
misaRebia?
• rogor unda ganvixiloT sametyvelo variantebi, ro-
gorc paralelurad momuSave damoukidebeli enebi, Tu
rogorc sakomunikacio donis Sesabamisad gamosayene-
beli kodebi? enis adgmisas adamianis sametyvelo da
sainformacio bazisi viwroa, sistematurad erTsa da
imave sakomunikacio situaciaSi gamosayenebeli eno-
brivi masalac viwrod SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram rac
ufro farTovdeba codnisa da informaciis sazRvrebi,
da Tavad adamianis moRvaweobis geografia, miT ufro
farTo enobrivi arsenalis amoqmedeba-moxmareba xdeba
saWiro; aseT dros dialeqtis moqmedebis geografiuli
da kulturuli sazRvrebi gacilebiT Sors iwevs da
enobrivi faqturac am sazRvrebidan iwyebs moqmedebas.
is, rom megreli an guruli `vefxistyaosnis~ kiTxvisas
saTanado epoqis enobriv masalas imarjvebs, vaJas kiTx-
visas XIX saukunis qarTuls, xolo qimiisa da fizikis
saxelmZRvaneloebis damuSavebisas am dargobriv enebs
irgebs, mis mier yovel jerze axali ucxo enis swavlas
ki ar udris, aramed mTliani enobrivi kompetenciis sx-
vadasxva kodis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebas niSnavs.
• aris Tu ara ena-dialeqtebad dayofis dRes miRebu-
li versiebi erTxel da samudamod gadawyvetili da
am mimarTulebiT aRaraferia sakvlevi? ratom iwvevs
345
esoden did SeSfoTebas mkvlevarTa erTi jgufis dain-
tereseba qarTvelur ena-kiloTa dRes oficialurad
miRebuli klasifikaciisa da kvalifikaciis sakiTxe-
biT, rodesac am kvlevis Sedegebi arc qarTuli enisa
da arc misi dialeqtebisTvis ar iqneba saziano, xolo
rac Seexeba qveynis, erovnuli cnobierebis mTlianobas,
am mxriv sasargebloc aRmoCndeba?
Tu arsebobs raRac gansakuTrebuli utyuari enaT-
mecnieruli kriteriumi ena-dialeqtis gasamijnad, maS ra-
tom ar hgavs erTmaneTs is kriteriumi, romliTac rusuli,
ukrainuli da belorusuli calke enebad kvalificirdeba,
xolo britanuli, amerikuli, kanaduri, avstraliuri da in-
doeTis inglisurebi erT enad _ inglisurad iwodeba?
ena Tavis mravalferovnebas or sibrtyeze warmoaCens
_ horizontalursa da vertikalurze (vertikaluri xaziT
standartul enasa da mis ganStoebebs ganixilaven iseTi
gradaciebiT, rogoricaa: Zveli, saSuali, axali; an samwer-
lobo ena literaturuli tendenciebis gaswvrivad xasiaT-
deba (magaliTad: e. w. monRolTa batonobis periodis ena,
an germanuli enis ganviTarebis etapebi: a) karlos didis
droindeli Zveli germanuli; b) fridrix barbarosas dro-
indeli Sua germanuli; g) gutenbergisa da luTeris dro-
indeli gviandeli axali germanuli; d) axali germanuli
da sxv.); enaTmecnierul literaturaSi miRebuli ar aris
amgvar qronologiur dayofas miesadagos termini dialeqti,
Tumca, garkveuli mniSvnelobiT, droSidroSi ganfenili enobrivi
variantebi Tavisi standartizebuli Tu arastandartizebu-
li versiebiT, erTmaneTze gavlenisa da socialuri mgrZno-
biarobis TvalsazrisiT, mainca da mainc ar gansxvavdebian
sivrceSisivrceSi ganfenili enobrivi variantebisagan. miT ufro,
rom maT erT saxelwodebas aZleven; imis miuxedavad, Sesi-
tyvebis erT komponentad Zvels, axalsa da saSuals ixmaren
Tu ara, enas mainc erTi saxeli eqneba (germanuli, berZnuli,
346
somxuri da a.S., Tumca ki `gagebineba~ am variantebs Soris
xSirad `ukiduresad miuwvdomelia~); erTi ki cxadia, `ena~
da `xalxi~ erTmaneTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli cnebebia,
romelTa gamaerTianebel Rirebulebas `eri~ warmoadgens.
Tu arsebobs ena, maSin mas hyavs Semqmneli da patroni (Tun-
dac dReisaTvis `mkvdari~), patronoba qonebis flobas gu-
lisxmobs, kargia Tu cudi qonebis floba? SeiZleba bavari-
elisaTvis sasiamovno iyos mxolod bavariulis anabara
darCena, germanulis gareSe? da Tu bavarielisaTvis orive
sakuTaria _ germanulica da bavariulic, maSin rogoria am
versiaTa ierarqia? germanuli moicavs bavariulsac da ara
piriqiT (`germanulad laparakobs germaneli xalxi ger-
maniis miwebze~ _ warwera zigfridis monastris WiSkarze)?
qarTuli ena Tavisi istoriuli gzis manZilze mudmi-
vad warmoadgenda erT mTlianobas, mravalferovani, rTuli
saxesxvaobebis sistemur erTianobas. Aaq saqme gvaqvs ara
divergenciis iseT formasTan, romelsac evropis enaTa um-
ravlesoba gviCvenebs, rodesac erTi saerTodan wamosuli
ganStoebebi damoukidebel arsebobas iwyeben (Tumca, cxa-
dia, arc isinia mTlad ase martivad wamosuli erTi fuZi-
dan), anu rodesac e. w. fuZe ena totebxSir xed gadaiqceva,
aramed sruliad specifikur movlenasTan, rodesac erTi
enobrivi birTvi mudmiv pulsaciaSia da misgan talRebad
wamosuli variaciebi zRvis moqceva-ukuqcevis msgavsad
sul mudam ubrundebian sakuTar wiaRs.
1. diax, qarTul enobriv samyaroSi movlenebi specifi-
kurad viTardeboda. qarTuli enis variantuli sxvadasx-
vaobebi arasodes daSorebian erTmaneTs didi xniT, isini
mudmivad iyvnen urTierTkavSirSi da zegavlenas axdendnen
erTmaneTze. qarTveluri enobrivi sivrcis ganviTareba arc
SeiZleba yofiliyo evropuli enebis msgavsi bedisa Sem-
degi mizezebis gamo:
2. saqarTvelos teritoria da qarTveluri ena-kiloe-
347
bis gavrcelebis areali ar aris ise didi, rogorc mag.,
evropa, an evropis mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebi da arc saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleoba yofila imdenad mravalricxovani,
rom mas lokalizebuli eTnokulturuli ganviTarebis mis-
wrafeba an saSualeba hqonoda;
qarTuli samwerlobo ena uZvelesi istoriis mqonea
da mis garSemo qarTvelTa konsolidacia uZvelesi faqtia,
romelSic ikiTxeba TviT erisa da misi saxelisuflebo
mmarTvelobis erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebuli neba
_ eris yvela kuTxis kulturuli energia mimarTuliyo
saxelmwifo erTianobis idealisaken; amitomac iyo, rom
yvela qarTveli mefe-mTavari miuxedavad nebismieri Sin-
auri qiSpisa Tu dapirispirebisa, gareSe mtris mier in-
spirirebuli saSinao konfliqtebisa, qarTvelTa enobriv,
religiur da kulturul mTlianobas udavo faqtad miiC-
nevda. saqarTvelos arc erT kuTxeSi arasodes dasmula
sakiTxi qarTvelTa eTnikuri sxvadasxvaobisa Tu qarTuli
samwignobro enisadmi `aramSobliuri~ damokidebulebisa;
amgvari mcdelobebi fiqsirdeba mxolod mecxramete sau-
kunidan rusebisagan, romlebic meoce saukuneSic agrZele-
ben am kurss da samxedro-administraciuli RonisZiebebis
garda samecniero safuZvlebis Seqmnasac lamoben samoma-
vlod qarTvelTa mTlianobis dasarRvevad. SeiZleba amiT
aixsnas samegrelosa da svaneTis eTno-enobriv kvlevaTa
proeqtebis sagangebo grantireba ucxouri fondebis mier.
`safrTxis qveS myofi enebis~ gadarCenis motiviT mimdin-
areobs qarTuli enobrivi sivrcis asimetriuli dayofa, ra-
sac paralelurad axlavs iseTi Kkulturul-ideologiuri
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, rogoricaa: saxarebis gadawyoba
megrulad da svanurad, ̀ vefxistyaosnis~ gadawyoba megrul-
svanurad, specialuri, ara lingvisturi, aramed `Targmni-
Ti~ leqsikonebis (qarTul-megruli) Sedgena-gamocemebi,
romlebzedac avtoritetuladaa miTiTebuli `damxmare~
348
ucxouri fondebi, megruli eleqtronuli enciklopediis
– vikipediis Seqmna, e. w. megruli radio da satelevizio
xazebis momarageba saTanado aparaturiTa da finansebiT.
aris Tu ara socialur-politikuri aspeqtebis garda raime
safuZveli monaTesave enebis ena-dialeqtad dayofisaTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdena-
dac gairkveva, ra doziT da ra xarisxSi SeiZleba enaTmec-
nierebas mieces uflebamosileba, iyos erTaderTi arbitri
am sakiTxSi da moamzados niadagi am kvalifikaciis mixed-
viT politikuri gadawyvetilebebisaTvis. aqve gairkveva, iyo
Tu ara enaTmecniereba mzad amgvar kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis
warsulSi, calke dargad Camoyalibebidan dRemde.
349
inga RutiZeinga RutiZe _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis profesori, filologiis
doqtori
enobrivi viTareba nigalis enobrivi viTareba nigalis
xeobaSi – borCxisaxeobaSi – borCxisa
da murRulis soflebida murRulis soflebi1
nigalis (//livanis//liganis) xeoba istoriul-geografi-
uli regionia feodaluri xanis samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi, mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebaSi. vaxuSti bagra-
tionis mixedviT, livanis xeoba moicavda mdinare Woroxis
xeobis imier da amier mxares arTvinis sanaxebiTurT: `da
arTvanis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges sazRvramde, Woroxis
ჴeobis imeri da ameri iwodebis liganis ჴeobad. da ars es liganis ჴeoba Tჳnier siviwrovisa, friad nayofiero narin-jiT, TurinjiT, limoniT, zeTisxiliT...~2 SemdgomSi livanad
miaCndaT mdinareebis aWaris wylisa da Woroxis SesayarTan
mdebare teritoria. 1549 wels livana osmalebma daikaves.
ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis Semdeg istoriuli
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebTan erTad
ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida...DdRes livanis
mxolod mcire nawils flobs saqarTvelo, didi nawili ki
TurqeTis sazRvrebSi rCeba.3
1 naSromi Sesrulebulia rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-
dis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis - TurqeTis qarTvelebi: isto-
ria, sulieri da materialuri kultura, enobrivi viTareba - far-
glebSi, 2012-2015.
2 vaxuSti bagrationivaxuSti bagrationi. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelos. T. lo-
mourisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 136.
3 Taoklarjeti.com/index.php,history/geography-of-tao-klarjeti.
350
enobrivi TvalsazrisiT borCxa da murRuli, iseve ro-
gorc istoriuli saqarTvelosa da eTnikuri qarTvelebiT
dasaxlebuli TurqeTis danarCeni qalaqebi Tu soflebi,
gamorCeuli regionebia. borCxa oTxi xeobis – Woroxis,
devsqelis, Cxalasa da murRulis Sesayarze, karCxlisa da
pontos qedebs Soris mdebareobs, amitom aq Tavs iyris
yvela axlomdebare soflis, murRulis raionis, qlasquris,
xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebsa da arTvinSi
mcxovreb eTnikur qarTvelTa - gurjebis didi nawili.
ra da rogor Semogvinaxes istoriuli samSoblos
did nawils mowyvetilma qarTvelebma, amis gadmocemas
nawilobriv 2012 wels Catarebuli samecniero-savele
eqspediciisas Cawerili enobrivi monacemebis saSuale-
biT SevecdebiT.
Tu enobrivi viTarebis Seswavlas eTnikuri enis geo-
grafiuli sazRvrebiT daviwyebT, unda aRiniSnos, rom es
sazRvrebi mTlianad moicavs Cveni kvlevis obieqtis – 1.
borCxis soflebs: devsqeli, zeda maradidi, qlasquri, avana,
agara, axaldaba, arhaveTi, bagini, banakna, beRlevani, beSavli,
damfali, ebrika, vazria, valaSeni, kvintavli, zedubani, zelie-
Ti, Txilazori, katafxia, kvarCxani, kincxureTi, kirsa, murkive-
Ti, nigia, omana, orji, ofuja, oxorji,sabavri, uzruma, ukar-
nere, qarTla, Rvia, Suaxevi, CarbieTi, Winkuri, xeba, xinwkana... 2.
murRulis soflebs: arxva, baga, aduCa, agara, bujuri, baSqoi,
gurbeni, durCa, dialeTi, gevli, goglieTi, ereguna, iskebi,
kabarjeTi, kasimeTi, korideTi, lomekeTi, ozmali, trapeni,
qvamWireTi, qobekeTi, qamileTi, foroseTi, Cxala, qorTukeTi,
qura, yavrieTi, Wilavri, Zanculi, wyalya, budieTi, xaxuri,
xorsolo, jansuli... radgan es teritoria yovelTvis gur-
jebis samkvidro iyo (dRes qarTuli toponimebis udidesi
nawili, rasakvirvelia, Turquli toponimebiTaa Secvlili).
zemoCamoTvlili soflebi murRulis wylis orive mxaresaa
ganlagebuli da gurjebisodindeli samkvidroa (zogierT
351
sofelSi sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebic cxov-
roben, magaliTad, goglieTSi hemSinebic cxovroben, adre
ki sofeli mxolod gurjebis iyo). unda aRiniSnos, rom am
regionis pirveli mkvlevarebidan dawyebuli dRemde so-
flebis CamonaTvali da, Sesabamisad, raodenobac gansx-
vavebulia. z. WiWinaZe murRulSi 31 sofels CamoTvlida
da miuTiTebda, rom livana murRulis xeobasTan erTad
samuslimano saqarTvelos erT-erTi im nawilTagania, sa-
dac qarTuli ena yvelaze kargad aris Semonaxulio.4 Cveni
eqspediciis periodSi ki adgilobrivebma soflebis raode-
noba ocdaerTiT Semofargles, radgan bevri sofeli ukve
sxva sofels SeuerTda, mis erT-erT ubnad iqca.
aq mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebi identifikacias eTnon-
im gurjiTa da istoriuli maxsovrobis Sedegad SemorCe-
nili gvarebiT, oRlebiT gamoxataven: sariSvilebi, jambaz-
oRlebi, Cilal-oRlebi, uzuneZin-oRlebi, mazlim-oRlebi,
muStaf-oRlebi (sofeli bagini, borCxa); qiqvaZe, bolqvaZe,
jimSeraZe, sale-oRli, xoj-oRli, beqir-oRli... subaSebi
(subaSebi aliaRasanebi arian), baiaჴTrebi, osmanCauSebi, Ci-
tosani, faSalisani, melegosani, gedugisani, alijanisani, emi-
naRasani, memiS-oRlebi, haji-oRlebi, xoj-oRlebi (sofeli
durCa, murRulis xeoba), lamaziSvilebi, yadir-oRli, efend-
oRli, memiS-oRli (sofeli korideTi, murRulis xeoba),
kalinj-oRlebi, meSˆu-oRlebi, qemal-oRlebi, durebi, mev-
lud-oRlebi, jinoebi (dolabiZis ubani, sofeli qarTla,
borCxa), xaliibraim-oRlebi, altaჲ-oRlebi, numemed-oRle-
bi, dirber-oRlebi, kutum-oRlebi (vasajis ubani, sofeli
qarTla, borCxa), TeTruebi, imam-oRlebi, idris-oRlebi, me-
deg-oRlebi, zengin-oRlebi, xoj-oRlebi (gugucuris uba-
ni, sofeli qarTla, borCxa), qemal-oRlebi, ardanT-oRlebi,
dilber-oRlebi (Trimlebis ubani, sofeli qarTla, borCxa);
4 z. WiWinaZez. WiWinaZe. qarTvel mahmadianTa gadasaxleba osmaleTSi. muha-
jiri. emigracia. Tbilisi, 1912, gv. 148.
352
TafliZe (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa), bolqvaZeebi, iusuf-
oRlebi (sofeli damfali, borCxa); zaqaraZeebi, futkaraZ-
eebi, bolqvaZeebi (sofeli trapeni, murRulis xeoba); xolo
TurqeTis vaTandaSoba gardauvali valdebulebaa im sax-
elmwifos winaSe, romelmac Tavis sazRvrebSi moaqcia is-
toriuli saqarTvelos udidesi da ganuyofeli nawili.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom borCxasa da murRulSi
SemorCenilia xsovna faqtisa: Cveni didvanebi hristianebi
yofilan, rasac TurqeTis saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi ver
gaigebT obieqtur mizezTa da istoriis arcodnis gamo.
enobrivi viTarebis aRwerisas mniSvnelovania eT-
nikuri enaze molaparakeTa raodenoba da Sobadobis
xarisxi. TurqeTSi ama Tu im eTnikuri jgufis wevrTa
sidide-simciris Sesaxeb zusti informaciis mopoveba Za-
lian Znelia, magram es teritoria odiTganve gurjebis
istoriuli samkvidro iyo da aris, amitom aq eTnikur qa-
rTvelTa raodenoba didia, aseve bolo periodamde maRa-
li iyo Sobadobis xarisxi.
eTnikuri gurjebi jer kidev 15-20 wlis win ZiriTadad
soflebSi cxovrobdnen, rac Zalian uwyobda xels eTni-
kuri enis SenarCunebas im pirobebSi, romlebSic istoriul
samSoblos did nawils mowyvetili gurjebi aRmoCndnen.
dRes ganuzomlad didia urbanizaciis masStabi. borCxa da,
nawilobriv, mainc murRulia (mosaxleobis didi nawili
murRulidan ayares, mcire nawili ki TviTon gadasaxlda)
am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi. borCxisa da murRulis mo-
saxleobis didi nawili zamTarSi adgilze rCeba. TiTq-
mis yvela sofeli gurjebisaa, mxolod or sofelSi arian
lazebi/Wanebi – gurbeni/gurbinsa da jevul-qorujularSi;
bujurSi (murRulis xeoba) erTi-ori ojaxia lazebisa/
Wanebisa, RoberkeTis mahaleSi (sofeli bujuri, murRulis
xeoba) ki hemSinebi cxovroben. qlasqurSi Tu zafxulobiT
300 ojaxze metia, zamTarSi aq mxolod 100 ojaxi rCeba;
353
devsqelSi zamTarSi 340 komlidan 200 komlamde rCeba, igive
SeiZleba iTqvas Cxalas xeobis Sesaxebac.
eTnikuri jgufebi am teritoriaze koncentrirebulad
cxovroben. eTnikuri enisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu
rogoria garemo – monoeTnikuri Tu polieTnikuri. borCxi-
sa da murRulis soflebi, qlasquri, xeba-maradidi, devsqe-
li, Cxalas xeobebi umeteswilad isev monoeTnikuria. eTni-
kur qarTvelTa gverdiT aq dRes umniSvnelo raodenobiT
cxovroben da saqmianoben sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmo-
madgenlebic. aqauri gurjebi jerac cdiloben TavianTi
eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelze daqorwindnen, rom gur-
joba da gurjija/gurjije ar moiSalos, magram migraciis
maRali xarisxi soflebidan qalaqSi am process didxans
veRar Seuwyobs xels.
mniSvnelovani faqtoria eTnikuri jgufis cxovrebis
wesi. bunebrivia, migraciis maRali xarisxi, sxvadasxva so-
cialur jgufebTan urTierToba da integraciis procesi
didwilad cvlis cxovrebis wess. es procesi Seuqceva-
dia qalaqebSi gadasaxlebuli gurjebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo
adgilze darCenili eTnikur qarTvelebTan, am mxriv, arsebi-
Ti cvlilebebi ar gvaqvs, isini cdiloben saguldagulod
daicvan eTnikuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis
wesi. aq aseve didia mSoblebis roli da gavlena, rac erT-
erTi pirobaa eTnikuri enis SenarCunebisTvis.
rac Seexeba socialur statuss, gurjebi, TavianTi is-
toriisa da kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT, maRali social-
uri statusis mopovebisken iswrafvian.
borCxis, murRulis, qlasquris, xeba-maradidis, devsqe-
lis, Cxalas xeobebis qarTvelebis azriT, aqaurma qa-
rTvelebma yvelaze kargad ician qarTuli. Cveulebriv,
roca TurqeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi Tavi-
anT enobriv mdgomareobas afaseben, realur suraTs ar
alamazeben. am SemTxvevaSic zemoaRniSnul Sefasebas iqve
354
daurTaven: erTi Taobis Semdeg borCxisa da murRulis
soflebis, qlasquris, xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas
xeobebSi qarTuli ar iqneba.
borCxisa da murRulis soflebis, qlasquris, xeba-
maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebSi mcxovrebi yvela eT-
nikuri qarTvelisaTvis, asakisa da enis codnis xarisxis
miuxedavad, gurjija, qarTula/qarTvelagurjija, qarTula/qarTvela mSobliuria, dedis
enaa. gurjija saojaxo enaa aq mcxovrebi gurjebis umete-
sobisTvis: saxlSi sul qarTula vlaparakobT didvanebi;
magram dasZenen: marTali qarTuli ar viciT. eTnikuri qa-
rTvelebi wuxan, radgan amboben: Cveni gurjoba Turqobaze
gadavatrialeT. aq, cxadia, isini mxolod enobriv viTare-
bas ar gulisxmoben, saubaria maT yofa-cxovrebaSi SeWril
Turqul elementebze. gurjebi aRniSnaven, Tu rogori mniS-
vneloba hqonda sazRvris gaxsnas enis SenarCunebisTvis:
Cvenc daviwyebuli gvqonda, sazRvari rom ar gaxsniliyo.
wera-kiTxva ukanasknel periodamde, rasakvirvelia, aravin
icoda ramdenime uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda. dRes ki
eTnikuri gurjebis garkveuli raodenoba cdilobs eTni-
kuri enis ana-banas, wera-kiTxvas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT
– sazRvris gaxsnis Semdeg intensiuri urTierTobiT, spe-
cialurad maTTvis dawerili wignebiT, socialuri qsele-
biT – daeuflos: aso-ena unda devswavloT.
radganac borCxisa da murRulis soflebi, qlasquris,
xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebi gurjebiTaa
dasaxlebuli, aq qarTuli ismis yovel fexis nabijze –
quCebSi, savaWro dawesebulebebSi, TavSeyris adgilebSi:
Cveni gurjija uCveni gurjija uჴmari ar arimari ar ari (resp.: gamouyenebeli).
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, ician Tu ara bavSvebma gur-
jija, aswavlian Tu ara eTnikur enas bavSvebs, momaval
Taobas;am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebisas Semdegi suraTi
gvaqvs: bavSvebi qarTulad ar laparakoben. skolaSi
ver iswavlian da akvnidan rom gadmovardeba, Turqulad
355
laparakoben. eTnikuri enis SenarCunebisaTvis mniS-
vnelovania is garemoeba, Tu sad izrdebian bavSvebi da
vin zrdis maT, ojaxSi izrdebian Tu ojaxs gareT. ojax-
uri garemo eTnikuri enis aTvisebas aadvilebs, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu bavSvebi bebia-babuebTan erTad
izrdebian. Tu bavSvebi ojaxisgan moSorebiT, skola-in-
ternatebSi izrdebian, eTnikuri enis gadacema, Cveulebriv,
wydeba. skola-internatis sistemas damangreveli efeqti
aqvs eTnikuri enisTvis. TurqeTis respublikam ki amgvari
keTilmowyobili skolebiT uzrunvelyo soflis bavS-
vebi, romlebic ukve mTel saswavlo wels amgvar sko-
lebSi atareben, ris Sedegadac: qarTulad velaparakebi, qarTulad velaparakebi,
esmis, magram ver laparakoben. pirvel meqTebSiesmis, magram ver laparakoben. pirvel meqTebSi (resp.: skolaSi) saxlSi iyo, meore meqTebi skolaSi izrdeboda. saxlSi iyo, meore meqTebi skolaSi izrdeboda.
skolaSi midian, veRar laparakoben; meqTebSi gurjoba ar skolaSi midian, veRar laparakoben; meqTebSi gurjoba ar
ali ali (resp.: skolaSi qarTuli ar aris); Svils qarTulad Svils qarTulad
velaparakebi, SviliSvils Turqulad.velaparakebi, SviliSvils Turqulad.
am mxriv, gamorCeuli da da dasamaxsovrebeli iyo
sofeli bagini da mTeli devsqelis xeobis situacia, aseve
sofeli qarTla, sadac sofelSi gazrdilma TiTqmis yvela
bavSvma icis eTnikuri ena – 4 wlis bavSvebic laparako-
bdnen qarTulad. ufrosebi bavSvebs qarTulad elapara-
kebian da pasuxsac qarTulad iReben: sofelSi gazrdili
bavSvi male eCveva lapariks.
xeobebSi mudmivad mcxovrebma 17-20 wlis axalgazrdeb-
maki TavianTi enobrivi kompetencia ase Seafases: saxlSi
gurjulad vlaparakobT, amxanagebi rom vikribebiT, xan
Turqulad, xan gurjulad vlaparakobT.
eTnikuri enis swavlebis TvalsazrisiT, xSirad bebiebs
ufro meti gavlena aqvT bavSvebze, vidre sxvebs. swored
isini gadascemen enas bavSvebs, rasac borCxisa da murRu-
lis soflebis, qlasquris, xeba-maradidis, devsqelis, Cxalas
xeobebis eTnikuri qarTvelebic adastureben TavianTive si-
356
tyvebiT: babaane (resp.: bebia) elaparakeba, gurjija icod-
nono; qarTuli neneჲsgan, baboჲsgan devswavleT.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo enas, ganaTlebis enas, ZiriTad
enas, sxvadasxva socialur jgufebTan urTierTobis enas
– es sakiTxi didi xania Turquli enis sasargeblod aris
gadawyvetili.
m. CoxaraZe am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi, romelic
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnas moicavs, daaskvnis: “samwuxaro
realobaa, magram Tanamedrove samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi mSobliurma enam aSkarad daTmo poziciebi. imerx-
evsa da livanaSi, aseve taos oriod sofelSi qarTulad
metyveleben mxolod saSualo asaks gadacilebulni, iS-
viaTad – axalgazrdebic. praqtikulad, enis mcodne bolo
Taoba cxovrobs iq. bavSvebma da axalgazrdebis umravle-
sobam TiTqmis aRar icis winaprebis ena”.5
amrigad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, borCxisa da mur-
Rulis soflebis mkvidri gurjebi bilingvebi arian, gami-
jnuli aqvT enobrivi variaciebi da ician, ama Tu im konkre-
tul sferoSi romeli enobrivi variacia gamoiyenon.
masalis Cawerisas saintereso iyo erTi SeniSvna derg-derg-
Tan Tan dakavSirebiT: didvani dergebi iyo, dergSi Rvinos vasx-
amdiT. mxolod am winadadebiTac ki aSkaraa, rom eTnikuri
ena TurqeTis saqarTveloSi dRemde im unikaluri infor-
maciis matarebelia, gurjebi dRes rom bolomde verc ac-
nobiereben. am winadadebiT isini im periodze miuTiTeben,
roca yurZnis dawurva da Rvinis dayeneba aq eTnikur qarT-
velTa cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. es dRes mxolod
enam Semogvinaxa.
aRsaniSnavia daZmobilebis tradicia, romelsac Semde-
gnairad gadmogvcemen: ZuZu maawove sxva vinmesa, Sen gogo
im biW ver micem, Zma ari. Seni ZuZu mowova, Zma gaxda. gogo
5 m. CoxaraZem. CoxaraZe. qarTuli ena da erovnuli identobis zogierTi
sakiTxi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi XIX-XX saukuneebis
mijnaze._ Cveni sulierebis balavari. baTumi, 2009, gv. 91.
357
dobili gaxdeba, biWi Zma gaxdeba. arian dobilebi avsili.
aRniSnaven imasac, rom adre gurjebis adaTi ar iyo naTe-
savebis erTmaneTze daqorwineba: maSin adeTi ar iyo, memre
gamaaSenes aqrabaze (resp.: naTesavze) micema.
zemoTqmuls TviT borCxisa da murRulis soflebis
mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebi amgvarad afaseben: win sxva-win sxva-
nairi kultura iyo, axla gedeicvala.nairi kultura iyo, axla gedeicvala.
am adgilebis toponimia, romelTac sxva faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SemounaxavT istoria, calke kvle-
vis sagania, amitom aq mxolod mokled CamovTvliT im to-
ponimebs, romelTa aRnusxvis saSualeba drois mcire mon-
akveTSi mogveca:
SaqareTi, buRareTi, naZSaqareTi, buRareTi, naZˆunara, kvintaunara, kvintaˆuri/kvintauri/kvintaˆuli, uli,
vani vani (sofel baginis (borCxa) ubnebi; nabeRlavi, loTavinabeRlavi, loTavi
– toponimebi sofel baginSi (borCxa); gaRmobani, qomoba-gaRmobani, qomoba-
ni, ukanmere, tyemalaTi, Citani, ukanmere, tyemalaTi, Citaˆuri, ouri, oჴvaTi, SvaTi, Sˆuauaჴevi evi (devsqe-
lis ubnebi, borCxa); jRelifeTi, qosqaia, murkiveTi, jRelifeTi, qosqaia, murkiveTi, ჴebaeba
(maradidis soflebi, borCxa); murkiveTi, cocxoba, bosel-murkiveTi, cocxoba, bosel-
TaTa (sofel murkiveTis ubnebi, borCxa); kontakontaჴevi, naqeravi, evi, naqeravi,
SalikiSvilebis mahale, zeiT mahale, qeiT mahaleSalikiSvilebis mahale, zeiT mahale, qeiT mahale (sofel
Txilazoris ubnebi, borCxa); kaklovani, meRlovani, eweri/kaklovani, meRlovani, eweri/
imimჴri, kairankilteri, kairankilte (toponimebi sofel TxilazorSi, bor-
Cxa); vasaje, dolabiZe, gugucuri, jvasaje, dolabiZe, gugucuri, jˆuanje, Trimlebi, didma-uanje, Trimlebi, didma-
halehale (sofeli qarTla, borCxa); Wilvani, zelieTiWilvani, zelieTi (sofel
avanis ubnebi);zegani, zomozegani, zomoჲ mahale mahale (sofel orjis ubnebi,
borCxa); WinkasWinkasჴevievi – gadmocemiT, Zvelad murRuls rqmevia
WinkasWinkasჴevievi; bagabagaჲ, jamekari, gurbeni, jamekari, gurbeni (sofel gurbenis ubnebi,
murRulis xeoba); RoRobeTi, gzakeTili, SvelaRoRobeTi, gzakeTili, Svelaˆuri, qili-uri, qili-
seTefeseTefe (sofeli baga, murRulis xeoba);sajvareTisajvareTi adgilis
saxelia (murRulis xeoba);zemoqura, qura, Wilavrizemoqura, qura, Wilavri (romelic
arcTu didi xnis win calke erTeuli iyo) (sofel bagas
ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); CxaleTi, goglieTi, qoroseTi, zemo CxaleTi, goglieTi, qoroseTi, zemo
qoroseTi, lomikeTi qoroseTi, lomikeTi calke soflebi iyo, dRes ki sofel
358
baSqois ubnebia (murRulis xeoba); kaklovani, aduCa, madeni, kaklovani, aduCa, madeni,
agaraagara (sofel iskebis ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); wiqareTi, wiqareTi,
sakmeleTi, xaxvileTi, jimSereTi, qvadidisakmeleTi, xaxvileTi, jimSereTi, qvadidi (sofel jansulis
ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); zembadeTi, xosroloRli, Rober-zembadeTi, xosroloRli, Rober-
keTi, qomo ubanikeTi, qomo ubani (sofel bujurisubnebi, murRulis xeoba);
WadukeTi, qeTqeTi/TeTqeTi, Suagule, WeRo, gaRma mehele, qomo WadukeTi, qeTqeTi/TeTqeTi, Suagule, WeRo, gaRma mehele, qomo
mehelemehele (sofel durCas ubnebi, murRulis xeoba); gamorjika, gamorjika,
Sva mahale, CamaSva mahale, CamaჴeTi, kalavati, abanoeTi, kalavati, abano (sofel trapenis ubnebi,
murRulis xeoba)...
`nigalis xeobaSi, konkretulad soflebSi: svetsa da
ibriqlSi/ebrika SemorCenilia rogorc materialuri kul-
turis Zeglebi, ise soflis ubnebis dRevandeli qarTuli
saxelwodebani: petruli, mamawminda, nigia, eliawminda soti,
nigala, lomaSeni da sxva qarTuli saxelebi: alvana, leR-
viyana, qediZiri, axalSeni, nacarabolo, wiTelmiwa, kokolaqva,
foniyana, farfaSa yana da a. S.~6
mdinareebis (Releebis) saxelebad gvaqvs: qlasquris qlasquris
wyali, wiqvavi Relewyali, wiqvavi Rele(qlasquris xeoba, borCxa);baginis Rele, baginis Rele,
didRele, varajibuli, dargula, yurdidi, samzoredidRele, varajibuli, dargula, yurdidi, samzore (sofeli
bagini, borCxa); CitaCitaˆuri Rele, ukanmere, sauri Rele, ukanmere, saჴveweli, juxumere, veweli, juxumere,
CiboReleCiboRele(devsqelis xeoba, borCxa); gonTgonTჴevis Rele, naqera-evis Rele, naqera-
vis Rele, cidvakes Relevis Rele, cidvakes Rele (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); wi-wi-
flarRele, finTRele bognari Rele, qoqirdiReleflarRele, finTRele bognari Rele, qoqirdiRele (sofeli
baga, murRulis xeoba); karanCxieT Rele//kalanCxieT Rele, karanCxieT Rele//kalanCxieT Rele,
lomiji Rele, aria Rele, nagomavi Relelomiji Rele, aria Rele, nagomavi Rele (sofeli qvamWireTi,
murRulis xeoba); nabrinjevinabrinjevi (sofeli lomikeTi, murRulis
xeoba); RaliSkariRaliSkari (CxaleTi, murRulis xeoba); baSqoi RelebaSqoi Rele
(sofeli baSqoi, murRulis xeoba); Camoyaro ReleCamoyaro Rele (sofe-
li goglieTi, murRulis xeoba); kabarjeTis RelekabarjeTis Rele (sofeli
kabarjeTi, murRulis xeoba), iskebis wyaliiskebis wyali (sofeli iskebi,
murRulis xeoba), ჴevi wyalievi wyali (sofeli durCa, murRulis xe-
6 eTer beriZeeTer beriZe. nigalis ori sofeli._ Cveni sulierebis balavari.
baTumi, 2009, gv. 78.
359
oba), korideTis RelekorideTis Rele (sofeli korideTi, murRulis xeoba)...
tyeebis saxelebi: vaniTavi, joratye, zeganTi, samzorevaniTavi, joratye, zeganTi, samzore
(sofel baginSi, borCxa), axarSeni, bardnali axarSeni, bardnali (sofeli bag-
ini, murRulis xeoba), wumpo, didi tyewumpo, didi tye (devsqelis xeoba,
borCxa); fotojirifotojiri (murRulis xeoba), tbeTi tbeTi (sofeli ko-
rideTi, murRulis xeoba)...
mTebis, qedebis, zegnebis saxelebi: talaxlo qedi, bogi-talaxlo qedi, bogi-
li, axalSeni, pirdapirili, axalSeni, pirdapiri (qedebis saxelebi sofel baginSi,
borCxa); fiqalis mTa, Tenara, patina mTa, fiqalis mTa, Tenara, patina mTa, didi mTa didi mTa (mTebis
saxelebi devsqelis xeobaSi, borCxa); leqsa, uReltexi-leqsa, uReltexi-
la, tevri, burdnali, treali, saWalimeTi, TeTrubi, ker-la, tevri, burdnali, treali, saWalimeTi, TeTrubi, ker-
weni, kurtumela weni, kurtumela (sofeli qarTla, borCxa); Txilazoris Txilazoris
TaTa (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); yornali, naWvavi, gubeyornali, naWvavi, gube
(sofeli avana, borCxa); budieTibudieTi (murRulis xeoba); guli-guli-
yanayana (murRulidan qobaqSi gadasasvleli mTis saxeli);
karanCxieTis mTa: karanCxieTis mTiskaranCxieTis mTa: karanCxieTis mTis gverdiT aris na-na-
beRlavis mTa,beRlavis mTa, nabeRlavis mTis qvemoT aris kidil qvabikidil qvabi
(sofeli qvamWireTi, murRulis xeoba); farefareჴi (murRulis
xeoba), ჴarSovani/arSovani/ჴaSrovani, moWvena, nakiravlebi, aSrovani, moWvena, nakiravlebi, TeTrobi, TeTrobi,
naJvia Ta naJvia Ta (resp.: mTa), maRla zegani, dabla zegani maRla zegani, dabla zegani (sofeli
durCa, murRulis xeoba)...
savarcxala, kildiZirisavarcxala, kildiZiri kldeebis saxelia (sofeli qa-
rTla, borCxa).
yanebis (Walebis, saTibebis, saZovrebis) saxelebi: maR-maR-
riyana, zegani, boselTi, criyana, zegani, boselTi, cჴemnaraemnara (sofeli bagini, borCxa);
ჴaraTi, qurdieTiaraTi, qurdieTi (qlasquris xeoba, borCxa); gorgiwminda, gorgiwminda,
wumpo, naselvari, moduli, sawuraTwumpo, naselvari, moduli, sawuraTჴevi, WenWikalo, natir-evi, WenWikalo, natir-
ifevi, kildiani, cxilvani, qocanaifevi, kildiani, cxilvani, qocanaჴeTi, WitaeTi, Witaˆuri, saciravi, uri, saciravi,
cxadacxadaˆuri, qvela, namuuri, qvela, namuჴvari, Tavkali, biTavkalo, gzelyana vari, Tavkali, biTavkalo, gzelyana
(sofeli qarTla, borCxa); TojineTi TojineTi (saZovris saxelia –
sofeli qarTla, borCxa); namynara, nabokvari, nalikari/na-namynara, nabokvari, nalikari/na-
rekali, cidvake, agara, rekali, cidvake, agara, ჴecvikali, veliwveriecvikali, veliwveri (sofeli Txi-
lazori, borCxa); samxoslosamxoslo (saZovris saxelia – sofeli
360
Txilazori, qarTla); beleSavri, kalobaRi, vadiyana, miRmaya-beleSavri, kalobaRi, vadiyana, miRmaya-
na, Wala, WeRi na, Wala, WeRi (sofeli damfali, borCxa); kaloyana, faCvieTi, kaloyana, faCvieTi,
anieTi, kartnali, sayavrieTi, sxolofuna, guliyana, kuzieTi, anieTi, kartnali, sayavrieTi, sxolofuna, guliyana, kuzieTi,
wiTelmiwa, qarafiziri, wyalCxuriwiTelmiwa, qarafiziri, wyalCxuri...(sofeli gurbeni, murRu-
lis xeoba); nalikari, nasaxlevi, zenefeTinalikari, nasaxlevi, zenefeTi (sofeli baga,
murRulis xeoba), buRnali, wyaroTi, artani, zedvake, alazni-buRnali, wyaroTi, artani, zedvake, alazni-
kari, barnovali, sakanafe, sayavrieTi, mesabudara, axarSeni, kari, barnovali, sakanafe, sayavrieTi, mesabudara, axarSeni,
katrovani, wyalCxuri,katrovani, wyalCxuri, (sofeli baga, murRulis xeoba); egri-egri-
so/egrisuso/egrisu saZovris saxelia (sofel baga, sofeli durCa,
murRulis xeoba); satureTi, ariasatureTi, aria (sofeli qvamWireTi, mur-
Rulis xeoba); qoqliTiqoqliTi (saZovris saxelia – sofeli baSqoi,
murRulis xeoba); gorigoriჴevi, gora, axalmeidani, TikalTa, kur-evi, gora, axalmeidani, TikalTa, kur-
tumelatumela (saZovrebis saxelebi – sofeli iskebi, murRulis
xeoba); CჴamareTi, amareTi, ჴaWikeTi, TeaWikeTi, TeჴWieTi, aSameTi, soWebiZiri, dam-WieTi, aSameTi, soWebiZiri, dam-
palyana, saZire yana, miRma yana, vakeyana, miqelavi, nafetvari, palyana, saZire yana, miRma yana, vakeyana, miqelavi, nafetvari,
dananiyuri/danaliyuri, dananiyuri/danaliyuri, ჴamyuri, oamyuri, oჴorjieTi, yurmelaZiri, orjieTi, yurmelaZiri,
WandrebiZiri, wisqviliyana, barcWandrebiZiri, wisqviliyana, barcჴuna, guliyana, Sovali, aba-una, guliyana, Sovali, aba-
no, kodliyana, bardnali, wublivake, wifliziri, axalmeidani, no, kodliyana, bardnali, wublivake, wifliziri, axalmeidani,
didCairi didCairi (resp.: didi Wala) (sofeli durCa, murRulis xeo-
ba); buRaleTi, Wubuna buRaleTi, Wubuna (sofeli korideTi, murRulis xeoba),
ziareTiziareTi (saZovris saxelia – sofeli bujuri, murRulis
xeoba); janevla, vaSliyana, babuSkari, Savrufijanevla, vaSliyana, babuSkari, Savrufi (sofeli tra-
peni, murRulis xeoba)...
ZiriTad leqsikuri fondSi Semavali erTeulebi aRniS-
naven adamianTa cxovrebisa da urTierTobis uaRresad
mniSvnelovan sagnebsa da movlenebs, maT Tvisebas, romlo-
bas, moqmedebas, uromlisodac SeuZlebelia adamianTa urT-
ierToba. am fondSi Sedis enis yvela Zireuli sityva, ro-
gorc misi birTvi. es fondi Zalze gamZlea da eTnikuri
jgufis mTeli istoriis manZilze cocxlobs. `qarTuli
enis istoria gveubneba, rom wyali, miwa, mTa, tye, Tevzi, kaci,
qali, siaruli, keTeba, Wama, sma, vaWroba… uxsovari drois
win Seqmnilia rogorc qarTuli enis leqsikis ucvleli
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baza da cocxlobs saukeuneTa ganmavlobaSi. es sityvebi
aRbeWdilia V-X ss. qarTul ZeglebSi. maTi gaCenis Sem-
deg mravali saukune gavida, bevrma wyalma Caiara, qarTveli
xalxis cxovrebaSi didi istoriuli Zvrebi moxda, magram
es sityvebi, rogorc enis leqsikis safuZveli, darCa ucv-
leli, darCa rogorc enis leqsikis ganviTarebis baza~.7
gamZlea qarTuli sityvis ZiriTadi fondi saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi istoriul samSoblos mowyvetili xalx-
is cnobierebaSi, yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi, rasac adas-
turebs kidec Semdegi leqsikuri erTeulebi: babo, nene, deda,
mama, dedamTili, mamamTili, da, Zma, coli, qmari, mazli, rZali,
badiSi, dobili... sacxovrebeli da sxva daniSnulebis nage-
bobaTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi: saxli-kari, karmidamo, Weri,
sabzeli, aჴori, marani, beReli...
mcenareTa saxelebi: ko (resp.: muxa), cacxvi, wabli, Tჴmela,
kakali, leRvi, daTviჴala, lobio, xapi/ayiro, simindi, vaSli,
msxali, qliavi, tyia wyavi (resp.: tyis wyavi), mayvalebi (resp.: mayvali), atami, wipunturi/sipunturi (resp.: zRmartli),
Tჴili... yurZnis jiSebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeule-
bi: Cxavela (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); adesa yurZeni,
TeTri yurZeni, jineSi... vaSlis jiSebis aRmniSvneli le-
qsikuri erTeulebi: baTumela (sofeli bagini, devsqelis
xeoba, borCxa), qvavaSli (sofeli gurbeni, murRulis xeo-
ba), warmoebis mixedviT gaqarTulebuli: demirela, Seqera
(devsqelis xeoba)... msxlis jiSebis aRmniSvneli leqsi-
kuri erTeulebi Tavisi mravalferovnebiT gansakuTrebiT
gamorCeulia: xeWeWuri/xeWeWura (qlasquris xeoba, devsqe-
lis xeoba, borCxa), sxalTafla, banCulaჲ (qlasquris xeoba,
borCxa), sxalTlo (resp.: sxalTafla), qoTana, sasela, wo-
wola, istambolela (devsqelis xeoba, borCxa); gulabi, ban-
gari (sofeli Txilazori, borCxa); panta sxali, sxaloqro,
7 al. Rlontial. Rlonti. qarTuli leqsikografiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1983,
gv. 53.
362
sxalsakmelaჲ, petrulaჲ koxaჲ (sofeli gurbeni, murRulis
xeoba), Wanuraჲ, venaჴisxali (sofeli baga, murRulis xeoba);
TeTri Wanura, Savi Wanura, urjumala, xeWeWura, sxaloqro,
TeTri bangaჲ (sofeli iskebi, murRulis xeoba)... tyemlis
jiSebis aRmniSvneli leqsemebi: ZaRlis tyemali, tyuba,
dodofala, WianWur... qliavis saxeobis aRmniSvneli saxeli:
dodofala qliavi... balaxebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri er-
Teulebi: molazarRva (mravalZarRva), qaTamnacara, WinWari/
susxi, lionja, samyuramoli, kataramoli, imჴvri, moloqva-
moli, beraTokvi, suro, TuTunamoli, beberamoli (sofeli
iskebi, murRulis xeoba)...
cxovelebis, frinvelebis, mwerebis aRmniSvneli leqsi-
kuri erTeulebi: cჴenebi, Tჴebi gvyavda, Zroჴebi, buRa, viri, tura, meli, kurdReli, qaTami, kroჴi (resp.: kruxi), WuWuli,
savarcჴala (resp.: ofofi), mercჴali/mercxala Citi, gulwi-
Tela, SaSvi, Cxikvi, CჴarTvi, skvinCჴaჲ, tredi, qedanni, yorani, Zera, qori, bulbuli, guguyuSi (resp.: guguli), kodali, ma-
mali, rwyili, tili, bziki or pir, sam pir Cagasobs, futkari
erT pir Cagasobs; leSi... lekvi ZaRlis dasmulia (resp.: Svilia), xbo furis dasmulia, burvaki daTvis dasmulia, Tai
cxenis dasmulia.
anatomiuri leqsika: Subli, cxviri, Tvali, Tvalis ka-
kali, warbi, wamwami, yuri, yuris bibila, guli, muceli, jigeri,
WaWa (resp.: Tirkmeli), weli, TiTi, fCxili, didayvi, gverdebi
(resp.: barZayi), Wlikebi (resp.: wvivebi), qusli, koWebi, kibili...
sakvebi produqtebisa da kerZebis aRmniSvneli leqsi-
kuri erTeulebi: Tafli, rZe, kvercxi, yveli, xaWo, mawoni,
fxali, RerRili, lobio, Wadi, pilpilaჲ...samuSao iaraRebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi:
saჴ ჴ neveli, saჴnisi, culi, Toxi: kordis Toxi, samargelis
Toxi... sayofacxovrebo nivTebis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri
erTeulebi: gideli, godori, dergi, gobi, cicჴvi, saჴ ჴ vewavi (kobzeb vჴvewdiT amiT, gavakeTebdiT), maSa (SiSasTvis, gamor-
363
evnisTvin, ჴel ver gamourev da maSas vixmarT), qveSagi/log-
ini, baliSi, baliSis wamosacmeli...
bunebis movlenebis, ciuri sxeulebis aRmniSvneli da
maTTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi: qari, wvima,
Tovli, quxvili, Tvare, Rurbeli (resp.: Rrubeli)...
tradiciis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi: axali axali
weli:weli: axal wels karikar dadioden da Txil moagrovebdnen.
axal wel kvercxeb vRebavdiT ჴmeli furclebisgan; nadi:nadi:
puri WraSi nadi iqneboda, gogo-biWebi meiyreboden; cekva-
TamaSis aRmniSvneli: ferferჴuliuli: : en win lamaza ferჴulobda;
daavadebaTa saxelebi: kowiwa//kvawiwakowiwa//kvawiwa (resp.: yivanaxvela) –
kaklis fesvSi gaaZvrenden.
morfologiuri procesebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
micemiTi brunvis –s formantis dakargvas aq regularu-
li xasiaTi aqvs: Cemø Svilefø ukerevdi; kvarø davapobdi; Tumca erTsa da imave winadadebaSi micemiTi brunvis –s
formantiani da brunvis niSandakarguli formebi SeiZleba
gverdigverd Segvxvdes: daTesTvisTvin gamouRebT kitrebsa
Teslebø.metyvelebaSi SemorCenilia –a savrcobi: davZaxevdi
Zafsa.
-Si Tandebuli daculia Zveli SiganSigan formiT: saxlis
Sigan pursa, frinjsa movabzavebdiT.
TiToobis da- zmniswini: windebsa bevr davqsovdi.
lokalurobis, sadaobis aRmniSvneli saxeli –Si Tand-
ebuliani saxelis nacvlad warmodgenilia fuZis saxiT:
maWaxelmaWaxel (resp.: maWaxelSi) akeTeben gobebs; Cemi biWi golCuk golCuk
(resp.: golCukSi) saqmobs.
qarTuli zmnis uZvelesi Zirebi aqac Seucvlelia, ma-
gram 1. zmnaTa organul formebs Turquli enis gavleniT
enacvleba aRweriTi formebi: gogo niSanSi myavs (resp.: daniSnulia); 2. gardauval zmnaTa ergatiul konstruqcia
Cveulebrivi movlenaa aq mkvidrTa metyvelebaSi: erTi kvi-
364
rema geiara; amanac mividoda; 3. II da III subieqturi pirebis
mravlobiToba zmnis formaSi gamoxatulia –n/en sufiqsiT:
risi dawera gindana? avadoba ar qonden; 4. dasturdeba
xolmeobiTis formebi Sesabamisi mawarmoebliT: zdia, zdia
da moklian (resp.: zrdis,zrdis da bolos moklaven); am-
aTma uyurian (resp.: uyureben), vinme ar moWraso; 5. interess iwvevs zmnis II seriis wyvetilis formaSi dadasturebuli
–ev sufiqsi, romelic aq erTgvarad wyvetilis mawarmoe-
blad gvevlineba: guugdeviT (resp.: miugdeT, mieciT), iTamaSe-
viT (resp.: iTamaSeT), WameviT (resp.: WameT), meviyvaneviT (resp.: moviyvaneT) wylebi; 6. III seriis I TurmeobiTis mwkrivSi
uqniaT formis nacvlad gurjebs warmoebis mixedviT sain-
tereso iqmilan forma SeuqmniaT: ase iqmilan; 7. Se- zmnis-
wins enacvleba mo- zmniswini: viarebodi RameSi, momeSina
(resp.: SemeSinda); 8. sainteresoa Temis niSanTa Senacvleba:
-eb Temis niSans enacvleba –ob Temis niSani: tyvilobs
(resp.: ityueba)... enacvleba –av Temis niSani: Cven movindo-
mavT; Temis niSnis SenacvlebiT miRebulia Semdegi le-
qsikuri erTeulebi: geiquxnavs (resp.: iquxebs), romelic
sawyisad quxvils gviCvenebs; geielvavs (resp.: geielvebs)...
–av Temis niSans enacvleba –ev Temis niSani: Cem Svilef
ukerevdi; davZaxevdi Zafsa...D–am Temis niSani icvleba –em
Temis niSniT: Zvalebs ar vixmaravT (resp.: vxmarobT); -i
Temis niSans –av sufiqsi enacvleba: ayiros gaWrav... Cxu-
bobs zmnis sawyisi Cxubva formiTaa warmodgenili: Tqve-
ni Cxubvac iman gamoiRo; 9. mimReobis warmoeba dRemde
saliteraturo qarTulisa da dialeqtebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli yalibis mixedviT xdeba: saZulveli qali; 10.
xSiria sxvaTa sityvis –o nawilakis gamoyeneba: faSa
Cemi gulisa am duniaSi Sen xaro; 11. kiTxviT winadade-
baSi kiTxviTobis funqcias asrulebs, kiTxvas gamoxatavs
kiTxviTi –a nawilaki: ra dawerva gindana?
uaryofiT nacvalsaxels aravin gurjebis metyvele-
365
baSi enacvleba ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli vinme:
vinme ar mismenen (resp.: aravin mismens), xolo nacvalsaxels
araferi cvlis rame: rame uWmeli miჴvalT? (resp.: araferi giWamiaT, ise midixarT?).
Semdeg zmnizedis mniSvnelobiT iyeneben mas ukan: mas
ukan vwikevdiT SeSas.
borCxisa da murRulis soflebi, qlasquris, xeba-mara-
didis, devsqelis, Cxalas xeobebSi, sxva teritoriuli er-
Teulebisgan gansxvavebiT, iyeneben Tu kavSirs, oRond wina-
dadebis bolos, romelsac kiTxviTi sityvis funqcia aqvs
miniWebuli: erTi g¯ukiTxo (resp.: vkiTxo), midian Tu?
am arealSic, iseve rogorc TurqeTis saqarTvelos
bevr adgilas), Cveulebrivia zmnisa da modaluri nawila-
kis an saxelisa da modaluri nawilakis Serwymis Sedegad
miRebuli formebi: samze avdgena (resp.: unda avdge), c var davklana (resp.: unda davkla); axla emeqlina gaxdes (resp.: pensioner unda gaxdes), saxlina gaakeTos (resp.: saxli unda
gaakeTos).
leqsikis TvalsazrisiT bevri erTeuli ipyrobs yur-
adRebas. yovelgvari normisa da standartisgan Tavisufali
ena SeuzRudavia sityvawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT an kidev
bevri leqsikuri erTeulis semantikurad saxecvlilia:
rTuli sityvebis saintereso warmoebaa pur-xorbalipur-xorbali
da pur-marcvali; karisRobipur-marcvali; karisRobi zRurblis aRmniSvnelia; cu-cu-
debralod debralod (resp.: tyuilubralod): cudebralod RarWebi
ktebian.
tirilitirili ayvavebas niSnavs: tiroden bali da sxali
(resp.: yvaoda bali da msxali; Sdr.: vazis tirili).
-oba sufiqsiT aris nawarmoebi RarWoba,RarWoba, romelic bavS-
vobis aRmniSvnelia: RarWobaSi RarWobaSi wevdodi korideT, Cem nenes
sofelSi; bostnobabostnoba: bostnoba maqva.
saqolavi saqolavi yavris saxuravia, gogoragogoraჲss ki naliis dafer-
debul adgils uwodebdnen, Tagvi rom ar asuliyo.
366
siminds rom vTesavT, lobios rom vTesavT, venavenaჴss vety-viT, Sors rom sTesia, imas yanasyanas veZaxiT. es magaliTi sxva
mxrivac aris saintereso, radgan rom kavSiris gamoyenebis
SemTxvevas gviCvenebs, rasac sxvagan veRar vadasturebT. sa-
dac Txili da TuTuni aqvT daTesili, im adgilsac venaxs
uwodeben: Txilis venaxi Txilis venaxi maqvs. aseve maranimarani Tivis, Calis
Sesanaxi adgili iyo, xolo beReli beReli ki saWmlisa: saxli Tu
deiwvoda, beReli ar deiwvoda, calke iyo.
guli fqviliguli fqvili dafquli simindis gacrili, wminda fq-
vilia: RerRil gamovcridi, RerRili cota sxvilia, guli
fqvili kaჲ fqvilia; korkotani korkotani simindis taroa; dedaberi dedaberi
kitrikitri saTesle kitria; miwynareba miwynareba mosavlis dabinavebaa:
Cven lobio, simindi ukve mivawynareviT.
ercxajerercxajer niSnavs momavalSi: ercxajer isini daaCumos
una (resp.: odesme, momavalSi isini unda gaaCumos).
orsul qals mucliansmuclians uwodeben, xolo bebiaqals, ro-
melic mSobiares exmareboda, beberasbeberas uwodebdnen; malianimaliani
Zliers niSnavs; gatlikuli gatlikuli uwverulvaSo adamiania: gat-
likuli viyavi; xarebis Wedvaxarebis Wedva xarebis SebrZolebaa.
qona-yolas –ian sufiqsi awarmoebs: Tvaliani beWedi.
frazeologizmebi: Tvalebi demiRamdaTvalebi demiRamda (resp.: Tvalebi
damibnelda), kvamli adga, tye gaxSirdakvamli adga, tye gaxSirda (resp.: gaudaburda, gaukacrielda); suli mevisvenesuli mevisvene (resp.: suli moviTqvi); qvas qvas
qvavsqvavs (resp.: aRaraferi aqvs).dalocvis formulebi: RmerTma giCuqosRmerTma giCuqos! (resp.: RmerTma
gagizardos! RmerTma gicocxlos!); RmerTma kargobiT gan-RmerTma kargobiT gan-
yoflon! RmerTma erTyoflon! RmerTma erTჴela gagaxaron, erTela gagaxaron, erTჴela ganyoflon! ela ganyoflon!
(resp.: RmerTma erTad gagaxaroT, RmerTma erTad gamyofoT!);
Teli erTTeli erTჴela moqvces!ela moqvces! (resp.: yvelaferi erTad mogvces);
wyevlis formulebi: RmerTma gamogiwyvidos! RmerTma duuS-RmerTma gamogiwyvidos! RmerTma duuS-
vas TavSi!vas TavSi! (resp.: RmerTma didi dardi gauCinos!).
mimarTvis formebia - go (qalis) da Wo (kacis).
eTnikuri qarTvelebi cdiloben maT metyvelebaSi
SemoWrili Turquli leqsikuri erTeulebi gaaqarTulon
367
mSobliuri enis modelebis amuSavebiT da, Sesabamisad, sa-
Tanado afiqsebis darTviT: gayirmizebula – gawiTlebula.
dRemde SemounaxavT erTstrofiani leqsebi, romelsac
moyrilobaSi (erTad Sekrebis Jams) ambobdnen: rwyili ჴar amuSaveb, / tili midevda kvalSio, / am moyrilobaSio / sayva-
relia TelSio; muslimnoba iCxutesa, / arc locva ari, arc
dua, / vir muceli etkina, / arc icoჴna, arc Zova. eTnikuri enis mdgomareoba, misi SenarCuneba, istori-
ul samSoblos mowyvetili xalxis SemTxvevaSi, bevr sxva
faqtorTan erTad didwilad aris damokidebuli TviT am
xalxze, eTnikur jgufze. vfiqrobT, gurjija/qarTulas
SenarCunebaSic gadamwyveti TurqeTis eTnikur qarTvelTa
damokidebuleba iqneba, romelTac arasdros aviwydebaT,
rom erTi varT, Tqven iq darCenilxarT, Cven aq; Seni gur-erTi varT, Tqven iq darCenilxarT, Cven aq; Seni gur-
jija ar unda gamowvindo jija ar unda gamowvindo (resp.: moSalo).
368
ekaeka duRaSviliduRaSvili _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetis profesori,
filologiis doqtori
giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi
meTodi bizantiuri himnografiis meTodi bizantiuri himnografiis
Targmanebis magaliTzeTargmanebis magaliTze
bizantiuri himnografiis qarTulad Targmnas xangrZli-
vi istoria aqvs. Targmanebis uZvelesi nimuSebi gvxvdeba
jer kidev VII s-iT daTariRebul ierusalimur leqcio-
narSi (romelic V s-is ierusalimur saeklesio praqtikas
asaxavs), Semdgom uZveles iadgarSi.1 X s-is did iadgarSi
da bolos bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanis erTgvari
Semajamebeli etapis amsaxvel giorgi mTawmidelis mier
Sedgenil himnografiul-liturgikul krebulebSi: TvenSi,
paraklitonSi, marxvansa da zatikSi.
bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanis aTonuri anu
giorgi mTawmideliseuli etapisTvis berZnuli dednisad-
mi damokidebuleba icvleba (amis Sesaxeb mraval mkvl-
evars aqvs azri gamoTqmuli)1 Mmis mier Segenil himno-
grafiul krebulebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom giorgi
mTawmideli rig SemTxvevebSi kritikulad udgeboda mis
winandel Targmanebs (mag. wminda werilisa da egzegeturi
literaturis Targmanebs). kerZod, TiTqmis yvela arsebul
Targmans adarebda berZnul dednebs da ase Seqonda TvenSi,
paraklitonsa Tu zatikSi da Tavadac Targmnida xelaxla.
1 К. . Кекелидзе. Иерусалимский Канонарь. 1917, Тифлис 3-11; uZvelesi
iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades el. metrevelma. c. Wankievma da
l. xevsurianma. 1980, 223-240.
369
giorgi mTawmidelis, rogorc bizantiuri himnografiis
mTargmenlis, warmosaCenad SevadareT sabawminduri himno-
grafiis yvelaze gamorCeuli himnografebis ioane dam-
askelisa da kozma ierusalimelis ramdenime himnografi-
uli kanonis (saTveo nawilidan) iadgariseuli da Tavad
giorgis Sedgenil TvenSi arsebuli Targmanebi. ramac
gamokveTa sami SemTxveva: 1) giorgi mTawmideli iwonebs
iadgaris Targmans da ucvleled gadaaqvs TvenSi; 2) Targ-
mans asworebs ramdenime adgilas; 3) Zvel Targmanebs xe-
laxla Targmnis da rac ar iyo Targmnili, isic gadmoaqvs
qarTulad.
sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
giorgi mTawmideli mcired asworebs iadgaris Targ-
mans:
RvTismSoblis miZinebis kanoniRvTismSoblis miZinebis kanoni
viTarca gundi mociqulTa
RrubelTa zeda msxdomare, ubiwoo,
ciskidiT mowevnuli dRes
Semurvad Senda,
sulmcirisa mis
Rrublisa, qalwulo, naTlad gamoubrwyindagamoubrwyinda mxdomareTa bnelsa
da aCrdilTa, mzÀ igi simarTlisaÁ (iadgari).(iadgari).
Semurvad Senda Semokrba dRes
RrubelTa zeda msxdomare gundi mociqulTai
370
sions Sina, qalwulo,
ciskideTagan Rrublisa mis sulmcirisa,
romelman – ege gamogvibrwyinve Cuen,gamogvibrwyinve Cuen,
mxdomareTa bnelsa
da aCrdilTa, mzeÁ igi simarTlisaÁ (giorgi mTawmide-(giorgi mTawmide-
li Tveni).li Tveni).
garkveul sxvaobebs gviCvenebs kozma ierusalimelis
RvTismSoblis miZinebis, daviT da iakobis, grigol RvTism-
etyvelis, mina mowamis da ioane damaskelis RvTismSoblis
Sobis, qristesSobis kanonTa iadgariseuli da giorgi mTaw-
mideliseuli Targmanebi:
sakvirveliTa (iadgari) saRmrToÁTa (giorgi mTaw-
mideli)
RmrTisa (iadgari) mRmrTivsulieriTa (gior-
gi mTawmideli)
RmrTivSemwynarebelsa (iadgari) RmrTisa sad-
gursa (giorgi mTawmideli)
mRdelTmoZRuaro (iadgari) RmrTismetyuelo
(giorgi mTawmideli)
mowameo (iadgari) moRuaweo (giorgi mTawmide-
li)
Wur patiosan (iadgari) Wur rCeul (gior-
gi mTawmideli)
ganamdidren ganamdidren (iadgari) ganaRmrTveni (giorgi
mTawmideli)
gamouCnda gamouCnda (iadgari) gamoubrwyinda
(giorgi mTawmideli)
daiteve (iadgari) (iadgari) daicev (giorgi mTawmideli)(giorgi mTawmideli)
mRdelTmoZRuari (iadgari) (iadgari) mRdelTmTa-
vari (giorgi mTawmideli) (giorgi mTawmideli)
aris SemTxvevebi, roca iadgarSi dedniseul strofTa
mimdevroba Secvlilia (mag. kozma ierusalimelis qristes-
371
Sobis kanoni VII oda), ioane damaskelis naTlisRebis kanoni
VI oda). giorgi mTawmideli dednis variants icavs.
iadgarSi daviT da iakobisadmi miZRvnili kanonis av-
torad dasxelebulia ioane damaskeli da kozma ierusa-
limeli. calkeuli odebis farglebSi strofebTan mona-
cvleobs kozmas da ioanes saxelebi. gamodis, rom erTi
kanonis farglebSi gaerTianebulia ori avtoris mier Seqm-
nili sagalobeli. ZlispirTa akoluTia kozmas kuTvnile-
baa. berZnul TvenebSi es kanoni kompilaciuri saxiT ar
gvxvdeba. giorgi mTawmideli imeorebs iadgaris varints
zustad. arc Targmans cvlis. Aaqedan gamomdinare, safiqre-
belia, rom daviT da iakobis kompilaciuri kanoni momdi-
nareobs berZnuli dednidan, romelic dReisTvis SemorCe-
nil berZnul xelnawerTa Soris aRar Cans.2
giorgi mTawmideli ukve Targmnil sagalobels xelax-giorgi mTawmideli ukve Targmnil sagalobels xelax-
la Targmnis.la Targmnis.
kozma ierusalimelis wm. giorgis kanoni
IIIoda1) 7
49 marcvali
ganuyav s i x a r u l i Ts i x a r u l i T 7
simdidrÀ Seni glaxakTa 8
da dasTrgune mrCobliTa saTnoebiTa 12
mZlavrebaÁ borotisaÁ mis, didebulo giorgi, 15
da xma – hyav sixaruliTa: wmida xar, ufalo (iadgari
sin1, sin64, wvirmi) 1355 marcvali
2 l. jRamaia. giorgi mTawmindelis Tveni. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 3-5.
372
ganuyavi simdidrÀ Seni sixaruliTa glaxakTa,
raJams ganapoxen sulni da Ãorcni Senni zeTiTa
mowyalebisaÁTa, wmidao giorgi,
da dasTrgune mrCobliTa miT saTnoebiTa
mZlavri igi boroti
da Zliersa mas ugalobd da ityode:
wmida xar Sen, ufalo (ieli)
83 marcvali
ganuyav glaxakTa simdidre f a r u l a df a r u l a d
da icxe zeTiTa siyuaruliTa ÃorciTa da suliTa
erTbamad moRuawebisaTa da mZlavrsa sZle, giorgi
46 marcvali
(Tveni)
ganZlierdi madliTa, raJams saRmrToiTa SuriTasaRmrToiTa SuriTa
SeiWureSeiWure, RuawliTa mZleo giorgi, da ganrisxen
Sen qristesTvis
da sacTuri mZlavrTaÁ ganaqarve da ityode:
wmida xar Sen, ufalo
(iadgari sin1, sin 64, wvirmi) 57 marcvali
raJams ganZlierdi
madliTa da SeiWure SuriTamadliTa da SeiWure SuriTa, gamouCndi maT, romelni
3 I. Folieri. Initia Hymnorum Ecclasiae Graecae. Vil. V. Biblioteca Vaticana,1966. . J. Louth. St. John Damascene, Oxford. University Press. 2001. pp. 21-30.
373
ara gikiTxvides
da epoe maT, romelni ara geZebdes da ganhrisxen
qristesTuis, wmidao giorgi, da sacTuri uSjuloTaÁ
ganaqarve ZaliTa uflisaÁTa (ieli)
76 marcvali
madliTa ganamtkice da Surisa cecxlTaSurisa cecxlTa
motyinare gamouCndi motyinare gamouCndi da mkiTxuelTa da
epoe ara meZiebelTa, qristesTvis, giorgi,
ganrisxebuli sacTursa zeda kerpTasa15
53 marcvali
(Tveni)
oxrides sasmenelTa
Sina maTTa Zlierni sityuaTagan SenTa, giorgi,
basrobdi raÁ RmerTTa sacinelTa
da ganacxade qriste da
dahxsen sacTuri sulTa warwymedisa
(iadgari sin1, sin64, wvirmi)51 marcvali
oxrides sasmenelTa
Sina maTTa Zlierni situiTa SenTa, axovano
giorgi, raJams
RmerTTa maT sacinelTa
gamoucxade qriste,
RmerTi juarcmuli,
374
dahxsen sacTuri sulTa wawymedisaÁ ZaliTa
juarisaÁTa (ieli).
esmaT ra smenaÁ sityuaTa SenTa mZlavrTa, 11
sircxvileul iqmnes, 6
rameTu Sen RmerTni maTni ginebul hyven 12
da sacinelad gamoaCinen da qriste RmerTi hqadage 18
xorciTa juarcmuli, 7 uqmyofeli sacTurisa
sulTa warmwyedelisa.15
(Tveni).
am SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom giorgi mTawmidelis Targ-
mani teqstobrivad ufro zustad misdevs berZnuls, xolo
formiT sakmaod daSorebulia dednisgan.
yurdRebas SevaCerebT erT faqtze. RvTismSoblis
Sobisadmi miZRvnili kanonis Targmani gvxvdeba iadgar-
Si. Ggiorgi mTawmidelis Tveni am sagaloblis avtorad
germane konstantinepolels asaxelebs. ioane damaskelis
kanonebis gamocemebSi ki RvTismSoblis Sobis aRniSnu-
li kanoni, namdvilad misi kuTvnilebaa. Zneli asaxsnelia
TvenSi arsebuli faqti. Cveni varaudiT, giorgi mTawmidels
Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli. savaraudoa, rom es Secdoma ber-
Znuli xelnaweridan momdinareobs. evtratiadesisa da
luTis mier gamocemuli ioane damaskelis sagaloblebis
teqstebi ZiriTadad aTonuri xelnawerebis mixedviT aris
gamocemuli (XI-XVI). amitom Znelad asaxsnelia, romeli
xelnaweridan momdinareobs es Secdoma.
ierusalimis jvris monastris qarTuli xelnawerebis
koleqciis xelnaw. JER.124 –Si (giorgi mTawmideliseuli
redaqciis Tvenia). Aam nusxaSi ucvleld aris gadasuli
iadgariseuli Targmani:
375
ixarebd, ubiwoo,
dedao qristes RmrTisao,
romel mizez eqmen naTesavsa kacTasa
moRebad pirvelsa netarebasa
SobiTa SeniTa dRes, romelsa pativ-scemT (iadgari).
ixarebd, ubiwoo,
dedao qristes RmrTisao,
Romel mizez eqmen naTesavsa kacTasa
moRebad pirvelsa netarebasa
SobiTa SeniTa dRes, romelsa pativ-scemT (Tveni).
Sen, uqorwinebelo mariam,
meoxebiTa SeniTa ganmarinen Cuen
codvaTa CuenTagan,
r a Á T ar a Á T a gadidebdeT Sen (iadgari).
Sen, uqorwinebelo mariam,
meoxebiTa SeniTa ganmarinen Cuen
codvaTa CuenTagan,
romelni romelni gadidebT (Tveni).
sayuradReboa giorgi MmTawmidelis erTi SeniSvna, ro-
melic Ath. 65-Si (Tveni) gvxvdeba ,,nuTu vin-me hberZnobdeT
raÁme da zogTa galobaTa xmasa ezebdeT, raca Tu berZu-
lad ara mas xmasa hyvnen, nu eZeb. me zogni galobani, romeli
ÃmaÁ minda misiT miTargmnia, magra sityua Tu oden jer iyo
da mohvidoda, sityuani igive arian, viTa berZulsa iyvnes~.
aq giorgi pirdapir miuTiTebs sagalobelTa Targmanis
miseul meTodze. Tu vinme berZnulis mixedviT sagalob-
lebSi ,,xmas eZiebdeT~, nu eZebT, me zogierTi galoba, rom-
376
eli xmac mindoda, imaze vTargmne, xolo Tu sityvebi sakma-
risi iyo da sazomiTac (igulisxmeba marcvalTaraodenoba
troparebSi) ( == mohvidoda) qarTuls, berZnulis mixedviT
zustad gadmoviRe sityvebio.
giorgi mTawmidelis TvenSi gvxvdeba ioane damaskelis
da kozma ierusalimelis is sagaloblebi, romlebic iad-
garSi ar Cans, anu jer ara aris naTargmni,
Aam himnografiul kanonTa Targmanebi TviT giorgi
mTawmidels ekuTvnis. Ees sagaloblebia:
ioane damaskelis: ioane NnaTlismcemlis mucladRebis,
basili didis, epifane kviprelis, ioane naTlismcemlis So-
bis.
kozma ierusalimelis: jvris amaRlebis, kozma da damia-
nesi, andria mociqulis , iakob daWrilis.
Cveni dakvirvebebis Sesajameblad vityviT, rom zemoT
moyvanili qarTuli Targmanebis magaliTebi garkveul-
wilad cxadad warmoaCens aTonis mwignobruli skolis
erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlis, giorgi mTawmidel-
is mier bizantiuri himnografiis Targmanis meTodis
Taviseburebas ori saxelganTqmuli hinmnografis ioane
damaskelisa da kozma ierusalimelis sagalobelTa Targ-
manebis mixedviT.
377
giorgi alibegaSviligiorgi alibegaSvili _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
wmida andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis profesori,
filologiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori
beri – monazoni _ enkratisiberi – monazoni _ enkratisi
yovel gonier qmnilebaSi, yovel gonier qmnilebaSi,
gind mamakaci iyos is da gind qali, gind mamakaci iyos is da gind qali,
aris Zala siyvarulisa, aris Zala siyvarulisa,
romliTac adamianebs unari aqvT, romliTac adamianebs unari aqvT,
miemTxvion siyvaruls RvTisasacmiemTxvion siyvaruls RvTisasac
da kacisasac. da kacisasac.
wmida antoni didiwmida antoni didi
specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros Semovida da gavrcelda ber-
monazvnuri moweseobis sami forma: antioqiuri, palestinuri
da bizantiuri. maT tipikonTagan miRebul da gadamuSave-
bul wes-gangebaTa Sedegad Camoyalibda qarTuli qristian-
uli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bermonazvnobis forma,
romelic ara mxolod xelovnebaSi (xuroTmoZRvreba, qvis
reliefebi, kedlis mxatvroba, xatwera, Weduroba, tixruli
minanqari, xelnawerTa dasuraTeba, naqargoba), aramed leqsika-
Sic aisaxa, rac imis dadasturebaa, rom qarTuli kulturis
xorcSesxma enaSi bizantiur samyarosTan yovelTvis Zalian
mtkice, realuri da konkretuli ZafebiT iyo dakavSirebuli.
statiis saTaurad gamovitaneT asketikis sami ZiriTadi
termini: beri _ monazoni _ enkratisiberi _ monazoni _ enkratisi. zogadad unda iTq-
vas, rom mravali terminis mniSvneloba sxvadasxva epoqaSi
gansxvavebuli iyo, zogierTs ar iRebda leqsika, zogi maT-
378
1 ioane mosxi. limonari. gamosca i. abulaZem. Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 117.
2 mcire sjuliskanoni. gamosca e. giunaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 53.
3 qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1955,
gv. 163.
4 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi, 1973,
gv. 580.
gani nawilobriv icvlida dedniseul azrobriv datvirT-
vas, an sulac sxva Sinaarsis matarebeli xdeboda. vnaxoT,
am kuTxiT ra viTarebaa dasaxelebuli sami terminis, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki enkratisisenkratisis SemTxvevaSi.
ioane mosxis ̀ limonaridan~ moyvanil citataSi - ̀ ZliT
davarwmuneT maT, raÁTa... Seimoson sqemaÁ enkratisTaÁenkratisTaÁ”- si-
tyva enkratissenkratiss ilia abulaZe monazon qaladmonazon qalad ganmarta-
vs;1 zurab sarjvelaZes `Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi~
enkratisobisenkratisobis axsna `mcire sjuliskanonis~ mixedviT aqvs
warmodgenili: `monazvnoba. dedani, romelTa enkratisobis enkratisobis
wesi miiRon da monastersa Sina daewesnen, yovladve numca
gamovlen monastrisagan~2.
rac Seexeba istoriografiul Txzulebebs: juanSeris
`vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi~ mefe vaxtangis istorii-
dan aseTi epizodia gadmocemuli – bizantiis winaaRmdeg
erT-erTi laSqrobis Semdeg gorgasalma tyveebi igdo xelT,
maT Soris, sasuliero pirebic; man `ganavlina qadagi, raTa
yovelni moweseni gamoviden samalavTagan maTTa, da tyueni
ganutevnen, da sadac enebos, waviden. da gamovida simravle
mRdelTa da diakonTa, moweseTa monazonTa da enkratisTamoweseTa monazonTa da enkratisTa,
quabebiT~.3 am citataSi aSkaraa, rom mowese monazvnebSi ma-
makaci, xolo enkratisebSienkratisebSi qali mosagreebi igulisxmebian.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos samefos aRwera-
Si~ aleqsandre II kaxT-batonis (1574-1605 w.w.) dis Sesaxeb
weria: `iyo daÁ aleqsandresi, romelsac aRerCia enkratisobaenkratisoba da
scxorebda alaverdsa~.4 aqac enkratisobaenkratisoba ganmartebulia
monazon qalobadmonazon qalobad, xolo enkratisienkratisi – monazon qaladmonazon qalad.
379
5 romauli da bizantiuri periodebis berZnuli leqsikoni (ingli-
sur enaze). Seadgina e. a. sofoklesma. londoni, 1914.
6 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. wigni I. Tbilisi,
1966, gv. 236.
7 beri efrem filoTeveli,mamobrivi darigebani, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 8.
8 s. averincevi, sofia-logosi, kievi, 2001, gv. 39 (rusul enaze).
Enkratis–is mniSvnelobebi e. sofoklesis `romauli da
bizantiuri periodebis berZnul leqsikonSi~ asea warmod-
genili: TavdaWerili, TavSekavebuli, ubiwo, umankoTavdaWerili, TavSekavebuli, ubiwo, umanko antikuri
xanis avtorebTan, magaliTad, qsenofontesTan; qristianul
epoqaSi ki is asketis, gandegilisasketis, gandegilis azrobriv datvirTvasac
iZens (irineos lioneli, aTanase didi, kirile ierusalime-
li)5 da bermonazvnobis terminologiaSi ikavebs adgils.
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, `enkratisienkratisi de-
daT mowese, yovlad momWirnea~, qvemoT, sxvadasxva xelnawe-
ris mixedviT, am sityvis mniSvneloba ufro dazustebulia:
`dedaTa ewodebis, yovelTa saqmeTa momWirneTa, -enkratisienkratisi,
xolo mamaTa – monazoni (monozani).monazoni (monozani). dedaTa yovelTa saqme-
Ta momWirnesa ewodebis enkratisienkratisi, xolo mamaTa – monazonimonazoni.
dedaT monazoniamonazonia yovlis saqmisa momWirne”.6 Sesabamis bu-
deebSi monazons sulxan-saba vaJ mowesedvaJ mowesed ganmartavs, mona-mona-
zonaszonas ki – qal mowesed,qal mowesed, xolo beris beris mniSvnelobas mxolod
xan-mraval kacadxan-mraval kacad warmoadgens.
Tanamedrove sasuliero literaturasa da metyvele-
baSi qal moweses monazonsqal moweses monazons uwodeben, mamakac mowesesmamakac moweses ki
imave sityva monazonsmonazons an bersbers; Tumca beri sulieri hasakisberi sulieri hasakis
sisrules miRweuli monazoniamonazonia, romelic sulieri gamo-
cdilebiT moZRvravs da aswavlis. mas sxva monazvnebisgan
moxucebuloba gonebisa gamoarCevs (berZnul enaSi beris
Sesatyvisia Gerontas, Geron, rusulSi – Cmаpeц).7
antioqiur-siriuli tradiciiT, mosagre mamakacebsa da
qalebs ki Zeni aRTqmisaeni aRTqmisa da asulni aRTqmisaasulni aRTqmisa ewodebaT (wmi-
da mamebi afraat sparsi, antoni didi, paxumi didi).8
380
9 qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikoni, t. I.
Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 79-82.
`Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zegleb-
Si~ Setanil arcerT teqstSi sityva enkratisienkratisi gamoyeneb-
uli ar aris. rac Seexeba bersbers - is sasuliero pirad,
monazonadaa ganmartebuli da, bunebrivia, Zalian xSirad
gvxvdeba, gansakuTrebiT ki cxorebiTicxorebiTi Janris TxzulebebSi.
beriaberia is, vinc aRWurvilia jvriT, martodmyofia, dayudeb-aRWurvilia jvriT, martodmyofia, dayudeb-
iT cxovrobs, moxucebulia iT cxovrobs, moxucebulia (igulisxmeba gonebiT moxuce-
buloba), hyavs mowafeebi, morCilebi, navTsayudelia, xelTa hyavs mowafeebi, morCilebi, navTsayudelia, xelTa
RmrTisaTa Sevedrebul ars, RvTis mecniereba aqvs, sulier RmrTisaTa Sevedrebul ars, RvTis mecniereba aqvs, sulier
sityvebs warmoTqvams, saswaulebs aRasrulebs, wmida-yofs sityvebs warmoTqvams, saswaulebs aRasrulebs, wmida-yofs
konkretul adgils (mag., mTas), siyvarulis mcnebas ner-konkretul adgils (mag., mTas), siyvarulis mcnebas ner-
gavs, gareuli cxovelebi emorCilebiangavs, gareuli cxovelebi emorCilebian da misgan moelian misgan moelian
mfarvelobasmfarvelobas da a. S.9
amgvar pirTa sulni anu sulni wmidaTani xelTa Sina sulni wmidaTani xelTa Sina
RvTisaTa arianRvTisaTa arian.
daskvnis saxiT vityodiT: qarTulma sasuliero da
saliteraturo enam qali mowesis qali mowesis aRsaniSnad arc enkrati-enkrati-
sisi miiRo da arc monazonamonazona, aramed monazonimonazoni, romelic aRTq-aRTq-
mis Zesmis Zes aRniSnavs, Tu aRTqmis asuls,aRTqmis asuls, konteqstis mixedviT
irkveva; rac Seexeba bersbers da monazonsmonazons, aucilebelia maTi
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, radgan beri-beroba, monazon-monaz-beri-beroba, monazon-monaz-
vnobisganvnobisgan gansxvavebiT, mowese mamakacismowese mamakacis sruliad sxva su-
lier mdgomareobas (gonebiT moxucebulobas) gamoxatavs.
381
1 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II. Tbilisi,
1952, gv. 476.
2 s. caiSvili. qarTuli mwerloba Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 99.
sofiko gvaramaZesofiko gvaramaZe _ _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida
andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli
universitetis doqtoranti
arCilis `samijnuroni~, arCilis `samijnuroni~,
mistikur-alegoriuli leqsimistikur-alegoriuli leqsi
`samijnuronis~ Sesaxeb k.kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom `arCi-
lis `samijnuronSi~ aRwerilia namdvili mijnuroba, Tval-
warmtaci ferebiT daxatulia lamazi arseba,1 Tumca arafe-
ria imis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli, rom es mijnuroba saRvTo
trfialia da es poeturi Sedevri saukeTeso nimuSia ale-
goriulobisa.
marTebulad SeniSnavs s. caiSvili, rom arCili `sami-
jnuronSi~ saRvTo siyvarulze saubrobs, momxiblavi
satrfos saxeSi ki macxovari moiazreba.2
leqsi religiuri grZnobebiTaa gaJRenTili, esaa ada-
mianis sulis xedva uxilavi silamazisa, romelic Teolo-
giaSi mravalgzisaa aRniSnuli, siyvarulis Sesaxeb sau-
broben mociqulebi, jer kidev saxareba qadagebda mistiur
siyvaruls qristesa da ganuyofeli samebisas.
marTalia, arCilis ̀ samijnuronsa~ da Teimuraz I-is ̀ ma-
jamas~ Soris uamravi literaturuli paraleli SeiZle-
ba gavavloT, rogorc simboloebis mxriv, aseve Tematuri
TvalsazrisiT, magram gadamRerebad mainc ver CavTvliT,
radgan arCilis Semoqmedebas paraleli moeZebneba, ara mx-
olod Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebasTan, aramed SoTa rusTave-
382
3 qarTuli mwerloba. t. VI. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 569-577.
4 g. kuWuxiZe. mefe-poetebi._ XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli lit-
eratura. Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 113.
lis, vaxtang VI-is, daviT guramiSvilis, aseve bibliasTan,
miTologiasTan.
arCilis mier wamoWrili problemebi aris epoqis mTa-
vari satkivari, swored amitom emTxveva e. w. `aRorZinebis
epoqis~ TiTqmis yvela literaturuli moRvawis Semoq-
medebis Zireuli motivebi erTmaneTs.
leqsis personaJi Tavad avtoria, romelic sasoebiT mzi-
rali adamiania, leqsSi mravalferovan simbolo-epiTetebs
mimarTavs poeti qristes Sesaferisi gamosaxvisTvis, erT-
erTi aseTi simboloa mze, romelic aris irealuri, misti-
kuri saxe, swored aseTive simboloTi amkobs daviT gura-
miSvili qristes `ucnauri mze~, es saxe-simbolo erTbaSad
Seicavs yovelgvar arss am sityvisas, igi gamomxatvelia
qristianuli religiuri TvalTaxedvis, misi RvTaebrivi ar-
sis, mze, rogorc qristes simbolo mraval literaturul
qmnilebaSi gvxvdeba.
`mkiTxvel _ mTargmnelo, `majamas~ wil mec es mamirT-
mevia~3 _ werda arCili. TiTqos `majamis~ galeqsva e. w.
`aRorZinebis~ epoqisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa, es arCilT-
anac igrZnoba, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT mTels epoqas, davi-
naxavT, rom yvela moRvawes gauleqsavs `majama~, arCilma
odnav daarRvia wesi da Tavis majamas ̀ samijnuroni~ uwoda.
erTi SexedviT, mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom `samijnuron-
Si~ aRwerili mijnuroba, gaSmagebuli qalisadmi trfia-
lia, magram sakmarisia, Tvali gadavavloT biblias, rom
yovelive cxadi gaxdeba, masSi saubaria qristes siyvar-
ulze, amas gvimowmebs leqsis saxe-simboloTa axsna ̀ Rmer-
Ti satrfos saxiT, xSirad aris warmodgenili, amgvari
alegoriulobiT arCili enaTesaveba daviT guramiSvil-
sac da e. w. `aRorZinebis~ epoqis sxva SemoqmedTac~.4 si-
383
5 k. kekeliZe. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoridan.
XIV. Tbilisi, 1986.6 z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi, 1991,
gv. 36, 119.7 axali aRTqumaჲ. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba.
Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 41, 26, 424, 403.
yvarulis alegoriuli gaazreba e. w. `aRorZinebis~ epo-
qis tendenciad qceula, aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe.5 gavixsenoT
`daviTiani~, zubovkis Tema, samecniero literaturaSi
araerTgzisaa axsnili da udavoa, rom masSi igulisxmeba
qristes simboluri xateba.Qqristes rwmenas gamoxatavs
arCilis Semdegi taepebic:
`Tu ar mindomebs, rad minda, mqondes srul misi Civili,
maS ras iqsa turfa, walkots jdes, bulbulsa hqondes
yivili?!~
walkotiwalkoti sauflo edemia, bulbulibulbuli ki qristea, romelic
RvTis siyvaruls qadagebs. samecniero literaturaSi xSirad
gvxvdeba bulbuli, rogorc uflis simboluri saxe, leqsSi
uxvadaa warmodgenili iseTi epizodebi, sadac TiTqosda asax-
ulia saero trfialis amsaxveli istoria, magram Tu CavuR-
rmavdebiT mis qveteqsts, Zneli misaxvedri ar iqneba, rom masSi
saubaria qristesa da qristianuli rwmenis siyvarulze: `ne-
tai imas, vis hqondes es siZe-sZloba, mayroba!~
zviad gamsaxurdia sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs siZe-
sZlobas, `vefxistyaosnis saxismetyvelebaSi~, sadac aRniS-
navs `siZisa~ da `sZlis~, agreTve `qorwinebis~ alegoriul
mniSvnelobas, `siZe~ aris macxovari, `sZali~ ki eklesias,
zeciur ierusalims gamoxatavs _ ̀ eklesia aris sZali, deda
RvTaebrivi Rvinisa, saidanac iSva ieso~, qorwili ki mar-
TalTa netarebas, RvTaebasTan ziarebas gamoxatavs.6
`sZali~ bibliuri warmoSobis saxelia, aseve himnogra-
fiaSi farTod gavrcelebuli mimarTvaa qalwul mariamis-
admi. igavebSi: `saqorwilo nadimis Sesaxeb~, maTes saxare-
baSi da `meqorwineebis Sesaxeb~.7
384
8 ak. baqraZe. rwmena Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 373.
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom arCilis `samijnuroni~ asax-
avs saRvTo siyvaruls, amisaTvis ganvixiloT mis mier le-
qsSi dasaxelebuli saxe-simboloebi.
naminami zeciuri madlmosilebis simboloa, igi xSiradaa
naxsenebi bibliaSi, rogorc zecidan movlenili madli, ro-
melic moaswavebda raRac axlis da saukeTesos dasawy-
iss, gavixsenoT msajulTa wigni, gedeonis istoria. RmerTma
gedeons uTxra, rom kaloze matylis sawmiss dadebda. Tuki
masze cvari aRmoCndeboda da miwa ki mSrali iqneboda, ma-
Sin gedeoni uflis SewevniT ixsnida israels mtrisagan.
rogorc akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs, `cvari logosia, anu
RmerTis sityvaa, sawmisi ki misi xilvis saSualeba, anu
RvTismSobeli~.8
arCils ̀ nami~ gamoyenebuli aqvs metad simbolur-aluzur
aspeqtSi: `TeTris cremlisa namiTa sasrolad wamwam iweba~.
TeTri spetaki feria, amitomac amkobs RvTaebriv cvars am
epiTetiT, TeTri saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi gamoxatavs
axal religias naziarebs, axladmoqceuls, saxarebaSi ki Te-
Tri RvTaebriv naTebas ukavSirdeba, feriscvalebaSi qristem
RvTaebrivi brwyinvaleba unda gamoxatos TeTri feriT. e. i.
arCilTan saubaria RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan ziarebaze.
arCili sulieri kaTarzisisken miikvlevs gzas, romlis
mopovebas cremliT cdilobs, wminda mamaTa moZRvrebaSi
cremli gaiazreba, rogorc suliwmindis mier movlenili
madli, igi sulieri kaTarzisis faqtoria, arCili RvTae-
brivi sibrZnis ziarebiT sulier kaTarzisis molodinSia.
baRisbaRis simbolikaSi arCils nagulisxmevi aqvs amqveyn-
iuri samyofi, kacuri bunebac, romelSic Semodis qriste
da daemkvidreba, aqve asaxelebs kviparozs, romelic CvenT-
vis `wminda ninos cxovrebidanaa~ cnobili, rogorc wminda
xe, romelic amozrdil iqna qristes kvarTze, swored misi
moWra gaxda safuZveli qristianul samyarosTan ziarebisa
385
9 n. sulava. vardis saxismetyveleba `vefxistyaosanSi._ rusT-
velologia. eZRvneba `vefxistyaosnis~ vaxtangisuli gamocemis
290-e wlisTavs. Tbilisi, 2003.
10 t. mosia. mcenaris saxismetyveleba. Tbilisis, 2004.
11 uZvelesi iadgari. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZie-
blebi daurTes el. metrevelma, c. Wankievma da l. xevsurianma.
Tbilisi, 1980.
da saeklesio mSeneblobisa saqarTveloSi.
simbolur xatTa Soris yvelaze arqetipuli mniSvn-
elobisaa vardTmetyvelebavardTmetyveleba. vardi silamazis, mSvenierebis,
mowameobis simbolod aris warmosaxuli sasuliero poe-
ziaSi, sadac igi ara mxolod qristesa da RvTismSoblis,
aramed wmidanTa metaforadac gamoiyeneba.
mxatvrul-saazrovno sistemaSi vardis simboloze msj-
elobisas, nestan sulava aRniSnavs, rom vardi alegoriuli-
metaforuli funqciis matarebelia.9
vardis simbolikis integralebs sufistur liter-
aturaSic vxvdebiT, Tumca arCilTan sufiuri tendenciebis
mxolod tipologiuri msgavsebaa, rasac mowmobs saxe-sim-
boloTa axsna.
arCils saxe-simboloTa salaroSi Semoaqvs yvaviliyvavili,
romelic ara mxolod macxovris, aramed RvTismSoblis
metaforacaa. tite mosias dakvirvebiT, `RvTismSoblis sim-
bolo-metaforad yvavilis gamoyeneba sasuliero-saekle-
sio literaturaSi cxovelmyofel xasiaTs atarebs~.10 `gix-
aroden, yovlad wmidao qalwulo... dauWnobelo yuavilo~,11
_ naTqvamia uZveles iadgarSi.
Zalzed simboluri saxea `margaliti~margaliti~, romelic sis-
petakis, qalwulebrivi ucodvelobis simboloa. qristian-
ulma simbolikam igi macxovris simbolod dasaxa. sax-
arebiseuli igavis Tanaxmad: `merme msgavs ars sasufeveli
caTaჲ kacsa vaWarsa, romeli eZiebn keTilTa margalitTa.
da pois raჲ erTi margaliti mraval-sasyidlisaჲ, warvida
386
da ganyida yovelive, raჲca edva, da moiyida igi~.zeciuri margalitis mopoveba, qristes sibrZnesTan zi-
areba wmidanTa cxovrebis umTavresi mizania, ramac sab-
oloo adgili unda ganukuTvnos maT caTa sasufevelSi.
arCili Zalzed saintereso datvirTviT iyenebs mar-
galitis simbolos, romelic misTvis caTa sasufevlis mop-
ovebis saSualebaa: `margalitTa mepatrones kargad lali
daeyara, / mivel, minda moeyida, miwyina, ar Semiyara~. igive
aspeqtSi ganixilavs daviT guramiSvili qristes da masTan
dakavSirebul simbolikas: `sayvarelo, saxiT Tqmulo us-
asyidlo margalito~.12
moxmobili nimuSebis TvalnaTliv cxadyofs arCilis
`samijnuronis~ poetur xats, mis Sinagan Tvalsazriss, ro-
melic naTlad metyvelebs alegoriul enigmatur enaze.
arCili aRniSnavs, rom ixila yvavilebiT saves walkoti,
mze, mTvare. walkoti arCiliseuli gagebiT aris samoTxe,
misi mijnuri ki aluziurad qristea. qristianuli simbo-
likiT qristes simbolo SeiZleba iyos mzec, mTvarec da
varskvlavic `maSin marTalni gamobrwyinden, viTarca mze,
sasufevelsa mamisa maTisasa, romelsa axsen yurni smenad,
ismenen!~ cnobilia, rom mze da mTvare qristes orbunebovne-
bas gamoxatavs, mze-RvTaebrivs, mTvare-kacebrivs.13
bibliaSi qriste Tavs ciskris varskvlavs uwodebs: `me,
iesom, movavline angelozi Cemi, raÁTa giwamos ese yoveli
Tquen eklesiaTa. me var Ziri da naTesavi daviTisi, varsku-
lavi brwyinvale ganTiadisaÁ~.
mTvaris sulier aspeqtebze saintereso daskvnebs
gvTavazobs zviad gamsaxurdia. misi azriT, `ezoterul
qristianobaSi mTvare-mnaTobi sulierad Seesabameba suli-
wmidas, ise rogorc mze-mnaTobi Zes~.
masTan erTad arsebobda mzis da mnaTobTa kulti, mzis
12 daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 73.
13 v. nozaZe. vefxistyaosnis mijnurTmetyveleba. parizi, 1974, gv. 143.
387
wili dedamiwaze cxovelTagan iyo lomi.14
arCilic swored amdagvar miTologiur-evangelur pasa-
Jebs xatavs, lomi bibliaSi, gamocxadebaSi qristes simboloa:
`aha esera sZalo lomman Teslisagan iudaჲsa, Zirman daviTis-man, romelman aRiRos wigni da SÂidni igi beWedni misni~.
rac Seexeba teqstSi `dilis mTiebi, mTiebi ganTiadi-
sa~ (arCili), `mzeTa mzis mTiebi~ (d. guramiSvili) simbo-
los, esaa igive ciskris varskvlavi, Ze RmerTis hipostazi,
axal aRTqmaSi swored varskvlavis gamoCena ukavSirdeba
macxovris Sobas, rac sagangebodaa aRniSnuli ioanes ga-
mocxadebaSi, swored es kaSkaSa varskvlavi brwyinavs arCi-
lis `samijnuronSi~.
simboluri saxea `Rvino TeTr minaSiRvino TeTr minaSi~, romelic TasSi
gadasxmisas kaSkaSebs. Rvino uxsovari droidan iyo sim-
bolo RvTaebrivi Secnobisa, mas safuZveli jer kidev mi-
Tologiidan eyreba, igi gamoiyeneba qristianul evqaris-
tiaSi, ziarebis dros miRebuli Rvino da puri qristes
sisxlis da xorcis simboluri saxea, es yovelive ar-
CilTan simbolurad aris gaazrebuli, leqsSi warmodge-
nili TiToeuli saxe-simbolo aSkara mimarTebaSia bib-
liasTan, sxivis simbolikiT arCili naTlad gulisxmobs
suliwmidas: `ver Sesatyvisad SevamkeT, misTvin gvlevs
sxiv-SuqebiTa~.
simboloTa analizisas, saTanado bibliur-Teologi-
uri wyaroebis moZiebisa da damowmebis gziT, saSualeba
mogveca, kidev erTxel davrwmunebuliyaviT leqsis Teolo-
giur gaazrebaSi, rac savsebiT Tavsdeba sasuliero poe-
ziis CarCoebSi da adekvaturad exmianeba qristianuli mso-
flmxedvelobis parametrebs, avtoris originaluri xedva
da poeturi azrovneba leqsis TiToeul simbolur detal-
Si mJRavndeba. TiToeuli simbolo Rrma Teologiuri dat-
virTvis matarebelia, maTi Zirebi ki saxarebaSia saZiebeli.
14 r. siraZe. saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 15.